accidents. See nuclear reactor accidents; safety issues
accountability: of leader, 95–99; in reactor reinspection, 57–58; Rickover on, 31, 38–39, 57–58
active sonar, 41
Airbus, 153n17
aircraft carrier maintenance, 155n5
aircraft carriers, 129–30, 131, 157n3
Akhromeyev, Sergei F., 137
Allyn Mountain, 100
Alonzo Stagg Field, 15
American Medical Building Corporation, 83
Ames, Aldrich, 110
Anderson, Bill, 24, 28, 29, 30, 141n5, 142n3
antiwar movement, 87
Argonne National Laboratory, 17
arms race, 142n5
asymmetric warfare, 9, 29, 142n5
Atomic Energy Commission, 16, 19, 122
Atomic Submarine (Blair), 140n2
attack submarine, 103, 110, 128, 131, 154n2
Aurand, Evan Peter “Pete,” 26, 28, 30, 142n6
automotive industry, 147n4
“balance of terror,” 21
ballistic-missile submarine, 33, 96, 109, 150n3
Barb (SS-220), 160n13
battery charging: diesel versus nuclear submarine, 42–43; Operation Baker process, 43–45
Bay of Pigs invasion, 135
Beach, Ingrid, 142n7
Bednowicz, Eleonore A., 4
Berlin airlift, 135
Berlin Blockade, 8
Beshany, Phil, 151n2
best practices, 73
Bethesda Naval Hospital, 55
B-girls submarines, 162n2
Bremerton naval base, 155n6. See also Puget Sound Naval Shipyard
Bureau of Personnel, 63
Bureau of Ships, 4, 143n3; nuclear and nonnuclear division animosity in, 161n17; safety issues and, 32
Bureau of Ships manual, 144n4
Bush, George H.W., 137
Calvert, Jim, 143n8
Cavite Navy Yard, 4
Chief of Naval Operations, 91, 153n13, 153n15
Chief of Naval Operations fellowship, 86
Chiles, Kay, 157n9
Civil War, 7
Cochran, Jim, 163n13
Cold War, 71; nuclear submarine role in, 154n2; postwar impact on U.S. Navy, 130–32; Theory X and, 137; U.S. submarine advantage in, 136–37, 156n4. See also Soviet Union
Columbia University, 3–4
command at sea, 125
commanding officer training, 94–96
communication codes, 23, 141n3, 164n2
communication system, shipboard, 144n3
communist bloc, 135
Condition Baker, 40–45
containment theory, 137, 164n3
Cooper, Dan, 131–32, 163n10–12
Cromwell, John, 140n7
Cuban Missile Crisis, 135
culture. See naval culture
Cusk (SSG-348), 15
Damn Yankees (play), 155n2
Darter (SS-227), 12–13
DD-963 class destroyer, 153n13
Dealey, Sam, 140n7
Decatur, Stephen, 100
Deming, W. Edwards, 73, 147n4, 150n4, 150n6
designator selection process, 64–65
deterrence, 45, 160n14. See also nuclear response
Dick, Ray, 161n20
diesel submarine: battery charging, 42–43; cultural change in, 160n13; decommissioning of, 162n2; nuclear submarine culture and, 9–10, 12, 40, 46; officer characteristics, 9–10; role of, 123; standard operating practices, 146n7; vulnerability of, 8. See also submarines
Dolphin (AGSS-555), 162n2
domain knowledge, 11–12
Donovan, Robert D., 37
dry docks, 83–85. See also naval shipyards
EADS, 153n17
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 5, 142n5; North Pole mission and, 28–29; response to threat environment, 8–9
electrical system breakers, 151n8
Electric Boat shipyard, 143n3, 153n18, 156n2
engineering duty officer, 106–7, 120
engineering excellence, 125–26
engineering officer training, 94–95
Enterprise (CVN-65), 101, 102, 103, 147n3, 155n5
Equal Rights Amendment, 148n2
escape procedures, 35–36
Fast, Dick, 85
Faubus, Orval, 28
FFG-7 class destroyer, 153n13
fid, 144n7
Fluckey, Gene, 140n6, 140n7, 160n13
Folta, Ken, 38
France, 150n7
Franco-Prussian War, 7
functional commands, 9
funding. See military funding
Gehrig, Lou, 120
General Dynamics, 5, 153n18, 156n2
George Washington Carver (SSBN-656), 20; battery charging, 43–45; hull thickness, 91; sea trials, 33–38
Germany, 150n7
Getting, Ivan, 141n2
Gilmore, Howard, 140n7
Global Positioning System, 141n2
Goat Locker, 151n9
Gold Star Bridge, 101
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 137
Gorki (USSR), 137
Great Britain, 136
Grenada invasion, 135
Groton Submarine Base, 100
Guardfish (SSN-612), 115, 150n2, 157n10
Haddo (SSN-604), 52–58
Hagerty, James, 28
Haver, Rich, 112
Hicks, Bill, 104–5
high-low mix, 130
Holland, John, 139n3
House Armed Services Committee, 143n4
human radiation sickness, 53
Hunter, Catfish, 82
HY-80 and HY-130 steel, 91, 153n16
inertial navigation system, 21
innovation and process, 72–74
innovative individuals, 150n6
Institute of Nuclear Power Operations, 13, 155n4
intelligence briefing, on Soviet submarines, 111–12
introversion, as personality trait, 118–19
Iraq War, 141n9
Johnson, Bill, 21
Johnson, Louis A., 143n4
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 16
Keenan, George F., 164n3
Kennedy, John F., 21, 33, 142n5
Khrushchev, Nikita, 8, 140n4, 142n7
Kotter, John, 158n6
Lake, Simon, 139n3
leaders and leadership: accountability, 95–99; assigning for success, 76; definition of, 158n6; diesel submarine officers and, 9–10; different styles of, 92; domain knowledge of, 11–12; management versus leadership, 19; in organizational change, 45, 47–48; “start-ups” and, 25–26; technical expertise and, 27–28. See also managers and management
Lehman, John, 153n18
Little Rock High School, 28
littoral submarine, 131–32
Lloyd, Rebecca A., 163n13
Long, Russell, 66
Long Beach (CGN-9), 13, 101, 102, 103
Loon rockets, 141n8
Machinery History record, 86, 152n5
Maginot line, 150n7
main circulating pipe valves, 83–86
Maine (SSBN-741), 164n14
managers and management: assigning for success, 76; coordinating to death, 159n10; definition of, 158n6; innovation and process, 72–74; versus leadership, 19; objective assessment of job suitability by, 62–63, 68–69; procedures and processes, 72–74; Rickover aversion to term, 161n17; as role models, 99; routine versus nonroutine operations, 72, 80–81. See also leaders and leadership
Masters, Ruth, 4. See also Rickover, Ruth
McKee, Kin, 86, 87, 89, 90, 152n5
Medal of Honor, 10, 140n7, 160n13
military culture. See naval culture; submarine culture
military funding: Eisenhower in limiting, 8–9; of Nautilus, 17; of nuclear fleet, 16, 130–31; ship overhaul, 155n5; of submarines versus surface fleet, 111; of Trident submarine, 89–91
minesweeper, 107
minority recruiting, 88
Minton, Dave, 115, 150n2, 157n10
Minton, Davie, 115
Minton, Marilyn, 115
missile gap, 33
missiles: Air Force and Navy rivalry for, 153n12; Polaris underwater, 90; on submarines, 141n8
Motorola, 73
Mount Decatur, 100
mutual assured destruction (MAD), 136
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 162n23
National Reactor Test Station, 51–52
Nautilus (SSN-571), 5, 13, 59–60; Condition Baker on board, 44; cost of, 9; deterioration of, 101; final home of, 100; funding of, 17; hull thickness, 91; Polar mission and, 24–25, 29–30, 141n5, 142n3; radiation levels on, 52; as “start-up,” 25–26
naval culture: animosity toward submarine in, 111; different styles in changing, 92; engineering in, 125–26; introversion and extroversion in, 118–19; leadership in changing, 45, 47–48; nuclear versus diesel submarine culture, 9–10, 12, 40, 46; objections to Rickover’s management style in, 70–72; procedures and process in, 72–74; resistance to change in, 7–8; safety issues and, 31–32; service rivalries, 33; submarine culture change in, 125–26; in surface fleet, 128–29; warfare specialty competition in, 153n13; women in seagoing positions, 162n4; women in submarine force, 132–33; Zumwalt and, 83, 88, 153n17. See also submarine culture; U.S. Navy
Naval Observatory, 153n15
Naval Reactors. See Office of Naval Reactors
Naval Sea Systems Command, 153n14
naval service. See U.S. Navy
naval shipyards, 32, 33, 54; cost overruns at, 153n18; maintenance complexities at, 101–2; Naval Reactors representative to, 115; operational cost of yard periods, 103; production officer’s report, 104–6; teams reporting to Rickover, 114–15, 155n7; watchdog groups in, 108; weekly progress reports at, 104; work documentation, 104–5, 156n9. See also dry docks
Naval Special Projects Office, 90
Nevada (BB-36), 157n4
Newport News shipyard, 33, 153n18, 156n2
New York Times, 28
Nicaraguan secret war, 135
Nixon, Richard M., 59
Noonan, Audrey, 132
Norfolk Naval Shipyard, 101
North Atlantic Treaty Organization assets, 138
North Pole mission, 24–25, 141n5, 142n3, 143n8; impact of, 29–30; as response to Sputnik, 28–29
NR-2 underwater research vessel, 91–92, 153n16
nuclear chain reaction, sustainable, 15
nuclear fleet: cultural change needed to implement, 46–47; development of, 5, 16–19; funding of, 16, 111; problem solving on board, 22–25; resistance to, 6–7; Rickover advocacy of, 129–31; submarine as premier platform in, 122–23; success against Soviet Union, 109–10; surface ship decommissioning, 128–31, 157n3; training requirements for, 130; yard periods and, 101–2
nuclear radiation: American fear of, 49–50; inverse square law of, 56; safe dosage for human exposure, 52; Soviet submarine levels, 52–53
nuclear reactor accidents: as metric of success, 2–3; Soviet versus U.S., 3, 126
nuclear reactor support valves, 161
nuclear response: land-based, 156n3; against Soviet ballistic-missile submarines, 156n5; submarine-based, 21, 136–37
nuclear submarine: atmosphere, 21; battery charging, 42–45; 688 class, 13–14; Cold War role of, 154n2; commanding officer training, 23; cost-effectiveness of, 9; crew rotation, 20; as deterrent, 45–46; hull thickness, 91–92, 122; main circulating pipes, 85; maintenance complexity of, 102–3; post–Cold War operations, 131–32; radiation levels on, 51–54; radioactivity release and, 123–25; resistance to development of, 6–8; routine versus nonroutine processes on board, 72, 80–81; in Soviet sub tracking, 110, 137; technical control of, 32–33; U.S. superiority, 136–37. See also submarines
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 5, 15, 120
observing evolutions, 147n4
Office of Naval Reactors: accessibility of, 144n4; commanding officer orientation at, 23; in reactor inspection, 56–58; Rickover impact on, 127–28; training at, 94–96
Office of Naval Reactors shipyard representative, 115
officer fitness report, 151n11
O/I 62 electrical system breakers, 151n8
O’Kane, Dick, 140n7
Oliver, Dave, 13, 38; in circulating pipe valve solution, 83–86; in commanding officer training, 96–99; Nautilus tour, 101; nuclear surface ship decommissioning and, 130–31; O/I 62 process and, 74–80; postnaval career, 117; radiation exposure and, 51–52; Rickover interview of, 148n3; Rickover management style and, 59–61; shipyard production schedule investigation by, 104–7; in Soviet submarine tracking, 111; sports injury, 114–16
Oliver, Linda, 133, 152n4, 152n8, 160n13
1MC communications system, 144n3
Operating Instruction 62 (O/I 62), 74–80
Operation Pacific (film), 141n3
oral testing, 95
Paris summit, 142n7
PERT (program evaluation and review technique) chart, 155n8
Petropavlovsk port, 110
Phi Beta Kappa society, 65
Plunger (SSN-595), 103, 107, 111
Polaris submarine, 20
Polaris underwater missile, 90, 141n8
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, 143n3, 151n8
Poseidon missile program, 141n8
Powers, Gary, 142n7
Pringle, Don, 92
process and innovation, 72–74, 121–22
process control, 121
process coordination, 159n10
production officer’s report, 104–6
Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, 112; capacity, 101; maintenance complexity at, 102–3; overcrowding at, 103–4; production officer report data and, 104–6
Quality Control, 147n4
radiation exposure, 52. See also nuclear radiation
radiation film badges, 52–58
radiation sickness, 53
radioactivity release, 123–25, 161n17
Ramage, Red, 140n7
Rayburn House Office Building, 52
recruitment of minorities, 88
Regulus missile program, 141n8
repeating rifles, 7
replenishment operations, 130
Revolt of the Admirals, 143n4
Rickover, Hyman G.: on accountability, 31, 38–39, 57–58; on action versus knowledge, 135; on atomic energy team, 19, 122; biographies of, 139n2, 157n2; career designator, 4; certification of officers by, 147n5; communication with commanding officers, 97; on consistency, 127; control of nuclear program and, 16–19; in culture change, 47; death of, 116, 127; early career, 2, 3–5, 107; on education, 27–28, 142n2; financial impropriety accusations, 153n18, 156n2; incident response preparation and, 24–25; on leader’s responsibility, 95–99; as midshipman, 146n2; in naval hierarchy, 152n10; Naval Postgraduate School speech, 159n10; personality, 11–12, 118, 140n2, 146n2, 146n9, 157n4, 158n5, 158n7; on Polar mission, 143n10; in process development, 73–75; public trust in nuclear power and, 50–51; recruitment of officers by, 46; relationship with Zumwalt, 88, 89, 91, 92, 152n9; on rules, 11; on science, 140n2; sea trial participation, 31–32, 32–33, 35–38; on Soviet submarine tactics, 112; on sports, 112; on women in technical fields, 163n13; in World War II, 159n8; yard period progress reports to, 104
Rickover, Ruth, 4, 139n4, 140n2
Rickover interview process: author and, 148n3; candidates for, 65, 149n6; confrontational approach in, 66; failure rate, 66; Navy culture’s objections to, 63; officer development and, 62–63; value of, 66–67; Wilkinson and, 14–15
Rickover management style, 150n4; accepting correction, 80; accountability, 31, 38–39, 57–58; beyond the horizon thinking, 122–26; hard work as component of, 118–21; independent check systems, 155n7; objections to, 70–72; process versus innovation, 121–22. See also leaders and leadership; managers and management
risk evaluation, 26
Rockwell, Joseph P., 158n7
Rockwell, Ted, 140n2
S1W reactor, 52
S1W training prototype, 147n3
safety issues: annual safety drills, 128; battery charging, 42–43; Condition Baker, 40–45; culture as factor in, 126; escape procedures, 35–36, 144n6; leaders’ accountability for, 98–99; Navy culture and, 31–32; nuclear power and public trust, 50–51; O/I 62, 74–80; proper supervision and, 75; psychological stresses, 34; radiation dosage levels, 52–58; radioactivity release, 123–25, 161n17; on surface ships, 129; surface versus submarine, 70–71
San Diego Union, 58
Sawyer, Diane, 139n1
Schratz, Paul R., 146n9
science, versus intuitive thinking, 140n2
Scorpion (SSN-598), 44, 70, 145n6
Seadragon (SSN-584), 147n5
sea trials: of George Washington Carver, 33–38; Rickover participation in, 31–32, 32–33; torpedo-room evolutions, 37
Seawolf class submarine, 131
Seawolf (SSN-21), 34, 60, 70, 144n5
shipboard casualties, 33
shipyards. See naval shipyards
Six Sigma, 73
60 Minutes interview, 139n1
Skate (SSN-578), 143n8
Smedberg, William, 150n7
Smith, Bill, 73
sound wave travel, 41
Soviet submarine bases, 110
Soviet submarine detection, 111
Soviet submarine tactics, 112
Soviet submarine tracking, 110, 137
Soviet Union: collapse of, 131–32; containment theory and, 137, 164n3; missile gap and, 33; NATO assets encircling, 138; nuclear fleet development in, 5; nuclear fleet’s success against, 109–10; nuclear reactor accidents and, 3, 126; nuclear response to actions of, 21; as postwar threat, 8, 135; submarine radiation levels and, 52–53; submarine threat presented by, 110, 136; as technological rival, 28–30; U-2 shootdown by, 142n7
Spruance class destroyer, 54, 153n13
start-ups, 25–26
Stewart, Potter, 158n6
strategic bombing, 143n4
Street, George, 140n7
Subic Bay Repair Facility, 4
submarine crew rotation, 20
submarine culture, 40; excessive behavior and, 141n4; nuclear versus diesel, 9–10, 12, 40, 46, 141n4, 150n5; standard operation practices, 146n7. See also naval culture
submarine culture change, 125–26
submarine force: post–Cold War, 131–32; women in, 132–33
Submarine Group Seven, 140n6
Submarine Museum, 100
submarine officers: at-sea time, 154n2; characteristics of diesel, 9–10; characteristics of nuclear, 160n14, 161n21; commanding officer training, 23, 96–99; designator selection process, 64–65; diesel versus nuclear, 9–10, 12, 40, 46; leadership versus technical expertise, 27–28; Rickover certification of, 147n5; training, 94–96; watchstanding, 21
submarines: building program, 49; first, 139n3; hull thickness, 91–92; role in World War II, 8; women crewmembers, 132–33, 148n2, 164n14; yard periods and, 101–2. See also diesel submarine; nuclear submarine
Submarine Sanctuary, 140n6, 160n13
submarine training prototype, 147n3
suicide rate, 69
supply and logistics, 9, 130, 152n3
support bases, 129–30
surface fleet: culture on board, 128–29; decommissioning of nuclear, 128–31, 157n3; funding of, versus submarines, 111; nuclear power debate and, 83; perception of submarine force by, 70–71; retirement of World War II–era, 153n13; safety issues and, 70–71; ship vulnerability, 129; yard periods and, 101–2
Takao (Japan), 12
Taylor, Elizabeth, 83
threat environment: in American acceptance of nuclear power, 49–50; during Cold War, 135–36; Soviet Union in, 8–9
Three Mile Island incident, 13, 50, 155n4
Thresher (SSN-578), 31, 32, 34, 47, 70, 85, 143n3
torpedo-room sea trial evolutions, 37
training: of engineering and commanding officers, 94–96; of nuclear fleet personnel, 130
Trident missile, 90, 141n8, 153n12
Trident submarine, 89–91
Truman, Harry S., 5
Trumpetfish (SS-425), 41
underway replenishment, 152n3
United States: nuclear reactor accidents and, 3; public trust in nuclear power in, 50–51; racial tensions in, 28
University of California-Los Angeles, 15
U.S. Air Force, 33, 143n4, 162n23
U.S. Naval Academy, 119, 146n2
U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, 121
U.S. Naval Postgraduate School speech, 159n10
U.S. Navy: designator selection process, 64–65; in funding of nuclear fleet, 16; minority recruiting and, 88; officer fitness reports, 151n11; post–Cold War, 130–32; resistance to nuclear power in, 6–8; Rickover advocacy for all-nuclear, 129–31; service rivalries and, 33, 143n4; warfare specialty competition in, 153n14. See also naval culture
U-2 shootdown, 142n7
valve stem, 160n15
Verdon, Gwen, 101
Vietnam War, 71–72, 82, 87, 135, 150n3, 153n13
Vladivostok port, 110
V-1 rocket, 141n8
Walker-Whitworth spy ring, 110, 156n6, 164n2
War of 1812, 100
Washington Post, 132
watchstanding on board nuclear submarines, 21
Wegner, Bill, 23–25, 62, 147n5
Wilkinson, Eugene P. “Dennis,” 34, 155n4; author and, 13–14; in lobbying effort, 17–19; Reminiscences, 157n11; Rickover interview of, 14–15; in World War II, 12–13
Wilkinson, Janice, 13
Williams, J. D., 164n2
women: in seagoing positions, 162n4; in submarine force, 132–33, 148n2, 164n14; in technical fields, 163n13
World War I, 7
World War II: Rickover in, 2; static defenses in, 150n7; submarine losses in, 140n8; submarine role in, 8, 9–10
yard period: operational cost of, 103; progress reports on, 104; surface ship versus submarine, 101–2. See also naval shipyards
Z-grams, 83
Zinn, Walter H., 17
Zumwalt, Elmo, 130, 151n2, 152n7, 153n15; author and, 86–87; in cultural change, 83, 88, 153n17; in desegregation of Navy, 152n8; relationship with Rickover, 88, 89, 91, 92, 152n9; Trident submarine funding and, 90–91