INDEX
Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.
Page references in italic refer to photographs.
Aaron, Henry “Hank”: ability of, 106; in All-Star Game, 178; Campanis interview and, 173; Clemente and, 147; in Hall of Fame, 104; integration and, 95; Wilson, August, and, 114
ABC (TV network), 112–13, 172–73
academies: ability and, 219; in Dominican Republic, 194, 196–99, 206–17, 218–19, 225, 226–27, 230–31; education and, 208–9, 230–31; Major League Baseball and, 196–99, 206–19, 226–27, 230–31; salaries and, 209; scouting and, 208–9, 213; in Venezuela, 194, 210–12, 217–18
African Americans: ability of, generally, 24–25, 47–48, 81, 92, 98–100, 104–7, 172–74, 181, 183; in administration, 175; amateur baseball and, 20–21, 34–35, 37–39; college baseball and, 185–86; commercialization and, 180; community and, ix–x, 101, 114–15, 176–77, 187–88, 232–33, 234–35; in Cuba, 11–12; in economy, 74–75; education and, 185; fans among, 191–92, 194; free agency and, 183–84; Great Migration of, 28–30, 33–34; high school baseball and, 185–87; integration and, generally, 74–75, 88–89, 233; interracial discord and, xi, 166–67; during Jim Crow era, 20–22, 24–25, 28; in Major League Baseball, generally, viii, ix–x, xii–xiii, 177–80, 190–91, 231–32; management by, 172–77, 181, 185, 231; as mascots, 21; in National Basketball Association, x; in National Football League, x; on New York Yankees, vii–viii, ix–x, xiii; ownership by, 233; player procurement and, 183–84, 185–88; Players Association and, 188–90; population of, x, 74, 75–76, 191; pride of, 46–48, 113; professional baseball, early, 21–22, 24–25; quotas for, 108, 109; salaries and, 183–84; segregation of, generally, 20–22, 24–25; during slavery, 19; World War II and, 74–75
age minimums, 213–14, 227–31
agents. See buscones; player procurement
Aguilas baseball club, 52–53, 56, 59–60
Alemán, Miguel, 67, 68, 120
Alexander, Clifford, 175, 176
Ali, Muhammad, 190, 192
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, 74
All Nations baseball club, 30–31, 63
all-star games: East-West Classic, 26, 46, 83, 89; in Major League Baseball, 46, 106–7, 158, 167, 177–78, 196, 199
Almeida, Rafael, 16, 43, 73
Almendares baseball club, 3, 4, 12–13, 14, 137
Alou, Felipe, 161; ability of, 158, 167; in All-Star Game, 158; cricket and, 204; in Dominican Republic, 144, 160, 162, 163, 230; early career of, 149; fines against, 161, 162–63; as manager, 177; Milwaukee Braves and, 164; New York Giants and, 149–51; Peña, Orlando, and, 161; racism and, 149–51, 163–64, 167, 209; Robinson, Jackie, and, 146; San Francisco Giants and, 148, 154–57, 158, 162–64, 165
Alou, Jesús, 151, 154, 162, 165
Alou, Mateo: ability of, 167; Clemente and, 170; early career of, 152–53; New York Giants and, 153; racism and, 153–54; San Francisco Giants and, 151, 154–57, 158, 161, 165; in World Series, 158
Alvarez Lugo, Carlos, 213–14
Amaro, Santos, 56, 70–71, 127, 136
amateur baseball: African Americans and, 20–21, 34–35, 37–39; college baseball, 184–86, 192–93; commercialization and, 179, 180; in Cuba, 3–6, 8, 54, 61, 159; in Dominican Republic, 50–52, 61, 201–2, 203–6, 219; high school baseball, 184–87; integration of, 34–35; in Nicaragua, 170–71; in Puerto Rico, 170–71; segregation in, 4, 20–21; travel teams, 186–87; in United States, early, 2–3; youth baseball, vii, 176–77, 185–88, 212, 224–25, 228–31, 232–33
American Association, 21
American Baseball Guild, 125–26, 133
American Giants, 43
American League: in Cuba, 15; formation of, 122; integration and, 106–7; National League, alliance with, 3, 21, 26–27; Rookie of the Year in, 151; in World Series, 106–7. See also Major League Baseball; and individual teams
Amorós, Edmundo “Sandy,” 106, 143
Andújar, Joaquín, 199, 205
anti-Semitism, 103
antitrust laws, 130, 190
Aparicio, Luis, Jr., 144, 151, 171
Aparicio, Luis, Sr., 56, 144
Ashe, Arthur, 190, 192
Atlanta Black Crackers, 31, 45
Atlanta Braves, 183, 205, 208–9
attendance: by African Americans, generally, 191–92; for Boston Braves, 179; for Cleveland Indians, 109, 179; for college baseball, 185; commercialization and, 179; in Cuba, 12; integration and, 93, 94, 109; by Latinos, generally, 192; for Los Angeles Angels, 191; for Major League Baseball, 100, 132, 179, 191–92; in Mexican League, 123, 134; for National Basketball Association, 192; for National Football League, 192; for Washington Senators, 77. See also popularity
Aviación baseball club, 152, 160, 208
Ávila, Beto, 136, 151
Avila, Ralph, 207–8, 217
Aybar, José, 53, 57
Babe Ruth’s All-Stars, 32
Báez Vargas, Manuel, 50–51, 54
Baldwin, James, 112, 116
ballparks: Comiskey Park, 26, 46; in Cuba, 10, 16–17, 136; in Dominican Republic, 222, 225; Dyckman Oval, 26; Ebbets Field, 32; Forbes Field, 169; Greenlee Field, 26, 39–40, 46, 60; Griffith Stadium, 72–73, 77, 91; in Mexico, 68, 70, 124–25, 139; Muehlebach Stadium, 26; Negro Leagues and, 27, 31–32, 43, 83, 91; Polo Grounds, 32; South Side Park, 30; Sportsman’s Park, 72; Three Rivers Stadium, 169; Yankee Stadium, 91
Baltimore Orioles, 170, 218, 226
Bancroft, Frank, 6, 16
Bankhead, Sammy, 41, 53, 60, 82
Banks, Ernie, 95, 104, 106
baserunning, 98–100, 104
bases stolen, 98–99, 99–100, 105–6, 151
basketball: college, 185, 186, 192–93; fans of, 193–94; Posey, Cumberland, and, 37; Robinson, Jackie, and, 89; youth, 187. See also National Basketball Association
Batista, Fulgencio, 54, 55
Bell, Cool Papa, 41; ability of, 64; in Cuba, 16; in Dominican Republic, 53, 54, 59; on Homestead Grays, 37; Mayers, Coleridge, and, 203; in Mexico, 69; in Negro Leagues, 40; on Pittsburgh Crawfords, 26, 39; Robinson, Jackie, and, 143; segregation and, 80, 109
Bell, George, 199, 205
Belmont Heights, 187–88
Beltrán, Carlos, 220, 232
Benswanger, William, 81, 82
Berra, Yogi, 143, 157
Birmingham Black Barons, 31, 45, 95
black power, 114, 189, 190
Born to Play Baseball Academy, 215
Bosch, Juan, 18, 51, 160, 165
Bostic, Joe, 83, 85, 86, 91
Boston Braves, 86, 179
Boston Red Sox, ix, 71, 86, 95, 107, 209
boxing, 42, 72, 179
Bracker, Milton, 126, 130
Bragaña, Ramón, 59, 67
Brewer, Chet, 58, 59, 86
Brock, Lou, 104, 178
Brooklyn Brown Dodgers, 87
Brooklyn Dodgers: Clemente and, 146–47; in Cuba, 137, 140, 144; in Dominican Republic, 144; integration and, 86, 88–89, 97–100, 102–4, 106, 140, 146–47; Mexican League and, 128; pennants and, 103, 104, 106; Robinson, Jackie, and, 88–89, 90–91, 93, 94, 95, 97–100, 102–4, 106, 140, 146; segregation and, 83, 86; in World Series, 100, 106, 111, 133, 143
Brooklyn Royal Giants, 14
Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players, 21
Brown, Ray, 80, 127
Brown, Willard, 69, 94, 147
Brown v. Board of Education, 111, 150
bullfighting, 5, 7, 8, 50
buscones, xii, 214–17, 218–19, 225, 226, 227–31
Cactus League, 140
Caines, Roberto, 59, 200–201, 202, 204, 205, 206
Campanella, Roy, 91, 95, 104, 106, 108, 140
Campanis, Al, 109, 146, 151, 172–74, 177, 208
Campo Las Palmas, 196–97, 206–8
Cannon, Jimmy, 99, 103
Cano, Robinson, vii, 199
Caribbean Series, 159–60, 221
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes baseball club, 17–18
Carter, Ernest “Spoon,” 41, 57
Carty, Luis, 204, 205
Carty, Rico, 167, 204, 205
Castro, Fidel, 146, 159, 207
Center for the Study of Sport in Society, 191
Central American Games, 54
Cepeda, Orlando: ability of, 157, 158, 167; in All-Star Game, 158; on Alou, Felipe, 164; fighting by, 166; in Hall of Fame, 171; racism and, 71, 144; San Francisco Giants and, 154–57, 158, 165; Santurce Cangrejeros and, 147
Cepeda, Perucho, 56, 64, 71, 144
Chandler, Albert “Happy”: contracts and, 131–33; Cuba and, 135, 136; integration and, 86–87, 102; labor unions and, 131–33; Mexican League and, 121, 122, 127–28, 131, 134, 135, 136, 141
Chapman, Ben, 102, 134
Charleston, Oscar, 41; ability of, 32; in Cuba, 16; in Dominican Republic, 28; on Homestead Grays, 37; on Pittsburgh Crawfords, 39, 57
Chávez, Hugo, xi–xii, 218, 229
Chicago, 29, 75
Chicago American Giants, 30, 32
Chicago Cubs, 209, 226
Chicago White Sox, 27, 82, 226
Chicago White Stockings, 21
Cincinnati Reds, 14, 16, 56, 73, 155–56, 226
Cincinnati Red Stockings, 3, 21
Ciudad Deportiva, 171, 221
civil rights movement, 79–80, 109–17, 164
Clemente, Roberto, 148; ability of, 157, 167, 170; Campanis interview and, 173–74; death of, 56, 171; early career of, 146–47, 151; in Hall of Fame, 171; importance of, 167–71; King, Martin Luther, Jr., and, 190; language of, 168; Pittsburgh Pirates and, 147, 148–49, 157, 167–71; in Players Association, 190; popularity of, 233; Puerto Rico and, 169–71, 221; racism and, 150, 167, 169; Robinson, Jackie, and, 144; in World Series, 157, 168, 170
Clemente, Vera, 170–71, 221
Cleveland Indians: academies and, 226; attendance for, 109, 179; integration and, 93–94, 106, 140, 146; Miñoso and, 146; Noboa and, 226; Paige and, 109; in World Series, 106, 147
Cobb, Ty, 15, 16, 105
cocolos, 199–206
college baseball, 184–86, 192–93
Comiskey, Charles, 27
commercialization, 178–80, 192
Communism, 81, 82, 110, 160–61
community: African Americans and, ix–x, 101, 114–15, 176–77, 187–88, 232–33, 234–35; in Caribbean generally, 233, 234–35; commercialization and, 179; in Dominican Republic, 234–35; integration and, 101, 114–15; Latinos and, ix–x, 144–45, 234–35; Major League Baseball and, 176–77; parents in, 188; salaries and, 234; in Venezuela, 234–35; winter leagues and, 144–45; youth baseball and, 187–88, 232–33
competition, 21, 26–27, 68–69, 123–24
Concordia baseball club, 56, 64
contracts: democracy and, 190; lawsuits and, 129–30, 131–32, 142, 189–90; ownership and, 131–33; reserve clauses in, 120–21, 128, 129–30, 131–33, 142, 189–90
Crawford Bath House baseball club, 37–38
Crawford Grill, 38, 39, 40, 42, 46, 57, 148
Crichton, Kyle, 123, 129, 130, 139
cricket, 202–4
Crutchfield, Jimmie, 41, 76
Cuba: African Americans in, 11–12; amateur baseball in, 3–6, 8, 54, 61, 159; attendance in, 12; ballparks in, 10, 16–17, 136; baseball brought to, 3; baseball spread by, 17–19, 50, 62, 66; bullfighting in, 5, 7, 8; Castro in, 146, 159, 207; Cuban War for Independence, 6–7, 10–11; democracy and, 2, 3, 5–6, 7, 8; Dominican Republic and, 17–19, 50, 61–62, 159, 160–62, 163; economy of, 2, 9–10, 136; education in, 15; Havana in, 8–9, 10; immigration to, 8–9, 14; independence of, 3, 4, 7, 14–15, 43; integration and, 7, 134, 135, 143, 144, 145–46; international baseball and, 10–17, 27, 54–55, 56, 58, 65, 218; Major League Baseball and, 62–63, 65, 73, 118, 130–31, 134–40, 143, 144, 145–46, 159–62, 163, 218; Mexico and, 66–67, 69, 70–71, 119, 121–22, 127, 134–40, 141; minor leagues and, 134, 137–38; Negro Leagues and, 63–64, 71, 135; professional baseball in, 3–4, 4–5, 7–8, 10–17, 54, 62, 64–66, 134–40, 159–60; profits in, 8; racism in, 7–8, 11, 14; Robinson, Jackie, and, 144; salaries and, 135, 139; segregation in, 4, 7, 15; soccer in, 9; as Spanish colony, 2, 3, 5–7; suffrage in, 15; Ten Years’ War in, 2, 5, 17–18; United States and, 6–8, 10–11, 12–13, 14–15, 136, 145–46, 159–60, 207; winter leagues in, 121, 135–36, 163
Cuban Giants, 12, 22
Cuban League. See Liga Cubana
Cuban Stars (Linares), 30, 43
Cuban Stars (Pompez), 31, 43
Cuban X-Giants, 11–12, 22, 30
Cy Young Award, vii, 207, 218, 234
Dandridge, Ray, 119; ability of, 108; in Cuba, 16, 136; integration and, 95, 108–9; in Mexico, 69, 127
Dark, Alvin, 156–57, 158, 163–65
Day, Leon, 69, 82
democracy: contracts and, 190; Cuba and, 2, 3, 5–6, 7, 8; integration and, 84, 100–101; Major League Baseball and, xiii, 100–101; Mexico and, 69, 70; racism and, 150, 233–34; Robinson, Jackie, and, 109–12; segregation and, 150; United States and, 1–2, 3, 22–25, 150; World Baseball Classic and, xiii; World War II and, 78–79
Detroit, 75
Dewey, Thomas, 44, 110
Dihigo, Martín: ability of, 64; in Cuba, 13, 16, 62, 136; in Dominican Republic, 56, 57, 59–60; in Mexico, 68, 127; in Negro Leagues, 37, 43, 59–60
DiMaggio, Joe, 120, 122
discrimination, 115–17, 140, 166–67, 183, 188–91. See also integration; racism; segregation
diversity: African Americans in, viii, ix–x, xii–xiii, 177–80, 190–91, 231–32; grading of, 191, 231; Latinos in, viii–ix, x–xi, xii–xiii, 143–46, 151, 167, 178, 196, 231–32
Dizzy Dean’s All-Stars, 77
Doby, Larry, 93–94, 104, 105
Dominican Republic: ability and, 195–96; academies in, 194, 196–99, 206–17, 218–19, 225, 226–27, 230–31; age minimums and, 213–14, 227–31; amateur baseball in, 50–52, 61, 201–2, 203–6, 219; ballparks in, 222, 225; buscones in, xii, 214–17, 218–19, 225, 226, 227–31; cocolos in, 199–206; community in, 234–35; Consuelo in, 224–25; cricket in, 202–4; Cuba and, 17–19, 50, 61–62, 159, 160–62, 163; Dominican Summer League, 197, 210, 214, 227; economy of, 199–202, 223, 224–25; education in, 200–201; El Campeonato de la Reina, 52; El Campeonato Nacional de Base Ball, 49; free agency and, 213–14; government of, 53–54, 61, 156, 160–61, 162, 165, 201–2, 203, 222–23; Haiti and, 49, 61, 200, 222–24; immigration to, 199–203, 222; integration and, 144, 146; international baseball and, 55, 56–57, 58, 205; labor unions in, 200–202; Los Angeles Dodgers and, 196–97; Major League Baseball and, 49, 138, 144, 146, 159, 160–62, 163, 195–99, 205–17, 218–19, 226–31; minor leagues in, 197; Negro Leagues and, 49, 53, 57–61, 64; New York Yankees in, ix–x; population in United States, x; professional baseball in, 49, 52–53, 57–61, 64, 65, 149, 151–53, 159, 160–62, 197, 210, 214, 225–26, 227; Robinson, Jackie, and, 144; salaries in, 54, 57–58; San Pedro de Macorís in, 198–206; United States and, ix, 18–19, 50–51, 160–61, 165, 199, 201; winter leagues in, 149, 155, 163, 220, 221; in World Baseball Classic, xii; World Series and, 158; youth baseball in, 212, 224–25, 228–31
Dominican Summer League, 197, 210, 214, 227
Double V campaign, 81
draft, 184–85, 210, 213, 216–17, 229. See also player procurement
drugs, x, 214, 216, 227–31
Duany, Claro, 127, 134
Duncan, Mariano, 196, 205
Durocher, Leo, 82, 99
Eastern Colored League, 31–32
East-West Classic, 26, 46, 83, 89
economy: African Americans and, 74–75; of Cuba, 2, 9–10, 136; of Dominican Republic, 199–202, 223, 224–25; Great Depression, 44–46, 60–61; Great Recession, 235; integration and, 74–75, 110, 116; of Mexico, 68; of Pittsburgh, 33–34, 36; World War II and, 73–74, 74–75, 91–92; youth baseball and, 186
education: academies and, 208–9, 230–31; African Americans and, 185; in Cuba, 15; in Dominican Republic, 200–201; integration and, 110–11, 113, 115, 150; scholarships for, 185; segregation in, 15
El Campeonato de la Reina, 52
El Campeonato Nacional de Base Ball, 49
El Dragones de Ciudad Trujillo, 53, 56, 57, 58, 59–60, 64
endorsements, 181, 192
Escogido baseball club, 52–53, 56, 155, 160
Estrellas Orientales baseball club, 52–53, 56
Ethiopian Clowns, 22
Evangeline League, 149
Excelsior baseball club, 20
Fair Employment Practices Commission, 79, 86
fans. See popularity
Fe baseball club, 12–13
Federal League, 118, 124
Fences (Wilson), 47, 114
Ferdinand, Sebastían “Basilio,” 202, 206
Fernández, Leonel, ix, 222–23, 225–26
fighting: Campanis and, 174; Cepeda, Orlando, and, 156; discrimination and, 166–67; integration and, generally, 81, 97, 166–67; Luque and, 63; Marichal and, 225; Owen and, 134; Pasquel and, 62, 67; Robinson, Jackie, and, 102, 174; Roseboro and, 225. See also hit by pitches
Florida League, 151
football: college, 185, 186, 192–93; commercialization and, 179; fans of, 193–94; racism in, 181; Robinson, Jackie, plays, 89–90; youth, 187. See also National Football League
Foster, Andrew “Rube,” 29; ability of, 64; ballparks and, 10; Cuba and, 10, 12, 16; Negro National League and, 10, 30–31, 32, 33; as player, 12, 29–30
Franco, Julio César, 195–96, 198, 205, 224
free agency, 182–84, 189–90, 213–14, 219–20
Frick, Ford, 102–3, 159, 161–64, 165
Fuente, Alejandro de la, 7, 15, 240n20
gambling, 40–44, 57, 60
Gardella, Danny, 119, 123, 136
Garvey, Marcus, 201, 202
Gaston, Cito, 110, 177
Giamatti, A. Bartlett, 176
Gibson, Josh, 41, 77, 93; ability of, 64; in Caribbean generally, 62; in Cuba, 16; death of, 92; in Dominican Republic, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59–60; Mayers and, 203; in Mexico, 69; in Negro Leagues, 26, 38–39, 40, 59–61, 76–77; Pittsburgh Pirates and, 80, 82; popularity of, 28; at Posey funeral, 91; segregation and, 84, 107–8; Wilson, August, and, 114
Gold Glove Award, 107, 167, 195
González, Miguel Angel, 65, 137
González, Pedro, 205, 208–9
González Echevarría, Roberto, 9, 14–15, 62, 66, 159
Gooby, Trevor, 219, 231
Goode, Mal: on ability, 99, 100, 111; on numbers game, 42; on pride, 47; racism and, 97; Robinson, Jackie, and, 112–14
Gooden, Dwight, 187, 188
Great Depression, 44–46, 60–61
Great Migration, 28–30, 33–34
Green, Pumpsie, 95, 107
Greenberg, Hank, 103–4, 122
Greenlee, Gus: boxing and, 42; Dominican Republic and, 57–58; East-West Classic and, 46; numbers game and, 40–43, 44, 60; Pittsburgh Crawfords and, 38, 39–40, 53, 60; United States League and, 87–88
Greenlee Field, 26, 39–40, 46, 60
Grenada, 152
Griffin, Alfredo, 195–96, 204, 205, 206, 224
Griffith, Clark: integration and, 91; Mexican League and, 121–22, 127–28, 141; segregation by, 72–73, 84; United States League and, 88
Griffith Stadium, 72–73, 77, 91
Guerrero, Epi, 153, 206
Guevara, Che, 159, 207
Gustine, Frank, 97, 103–4
Habana Base Ball Club, 3, 4, 8, 14, 137
Haiti, ix, 49, 50, 61, 200, 222–24
Hall of Fame: Clemente in, 171; Dandridge in, 108; Dihigo in, 59; drugs and, x; Latinos in, generally, 162, 171; Marichal in, 166; Negro Leagues and, 104; Robinson, Jackie, in, 104
Havana, 8–9, 10
Havana Sugar Kings, 159
Hertell, Hans, 215–16, 227
high school baseball, 184–87. See also youth baseball
Hilldale Club, 32, 59
Hiroshima Toyo Carp, 197, 210
Hispanic Americans, x, 168–69, 194, 207, 232. See also Latinos
hit by pitches, 97–98, 103, 146, 150, 165–66
Hitler, Adolph, 61, 80
hitting, 99, 100, 103
home runs, 105, 106
Homestead Blue Ribbons, 35
Homestead Grays, 35; celebration of, 176; final game of, 95; formation of, 34–37; heyday of, 40, 45; integration and, 94; Mexico and, 69; in Negro Leagues, 60–61; in Negro World Series, 59; Paige on, 76; Pittsburgh Crawfords and, 38–39; profits and, 74; segregation and, 84; in Washington, D.C., 73–74, 76–78, 84, 91
Homestead Steel Works, 36
Houston Astros, 210–11, 217–18
Hunter, Torii, xi, 234, 239n7
immigration: to Cuba, 8–9, 14; to Dominican Republic, 199–203, 222; minor leagues and, 211–12; to United States, 2, 22–24, 43, 211–12
imperialism, 7, 11, 14
Indianapolis Clowns, 22
Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport, 231
integration: ability and, 98–100, 104–7; of administration, 175–77; African Americans and, generally, 74–75, 88–89, 233; of amateur baseball, 34–35; American League and, 106–7; attendance and, 93, 94, 109; Boston Braves and, 86; Boston Red Sox and, 86, 95, 107; Brooklyn Dodgers and, 86, 88–89, 97–100, 102–4, 106, 140, 146–47; Cincinnati Reds and, 155–56; Cleveland Indians and, 93–94, 106, 140, 146; of college baseball, 192–93; Communism and, 110; community and, 101, 114–15; Cuba and, 7, 134, 135, 143, 144, 145–46; curse of, 100–101, 107–9, 113–17; democracy and, 84, 100–101; as discriminatory, 115–17, 140; Dominican Republic and, 144, 146; economy and, 74–75, 110, 116; education and, 110–11, 113, 115, 150; employment and, 111, 113; at Griffith Stadium, 77; International League and, 88–89; labor unions and, 84, 86; Latinos and, generally, 88, 118, 143–46, 233; by law, 79, 85–86; Los Angeles Angels and, 86; of Major League Baseball, xii–xiii, 80–87, 88–89, 90–91, 92–96, 100–101, 104–7, 113–17, 140, 143–46, 151, 175–77, 190–91; management and, 85, 109; Mexican League and, 125; of military, 75, 90, 110; Milwaukee Brewers and, 106; Montreal Royals and, 88–89, 140; National Basketball Association and, 191; National Football League and, 89, 191; National League and, 106–7; Negro Leagues and, 72, 78, 82–85, 90–96, 101, 107–9, 113–17; newspapers and, 80–82, 84–86, 89, 95, 97, 113; New York Giants and, 106, 108–9, 140, 149–51, 153; New York Yankees and, 91, 106–7; ownership and, 85, 109, 113, 114–15, 116; Philadelphia Phillies and, 102; Pittsburgh Pirates and, 97–100, 103–4, 147, 148–49, 157; profits and, 92; Puerto Rico and, 144, 146; racism and, 92, 97–100, 102–4, 146, 163–67; salaries and, 83, 110; San Francisco Giants and, 148, 154–57, 157–59, 162–67; spring training and, 140, 146; St. Louis Cardinals and, 102–3; suffrage and, 80; Venezuela and, 143–44, 146; Washington, D.C., and, 79–80; Washington Senators and, 73, 91; World Series and, 106–7, 109; World War II and, 71, 72–75, 78–81, 86, 88–89
Internal Revenue Service, 163
international baseball: Caribbean Series, 159–60, 221; Central American Games, 54; Cuba and, 10–17, 27, 54–55, 56, 58, 65, 218; Dominican Republic and, 55, 56–57, 58, 205; Major League Baseball and, 27, 65; Mundiales, 54–56; Nicaragua and, 55–56; Pan American Games, 149, 205; Venezuela and, 55, 56; World Baseball Classic, vii, xii, xiii, 218, 220, 225
International League, 22, 88–89, 92, 159
Invisible Men (Rogosin), 32
Irvin, Monte: Clemente and, 146; on Crawford Grill, 40; in Cuba, 16; in Hall of Fame, 104; integration and, 95, 107; in Mexico, 69–70; on Negro Leagues, 48; Newark Eagles and, 107; New York Giants and, 107
Jackson, Reggie, 104, 174, 178, 178, 180–81, 190
Jackson, Rufus “Sonnyman,” 42, 43
Jacobo, Austin, 204, 206, 214–15
jai alai, 50
Japan, xii, 197, 210
Jeter, Derek, vii, viii
Jim Crow era, 1, 2, 20–22, 24–25, 28, 209, 230
Johnson, Jack, 16, 82
Johnson, Judy, 16, 37, 39, 41
Johnson, Walter, 16, 37
Jordan, Michael, 11, 192
Joseph, William, 202, 203
Juan and John (Smith), 225
Juan Marichal Sports Complex, 225
Kansas City Monarchs: Babe Ruth’s All-Stars and, 32; formation of, 31; heyday of, 26, 48; integration and, 94–95; Kansas City Blues and, 32; Méndez on, 63; in Negro World Series, 32; Paige on, 76; profits and, 74, 92; Robinson, Jackie, and, 89, 90
Kilbourne, Ana Rosa Santoni, 204
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 190
Koufax, Sandy, 165–66, 173
Kuhn, Bowie, 171, 191
La Academia de Beisbol Internacional, 215–16, 226–27
labor unions: American Baseball Guild, 125–26, 133; American Federation of Labor, 86; Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 79; Congress of Industrial Organizations, 75, 86; in Dominican Republic, 200–202; Industrial Workers of the World, 82; integration and, 84, 86; Major League Baseball and, 120–21, 125–26, 131–33, 174, 181–83, 188–90, 229; Mexican League and, 125–26; minor leagues and, 132; ownership and, 131–33; Pittsburgh Pirates and, 131; Players Association, 174, 181–83, 188–90, 229; segregation and, 79–80, 81, 84, 86; United Auto Workers, 84
Lacy, Sam, 46, 81, 85
Lake Charles baseball club, 149–50
Landis, Kenesaw Mountain: Cuba and, 65; death of, 86; segregation and, 32–33, 80, 82, 85; strength of, 78
language, 11–12, 63, 155–56, 156–57, 167, 168. See also nicknames
Lanier, Max, 123, 136, 137
Latinos: ability of, generally, 105–6, 151, 183; in administration, 175; attendance by, 192; community and, ix–x, 144–45, 234–35; free agency and, 184; in Hall of Fame, 162, 171; integration and, generally, 88, 118, 143–46, 233; interracial discord and, xi, 166–67; Los Angeles Dodgers and, 207; in Major League Baseball generally, viii–ix, x–xi, xii–xiii, 143–46, 151, 167, 178, 196, 231–32; in management, 177; on New York Yankees, vii–viii, ix–x, xiii; ownership by, 232, 233; player procurement and, 184; Players Association and, 188–89; population of, 168–69; pride of, 168; racism and, 144–45, 146, 153–57, 163–67; Robinson, Jackie, and, 118, 143–46; salaries and, 183, 184; winter leagues and, 144–45. See also Hispanic Americans
lawsuits, 128, 129–30, 131–32, 142, 189–90
Leonard, Buck: in Cuba, 16; on integration, 93; in Negro Leagues, 40, 60–61, 77; Pittsburgh Pirates and, 80; segregation and, 84, 109
Leones de Yucatán, 207
Lesser Antilles, 199–200, 203
Lewis, John Henry, 42, 60
Licey baseball club, 52–53
Liga Cubana, 1, 8, 10–12, 136–38, 159
Liga de la Federación, 136–37
Liga General de Base Ball de la Isla de Cuba, 4
Liga Nacional, 138
Linares, Abel, 12, 30, 43
Lincoln Memorial, 79
Little League, 187–88
Little World Series, 159
Llenas, Winston, 160, 219, 223, 230
Lloyd, John Henry, 16, 32
Los Angeles Angels, 86, 191
Los Angeles Bulldogs, 90
Los Angeles Dodgers, 165–67, 174, 196–97, 206–8
Los Muchachos de las Ruinas de San Nicolás, 50
Louis, Joe: Lewis, John Henry, and, 60; numbers game and, 42; popularity of, 46, 76, 91, 104; in World War II, 90
Luque, Adolfo: ability of, 64; in Cuba, 13, 62, 65, 136, 137; Cuban Stars and, 43; fighting by, 166; in Major League Baseball, 62–63; nicknames of, 62
Machado, Gerardo, 54, 65
MacPhail, Larry, 83, 91
Maglie, Sal, 123, 124, 136
Major League Baseball: academies and, 196–99, 216–19, 226–27, 230–31; administration in, 175–77; African Americans in, generally, viii, ix–x, xii–xiii, 177–80, 190–91, 231–32; All-Star Game, 46, 106–7, 158, 167, 177–78, 196, 199; attendance for, 100, 132, 179, 191–92; buscones and, xii; commercialization of, 178–80, 192; community and, 176–77; competition by, 26–27; Cuba and, 10, 12, 14, 15–17, 62–63, 65, 73, 118, 130–31, 134–40, 143, 144, 145–46, 159–62, 163, 218; democracy and, xiii, 100–101; Dominican Republic and, 49, 138, 144, 146, 159, 160–62, 163, 195–99, 205–17, 218–19, 226–31; fans of, 193–94; formation of, 3, 21, 26–27; in Great Depression, 45; Hispanic Americans in, generally, x; integration of, xii–xiii, 80–87, 88–89, 90–91, 92–96, 100–101, 104–7, 113–17, 140, 143–46, 151, 175–77, 190–91; international baseball and, 27, 65; labor unions and, 120–21, 125–26, 131–33, 174, 181–83, 188–90, 229; Latinos in, generally, viii–ix, x–xi, xii–xiii, 143–46, 151, 167, 178, 196, 231–32; management in, viii, 85, 109, 172–77, 181, 189, 191, 231; Mexico and, 66–67, 118–19, 120–31, 133–42, 145, 207, 229; Negro Leagues and, 27, 32–33, 82–85, 90–91, 92–96, 104, 176; Nicaragua and, 229; organization of, 85; ownership in, viii, 85, 109, 113, 114–15, 116, 131–33, 172, 175, 189, 232; Panama and, 138; profits and, xiii, 83, 126; Puerto Rico and, 138, 144, 146, 160, 184, 217; quotas in, 108, 109; racism in, 16–17, 180–81; salaries and, 129, 132–33, 134, 181–84, 209, 210–11; segregation in, 27, 80–87, 181; television and, 178–80; Venezuela and, 138, 143–44, 146, 210–12, 217–18, 229; winter leagues and, 219–21. See also individual leagues and teams
management: administration, 175–77; by African Americans, 172–77, 181, 185, 231; of college baseball, 185; integration and, 85, 109; by Latinos, 177; in Major League Baseball, viii, 85, 109, 172–77, 181, 189, 191, 231; in National Basketball Association, 191; in National Football League, 191; racism and, 172–74, 189. See also ownership
Manley, Abe, 42, 43, 44
Manley, Effa, 42, 43, 44, 88
Mantle, Mickey, 157, 158
Maraniss, David, 56, 169
March on Washington, 79
Marichal, Juan, 153; ability of, 158, 165, 167; academies and, 211; in All-Star Game, 158; on Alou, Felipe, 164; buscones and, 216; cricket and, 204; in Dominican Republic, 144, 163, 208, 225–26, 229–30, 231; early career of, 151, 152–53, 165; on earthquake of 2010, 222; in Hall of Fame, 171; Juan Marichal Sports Complex, 225; New York Giants and, 153; Roseboro and, 225; San Francisco Giants and, 151, 154–55, 156, 158–59, 165–66; in World Series, 158–59
Marsans, Armando, 16, 43, 73, 136
Martí, José, 1, 5, 8
Martínez, Horacio, 65, 153, 161; ability of, 64; Alou, Felipe, and, 150; in Dominican Republic, 56, 205; in East-West Classic, 62; scouting by, 151
Martínez, Pedro, viii, 184, 196, 197, 209, 232
Matanzas baseball club, 4
Matlock, Leroy, 41, 53
Matthews, Gary, Jr., 231, 232
Mayers, Coleridge, 59, 201, 203
Mays, Willie: ability of, 106, 158, 167; in All-Star Game, 158; Clemente and, 146–47; in Dominican Republic, 155; in Hall of Fame, 104; integration and, 95; San Francisco Giants and, 154, 156, 158, 165, 166
McCovey, Willie, 104, 154, 155, 158
McGraw, John, 16–17, 23
Memphis Red Sox, 31, 45
Méndez, José de la Caridad, 13; ability of, 13–14, 64; on All Nations baseball club, 30; in Cuba, 13–15, 16, 62; in Negro Leagues, 32, 43, 63–64
Mercedes, Edgar, 215, 228–29
Mexican Baseball Federation, 141
Mexican League: American Baseball Guild and, 125–26; attendance for, 134; attendance in, 123; ballparks in, 124–25, 139; competition in, 123–24; conditions in, 139; Cuba and, 119, 121–22, 127, 134–40, 141; integration and, 125; labor unions and, 125–26; Major League Baseball and, 118–19, 120–31, 133–42, 145; Negro Leagues and, 66–71, 119–20; profits in, 123–24, 138–39, 141; quotas in, 127; racism and, 122, 134; salaries and, 119, 121, 122–23, 124, 129, 133, 134, 135, 138–39, 139–40, 140–41
Mexican War, 126
Mexico: ballparks in, 68, 70, 124–25, 139; baseball brought to, 17–18; competition in, 68–69; Cuba and, 66–67, 69, 70–71; democracy and, 69, 70; economy of, 68; Major League Baseball and, 66–67, 207, 229; Negro Leagues and, 66–67, 67–68, 69–70, 71, 95; in Pan American Games, 149; professional baseball in, 66–71; Puerto Rico and, 70; salaries in, 69, 70; United States and, 67, 120, 126; Venezuela and, 70; winter leagues in, 221. See also Mexican League
Mexico City Azules, 68
Mexico City Diablos Rojos, 68
Michigan City White Caps, 230
military, 74, 75, 89, 90, 110
Miller, Marvin, 181–82, 188–89
Milwaukee Braves, 106, 164
Minaya, Omar, 232, 234
Minneapolis Millers, 159
Minnesota Twins, 167, 215, 226
minor leagues: Alou, Felipe, in, 149–50; commercialization and, 179; Cuba and, 134, 137–38; Dominican Republic and, 197; immigration and, 211–12; labor unions and, 132; Little World Series for, 159; Negro Leagues proposed for, 84–85, 94; Pittsburgh Crawfords and, 108; racism in, 149–51, 153–54, 180–81; salaries and, 135; segregation in, 149–51, 181; St. Louis Cardinals and, 87
Miñoso, Orestes, 136, 144, 146, 151
Molina, Augustín “Tintí,” 8, 12
Montreal Royals, 88–89, 90–91, 140, 147
Morgan, Joe, 104, 178
Most Valuable Players, viii, 104–5, 106, 107, 108, 157, 167
Mota, Manuel: on Alou, Felipe, 164; Clemente and, 170; cricket and, 204; in Dominican Republic, 144, 208, 230; early career of, 152–53; racism and, 153–54; San Francisco Giants and, 151, 153, 154–57, 165
Muehlebach Stadium, 26
Mundiales, 54–56
Murdock Grays, 35
Murphy, Robert, 125, 133
Myrdal, Gunnar, 78, 81
Nashville Elite Giants, 42
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 44, 48, 78–79
National Association of Base Ball Players, 20–21
National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, 94
National Basketball Association, x, 191, 192–93
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), 179–80, 192–93
National Football League: African Americans in, x; attendance for, 192; commercialization and, 179–80, 192; draft in, 184; Haitians in, 224; integration and, 89, 191; management in, 191; NCAA and, 192–93
National League: American League, alliance with, 3, 21, 26–27; competition by, 21; formation of, 3; integration and, 106–7; Most Valuable Players in, 104–5, 157; pennants in, 103, 104, 106, 157–58; presidents of, 175–76, 177; Rookies of the Year in, 104–5; in World Series, 106–7. See also Major League Baseball; and individual teams
National Youth Administration, 90
NCAA, 179–80, 192–93
Negro American League, 45–46, 69, 87, 94–96
Negro Leagues: ability in, 98–99; ballparks and, 27, 31–32, 43, 83, 91; celebration of, 176; commercialization and, 180; Cuba and, 10, 12, 15–16, 63–64, 71, 135; Dominican Republic and, 49, 53, 57–61, 64; Eastern Colored League, 31–32; East-West Classic in, 26, 46, 83, 89; end of, 90–96, 101, 107–9, 113–17, 180; formation of, 30–32, 45; in Great Depression, 44–46, 60–61; Hall of Fame and, 104; heydays of, 26–28, 32, 33, 40, 46–48, 77–78; Homestead Grays in, 34–37, 38–39, 40, 45, 59, 60–61, 69, 73–74, 76–78, 84, 91, 94, 176; integration and, 72, 78, 82–85, 90–96, 101, 107–9, 113–17; Major League Baseball and, 27, 32–33, 82–85, 90–91, 92–96, 104, 176; Mexico and, 66–71, 95, 119–20; minor league status for, 84–85, 94; National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues and, 94; Negro American League, 45–46, 69, 87, 94–96; Negro National League, 30–33, 39–40, 57–58, 60–61, 69, 77, 78, 87, 94–96; Negro World Series, 32, 59–60, 63, 95, 107; numbers game and, 40–44, 60; organization of, 78, 85, 90; ownership in, 44–45, 114–15; Pittsburgh Crawfords in, 34, 37–40, 45, 53, 57–58, 59–60, 87, 176; Pittsburgh Pirates and, 176; profits in, 44–45, 77–78, 83, 95–96; Puerto Rico and, 71; salaries in, 31, 33, 57–58, 69, 70, 71, 78, 83, 119; segregation and, 46–48, 116–17; United States League, 87–88; World War II and, 72, 76–77. See also individual teams and people
Negro National League: ballparks and, 39–40; Dominican Republic and, 57–58; final days of, 94–96; formation of, 30–33; Homestead Grays atop, 60–61; Mexico and, 69; pennants in, 77, 78; United States League and, 87
Negro World Series, 32, 59–60, 63, 95, 107
Newark Eagles, 42, 44, 69, 92, 93–94, 107
Newcombe, Don, 91, 106, 140, 172, 173
newspapers, 80–82, 84–86, 89, 95, 97, 113. See also individual reporters
New York Black Yankees, 42, 94
New York Cubans, 42, 57, 59–60, 61, 71
New York Giants: Alou, Felipe, and, 149–51; in Cuba, 16–17; integration and, 106, 108–9, 140, 149–51, 153; Irvin and, 107; Mexican League and, 128, 134; pennants and, 106; racism and, 63; salaries and, 134; in World Series, 106, 147
New York Mets, 220, 231–32
New York Yankees: academies and, 226; in American League Championship, ix; diversity of, vii–viii, ix–x, xiii; in Dominican Republic, ix–x; integration and, 91, 106–7; Mexican League and, 128, 129; segregation and, 83; in World Series, vii–viii, ix–x, 106, 133, 157, 158–59
Nicaragua, 19, 55–56, 170–71, 229
nicknames, 11–12, 14, 15, 19, 62. See also language
Nightline, 109, 172–74
Noboa, Junior, 226–27, 229, 230
Norman, Nelson, 204, 205
numbers game, 40–44, 57
Officer Candidate School, 90
Olmo, Luis, 71, 123, 128, 147
Olympics, 89, 190
O’Neil, Buck, 48, 105, 136
organized baseball. See professional baseball
Oriental Park, 16–17
Ortiz, David, x, 196
Ostermueller, Fritz, 97–99, 100, 103–4
Owen, Mickey, 123, 133–34, 139
ownership: by African Americans generally, 233; contracts and, 131–33; integration and, 85, 109, 113, 114–15, 116; labor unions and, 131–33; by Latinos generally, 232, 233; in Major League Baseball, viii, 85, 109, 113, 114–15, 116, 131–33, 172, 175, 189, 232; in Negro Leagues, 44–45, 114–15; racism and, 189. See also management; profits
Pacific Coast League, 86
Pagan, José, 154, 155–56, 165
Page Fence Giants, 22
Paige, Satchel, 41, 77; ability of, 45, 64; in Caribbean generally, 62; Cleveland Indians and, 109; in Cuba, 16; in Dominican Republic, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60; in Hall of Fame, 104; integration and, 83, 85, 95, 109; Mayers and, 203; in Mexico, 67–68; in Negro Leagues, 26, 39, 40, 76; Pittsburgh Pirates and, 80; popularity of, 28, 76; racism and, 83; in World Series, 109
Panama, 138
Pan American Games, 149, 205
Partido Independiente de Color, 15, 240n19
Partlow, Roy, 92, 140
Pasquel, Jorge, 119; Cuba and, 121–22, 138–40; Major League Baseball and, 118–19, 120–31, 133–34, 138–42; Mexican League built by, 66–67, 68–69, 71; Negro Leagues and, 95, 119–20
Peña, Tony, 211, 219–20
pennants, ix, 103, 104, 106, 157–58
Pennsylvania Steel Company, 5
Pérez, Louis A., Jr., 3, 6, 7
Philadelphia Athletics, 5, 15, 16
Philadelphia Giants, 30
Philadelphia Phillies, vii–viii, 102, 134, 226
Philadelphia Stars, 92
Pittsburgh, 33–34, 36
Pittsburgh Crawfords, 41; celebration of, 176; Dominican Republic and, 53, 57–58, 60, 64; heydays of, 34, 37–40, 45; minor leagues and, 108; in Negro World Series, 59–60; segregation and, 108; United States League and, 87
Pittsburgh Pirates: academies and, 219, 230–31; Clemente and, 147, 148–49, 157, 167–71; integration and, 97–100, 103–4, 147, 148–49, 157; labor unions and, 131; Negro Leagues and, 176; pennants and, 157; racism and, 97–98, 103–4; Robinson, Jackie, and, 97–100; Sano and, 215; segregation and, 80–81, 82, 83; in World Series, 27, 157, 170
Pittsburgh Steelers, 37, 39, 193
player procurement: academies for, 196–99, 206–19, 226–27; African Americans and, 183–84, 185–88; buscones and, xii, 214–17, 218–19, 225, 226, 227–31; draft for, 184–85, 210, 213, 216–17, 229; free agency and, 183–84; Latinos and, 184; scouting in, 146, 151, 184, 208–9, 213
Players Association, 174, 181–83, 188–90, 229
Players League, 21
Plessy v. Ferguson, 15, 111
Pompez, Alejandro: Cepeda, Perucho, and, 71; in Cuba, 12; Cuban Stars and, 31; New York Cubans and, 61; numbers game and, 42, 43–44, 57
popularity: of baseball, 193–94; of Clemente, 233; of El Dragones de Ciudad Trujillo and, 64; of Gibson, Josh, 28; of Louis, 46, 76, 91, 104; of New York Mets, 232; of Paige, 28, 76; of Robinson, Jackie, 104, 233. See also attendance
population: of African Americans, x, 74, 75–76, 191; of Dominican Republicans, x; of Hispanic Americans, 168–69, 207; of Latinos, 168–69; of Washington, D.C., 75–76
Posey, Cumberland, Jr., 35; death of, 91; Homestead Grays and, 39, 40, 60–61, 73–74; integration and, 77, 113; Mexico and, 69; numbers game and, 42, 44; as player, 36–37
Povich, Shirley, 121, 122, 124, 130–31
power, athletic, 105–6
press. See newspapers
pride, 46–48, 113, 168
Prince, Bob, 157, 170
professional baseball: commercialization of, 178–80; in Cuba, 3–4, 4–5, 7–8, 10–17, 54, 62, 64–66, 134–40, 159–60; in Dominican Republic, 49, 52–53, 57–61, 64, 65, 149, 151–53, 159, 160–62, 197, 210, 214, 225–26, 227; early days of, 3, 21–22, 24–25; in Mexico, 66–71; in Venezuela, 64; women’s, 74. See also individual leagues and teams
profits: in Cuba, 8; during Great Depression, 45; Homestead Grays and, 74; integration and, 92; Kansas City Monarchs and, 74, 92; in Major League Baseball, xiii, 83, 126; in Mexican League, 123–24, 138–39, 141; in Negro Leagues, 44–45, 77–78, 83, 95–96; segregation and, 83. See also ownership
public accommodations, 140, 150–51, 153–54
Puebla Pericos, 124
Puerto Rico: amateur baseball in, 170–71; baseball brought to, 17–18; Clemente in, 169–70, 170–71; draft and, 184; integration and, 144, 146; Major League Baseball and, 138, 144, 146, 160, 184, 217; Mexico and, 70; Negro Leagues and, 71; Robinson, Jackie, and, 144; winter leagues in, xii, 147, 220–21
Pythian baseball club, 20–21
quotas, 108, 109, 127
racism: ability and, 24–25, 92, 164–65, 172–74, 181, 189; Alou, Felipe, and, 149–51, 163–64, 167, 209; Cincinnati Reds and, 155–56; Clemente and, 167, 169; in Cuba, 7–8, 11, 14; democracy and, 150, 233–34; endorsements and, 181; in football, 181; imperialism and, 7, 11, 14; integration and, 92, 97–100, 102–4, 146, 163–67; in International League, 22; interracial discord and, xi, 166–67; language and, 11–12, 63, 155–56, 156–57, 167; Latinos and, 144–45, 146, 153–57, 163–67; in Major League Baseball generally, 16–17, 180–81; management and, 172–74, 189; Mexican League and, 122, 134; in minor leagues, 149–51, 153–54, 180–81; in National Association of Base Ball Players, 20–21; ownership and, 189; Paige and, 83; Philadelphia Phillies and, 102; Pittsburgh Pirates and, 97–98, 103–4; in public accommodations, 140, 150–51, 153–54; Robinson, Jackie, and, 97–100, 102–4, 150, 165, 174, 189, 190–91; salaries and, 234; San Francisco Giants and, 154–56, 163–67; St. Louis Cardinals and, 102–3; in United States generally, 67, 69–71; white man’s burden, 11. See also discrimination; segregation
Ramirez, Manny, x, 196
reserve clauses, 120–21, 128, 129–30, 131–33, 142, 189–90
Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities (RBI), vii, 176–77, 232–33
Rickey, Branch: award named for, xi; contracts and, 142; integration and, 86, 92, 97, 102, 140, 174; Mexican League and, 127–28, 133; minor leagues and, 27; Robinson, Jackie, and, 88–89, 90, 112, 174; salaries and, 119; signing bonuses and, 147; United States League and, 87–88
Rivera, Mariano, viii, ix
Robinson, Frank, 104, 174, 189
Robinson, Jackie, 101; ability of, 98–100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 111–12; biography of, 89–90; Brooklyn Dodgers and, 88–89, 90–91, 93, 94, 95, 97–100, 102–4, 106, 140, 146; Campanis interview and, 172, 173–74; Chicago White Sox and, 82; commemoration of, 172, 231; in Cuba, 134, 135, 140, 144; Dark and, 165; Flood and, 190; Goode and, 112–13; in Hall of Fame, 104; hit by pitches, 97–98, 103; importance of, xii, xiii, 109–17; Kansas City Monarchs and, 89, 90; Latinos and, 118, 143–46; Montreal Royals and, 88–89, 90–91; Pittsburgh Pirates and, 97–100; popularity of, 104, 233; in Puerto Rico, 144; racism and, 97–100, 102–4, 150, 165, 174, 189, 190–91; as Rookie of the Year, 100; in World Series, 106
Rochester Hop Bitters, 5, 6
Rodriguez, Alex, vii, x, 196, 231
Rollins, Jimmy, vii, viii, 232
Rookie of the Year: Aparicio, Luis, Jr., as, 151; Black, Joe, as, 106; Dandridge, Ray, as, 108; Gilliam, Jim, as, 106; Griffin, Alfredo, as, 195; in National League, 104–5; Oliva, Tony, as, 167; Robinson, Jackie, as, 100; Valenzuela, Fernando, as, 207
Rooney, Art, 37, 39, 91
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 79, 86–87
Roosevelt, Theodore, 6–7, 11
Roseboro, John, 166, 225
Ruth, Babe, 16, 62, 105, 130
Sabathia, C. C., vii, viii, 232
salaries: ability and, 182–83; academies and, 209, 210–11; African Americans and, generally, 183–84; community and, 234; Cuba and, 135, 139; discrimination in, 183; in Dominican Republic, 54, 57–58; free agency and, 182–84; during Great Depression, 45; integration and, 83, 110; interracial discord and, xi; Latinos and, generally, 183, 184; in Major League Baseball, 129, 132–33, 134, 181–84, 209, 210–11; Mexico and, 69, 70, 119, 121, 122–23, 124, 129, 133, 134, 135, 138–39, 139–40, 140–41; minor leagues and, 135; in Negro Leagues, 31, 33, 57–58, 69, 70, 71, 78, 83, 119; player procurement and, 183–84; Players Association and, 181–83; racism and, 234; winter leagues and, 163, 219–20; World War II and, 119. See also signing bonuses
Salazar, Lázaro, 56, 57, 59, 64, 68
Sandino, Augusto César, 19, 242–43n13
Sandino baseball club, 19
San Francisco Giants: Alou, Felipe, and, 148, 154–57, 158, 162–64; Alou, Mateo, and, 151, 154–57, 158, 161, 165; integration and, 148, 154–57, 157–59, 162–67; Jones, Duanel, and, 228; Los Angeles Dodgers and, 165–67; pennants and, 157–58; racism and, 154–56, 163–67; in World Series, 158–59, 162
Sano, Miguel Angel, 215
San Pedro baseball club, 57, 58–59
San Pedro de Macorís, 198–206
Santa Ana baseball club, 204–5
Santa Clara Leopardos, 64
Santana, Johán, 218, 234
Santana, Pedro Julio, 17, 19, 51, 52, 54, 62
Santana, Rafael, 196, 205
Santurce Cangrejeros, 146, 147
scholarships, 185
scouting, 146, 151, 184, 208–9, 213. See also buscones; player procurement
Secades, Eladio, 130
segregation: in All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, 74; in amateur baseball, 4, 20–21; Boston Braves and, 86; Boston Red Sox and, 86; in boxing, 72; Brooklyn Dodgers and, 83, 86; Chicago White Sox and, 82; Communist Party and, 81, 82; in Cuba, 4, 7, 15; democracy and, 150; in early baseball, 20–22, 24–25; in education, 15; Gibson, Josh, and, 107–8; by Griffith, 72–73; Homestead Grays and, 84; in Jim Crow era, 20–22, 24–25; labor unions and, 79–80, 81, 84, 86; Los Angeles Angels and, 86; Major League Baseball and, 27, 80–87, 181; in military, 74, 75, 89; in minor leagues, 149–51, 181; Negro Leagues and, 46–48, 116–17; newspapers and, 80–82, 84–86, 89; New York Yankees and, 83; Pittsburgh Crawfords and, 108; Pittsburgh Pirates and, 80–81, 82, 83; profits and, 83; at Sportsman’s Park, 72; in Washington, D.C., 72–73; Washington Senators and, 72–73, 83–84. See also discrimination; racism
Segura, Melissa, 213–14
Selig, Bud, 228
Semler, James “Soldier Boy,” 42, 43
Sheffield, Gary, xi, 187
shortstops, 195–96, 198
signing bonuses: academies and, 209, 210–11, 212; bonus-baby rule, 147; buscones and, 214, 215, 216–17, 227–28, 229; Latinos and, 153, 184. See also salaries
slavery, 3, 19, 24
Smith, Theolic “Fireball,” 41, 120
Smith, Wendell: importance of, 46; on integration, 104; on Posey, 37; Robinson, Jackie, and, 91, 93, 97, 102, 104; on segregation, 80, 81, 82, 84; Wells and, 70
soccer, 9, 49, 50, 54, 217, 223
social class, 186–88
Solomon, Jimmy Lee, 185, 187
Somoza García, Anastasio, 55–56, 61, 171
Soriano, Alfonso, 196, 199
Sosa, Sammy, x, 184, 199, 209, 224, 231
Southeastern Conference, 185
Spain, 2, 3, 5–7, 50
Spanish American War, 6–7, 10–11
speed, athletic, 105–6
spring training, 140, 146
Stanky, Eddie, 98, 99
Staples, Brent, 190–91, 192
Stargell, Willie, 104, 170
Stengel, Casey, 63, 166
St. Louis Cardinals, 76, 87, 102–3, 127, 209–10
stolen bases, 98–99, 99–100, 105–6, 151
Strong, Nat, 10, 31–32, 43
suffrage, 15, 21, 80, 110
sugar mills, 199–204
Swindal, Steve, 215–16, 227
Tejada, Miguel, 196, 219–20
television, 178–80
Tener, John, 1–2, 100
Tiant, Luis, Jr., 63, 71
Tiant, Luis, Sr., 56, 64, 71
Tinker, Harold, 38, 39, 108
Toronto Blue Jays, 206
Torriente, Cristóbal, 13, 16, 30, 43, 64
travel teams, 186–87
Triple Crown, 69, 70
Trujillo, Rafael: assassination of, 18, 51, 156, 160; baseball and, 49, 53–54, 56, 58, 160, 208; cocolos under, 200, 201–2, 203; Haitians massacred by, 61; Pasquel compared with, 66; son of, 152
Trujillo Stars, 60
Twain, Mark, 1, 100
Tygiel, Jules, 100, 104
UCLA, 89–90
Ueberroth, Peter, 173, 175
umpires, 174
Union Association, 21
United Auto Workers, 84
United States League, 87–88
Universal Negro Improvement Association, 201
University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 89–90
U.S. State Department, 57–58, 130–31, 211–12
U.S. Supreme Court, 110–11, 130, 150, 190
Vargas, Tetelo, 50, 56, 62, 64, 147
Veeck, Bill, 93–94, 140
Veney, Jerry, 35, 36
Veney, John, 35, 36
Venezuela: academies in, 194, 210–12, 217–18; baseball brought to, 17–18; Chávez in, xi–xii, 218, 229; community in, 234–35; integration and, 143–44, 146; international baseball and, 55, 56; Major League Baseball and, 138, 143–44, 146, 210–12, 217–18, 229; Mexico and, 70; professional baseball in, 64; Robinson, Jackie, in, 143; United States and, 218; winter leagues in, 143–44, 221
Venezuelan Summer League, 210–11
Veracruz Azules, 68, 133
Verducci, Tom, 187, 188
Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre, 14–15
visas, 211–12
Voting Rights Act, 165
Washington, Ches, 46, 80–81, 91
Washington, D.C., 72–74, 75–76, 79–80
Washington Nationals, 213–14
Washington Redskins, 191
Washington Senators, 72–73, 77, 83–84, 91, 121–22, 127
Watts riot, 165
Wells, Willie, 64, 69, 70, 82, 109
white man’s burden, 11
Whitman, Walt, 1–2, 100
Wideman, John Edgar, 47, 48, 111, 112, 115–16
Williams, Smokey Joe, 16, 32, 37
Wills, Maury, 166, 173, 189, 190
Wilson, August, 47, 113–15, 116
Wilson, Rollo, 46, 81, 85
winter leagues: community and, 144–45; in Cuba, 121, 135–36, 163; in Dominican Republic, 149, 155, 163, 220, 221; free agency and, 219–20; Latinos and, 144–45; Major League Baseball and, 219–21; in Mexico, 221; in Puerto Rico, xii, 147, 220–21; salaries and, 163, 219–20; in Venezuela, 143–44, 221
women, 74, 194
World Baseball Classic, vii, xii, xiii, 218, 220, 225
World Series: of 1903, 27; of 1918, ix; of 1919, 27; of 1927, 157; of 1941, 133; of 1947, 100; of 1954, 147; of 1955, 106, 111, 143; of 1960, 157, 168; of 1962, 158–59, 162; of 1965, 167; of 1971, 170; of 1975, 71; of 1994, x; of 2004, ix; of 2009, vii–viii, ix–x; American League in, generally, 106–7; Baltimore Orioles in, 170; Boston Americans in, 27; Boston Red Sox in, ix, 71; Brooklyn Dodgers in, 100, 106, 111, 133, 143; Chicago White Sox in, 27; Cleveland Indians in, 106, 147; Dominican Republic and, 158; integration and, 106–7, 109; Milwaukee Brewers in, 106; Minnesota Twins in, 167; National League in, generally, 106–7; Negro World Series, 32, 59–60, 63, 95, 107; New York Giants in, 106, 147; New York Yankees in, vii–viii, ix–x, 106, 133, 157, 158–59; Philadelphia Phillies in, vii–viii; Pittsburgh Pirates in, 27, 157, 170; San Francisco Giants in, 158–59, 162
World War I, 28–29, 110
World War II: African Americans and, 74–75; democracy and, 78–79; economy and, 73–74, 74–75, 91–92; integration and, 71, 72–75, 78–81, 86, 88–89; Negro Leagues and, 72, 76–77; race riots and, 110; Robinson, Jackie, during, 90; salaries and, 119
Wright, Richard, 42, 112
Wulf, Steve, 196, 198
Yankee Stadium, 32, 91
Young, John, 176–77, 232
youth baseball: community and, 232–33; in Dominican Republic, 212, 224–25, 228–31; player procurement and, 185–88; Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities (RBI), vii, 176–77, 232–33. See also amateur baseball