Chapter Ten: The Battle of Neutrality
1 Speer, Inside the Third Reich, 165.
2 War Cabinet No. 2 of 1939, 4 September 1939, Cabinet Papers, 4/95.
3 Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 403.
4 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 347.
5 Ibid., 391.
6 Ibid., 385.
7 The Times, London, June 28, 1939.
8 Full text available at: http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/127-war-speech.
9 Quoted in Gilbert, Churchill and America, 174–5.
10 Full text available at: http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/event/september-1939-15/. Audio file available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCU0P4zkyDI&feature=c4-overview-vl&list=PL3833257914F80DA9.
11 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 251.
12 Ibid., 254.
13 Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger, comte de Saint-Exupéry (June 29, 1900–July 31, 1944), French author and aviator, best known for The Little Prince and his flying memoir Wind, Sand and Stars.
14 Kennedy was aware of the correspondence, as it passed through the embassy’s wire room, and read every exchange, but the failure of the president to include him in the conversation from the get-go was a further and intended snub.
15 Although John F. Kennedy enjoyed a warm, avuncular relationship with Harold Macmillan, British prime minister 1957–63, nothing approached the closeness of Roosevelt and Churchill until the “political marriage” of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, which extended from 1975 until Reagan’s death in 2004. There were, however, some disadvantages to Roosevelt and Churchill short-circuiting the traditional means of diplomacy. The British ambassador in Washington, Lord Lothian, for one, told Churchill that as he was not used as the conduit for messages between them, his own access to the president was restricted and therefore the British were deprived of a more subtle means of nudging the president in the right direction.
16 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 411.
17 Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 532. John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, Prince of Mindelheim (May 26, 1650–June 16, 1722), commander-in-chief of the British army, victor of battles including Malplaquet, Ramillies, and Blenheim.
18 Churchill, The Gathering Storm, 355.
19 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 392.
20 Ibid., 393.
21 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 918.
22 Jenkins, Churchill, 555. Roy Harris Jenkins (Lord Jenkins of Hillhead; November 11, 1920–January 5, 2003), reforming British Labour politician who was Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary, then president of the European Commission. Biographer of H. H. Asquith, Stanley Baldwin, Harry Truman, William Gladstone, Winston Churchill, and Franklin Roosevelt.
23 William Allen White (February 10, 1868–January 29, 1944), Republican supporter of the New Deal, who helped Theodore Roosevelt found the Bull Moose Party, reported on the Versailles peace talks for the Kansas Emporia Daily and Weekly Gazette, and strongly supported American entry into the League of Nations.
24 Members included Lindbergh’s mother-in-law, Mrs. Dwight L. Morrow, Mayor LaGuardia of New York, and the publisher of Time and Life, Henry Luce.
25 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 968.
26 Alfred Mossman “Alf” Landon (September 9, 1887–October 12, 1987), Republican nominee for president in 1936.
27 William Franklin “Frank” Knox (January 1, 1874–April 28, 1944), editor and publisher of the Chicago Daily News, 1936 Republican vice presidential candidate, Secretary of the Navy 1940–44.
28 http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1939/1939-09-01d.html.
29 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 260.
30 Full text available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1939/1939-09-14a.html.
31 Fulton Lewis Jr. (April 30, 1903–August 20, 1966), syndicated political reporter of “The Washington Sideshow” and conservative radio broadcaster.
32 Quoted in Berg, Lindbergh, 393.
33 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 250.
34 Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 533.
35 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 255.
36 Ibid., 257–8.
37 Full text available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1939/1939-09-15a.html.
38 Quoted in Berg, Lindbergh, 395.
39 Dorothy Thompson (July 9, 1893–January 30, 1961), journalist and author. In 1939, Time described her as the second most influential American woman after Eleanor Roosevelt. Her third husband was the author Sinclair Lewis.
40 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 379.
41 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 282.
42 William Roy DeWitt Wallace (November 12, 1889–March 30, 1981), Republican activist and cofounder of Reader’s Digest.
43 Wallace, The American Axis, 211.
44 Quoted in Berg, Lindbergh, 395.
45 Harry Flood Byrd Sr. (June 10, 1887–October 20, 1966), Democratic governor of Virginia 1926–30, senator 1933–65. Lindbergh met on September 26 with senators Byrd, Josiah W. Bailey (North Carolina), Walter George (Georgia), Hiram W. Johnson (California), Peter G. Gerry (Rhode Island) and Edward R. Burke (Nebraska). All except Burke were in favor of, in Lindbergh’s words, “repeal of the present law with drastic substitutions which would minimize the chances of the United States becoming involved in the war.” Only Burke was in favor of going to war “rather than let England and France lose.” Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 263.
46 Full text available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policybyrd/1939/1939-09-21a.html.
47 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 274–5.
48 This was the first time the world heard of this terrifying means of warfare.
49 John Buchan, Baron Tweedsmuir (August 26, 1875–February 11, 1940), Scottish author of The Thirty-Nine Steps, historian, governor-general of Canada 1935–40.
50 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 934.
51 Ibid., 947.
52 “24 Senators Organize To Fight Neutrality Repeal,” Laredo Times, September 22, 1939.
53 Robert Alphonso Taft (September 8, 1889–July 31, 1953), Republican senator from Ohio 1939–53.
54 Jeffrey Kraus, “Taft, Robert A.,” in Robert E. Dewhirst, Encyclopedia of the United States Congress (New York: Facts On File, 2007).
55 Philip Fox La Follette (May 8, 1897–August 18, 1965), twice elected governor of Wisconsin, 1931–33 and 1935–39.
56 Doenecke, Storm on the Horizon, 60.
57 Full text available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1939/1939-10-01a.html.
58 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 933.
59 Full text available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1939/1939-10-13a.html.
60 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 286.
61 “Poll Shows Shift on Entering War,” New York Times, October 20, 1939.
62 Langer and Gleason, Undeclared War, 233.
63 Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884–December 26, 1972), Democratic senator from Missouri 1935–45, vice president of the United States January 20–April 12, 1945, president of the United States 1945–53.
64 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 390.
65 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 985.
66 Ibid., 952.
67 Ibid., 953.
68 Ibid., 971.
69 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 265.
70 Ibid., 269.
71 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 374.
72 Full text available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1939/1939-10-06a.html.
73 Quoted in Bullock, Hitler, 557–8.
74 Ibid., 566.
75 Ibid., 569.
76 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 380.
77 Leased to him on a peppercorn rent by Horace Dodge, heir to the American motor manufacturer. It is now a Legoland theme park.
78 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 376.
79 Ibid., 376, n. 360.
80 Ibid., 382, n. 383.
81 Ibid., 411–12.
82 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 967.
83 John Allsebrook Simon, Viscount Simon (February 28, 1873–January 11, 1954), Foreign Secretary 1931–35, Home Secretary 1935–37, Chancellor of the Exchequer 1937–40, Lord Chancellor 1940–45.
84 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 383.
85 Ibid., 383–4.
86 http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1939/1939-10-01a.html.
87 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 385.
88 Ibid., 398.
89 Ibid., 386.
90 Ibid., 398.
91 Ibid., 394.
92 Ibid., 410.
93 Ibid., 391.
94 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 968.
95 Full text available at: http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/98-the-war-situation-house-of-many-mansions.
96 Churchill, War Papers: At the Admiralty, 560.
97 Letter of December 25, 1939, Neville Chamberlain Papers, University of Birmingham, UK.
98 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 995.
Chapter Eleven: THIRD TERM FEVER
1 Full text available at: http://www.infoplease.com/t/hist/state-of-the-union/151.html#ixzz2XLxD4kfI.
2 Parmet and Hecht, Never Again, 13.
3 Ibid., 18.
4 James Farley, “Why I Broke with Roosevelt,” Collier’s, June 21, 1947.
5 Alfred Emanuel “Al” Smith (December 30, 1873–October 4, 1944), four-time governor of New York, Democratic US presidential candidate 1928.
6 Farley, “Why I Broke with Roosevelt.”
7 George Howard Earle III (December 5, 1890–December 30, 1974), US minister to Austria 1933–34, Democratic governor of Pennsylvania 1935–39.
8 Burton Kendall Wheeler (February 27, 1882–January 6, 1975), Democratic senator from Montana 1923–47, vice presidential running mate of Robert La Follette Sr. for the Progressive Party, 1924.
9 John Llewellyn Lewis (February 12, 1880–June 11, 1969), president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMW) 1920–60, first president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) 1938–41.
10 Farley, Jim Farley’s Story, 224.
11 Paul Vories McNutt (July 19, 1891–March 24, 1955), Democratic governor of Indiana 1933–37, High Commissioner of the Philippines 1937–39, 1945–46, administrator of the Federal Security Agency 1939–42, chairman of the War Manpower Commission 1942–45, ambassador to the Philippines 1945–47.
12 Gugin and St. Clair, The Governors of Indiana, 291.
13 Jesse Holman Jones (April 5, 1874–June 1, 1956), head of Herbert Hoover’s Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) 1932–45, Secretary of Commerce 1940–45.
14 Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837–June 24, 1908), president of the United States 1885–89 and 1893–97.
15 Thomas Edmund Dewey (March 24, 1902–March 16, 1971), Republican governor of New York 1943–54, Republican candidate for president 1944 and 1948
16 Farley, “Why I Broke with Roosevelt.”
17 Newsweek, October 2, 1939, 46.
18 Farley, “Why I Broke with Roosevelt.”
19 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 1012.
20 November 19, 1939. Available at: http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/php1139.html.
21 New York Times, December 8, 1939, 24.
22 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 350.
23 Ibid., 403.
24 “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” November 9, 1939. Available at: http://dspace.wrlc.org/doc/bitstream/2041/18706/b03f13-1109zdisplay.pdf#search=’’.
25 “Washington Hums with Reaction to ‘Draft F.D. for 3d Term’ Boom,” Brooklyn Eagle, January 9, 1940. Available at: http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%205/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Eagle/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Eagle%201940%20Grayscale/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Eagle%201940%20Grayscale%20-%200206.pdf.
26 Mary “Molly” Williams Dewson (February 18, 1874–October 21, 1962), feminist activist, head of the women’s division of the Democratic National Committee, 1932.
27 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 999.
28 Quoted in Beschloss, Kennedy and Roosevelt, 200.
29 Rose’s father, “Honey Fitz,” and Joe Kennedy Jr., in his first adventure into politics, had joined the Farley campaign.
30 New York Times, February 14, 1940.
31 Neither felt they had a journalistic duty to pass on what would have been a front-page scoop to their readers. Kennedy’s “lurid” and “unrestrained” assault on the president was left unreported until publication of Harold Ickes’s diaries in 1954.
32 Ickes, The Lowering Clouds, 147.
33 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 409.
34 Jenkins, Churchill, 572.
35 Berkeley Gage, quoted ibid., 573.
36 New York Times, March 8, 1940.
37 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15924&st=&st1=.
38 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 412.
39 Ibid., 415.
40 Ibid., 403.
41 Herzstein, Roosevelt and Hitler, 313.
42 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 412.
43 By 1940, Swedish iron ore supplies amounted to 11.5 million tons out of total German consumption of 15 million tons.
44 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 332.
45 In the Gallipoli campaign, a.k.a. the Dardanelles campaign, between April 1915 and January 1916, more than 250,000 Allied lives were lost, with a similar number killed on the Ottoman side. It was, however, the Ottomans’ greatest victory in World War One.
46 Full transcript of the second day of the Commons debate on May 8 available at: http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1940/may/08/conduct-of-the-war.
47 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 422.
48 David Lloyd George, Lord Lloyd-George of Dwyfor (January 17, 1863–March 26, 1945), leader of the Liberal Party 1926–31, Chancellor of the Exchequer 1908–15, prime minister 1916–22.
49 Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett “Leo” Amery (November 22, 1873–September 16, 1955), First Lord of the Admiralty 1922–24, Secretary of State for the Colonies 1924–29, Secretary of State for India and Burma 1940–45.
50 Churchill, The Gathering Storm, 529.
Chapter Twelve: THE BATTLE OF FRANCE
1 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 1020–1.
2 Full text available at: http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/92-blood-toil-tears-and-sweat.
3 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 425.
4 Loewenheim et al., Roosevelt and Churchill, 94–5.
5 Ibid., 95–6.
6 Paul Reynaud (October 15, 1878–September 21, 1966), prime minister of France March–June 1940.
7 Churchill, Their Finest Hour, 42.
8 Loewenheim et al., Roosevelt and Churchill, 97.
9 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15954.
10 Grenville Clark (November 5, 1882–January 13, 1967), Wall Street lawyer and member of the World War One veterans association the Military Training Camps Association.
11 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 1026.
12 Soames, Speaking for Themselves, 454.
13 Lewis Williams Douglas (July 2, 1894–March 7, 1974), Democratic representative from Arizona 1927–33, director of the Bureau of the Budget 1933–34, ambassador to the United Kingdom 1947–50. William Joseph “Wild Bill” Donovan (January 1, 1883–February 8, 1959), informal US emissary to Britain 1940–41, founding Coordinator of Information, combining US intelligence efforts.
14 Edward Raymond Burke (November 28, 1880–November 4, 1968), Democratic senator from Nebraska 1935–41. James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. (August 12, 1877–June 21, 1952), Republican representative from New York 1935–51.
15 Albert Victor Alexander, Earl Alexander of Hillsborough (May 1, 1885–January 11, 1965), First Lord of the Admiralty 1929–31, 1940–46, Minister of Defence 1946–50.
16 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 426.
17 Ibid., 427.
18 Ibid., 433.
19 Ibid., 435.
20 Merwin Kimball Hart (June 25, 1881–November 30, 1962), Republican pro-Franco, anti-Communist, and anti-Israel chairman of the John Birch Society and Holocaust denier, whose New York State Economic Council opposed government involvement in the economy. Accused by Harold Ickes of being a Nazi sympathizer and American Quisling.
21 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 347.
22 Ibid., 349.
23 New York Times, May 20, 1940.
24 Ibid.
25 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 352.
26 Ibid., 356.
27 Ibid., 357.
28 Quoted in Berg, Lindbergh, 399.
29 Full text available at: http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3316.
30 Edward Vernon Rickenbacker (October 8, 1890–July 23, 1973), America’s most successful fighter ace in World War One, with 26 aerial victories. Head of Eastern Air Lines 1934–63.
31 Quoted in Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 554.
32 Address to the Commons, June 4, 1940. Full text available at: http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/128-we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches. Churchill would first give a speech in the House of Commons, which did not allow its proceedings to be broadcast, then repeat the speech for the BBC, to reach his home audience as well as audiences around the world.
33 Dwight David “Ike” Eisenhower (October 14, 1890–March 28, 1969), US Army 1915–53, commander of the Allied landings in North Africa 1942, supreme commander of the Allied landings in Normandy 1944, supreme commander of NATO 1951–52, president of the United States 1953–61.
34 Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, 4.
35 http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box2/t12ab01.html.
36 Full text available at: http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3317.
37 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 356.
38 Ibid., 357.
39 Churchill, Their Finest Hour, 117.
40 Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (April 24, 1856–July 23, 1951), French general who in World War One was dubbed “the Lion of Verdun” but was later disgraced by collaborating with Germany as chief of the French state 1940–45.
41 Loewenheim et al., Roosevelt and Churchill, 99–100.
42 Ibid., 100.
43 Ibid., 101, n. 2.
44 Ibid., n. 3.
45 Ibid., 101–2.
46 Ibid., 102–3.
47 Ibid., 105.
48 Ibid., 106, n. 3.
49 Ibid., 106.
50 Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (April 24, 1856–July 23, 1951), French World War One marshal known as the “Lion of Verdun.” Led Vichy France after the German occupation in 1940 until the liberation of France in 1944.
51 Shirer, Berlin Diary, 760.
Chapter Thirteen: LIFE OF THE PARTY
1 Marguerite Alice “Missy” LeHand (September 13, 1898–July 31, 1944), private secretary to FDR 1920–41.
2 “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Palm Beach Post, June 12, 1940. Available at: http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1964&dat=19400612&id=LUIjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SbYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2260,3992584.
3 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 1041.
4 Ibid., 1042–4.
5 Harold Rainsford Stark (November 12, 1880–August 20, 1972), Chief of US Naval Operations 1939–42.
6 Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor, 98.
7 Lothian to Lady Astor, June 12 1940. Astor Papers, 4/49, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA. Available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/18788.
8 Wendell Lewis Willkie (February 18, 1892–October 8, 1944), Democratic senator from Indiana, who after a spell as a Wall Street lawyer became Republican presidential candidate 1940.
9 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggs58Z3J0b8&feature=youtu.be.
10 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=75629.
11 Alsop, I’ve Seen the Best of It, 93.
12 Peters, Five Days in Philadelphia, 153.
13 Ickes, The Lowering Clouds, 92.
14 Charles Linza McNary (June 12, 1874–February 25, 1944), Republican senator from Oregon 1917–44, Senate Minority Leader 1933–44.
15 William Tecumseh Sherman (February 8, 1820–February 14, 1891), Civil War general in the Union Army whose “scorched earth” policy helped defeat the Confederacy.
16 Farley, Jim Farley’s Story, 249–51.
17 The suite, 308/309, was the one occupied by Warren G. Harding in his epic battle to become the Republican presidential nominee in 1920.
18 Edward Joseph Kelly (May 1, 1876–October 20, 1950), mayor of Chicago 1933–47.
19 Chicago Daily News, July 16, 1940.
20 Quoted in Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 619.
21 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 1048.
22 Ickes The Lowering Clouds, 244–5.
23 Ibid., 245.
24 Ibid., 249.
25 Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, 131–2.
26 Alben William Barkley (November 24, 1877–April 30, 1956), Democratic representative from Kentucky 1913–27, senator 1927–49, 1955–56, Senate Majority Leader 1937–47, Senate Minority Leader 1947–49, vice president of the United States 1949–53.
27 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15979.
28 Millard Evelyn Tydings (April 6, 1890–February 9, 1961), Democratic senator from Maryland 1927–51.
29 Farley, Jim Farley’s Story, 254.
30 William Orville Douglas (October 16, 1898–January 19, 1980), chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission 1937–39, longest-serving Justice of the Supreme Court, 1939–75.
31 William Brockman Bankhead (April 12, 1874–September 15, 1940), Democratic representative from Alabama 1917–33, 1933–40, House Majority Leader 1935–36, Speaker of the House 1936–40. An ardent supporter of the New Deal. Father of actress Tallulah Bankhead.
32 Samuel Taliaferro “Sam” Rayburn (January 6, 1882–November 16, 1961), Democratic representative from Texas 1913–61, Speaker of the House 1940–47, 1949–53, and 1955–61, the 17-year total making him the longest-serving House speaker in history.
33 Eurith Dickenson Rivers (December 1, 1895–June 11 1967), Democratic governor of Georgia 1937–41.
34 Farley, Jim Farley’s Story, 302.
35 Full text as reported in The New York Times, July 19, 1940, available at: http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/q-and-a/q22-erspeech.cfm.
36 Roosevelt, Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt, 217.
37 Farley, Jim Farley’s Story, 302.
38 Ickes, The Lowering Clouds, 265.
Chapter Fourteen: THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN
1 Alfred Josef Ferdinand Jodl (May 10, 1890–October 16, 1946), chief of the operations staff of the German high command during World War Two, found guilty of war crimes at Nuremberg and hanged.
2 Shirer, Berlin Diary, 758.
3 Ibid., 760.
4 Shirer, Berlin Diary, 765.
5 Jenkins, Churchill, 632–3.
6 William Maxwell “Max” Aitken, Lord Beaverbrook (May 25, 1879–June 9, 1964), Conservative Unionist MP for Ashton-under-Lyne 1910–16, Minister of Information 1918, Minister of Aircraft Production 1940–41, Minister of Supply 1941–42, Minister of War Production 1942, Lord Privy Seal 1943–45.
7 Jenkins, Churchill, 633.
8 Shirer, Berlin Diary, 781.
9 Lowenheim et al., Churchill and Roosevelt, 107–8.
10 Berle diary, September 21 and 22, 1939, Roll 1, FDR Library.
11 Reynolds, Lord Lothian, 26.
12 Lothian to Churchill, August 20, 1940, Foreign Office Papers, FO 800/398.
13 Dean Gooderham Acheson (April 11, 1893–October 12, 1971), Secretary of State 1949–53, co-architect of the Marshall Plan, the Truman Doctrine, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
14 Langer and Gleason, The Challenge to Isolation, 758–9.
15 Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 147.
16 Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor, 98.
17 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 1084.
18 Loewenheim, et al., Churchill and Roosevelt, 109–10.
19 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 461.
20 Ibid., 464.
21 Ibid., 463.
22 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 1061.
23 Shirer, Berlin Diary, 776.
24 Loewenheim et al., Churchill and Roosevelt, 111.
25 Full text available at: http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/113-the-few.
26 Shirer, Berlin Diary, 779.
27 Ibid., 769, note.
28 Ibid., 769.
29 Ibid., 770.
30 Ibid., 774.
31 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 1085.
32 Though no further. At the first opportunity, they removed Churchill, who had acceded to the premiership without benefit of election. In 1945, his modest coalition deputy prime minister, Labour’s Clement Attlee, was elected in a landslide for the Labour Party.
33 Jenkins, Churchill, 635.
34 Ibid., 641.
35 James Barrett Reston (November 3, 1909–December 6, 1995), Scottish-born US journalist who reported events in London 1939–40 before returning to establish the US Office of War Information in 1942.
36 New York Times, July 25, 1940.
37 Clement Richard Attlee, Earl Attlee (January 3, 1883–October 8, 1967), leader of the Labour Party 1935–55, Lord Privy Seal 1940–42, deputy prime minister 1942–45, prime minister 1945–51, Leader of the Opposition 1951–55.
38 New York Times, September 21, 1940.
39 Edward R. Murrow, born Egbert Roscoe Murrow (April 25, 1908–April 27, 1965), pioneering radio and television broadcaster whose commentary brought to an end the influence of the anti-Communist Senator Joseph McCarthy.
40 Archibald MacLeish (May 7, 1892–April 20, 1982), American poet and friend of Felix Frankfurter, Librarian of Congress 1939–44.
41 Quoted in Cull, The British Propaganda Campaign, 109.
42 Frank Humphrey Sinkler Jennings (August 19, 1907–September 24, 1950), pioneering, lyrical English documentary filmmaker.
43 Harry Watt (October 18, 1906–April 2, 1987), Scottish documentary filmmaker best remembered for Night Mail (1936), his collaboration with Basil Wright, set to a poem by W. H. Auden with music by Benjamin Britten.
44 Quentin James Reynolds (April 11, 1902–March 17, 1965), journalist on Collier’s Weekly 1933–45, author of London Diary and Courtroom.
45 Full film available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gno3mIrh7PM.
46 Jenkins, Churchill, 630.
47 The most priceless Churchill memo concerned what the British should be given to eat under rationing. “Almost all the food faddists I have ever known,” he wrote to the minister of food, Frederick Woolton, “nut-eaters and the like, have died young after a long period of senile decay. The British soldier is far more likely to be right than the scientists. All he cares about is beef. . . . The way to lose the war is to try to force the British public into a diet of milk, oatmeal, potatoes, etc, washed down on gala occasions with a little lime juice.” Churchill, War Papers: The Ever-Widening War, 514.
48 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15978.
49 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 456.
50 Quoted in Beschloss, Kennedy and Roosevelt, 213.
51 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 467.
52 Ibid., 457.
53 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFeoDO1X-Kg.
54 New York Times, September 24, 1940.
55 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 451.
56 Ibid., 454.
57 Ibid., 462.
58 Ibid., 455.
59 Ibid., 456.
60 Ibid., 452.
61 Ibid., 453.
62 Ibid., 459.
63 Full text available at: http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/113-the-few.
64 Associated Press report, Milwaukee Journal, August 20, 1940.
Chapter Fifteen: FORD’S PLANS FOR PEACE
1 Henrik Shipstead (January 8, 1881–June 26, 1960), isolationist senator from Minnesota 1923–47 (Labor Party 1923–41, Republican 1941–47).
2 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 380.
3 On August 23, 1940, Lindbergh met with representatives Melvin J. Maas, James E. Van Zandt, Carl T. Curtiss, and Senator Nye, and with newspapermen sympathetic to isolationism C. B. Allen, of the New York Herald Tribune, and Frazier Hunt. Three days later he met with senators Clark of Missouri and Ernest Lundeen of Minnesota and Representative George H. Tinkham.
4 Melvin Joseph Maas (May 14, 1898–April 14, 1964), Republican representative from Minnesota 1927–33, 1935–45.
5 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 380.
6 Ibid., 370, 379.
7 Ibid., 378.
8 February 17, 1921. Quoted in Gardell, Gods of the Blood, 364, n. 61.
9 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 300.
10 Ibid., 351.
11 Ibid., 371.
12 Ibid., 377.
13 “The foundation of Brundage’s political world view was the proposition that Communism was an evil before which all other evils were insignificant. A collection of lesser themes basked in the reflected glory of the major one. These included Brundage’s admiration for Hitler’s apparent restoration of prosperity and order to Germany, his conception that those who did not work for a living in the United States were an anarchic human tide, and a suspicious anti-Semitism which feared the dissolution of Anglo-Protestant culture in a sea of ethnic aspirations.” Carolyn Marvin, Avery Brundage and American Participation in the 1936 Olympic Games (Annenberg School for Communication Departmental Papers, University of Pennsylvania, 1982). Available at: http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=asc_papers, 99.
14 Speech, “Our Relationship With Europe,” August 4, 1940, Soldier Field, Chicago. Full text available at: http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/speech3.asp.
15 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 375.
16 Ibid., 375–6.
17 Quoted in Berg, Lindbergh, 412. One of many anti-Semitic remarks omitted by the editor of Lindbergh’s diaries, William Jovanovich.
18 Madison, Wendell Willkie, 69.
19 Address accepting the Republican nomination, August 17, 1940. Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=75629.
20 Davis, Into the Storm, 611.
21 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 379.
22 Robert Douglas Stuart Jr. (born April 26, 1916). Heir to the Quaker Oats fortune and cofounder of America First.
23 John Gillis Townsend Jr. (May 31, 1871–April 10, 1964), Republican governor of Delaware 1917–21, senator 1929–41.
24 William Richards Castle Jr. (June 19, 1878–October 13, 1963), State Department chief of Western European affairs 1921, US ambassador to Japan 1930, Under Secretary of State 1931–33.
25 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 382.
26 Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg (March 22, 1884–April 18, 1951), Republican senator from Michigan 1928–51.
27 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 383.
28 Ketchum, The Borrowed Years, 586.
29 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 453.
30 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 1069.
31 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 467.
32 Ibid., 472.
33 Washington Star, October 7, 1940.
34 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 475.
35 Quoted in Beschloss, Kennedy and Roosevelt, 213.
36 Ibid.
37 Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor, 99.
38 The Senate passed the Selective Service Act on August 28 by 58 votes to 21, the House by 185 to 155, with an amendment delaying the draft for 60 days while it was seen whether a more aggressive voluntary draft worked.
39 Lothian to Foreign Office, 21 September 1940, quoted in Reynolds, Lord Lothian, 43.
Chapter Sixteen: THE OLD CAMPAIGNER
1 Lindbergh, War Within and Without, 143.
2 Lindbergh, The Wave of the Future, 13, 36, 34.
3 Lindbergh, War Within and Without, 145.
4 Berg, Lindbergh, 406.
5 Wystan Hugh Auden (February 21, 1907–September 29, 1973), perhaps Britain’s greatest poet of the twentieth century.
6 Quoted in Berg, Lindbergh, 406.
7 Quoted in Doenecke, Storm on the Horizon, 54.
8 Quoted in Mosley, Lindbergh, 276.
9 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 425.
10 Lindbergh War Within and Without, 148.
11 Ibid., 161.
12 Parmet and Hecht, Never Again, 251.
13 Life, November 4, 1940.
14 President’s Personal File 1820, Roosevelt Library.
15 Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 187.
16 Robert Elkington Wood (June 13, 1879–November 6, 1969), brigadier general who became an executive with Sears, Roebuck and leader of the Old Right conservatives. First president and leading donor of the Chicago America First Committee, then of the whole America First movement.
17 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 389.
18 Ibid., 394.
19 Ibid., 398.
20 Ibid., 406.
21 Full text available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1940/1940-10-13a.html.
22 Spokesman Review, October 15, 1940.
23 Evening Independent, St. Petersburg, FL, October 22, 1940.
24 Address to a meeting of the Law Society of Massachusetts, October 16, 1940, Boston City Club. Full text available at: http://www.roberthjackson.org/the-man/speeches-articles/speeches/speeches-by-robert-h-jackson/democracy-under-fire/.
25 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 475.
26 Ibid., 477.
27 Address, October 23, 1940, Convention Hall, Philadelphia. Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15883.
28 New York Times, October 24, 1940.
29 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 480.
30 Ibid.
31 Later LaGuardia Airport.
32 Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908–January 22, 1973), Democratic representative from Texas 1937–49, senator 1949–61, vice president of the United States 1961–63, president 1963–69.
33 Quoted in Goodwin, The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys, 611.
34 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 481.
35 Ibid., 482.
36 Ibid., n. 593.
37 Address, October 28, 1940, Madison Square Garden, New York. Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15885.
38 On May 16, 1789, John Adams wrote to Washington, “The unanimous suffrage of the elective body in your favor, is peculiarly expressive of the gratitude, confidence and affection of the citizens of America.”
39 Francis Joseph Spellman (May 4, 1889–December 2, 1967), auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Boston 1932–39, Archbishop of New York 1939–67. Made cardinal in 1946.
40 Cooney, The American Pope, 122.
41 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 483.
42 Ibid., 484.
43 Ibid., 485.
44 Ibid., 489.
45 Ibid.
46 Ketchum, The Borrowed Years, 523.
47 Comparing the Roosevelt dynasty with the Kennedys, Gore Vidal wrote, “The sad story of the Kennedys bears about as much resemblance to the Roosevelts as the admittedly entertaining and cautionary television series Dallas does to Shakespeare’s chronicle plays.” New York Review of Books, August 13, 1981.
48 Kingman Brewster Jr. (June 17, 1919–November 8, 1988), President of Yale 1963–77, US ambassador to Britain 1977–81, Master of University College, Oxford, 1986–88.
49 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 411.
50 Full text in Scribner’s Commentator 9, no. 3 (March 1941).
51 FDR’s first inaugural address, March 4, 1933. Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14473.
52 Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 191.
53 Address, October 30, 1940, Boston Garden. Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15887.
54 Quoted in Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 596.
Chapter Seventeen: “OVER MY DEAD BODY”
1 Quoted in Barnes, Willkie, 255. Robert Sherwood quipped, “I doubt that statement. It was a virtue of Wendell Willkie’s that he never knew when he was licked.”
2 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 491.
3 Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long (May 16, 1881–September 26, 1958), donor to FDR’s 1932 campaign, US ambassador to Italy 1933–36, Assistant Secretary of State 1940–41.
4 Long, War Diary, 147.
5 Quoted in Freedman, Roosevelt and Frankfurter, 553–60.
6 Quoted in Beschloss, Kennedy and Roosevelt, 225.
7 New York Times, November 12, 1940.
8 Dineen, The Kennedy Family, 86.
9 Ickes, The Lowering Clouds, 386.
10 Freedman, Roosevelt and Frankfurter, 564.
11 Ibid., 553–60.
12 Quoted in Beschloss, Kennedy and Roosevelt, 225.
13 Quoted ibid.
14 Quoted in New York Times, December 7, 1940.
15 Daily Mail, November 30, 1940.
16 Freedman, Roosevelt and Frankfurter, 554.
17 Ibid.
18 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16041.
19 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 1060.
20 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16041.
21 Harry Morris Warner (December 12, 1881–July 25, 1958), one of the four Warner brothers who founded the eponymous Hollywood movie studio. Samuel Goldwyn, born Szmuel Gelbfisz, also known as Samuel Goldfish (July 1879–January 31, 1974), Oscar-winning producer of the movies The Little Foxes and Guys and Dolls. Louis Burt Mayer, born Lazar Meir (July 12, 1884–October 29, 1957), hugely successful Hollywood movie producer who ran Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
22 Edward G. Robinson (December 12, 1893–January 26, 1973), Romanian-born Jewish actor most famous for his sinister roles as a mobster boss in Little Caesar (1931) and Key Largo (1948), and as an intelligent sleuth in Double Indemnity (1944) and The Stranger (1946). Active member of the Anti-Nazi League, Bundles for Britain, and the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies.
23 Quoted in Beschloss, Kennedy and Roosevelt, 226.
24 The Hollywood branch of the committee was populated with prominent actors, among them Edward G. Robinson, Claude Rains, Paul Muni, John Garfield, James Cagney, Groucho Marx, and Henry Fonda.
25 Melvyn Edouard Hesselberg, known as Melvyn Douglas (April 5, 1901–August 4, 1981), actor who made his name opposite Greta Garbo in Ninotchka (1939). Member of the William Allen White Committee and the Anti-Nazi League.
26 Douglas, See You at the Movies, 114.
27 Myrna Loy (August 2, 1905–December 14, 1993), prolific actress whose career took off after she appeared as Nora Charles opposite William Powell in the Thin Man movies.
28 Loy, Myrna Loy, 161.
29 On December 12, 1941, the committee was renamed the War Activities Committee of the Motion Picture Industry.
30 Davies, The Times We Had, 300.
31 Quoted in Davis, The War President, 60.
32 Ickes, The Lowering Clouds, 386.
33 Beschloss suggests that the account was cleaned up by Eleanor and that Roosevelt actually said “son of a bitch.” Kennedy and Roosevelt, 229.
34 Gore Vidal, “Eleanor,” New York Review of Books, November 18, 1971.
35 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 496.
36 Ibid., 497.
37 New York Times, December 3, 1940.
38 Bernard E. Smith (1888–May 10, 1961), financier, acquitted in 1903 of conspiracy to murder, he made a vast fortune selling stocks short during the Wall Street crash of 1929.
39 Abner Carroll Binder (February 20, 1896–1956),long-standing foreign correspondent for the Chicago Daily News.
40 Although the plot has been reported as fact by both Michael Beschloss (Kennedy and Roosevelt, 231) and Charles Higham (American Swastika, 33), it is hard to believe that Kennedy would risk involving himself in such treacherous skulduggery.
Chapter Eighteen: HIGH NOON
1 Quoted in Reynolds, Lord Lothian, 45.
2 Record of conversation, December 1940, British Cabinet Papers, CAB 65/10, WM 299 (40) 4.
3 Ickes, The Lowering Clouds, 367.
4 New York Times, November 24, 1940. Most historians have suggested that Lothian used the words, “Well, boys, Britain is broke. It’s your money we want.” That is most likely a canard. Not only is it totally out of character for Lothian, a former journalist who was aware of what havoc such a lively phrase might wreak both in Washington and London, to use words more fitting for a tabloid newspaper, but the source of the quote, Sir John W. Wheeler-Bennett’s biography of George VI (King George VI: His Life and Reign, London: St. Martin’s Press, 1958, 521) is contradicted by eyewitnesses, by the absence of such words in contemporaneous newspaper reports, including New York’s tabloids, and by Lothian’s report to the Foreign Office. It is a good example of historians adopting the slipshod journalist’s adage, “too good to check.” See Reynolds, Lord Lothian, 48–9 and n. 169.
5 Associated Press report, December 6, 1940. See “U.S. Given Balance Sheet Showing British Finances,” Tuscaloosa News, December 6, 1940.
6 Moser, Twisting the Lion’s Tail, 127.
7 Reynolds, Lord Lothian, 54.
8 Sir Frederick Phillips (1884–1943), lifelong civil servant at the Treasury, head of the Treasury mission in Washington 1940–43.
9 Phillips had met with Morgenthau and the president for a daylong meeting on July 8, 1940, ostensibly to talk about preserving the gold standard. They spoke about Britain’s fast-diminishing dollar reserves.
10 New York Times, December 7, 1940.
11 John Maynard Keynes, Lord Keynes (June 5, 1883–April 21, 1946), British economist whose The General Theory (1936) transformed the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics and provided the intellectual justification for the intervention of governments in economies.
12 Skidelsky, Fighting for Freedom, 97–8.
13 Blum, Years of Urgency, 171.
14 Kingsley Wood quoted in Colville, The Fringes of Power, 327.
15 Gilbert, Churchill, 687.
16 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 1104–5.
17 Quoted in Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor, 104.
18 Ziegler, King Edward VIII, 399.
19 Churchill, Their Finest Hour, 501. Although one of Churchill’s most memorable and eloquent letters, it was the result of an agonizing writing and rewriting effort led by Lothian, with Halifax also contributing. It was Lothian who suggested that the letter should arrive while Roosevelt was afloat and had nothing else to do but concentrate on its contents.
20 Full text in Loewenheim et al., Roosevelt and Churchill, 122–6.
21 Telephone conversation, Lothian and Churchill, December 6, 1940. Reynolds, Lord Lothian, 47.
22 Read by Neville Butler to the American Farm Bureau Federation in Baltimore. Kerr, The American Speeches of Lord Lothian, xxxiv.
23 Loewenheim et al., Roosevelt and Churchill, 119–20.
24 Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 605.
25 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15913.
26 Blum, Years of Urgency, 210–7.
27 Bennett Cohen (August 28, 1890–June 10, 1964), veteran Hollywood screenwriter, mostly of “B” westerns.
28 Parrish, To Keep the British Isles Afloat, 166.
29 New York Times, January 11, 1941.
30 Quoted in Doenecke, In Danger Undaunted, 17.
31 Kauffman, America First!, 18. Gerald Rudolph “Jerry” Ford Jr. (July 14, 1913–December 26, 2006), Republican representative from Michigan 1949–73, vice president of the US 1973–74, president 1974–77. Robert Sargent Shriver Jr. (November 9, 1915–January 18, 2011)., husband of Eunice Kennedy, first director of the Peace Corps 1961–66, US ambassador to France 1968–70.
32 New York Times, January 4, 1941, 1.
33 Theodore Roosevelt first used the expression “bully pulpit” in 1909 when he said, “I suppose my critics will call that preaching, but I have got such a bully pulpit!” His use of the word “bully” was not to do with imposing his views, but meaning “good,” as in “Bully for you!” Lyman Abbott, “A Review of President Roosevelt’s Administration,” Outlook 91 (February 27, 1909): 430, 433-4.
34 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals,. 428.
35 Ibid., 429.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid., 434.
38 Ibid., 422.
39 Ibid., 420–1.
40 Hanford “Jack” MacNider (October 2, 1889–February 18, 1968), cofounder of the American Legion, Assistant Secretary of War 1925–28, US ambassador to Canada 1930–32, failed candidate for the vice presidential slot on Willkie’s 1940 ticket.
41 Roosevelt did not appoint John Gilbert Winant to succeed Kennedy until February 1941.
42 Beschloss, Kennedy and Roosevelt, 232.
43 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 432.
44 Callaghan, The Lend-Lease Debate, 235.
45 Frankfurter letters, Syracuse University Libraries, 573.
46 Full text available at: http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/122940.html. Videoavailable at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/mediaplay.php?id=15917&admin=32.
47 Cantril, Public Opinion, 976. Available at: http://archive.org/stream/publicopinion19300unse/publicopinion19300unse_djvu.txt.
48 Churchill, Their Finest Hour, 455.
49 Colville, The Fringes of Power, 332.
50 New York Times, January 4, 1941.
Chapter Nineteen: THE BATTLE OF LEND-LEASE
1 Ernest Lundeen (August 4, 1878–August 31, 1940), Republican representative from Minnesota 1915–17, 1935–37, senator 1937–40. James J. Couzens (August 26, 1872–October 22, 1936), Republican mayor of Detroit 1919–22, senator from Michigan 1922–36. Lynn Joseph Frazier (December 21, 1874–January 11, 1947), Republican/non-partisan, governor of North Dakota 1917–21, senator 1923–41. Hiram Warren Johnson (September 2, 1866–August 6 ,1945), Progressive/Republican, governor of California 1911–17, senator 1917–45. Theodore Roosevelt’s running mate in the 1912 presidential election. Arthur Capper (July 14, 1865–December 19, 1951), Republican governor of Kansas 1915–19, senator 1919–49.
2 The leadership quartet were senators Gerald P. Nye, Robert M. La Follette Jr., Bennett Champ Clark, and Arthur H. Vandenberg, who were joined, among others, by Burton K. Wheeler, David I. Walsh, Wallace H. White Jr., Henrik Shipstead, Robert A. Taft, D. Worth Clark, William Langer, and C. Wayland Brooks.
3 Other active isolationist House members included Karl E. Mundt and Dewey Short.
4 77th Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record 87, part 1: 1588.
5 Chicago Tribune, January 12, 1941.
6 New York Times, January 2, 1941.
7 Beard, Roosevelt and the Coming of the War, 20.
8 New York Times, January 22, 1941.
9 Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 254.
10 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 499.
11 Best, Herbert Hoover, 170, n. 37.
12 Ibid., 176.
13 Ibid.
14 New York Times, January 5, 1941.
15 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16092.
16 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 437.
17 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16092.
18 Sidney Hillman (March 23, 1887–July 10, 1946), head of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and key figure in the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
19 William Signius Knudsen (March 25, 1879–April 27, 1948), executive with Ford and General Motors, recruited by Roosevelt to maximize war materiel output.
20 Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses, 645 ff.
21 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 1100.
22 Full text available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/1941-01-08a.html.
23 New York Times, January 13, 1940.
24 Full text available at: http://poetry.poetryx.com/poems/6310/.
25 Full text available at: http://unix.cc.wmich.edu/~cooneys/poems/Clough.struggle.html.
26 Warren Robinson Austin (November 12, 1877–December 25, 1962), Republican senator from Vermont 1931–46, US ambassador to the United Nations 1946–53.
27 Chicago Tribune, January 18, 1941.
28 Lewis Deschler (March 3, 1905–July 12, 1976), first Parliamentarian of the US House of Representatives, 1927–74.
29 New York Times, January 11, 1941.
30 Ibid.
31 New York Times, January 12, 1941.
32 Speech, January 12, 1941, reprinted in 77th Congress, First Session Congressional Record, appendix: 178–9.
33 Full press conference transcript available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16147.
34 New York Times, January 18, 1941.
35 New York Times, January 15, 1941.
36 New York Times, January 14, 1941.
37 New York Times, January 18, 1941.
38 When asked by reporters whether he had heard McCormick’s testimony, the president retorted, amid laughter, “Did he speak as an expert?” Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses, 11.
39 Whalen, The Founding Father, 352.
40 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 525.
41 Ibid.
42 New York Times, January 17, 1941.
43 Kennedy, Hostage to Fortune, 526.
44 Full text available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/1941-01-18a.html.
45 Whalen, The Founding Father, 354.
46 Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 211.
Chapter Twenty: LINDBERGH’S BEST SHOT
1 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16022.
2 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 442.
3 77th Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record, HR 1776: 371–435.
4 Berg, Lindbergh, 415.
5 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 452.
6 New York Times, January 25, 1941.
7 New York Times, January 26, 1941.
8 New York Times, January 28, 1941.
9 Full text of Lindbergh’s statement to the Senate available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/1941-02-06a.html.
10 Full text of speech before Senate Foreign Affairs Committee available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/1941-02-06a.html.
11 Richmond News Leader, January 28, 1941, leading article.
12 77th Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record, S 275: 211.
13 77th Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record, HR 1776: 158.
14 77th Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record, HR 1776: 101–2.
15 77th Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record, S 275: 115–6.
16 Quoted in Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 613.
17 77th Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record, HR 1776: 582.
18 77th Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record, S 275: 209.
19 Blum, Years of Urgency, 217-214.
20 New York Times, January 28, 1941.
21 Best, Herbert Hoover, the Postpresidential Years, 179.
22 John William McCormack (December 21, 1891–November 22, 1980), Democratic representative from Massachusetts 1928–71, Speaker of the House 1962–71.
23 77th Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record, HR 1776: 592.
24 77th Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record, HR 1776: 575.
25 77th Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record, S 275: 1162.
26 77th Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record, S 275: 1037.
27 New York Times, February 12, 1941.
28 Quoted in Peters, Five Days in Philadelphia, 192.
29 Barnard, Wendell Willkie, 291.
30 Quoted in Peters, Five Days in Philadelphia, 192.
31 New York Times, January 28, 1941.
32 Full, final text of the Lend-Lease Act available at: http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=71&page=transcript.
33 Full text available at: http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/97-give-us-the-tools.
34 Jenkins, Churchill, 667.
35 Quoted in O’Toole, Outing the Senator, 218.
36 John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895–May 2, 1972), first director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 1935–72.
37 Jay Catherwood Hormel (September 11, 1892–August 30, 1954), known as the “Spam Man” for finding a profitable use for surplus pork shoulder.
38 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 515.
39 Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 264.
40 Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 617.
Chapter Twenty-One: JESUS CHRIST! WHAT A MAN!
1 Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 200.
2 New York Times, January 25, 1941.
3 Birkenhead, Halifax, 474.
4 Churchill, The Grand Alliance, 26.
5 The main American planners were, for the Navy, admirals R. L. Ghormley and Richmond Kelly Turner, and captains A. G. Kirk, C. M. Cooke, and DeWitt Ramsey; for the Army, generals S. D. Embick, Sherman Miles, and L. T. Gerow, and Colonel Joseph T. McNarney. The British were admirals R. M. Bellairs and V. H. Danckwerts, General E. L. Morris, Lieutenant Colonel A. T. Cornwall-Jones, and Air Commodore J. C. Slessor. Military representatives from Canada, Australia, and New Zealand met with the British contingent but did not attend joint sessions.
6 Quoted in Davis, The War President, 123.
7 Quoted in Roll, The Hopkins Touch, 85.
8 Brendan Bracken, Lord Bracken (February 15, 1901–August 8, 1958), Minister of Information 1941–45, First Lord of the Admiralty May–July 1945. Founder of the Financial Times.
9 Colville, The Fringes of Power, 331.
10 Memo to prime minister, UK Public Record Office, PRO, PREM/4 25/3.
11 Eleanor was fond of telling the story that after spending four weeks with Churchill, Hopkins told Roosevelt, “You know, Winston is much more Left than you.” Lash, Eleanor Roosevelt, 208.
12 Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 234.
13 Churchill, The Grand Alliance, 23.
14 Lyttelton, Memoirs of Lord Chandos, 159. Sherwood doubted his account of events.
15 Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 238.
16 Ibid., 236.
17 Davis, The War President, 124.
18 Churchill, The Grand Alliance, 26.
19 Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 212.
20 Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 243.
21 Roosevelt, Letters 1928–1945, vol. 2, 1115.
22 Colville, The Fringes of Power, 331.
23 Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 243.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid., 249.
26 Ibid., 247.
27 Ibid., 257.
28 Loewenheim et al., Roosevelt and Churchill, 131.
29 Full text available at: http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1941/mar/12/united-states-lease-lend-bill#S5CV0369P0_19410312_HOC_266.
30 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16089.
31 Churchill, War Papers: The Ever-Widening War, 182.
32 Ibid., 243.
33 Ibid., 249.
34 Ibid., 361.
35 Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel (November 15, 1891–October 14, 1944), German field marshal known as the “Desert Fox” for his brilliant command of tank regiments in North Africa. When in charge of western defenses, he was accused of plotting against Hitler and was obliged to commit suicide.
36 Davis, The War President, 152.
37 Roosevelt summoned the Irish ambassador, former IRA commander Frank Aiken, and told him that America would not provide Ireland with munitions or ships unless they cooperated with Britain. The president sent a message via Aiken to the Irish people saying he supported them in their resistance to German aggression. Aiken asked, “Can I also tell my people that you support them in their resistance to British aggression?” to which Roosevelt replied, “There’s no such thing as British aggression.” Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 495.
Chapter Twenty-Two: WE’VE GOT OURSELVES A CONVOY
1 Halifax to Foreign Office, March 18, 1941, UK Public Record Office, PRO, A893/18/45.
2 Davis, The War President, 153.
3 Robert Gilbert Vansittart, Lord Vansittart (June 25, 1881–February 14, 1957), prominent opponent of appeasement, Permanent Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs 1930–38.
4 UK Public Record Office, PRO, A893/18/45.
5 Hearings before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 77th Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record, HR 1776: 101.
6 New York Times, January 22, 1941.
7 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16089&st=Nazi+forces+are+not+seeking+mere+modifications&st1=.
8 Carter Glass (January 4, 1858–May 28, 1946), Democratic representative from Virginia 1902–18, Treasury secretary 1918–20, senator 1920–46, president pro tempore of the Senate 1941–45.
9 New York Daily News, April 17, 1941.
10 New York Times, April 16, 1941.
11 New York Times, April 25, 1941.
12 Ibid.
13 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 475.
14 International News Agency report, April 17, 1941, Milwaukee Sentinel, April 18, 1941.
15 Cole, Charles A. Lindbergh, 148.
16 Clement Laird Vallandigham (July 29, 1820–June 17, 1871), Democratic representative from Ohio, 1858–63.
17 Partial text of press conference available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16107.
18 Full text available at: http://www.ushistory.org/paine/crisis/c-01.htm.
19 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 480.
20 Ibid., 481.
21 Milwaukee Sentinel, May 4, 1941. Full text available at: http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19410504&id=jFNQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HA4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3100,159973.
22 New York Times, May 7, 1941.
23 Ibid.
24 New York Times, May 8, 1941.
25 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 488, 490.
26 Ibid., 489.
27 Ibid., 492.
28 Rudolf Walter Richard Hess (April 26, 1894–August 17, 1987), Hitler’s amanuensis for Mein Kampf. Deputy Führer 1933– 41. Found guilty at the Nuremberg Trials and sentenced to life imprisonment. Hanged himself in Spandau prison aged 93.
29 Quoted in Shirer, Berlin Diary, 838.
30 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 490.
31 Ibid., 498.
32 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16132.
33 Associated Press report, Milwaukee Journal, June 14, 1941.
34 Irving Berlin, born Israel Isidore Beilin (May 11, 1888–September 22, 1989), American composer of popular songs and musical theater shows including “Alexander’s Ragtime Band” (1911), Easter Parade (1933), and “There’s No Business Like Show Business” (1946).
35 It was nothing of the sort. Berlin released the song in 1938 to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the 1918 Armistice.
36 Archibald Bulloch “Archie” Roosevelt (April 10, 1894–October 13, 1979), fifth child of Theodore Roosevelt.
37 Husband of the pro-interventionist columnist Dorothy Thompson.
38 Lillian Diana Gish (October 14, 1893–February 27, 1993), film actress whose career lasted from 1912 to 1987.
39 Lindbergh, War Within and Without, 177.
40 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 496.
41 New York Times, May 24, 1941.
42 Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 367.
43 Ibid., 368.
44 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16120.
45 President’s Secretary’s File 6, Roosevelt Library.
46 77th Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record 87, part 5, Senate, (May 29, 1941).
Chapter Twenty-Three: BARBAROSSA
1 Quoted in Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor, 134.
2 Hitler, Mein Kampf, 654.
3 Domarus, Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations, quoted in Bullock, Hitler and Stalin, 707.
4 Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s Table Talk, 24.
5 Quoted in Shirer, Berlin Diary, xx.
6 Hitler to Mussolini, June 21, 1941, Nazi-Soviet Relations, from the files of the German Foreign Office, 349–53. Quoted in Shirer, Berlin Diary, 830.
7 Diary of Franz Halder, quoted in Shirer, Berlin Diary, 797.
8 Quoted in Gilbert, Churchill, 701.
9 Roosevelt to William D. Leahy, June 26, 1941, Personal Secretary’s File (Diplomatic). Roosevelt Library.
10 Bullock, Hitler and Stalin, 696.
11 Shirer, Berlin Diary, 812.
12 Full text available at: https://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/809-the-fourth-climacteric.
13 New York Times, June 24, 1941.
14 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 538.
15 Ibid., 501.
16 Ibid., 530.
17 Ibid., 536.
18 Ibid., 529.
19 Quoted in Berg, Lindbergh, 422.
20 Charles Phelps Taft II (September 20, 1897–June 24, 1983), son of William Howard Taft, Republican mayor of Cincinnati 1938–42, 1948–51, 1955–77.
21 Ickes, The Lowering Clouds, 581.
22 Quoted in Mosley, Lindbergh, 292.
23 Quoted in Berg, Lindbergh, 423.
24 Quoted in Mosley, Lindbergh, 295.
25 Ickes The Lowering Clouds, 581.
26 Quoted in Berg, Lindbergh, 424.
27 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16140.
28 Beard, President Roosevelt, 106, n. 27.
29 New York Times, July 30, 1941.
30 Washington Post, June 9, 1941.
31 New York Times, July 30, 1941.
32 77th Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record 87, part 5, Senate (June 30, 1941): 5700.
33 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16146.
34 William Averell Harriman (November 15, 1891–July 26, 1986), FDR’s special envoy to Europe 1941–43, US ambassador to the Soviet Union 1943–46, ambassador to the United Kingdom 1946, Secretary of Commerce 1946–48, governor of New York 1955–58. Candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination 1952 and 1956.
35 Full text of Atlantic Charter available at: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atlantic.asp.
36 Churchill, The Grand Alliance, 593.
37 New York Times, August 15, 1941.
38 New York Times, August 17, 1941.
39 Press conference, August 16, 1941. Full text available at: http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/event/august-1941-10/.
40 Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 656.
41 Quoted in Gilbert, Churchill, 705.
42 Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor, 146.
43 Full statement available at: http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1941/sep/09/war-situation.
44 Quoted in Gilbert, Churchill, 706.
45 Quoted ibid.
Chapter Twenty-Four: DAY OF INFAMY
1 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 524.
2 Carr, Hollywood and Anti-Semitism, 242.
3 Quoted in Rosenbaum, Waking to Danger, 169–70. They even booed Darryl F. Zanuck (September 5, 1902–December 22, 1979), a Protestant of Swiss descent from Wahoo, Nebraska.
4 Quoted in Hoopes, When the Stars Went to War, 69–70.
5 Carr, Hollywood and Anti-Semitism, 266.
6 Lowell Mellett (1886–1960), FDR’s head of polling and information 1939-45. In 1942 he began producing films for Frank Capra (May 18, 1897–September 3, 1991), Italian-born director of films such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) and It’s a Wonderful Life (1946), in which humble people triumph against bureaucracy or big organizations, as well as the newsreel series Why We Fight.
7 Quoted in Woll, The Hollywood Musical Goes to War, 4.
8 http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/senate_subcommittees.cfm.
9 Quoted in Carr, Hollywood and Anti-Semitism, 260.
10 http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/senate_subcommittees.cfm.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Quoted in Woll, The Hollywood Musical Goes to War, 5.
14 Alexander Korda (September 16, 1893–January 23, 1956), Hungarian-born British film producer and director, founder of London Films and owner of British Lion Films.
15 Walter Reisch (May 23, 1903–March 28, 1983), Austrian-born director and screenwriter whose screenplays included Ninotchka (1939).
16 Quoted in Drazin, Korda, 239.
17 Quoted ibid., 240.
18 Hans Walter Conrad Veidt (January 22, 1893–April 3, 1943), a top-earning star at the German Ufa studio, he fled Germany with his Jewish wife in 1933.
19 Quoted in Woll, The Hollywood Musical Goes to War, 6.
20 Darryl Francis Zanuck (September 5, 1902–December 22, 1979), Hollywood screenwriter turned studio boss who headed production at Warner Brothers and Fox, which he combined with the company he founded, Twentieth Century, to form Twentieth Century–Fox.
21 Carr, Hollywood and Anti-Semitism, 263.
22 http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/senate_subcommittees.cfm.
23 Koppes and Black, Hollywood Goes to War, 45.
24 Ibid., 43.
25 Carr, Hollywood and Anti-Semitism, 260.
26 Glancy, When Hollywood Loved Britain, 65.
27 Quoted in Rosenbaum, Waking to Danger, 170.
28 The committee did, however, prepare the ground for investigations into Communist infiltration of Hollywood led by Senator Joseph McCarthy’s Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 1953–57.
29 Full text available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16012.
30 Full text available at: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lindbergh/filmmore/reference/primary/desmoinesspeech.html.
31 Cole, Charles A. Lindbergh, 173.
32 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 539.
33 Cole, Charles A. Lindbergh, 173.
34 Quoted in Mosley, Lindbergh, 300.
35 Lindbergh, War Within and Without, 223.
36 Quoted in Berg, Lindbergh, 428.
37 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 541.
38 Ibid., 546.
39 Ibid., 540.
40 New York Times, October 4, 1941.
41 Quoted in Mosley, Lindbergh, 304–5.
42 New York Times, October 31, 1941.
43 Ibid.
44 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 557.
45 Halifax to Churchill, October 11, 1941, Doc. 4.11, Lord Halifax Papers, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge, UK.
46 Quoted in Gilbert, Churchill, 710.
47 Field Marshal Sir Claude John Eyre Auchinleck (June 21, 1884–March 23, 1981), Commander of British forces in the Middle East 1941–43 and India 1943–47.
48 Quoted in Gilbert, Churchill, 710.
49 John Gilbert Winant (February 23, 1889–November 3, 1947), three times Republican governor of New Hampshire, 1925–35, ambassador to the United Kingdom 1941–46.
50 Quoted in Gilbert, Churchill, 711.
51 Quoted in Jenkins, Churchill, 666.
52 Quoted in Gilbert, Churchill, 711.
Chapter Twenty-Five: ISOLATIONISM REDUX
1 Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists, 496.
2 Nye to Millard C. Dorntge, November 22, 1941, Nye Papers, Hoover Presidential Library, Palo Alto, CA.
3 Quoted in Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists, 503.
4 Vandenberg diary, December 8, 1941. Scrapbook #14, Vandenberg Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
5 Capper to Roosevelt, December 9, 1941, President’s Personal File 7332, FDR Papers.
6 Fish to Roosevelt, December 12, 1941, President’s Personal File 4744, FDR Papers.
7 Full text available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/77-1-148/77-1-148.html#joint-1.
8 Vandenberg diary, December 8, 1941, Scrapbook #14, Vandenberg Papers.
9 Paul Schmidt, notes of meeting between Hitler and the Foreign Minister of Japan, Yosuke Matsuoka, April 4, 1941. Quoted in Shirer, Berlin Diary, 875.
10 Full text available at: http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v08/v08p389_Hitler.html.
11 Quoted in Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists, 505.
12 Private memorandum to Marshall, December 7, 1942, H. H. Arnold Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
13 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 561.
14 Ibid., 567.
15 Quoted in Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists, 510. Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling (July 18, 1887–October 24, 1945) was a Norwegian Nazi who mounted a coup against the legitimate government of Norway after the German invasion of April 1940. His name immediately became a byword for a pro-Nazi traitor.
16 Ickes to Roosevelt, December 30, 1941, President’s Secretary’s File, Interior: Harold Ickes 1941 folder, FDR Papers.
17 Ibid.
18 Roosevelt to Stimson, January 12, 1942, President’s Secretary’s File, War Department: Henry L. Stimson folder, FDR Papers.
19 Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 597.
20 Ibid., 608.
21 William A. Swanberg Papers, Special Collections, Columbia University.
22 Quoted in Nasaw, The Chief, 555.
23 Quoted ibid., 560.
24 Quoted ibid., 561.
25 Cooney, The American Pope, 119.
26 Quoted in Searls, The Lost Prince, 178.
27 Kennedy to Grace Tully, August 29, 1944, President’s Personal File 207, FDR Library.
28 Edward T. Folliard, “Joe Kennedy: a tough Irishman with the Midas touch,” Washington Post, November 19, 1969.
29 William John Robert “Billy” Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington (December 10, 1917–September 9, 1944), eldest son of the 10th Duke of Devonshire.
30 Cameron, Rose, 139.
31 Boston Globe, May 28, 1948, 3.
32 Joseph P. Kennedy to Beaverbrook, October 23, 1944. Beaverbrook Library, Houses of Parliament Library, London.
33 Quoted in Gilbert, Churchill, 713.
34 Churchill, too was absent as he was dismissed by the British voters at the general election of July 1945. At Potsdam, Stalin bartered over the fate of the world with Roosevelt’s successor, Harry S. Truman, and the new British Labour prime minister Clement Attlee.
35 http://www.heritage.org/static/reportimages/E71571F1F72D8AA034BCF06AEE80D7A7.gif. Further details available at: http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2006/05/global-us-troop-deployment-1950-2005.
36 Ronald Ernest “Ron” Paul (born August 20, 1935), Republican representative from Texas 1976–77, 1979–85, 1997–2013, Libertarian Party presidential candidate 1988, Republican presidential hopeful 2008 and 2012.
37 “I advocate the same foreign policy the Founding Fathers would.” New Hampshire Union Leader, October 8, 2007.
38 Paul, Freedom Under Siege, 60.
39 http://www.people-press.org/2013/12/03/public-sees-u-s-power-declining-as-support-for-global-engagement-slips/.
40 http://www.people-press.org/2014/03/11/most-say-u-s-should-not-get-too-involved-in-ukraine-situation/.
41 Miller, F.D.R., 173.