Notes

CHAPTER ONE: The Seeds of Conflict

1 Dershowitz, Alan, The Israel-Hezbollab War, An Amazon Short, 2006.
2 9 August 2006.
3 Bakunin, Mikhail, L’Empire Knouto-Germanique et la Révolution Sociale, Geneva, Imprimerie Cooperative, 1871, p. 50.
4 Middle East Reporter, Beirut, 23 September 2006.
5 Hadawi, Sami, Bitter Harvest, The New World Press, New York, 1967, p. 11.
6 Picard, Elizabeth, Lebanon, A Shattered Country: Myths and Realities of the Wars in Lebanon, Holmes & Meier, New York, London, 2002, p. 28.
7 Salibi, Kamal, The Modern History of Lebanon, Caravan Books, New York, 1977, p. 79.
8 Schulze, Kirsten, Israel’s Covert Diplomacy in Lebanon, St Antony’s College, Oxford, 1998, p. 152.
9 Hitti, Philip, Lebanon in History: From the Earliest Times Until the Present, Macmillan, London, New York, 1957, p. 244; Khalidi, Walid, Conflict and Violence in Lebanon: Confrontation in the Middle East, Harvard University Press, 1979, p. 34.
10 Harris, William, The New Face of Lebanon, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton, 2005, p. 41.
11 The Daily Star, Beirut, 30 August 2007. 2 Ibid.
13 Hamzeh, Ahmad Nizar, In the Path of Hizbullah, Syracuse University Press, New York, 2004, p. 11.
14 Sayigh, Rosemary, Too Many Enemies: The Palestine Experience in Lebanon, Zed Books, London, 1994, p. 159.
15 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 12.
16 Eisenberg, Laura Zittrain, My Enemy’s Enemy, Lebanon in the Early Zionist Imagination, 1900 — 1948, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1994, p. 48.
17 See Jeffreys, J. N. M., Palestine: The Reality, Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1939, Chapter 11.
18 Lenczowski, George, The Middle East in World Affairs, Cornell University Press, New York, 1960, p. 80.
19 Davidson, Lawrence, ‘The Past as Preludes: Zionism and the Betrayal of American Democratic Principles, 1917 — 48’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 123, Spring 2002, p. 24.
20 Barbour, Neville, Nisi Dominus, Harrap, London, 1946, p. 52.
21 Khalidi, Walid, From Haven to Conquest, Institute for Palestine Studies, Beirut, 1971, p. 115.
22 Weizmann, Chaim, Excerpts from his Historic Statements, Writings and Addresses, The Jewish Agency for Palestine, New York, 1952, p. 48.
23 Ibid.
24 Eisenberg, op. cit., p. 22.
25 Litvinoff, Barnet, ed., The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Vol. I, Series B, Paper 24, Jerusalem University Press, 1983, pp. 115 — 16, cited in Masalha, Nur, Expulsion of the Palestinians, Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington, 1992, p. 6.
26 Heller, Yosef, The Struggle for the State: The Zionist Policy 1936-1948 [Hebrew], Jerusalem, 1984, p. 140, cited in ibid., p. 6.
27 Flapan, Simha, Zionism and the Palestinians, 1917 — 1947, Croom Helm, London, 1979, p. 56, cited in ibid., p. 17.
28 Ibid., p. 13.
29 Zangwill, Israel, The Voice of Jerusalem, London, Heinemann, 1920, pp. 93, 103, cited in ibid., pp. 13 — 14.
30 Ibid., pp. 8 — 38.
31 Ibid., p. 22.
32 Schechtman, Joseph B., Rebel and Statesman: The Vladimir Jabotinsky Story, The Early Years, New York, T. Yoseloff, 1956, p. 54, cited in ibid., p. 29.
33 Michael, George, ‘Deciphering Ahmadinejad’s Holocaust Revisionism‘, Middle East Quarterly, Summer 2008.
34 Antonius, George, The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement, Khayat’s, Beirut, 1960, reprint of original, 1938 edition, p. 269; Shlaim, Avi, The Politics of Partition: King Abdullab, The Zionists, and Palestine 1921 — 1951, Oxford University Press, 1988, p. 40.
35 Antonius, op. cit., p. 285.
36 Ibid., pp. 243-324.
37 Flapan, Simha, p. 131, cited in Masalha, op. cit., p. 19.
38 Ibid., p. 20.
39 Eisenberg, op. cit., p. 21.
40 Gerber, Haim, ‘Zionism, Orientalism and the Palestinians’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 129, Autumn 2003, pp. 5 — 23; see Khalidi, Rashid, Palestinian Identity:The Construction of Modern National Consciousness, Columbia University Press, New York, 1997.
41 Schulze, op. cit., p. 199.

CHAPTER TWO: Zionists and Maronites

1 Leader of the ‘Lovers of Zion’; see Eisenberg, op. cit., p. 41.
2 Ibid.
3 Fromkin, David, A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East, Avon Books, New York, 1989, pp. 441 — 2.
4 Eisenberg, op. cit., pp. 51 — 2.
5 Ibid., p. 52.
6 Ibid., p. 14.
7 Ibid., p. 31.
8 Ibid., p. 50.
9 Schulze, op. cit., p. 15.
10 Eisenberg, op. cit., p. 14.
11 Ibid., p. 56.
12 Ibid., p. 59.
13 Jabotinsky, Ze‘ev, Writings: On the Road to Statehood [Hebrew], Jerusalem, pp. 51 — 66, cited in Shlaim, Avi, The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World, Penguin Books, London, 2000, pp. 13 — 14.
14 Brenner, Lenni, Zionism in the Age of the Dictators, Lawrence Hill, Chicago, 1983, chapter 10.
15 Davidson, op. cit., p. 26.
16 Ibid.
17 Eisenberg, op. cit., pp. 27, 59.
18 Ibid., p. 42.
19 Ibid., p. 71.
20 Ibid., p. 74.
21 Ibid., p. 75.
22 Ibid., p. 67.
23 Ibid., p. 69.
24 Ibid., p. 66.
25 John, Robert, and Hadawi, Sami, The Palestine Diary: Vol. One, 1914 — 1948, The Palestine Research Centre, Beirut, 1970, p. 256.
26 15 July 1938.
27 John and Hadawi, op. cit., p. 289.
28 Davidson, op. cit., p. 33.
29 Segev, Tom, One Palestine, Complete, Little Brown and Co., New York, 2001, p. 422.
30 Niv, David, The Campaign of the National Military Organization, 1931 — 1937, Tel Aviv, cited in Halevi, Ilan, De la Terreur au Massacre d’Etat, Imprimerie Boudin, Paris, 1984, p. 98.
31 National Bulletin, No. 3, cited in ibid., p. 101.
32 John and Hadawi, op. cit., p. 274.
33 Eisenberg, op. cit., Chapter 4, pp. 88 — 116.
34 John and Hadawi, op. cit., p. 280.
35 Pappe, Ilan, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, Oneworld Publications, Oxford, 2006, p. 16.
36 Weizmann, Chaim, Trial and Error, Harper and Brothers, New York, 1949, p. 367.
37 Eisenberg, op. cit., p. 96.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid., p. 106.
40 Ibid., p. 97.
41 Ibid., p. 109.
42 Ibid., p. 149.
43 Ibid., p. 13.
44 Ibid., p. 109.
45 Ibid., p. 104.
46 Ibid., p. 107.
47 Ibid., p. 93.
48 Ibid., p. 100.
49 Ibid., p. 79.
50 Ibid., p. 117.
51 Ibid., p. 144.
52 Ibid., p. 125.
53 Ibid., p. 127.
54 Ibid., p. 125.
55 Ibid., p. 128.
56 Ibid., p. 129.
57 Schulze, op. cit., p. 21.
58 Eisenberg, op. cit., pp. 138, 140.
59 Ibid., pp. 139 — 40.
60 Ibid., pp. 35, 84.
61 Ibid., p. 80.

CHAPTER THREE: The Reckoning Delayed

1 McDonald, James, My Mission to Israel, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1952, p. 176.
2 Pappe, Ilan, ‘Erasing the Palestinians’ Past’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 118, Winter 2001, pp. 108-9.
3 Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine.
4 Morris, Benny, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-49, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988.
5 Pappe, Ilan, ‘The 1948 Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 141, Autumn 2006, p. 17.
6 Masalha, op. cit., pp. 131 — 2.
7 Ibid., pp. 17 — 22; Pappe, ‘The 1948 Ethnic Cleansing’, p. 12.
8 Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, p. 23.
9 Ibid., p. 26.
10 Hirst, David, The Gun and the Olive Branch: The Roots of Violence in the Middle East, Faber and Faber, London, 2003, p. 255.
11 Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, p. 28.
12 Pappe, ‘The 1948 Ethnic Cleansing’, pp. 16 — 17.
13 Ibid., p. 16; Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, p. 26.
14 Soueid, Mahmoud, ‘Israel au Liban, la Fin de 30 Ans d’Occupation?‘, Revue d’Etudes Palestiniennes, Beirut, 2000, p. 7.
15 Nazzal, Nafez, The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee 1948, The Institute for Palestine Studies, Beirut, 1978, pp. 91 — 2.
16 Hughes, Matthew, ‘Lebanon’s Armed Forces and the Arab-Israeli War, 1948 — 49’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 134, Winter 2005, pp. 23 — 41.
17 Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, p. 144.
18 Eisenberg, op. cit., p. 158.
19 Schulze, op. cit., pp. 30 — 2, 40.
20 Ibid., p. 162.
21 Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 116.
22 Rokach, Livia, Israel’s Sacred Terrorism: A Study Based on Moshe Sharett’s ‘Personal Diary’ and Other Documents, Association of Arab-American University Graduates, Belmont, Massachusetts, 1980, p. 8.
23 Shlaim, The Iron Wall, pp. 76-81, 119-22.
24 Nasser, Gamal Abdul, Philosophy of the Revolution, Government Printing Office, Cairo, n.d., p. 59.
25 Ben-Gurion, David, Rebirth and Destiny, Philosophical Library, New York, 1954, pp. 419, 446.
26 Protocol of the Jewish Agency Executive meeting, 7 June 1938, Vol. 28, No. 51, Central Zionist Archives, cited in Masalha, Imperial Israel and the Palestinians, Pluto Press, London, 2000, p. 7.
27 Eisenberg, op. cit., p. 17; Schulze, op. cit., p. 40.
28 Morris, Benny, Israel’s Border Wars 1949 — 1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993, p. 12.
29 Lilienthal, Alfred, What Price Israel, Henry Regnery, Chicago, 1953, pp. 109-47, 155; Lilienthal, Alfred, The Other Side of the Coin, Devin-Adair, New York, 1965, pp. 89-163.
30 Haaretz, 11 August 2005, cited in Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 137, Autumn 2005, p. 120.
31 Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 49.
32 Ibid., pp. 45 — 6, 52 — 3; Shlaim, Avi, ‘Husni Zaim and the Plan to Resettle Palestinian Refugees in Syria’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 60, Summer 1986, pp. 69-80.
33 Ben-Gurion’s diary, 13 February 1949, cited in Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 67.
34 Rokach, op. cit., p. 14.
35 Benziman, Uzi, Sharon: An Israeli Caesar, Adama Books, New York, 1985, pp. 50, 56.
36 Morris, Israel’s Border Wars, p. 173.
37 Jiryis, Sabri, ‘Secret of State: An Analysis of the Diaries of Moshe Sharett’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 37, Autumn 1980, p. 51.
38 Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 144; Menuhin, Moshe, The Decadence of Judaism in Our Time, The Institute for Palestine Studies, Beirut, 1969, p. 176; Caplan, Neil, ‘The New Historians’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 96, Autumn 1995, p. 101.
39 Burns, General E. L. N., Between Arab and Israeli, Harrap, London, 1962, p. 18.
40 Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 164.
41 Ibid., p. 136.
42 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 326.
43 Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 175.
44 Ibid., p. 175.
45 Ibid., p. 172; Shlaim, Avi, ‘Israel, the Great Powers, and the Middle East Crisis of 1958’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, No. 2, May 1999, p. 178.
46 Menuhin, op. cit., p. 182.
47 Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 204.
48 Schulze, op. cit., p. 42.
49 Morris, Israel’s Border Wars, pp. 63, 92 — 5.
50 Rokach, op. cit., p. 18.
51 Ibid., p. 19.
52 Ibid., p. 20.
53 Ibid., p. 24.
54 Ibid., p. 24.
55 Ibid., p. 25.
56 Ibid., p. 28.
57 Schulze, op. cit., p. 48.
58 Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 171.
59 See Schulze, op. cit., pp. 45-6, citing Ben-Gurion’s diary, as quoted in Moshe Shemesh, and Selwyn Ilan Troen, The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal, Frank Cass, London, 1990, p. 181; Masalha, op. cit., pp. 13-14, citing Moshe Dayan, Milestones: An Autobiography [Hebrew], Edanin and Dvir, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, 1976, p. 255.
60 Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 202.
61 Schulze, op. cit., p. 53.
62 Harris, op. cit., p. 143.
63 Schulze, op. cit., p. 64.
64 Salibi, Kamal, Crossroads to Civil War Lebanon 1958 — 1976, Caravan, New York, 1976, p. 18.
65 Schulze, op. cit., p. 70.
66 Christison, Kathleen, ‘Bound By A Frame of Reference, Part II: US Policy and the Palestinians, 1948 — 88’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 107, Spring 1998, pp. 20-34.
67 See Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, pp. 332 — 44.
68 Picard, op. cit., p. 80.

CHAPTER FOUR: Lebanon and the Palestinians

1 Tibawi, A. L., ‘Visions of the Return: The Palestine Arab Refugees in Arabic Poetry and Art’, Mideast Journal, XVII, 1963, p. 523.
2 Al-Hout, Bayan Nuwayhed, Sabra and Shatila, September 1982, Pluto Press, London/Ann Arbor, p. 22.
3 Sayigh, Rosemary, Palestinians: From Peasants to Revolutionaries, Zed Press, London, 1978, p. 104.
4 Ibid., pp. 107, 125.
5 Ibid., p. 127.
6 Al-Hout, op. cit., p. 25.
7 Sayigh, From Peasants to Revolutionaries, p. 131.
8 Al-Hout, op. cit., p. 24.
9 Kazziha, Walid, Revolutionary Transformation in the Arab World, Charles Knight, London, 1975, p. 53.
10 Sayigh, Rosemary, From Peasants to Revolutionaries, pp. 131 — 2.
11 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, pp. 396-403.
12 Ibid., p. 404.
13 Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle and the Search for a State: The Palestine National Movement 1949-1993, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 124.
14 There was actually a more successful one the next day.
15 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 406.
16 Sayigh, Rosemary, From Peasants to Revolutionaries., p. 151.
17 Ibid., p. 147.
18 The English translation of the Arabic word for this concept is usually ‘regionalism’; but since this book frequently uses that word in a rather different sense, ‘localism’ has been adopted in order to avoid confusion.
19 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 425.
20 Ibid., pp. 424-5.
21 Ibid., p. 428.
22 Al-Hout, op. cit., p. 27.
23 Picard, op. cit., p. 81.
24 Sayigh, Yezid, ‘Palestinian Military Performance in the 1982 War‘, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 48, Summer 1983, pp. 3 — 24.
25 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 413.
26 Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle, p. 188.
27 Salibi, Crossroads, p. 54.
28 Khalidi, Walid, Conflict, p. 40.
29 Ibid., p. 69.
30 Muir, Jim, ‘Lebanon: Arena of Conflict, Crucible of Peace‘, The Middle East Journal, Vol 38, No. 2, Spring 1984, p. 203.
31 Sayigh, Rosemary, From Peasants to Revolutionaries, pp. 150 — 1.
32 Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle, p. 189.
33 See p. 48.
34 Sayigh, Rosemary, From Peasants to Revolutionaries, pp. 156 — 8; Abisaab, Rula Jurdi, ‘The Cleric as Organic Intellectual: Revolutionary Shiism in the Lebanese Hawzas‘, in Distant Relations, Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 years, [Chehabi, H. E., ed.], I. B. Tauris, London, New York, 2006, p. 239.
35 Sayigh, Rosemary, From Peasants to Revolutionaries, pp. 158 — 60; Sayigh, Rosemary, Too Many Enemies, p. 87.
36 Sayigh, Rosemary, From Peasants to Revolutionaries, pp. 160 — 1.
37 Ibid., p. 162.
38 Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle, p. 191; Arab Report and Record, London, Swale Press, 1969, p. 434.
39 Khalidi, Walid, Conflict and Violence, p. 41.
40 Schulze, op. cit., pp. 72-9.
41 Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle., p. 194.

CHAPTER FIVE: Civil War in Lebanon

1 Salibi, Crossraods, p. 97; Arab Report and Record, 1975, p. 222.
2 Khalidi, Walid, Conflict and Violence, p. 47.
3 Arab Report and Record, Statement by Chief of Staff, General David Elazar, op. cit., 1972, p. 318.
4 Schulze, op. cit., p. 77.
5 Ibid., pp. 76-7.
6 Arab Report and Record, op. cit., 1973, p. 158.
7 Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle, p. 317.
8 Ibid., p. 358.
9 Pakradouni, Karim, La Paix Manquée: Le Mandat d’Elias Sarkis, 1976 — 1982, Editions Fiches du Monde Arabe, Beirut, 1984, p. 106.
10 Khalidi, Walid, Conflict and Violence, p. 75.
11 Salibi, op. cit., p. 78.
12 Sayigh, Rosemary, Too Many Enemies, p. 178.
13 Hourani, Albert, A Vision of History, Beirut, 1961, p. 137.
14 See p. 61.
15 Schulze, op. cit., pp. 95, 111.
16 Christison, ‘Bound By’, p. 27.
17 Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle, p. 453.
18 Trabulsi, Fawwaz, A Modern History of Lebanon, Pluto Press, London, 2007, p. 189.
19 Ibid., p. 191.
20 Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle, p. 362.
21 Khalidi, Walid, Conflict and Violence., p. 48.
22 Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle, p. 365.
23 Ibid, p. 363.
24 Ibid., p. 383.
25 Harris, op. cit., p. 164.
26 Kissinger, Henry, Years of Renewal, Diane Publishing Company, New York, 1999, p. 1042.
27 Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle, p. 389.
28 Ibid., p. 401.
29 Khalidi, Walid, Conflict and Violence, 109.
30 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 533.

CHAPTER SIX: Imperial Hubris

1 MacBride, Sean, Israel in Lebanon, Report of the International Commission, Ithaca Press, London, 1982, p. 19.
2 Letter from Ben-Gurion to Haim Guri, 15 May 1963, cited in Michael Bar Zohar, Ben Guviou, Vol. III, p. 1547; see Middle East International, London, August 1977; Kapeliouk, Amnon, Le Moude Diplomatique, June 1977.
3 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 476.
4 Schulze, op. cit., p. 95.
5 As it popularly came to be known, though its official designation was Operation Wisdom.
6 Tveit, Karsten, A Pattern for Defeat, pp. 47-50, private translation from the Norwegian [Nederlag: Israels Krig Libanon, Cappelan, Oslo, 1985] by Peter Scott-Hansen; see also Khalidi, Walid, Conflict and Violence, pp. 124-9, Schulze, op. cit., pp. 96-8.
7 Ibid., p. 96; Hirst, David and Beeson, Irene, Sadat, Faber and Faber, London, 1981, p. 299.
8 Tveit, op. cit., p. I.
9 Schulze, op. cit., p. 107; Khalidi, Walid, Conflict and Violence, p. 126.
10 Schulze, op. cit., p. 153.
11 Black, Ian and Morris, Benny, Israel’s Secret Wars: A History of Israel’s Imtelligemce Services, Grove Press, London, 1991, p. 365.
12 Rabinovich, Itamar, The War for Lebanon, 1970-1983, Cornell University Press, New York, p. 97.
13 Schulze, op. cit., pp. 104-5.
14 Ibid., p. 112.
15 Ibid., p. 108.
16 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, pp. 529-30-
17 Boykin, John, Cursed Is The Peacemaker The American Diplomat Versus the Israeli General, Beirut, 1982, Applegate Press, Belmont, California, 2002, p. 48; Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 516; Schulze, op. cit., pp. 112-13.
18 Black and Morris, op. cit., p. 171.
19 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, pp. 522, 534.
20 Kivunim (A Journal for Judaism and Zionism), Jerusalem, February 1982.
21 Khalidi, Walid, Conflict and Violence, p. 112.
22 Tveit, op. cit., p. 97.
23 Ibid., p. 114.
24 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 390.
25 Ibid., p. 245.
26 Tveit, op. cit.
27 Ibid., p. 97.
28 Ibid., p. 108.
29 Ibid., p. 109.
30 Ibid., p. 112.
31 Dean, John Gunther, Danger Zones: A Diplomat’s Fight forAmerica’s Interests, New Academia Publishing, Washington, 2009, pp. 131-4, 136, 192; Dean, John, Statement on his 8oth birthday, Middle East Policy Council, Washington, June 2006; Killgore, Andrew [retired US ambassador], ‘American Ambassador Recalls Israeli Assassination Attempt- With US Weapons’, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, November 2002; Killgore, Andrew, ‘Israel’s Failed Assassination Attempt on US Ambassador Documented’, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, May 2004; Inventory of Documents on Lebanon Presented by John Gunther Dean to US National Archives, File 34, Carter Center, Atlanta; Randal, Jonathan, The Tragedy of Lebanon: Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers and American Bunglers, Chatto and Windus, London, 1983, p. 207.
32 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 16.
33 Tveit, op. cit., p. 119; Hirst, David, The Guardian, London, 1 August 1979.
34 Hirst, David, The Guardian, 11 June 1980.
35 See p. 95.
36 Ibid.
37 Sayigh, Rosemary, Too Many Enemies, p. 113.
38 The Financial Times, London, 3 July 1982.
39 Tveit, op. cit., p. 121.
40 Ibid., p. 123.
41 Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle, p. 506.
42 Haaretz, 25 June 1982.
43 Avner, Yariv, Dilemmas of Security: Politics, Strategy, and the Israeli Experience in Lebanon, Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 89, cited in Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle., p. 508.
44 Boykin, op. cit., p. 55.
45 Israel Radio, 12 May 1982.
46 Yediot Aharonot, Maariv, 6 February 1982.
47 Yediot Aharonot, 14 May 1982.
48 See Seale, Patrick, Abu Nidal: A Gun for Hire, Hutchinson, London, 1992.
49 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 539.
50 Creveld, Martin van, The Sword and the Olive: A Critical History of the Israeli Defense Force, Public Affairs, New York, 1998, p. 288.
51 See ibid., p. 291; Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle., p. 524; Wright, Clifford, ‘The Israeli War Machine in Lebanon’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 46, Winter 1983, p. 39.
52 Creveld, op. cit., p. 302.
53 Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 405; Benziman, op. cit., p. 241.
54 Mansur, Camille, Beyond Alliance: Israel in US Foreign Policy, Columbia University Press, New York, 1994, p. xvi.
55 Boykin, op. cit., p. 57.
56 Benziman, op. cit., p. 239.
57 Seale, Patrick, Asad, I. B. Tauris, London, 1988, p. 394.
58 Boykin, op. cit., p. 70.
59 Al-Hamishmar, August 1982.
60 See Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle, p. 535.
61 Jerusalem Post, 24 June 1982.
62 Nekudah, journal of the Gush Emunim, 12 November 1982, cited in Masalha, Imperial Israel and the Palestinians, p. 108.
63 Middle East International, London, 16 July 1982.
64 Boykin, op. cit., p. 87.
65 Maariv, 20 August 1982.
66 Khalidi, Rashid, Under Siege: P.L.O. Decisionmaking During the 1982 War, Columbia University Press, New York, 1986, p. 47.
67 Boykin, op. cit., p. 99; Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 544.
68 Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle, p. 531.
69 Boykin, op. cit., pp. 79, 279.
70 Randal, op. cit., p. 266.
71 Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle, p. 530.
72 Boykin., op. cit., p. 234; Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle, pp. 536-7; Randal, op. cit., p. 270.
73 Jerusalem Post, 3 August 1982.
74 Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 413.
75 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 545.
76 Randal, op. cit., p. 244.
77 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 545.
78 Khalidi, Rashid, Under Siege, pp. 98, 148.
79 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, pp. 547-8.

CHAPTER SEVEN: The Massacre of Sabra and Shatila

1 Schiff, Ze‘ev and Ya’ari, Ehud, Israel’s Lebanon War, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1984, p. 230.
2 Speech at a pro-government rally in Tel Aviv, 17 July 1982.
3 Schiff and Ya‘ari, op. cit., p. 231-
4 Ibid., p. 233.
5 See Chapter Two.
6 Schulze, op. cit., p. 130.
7 Randal, op. cit., p. 273.
8 Schiff and Ya’ari, op. cit., pp. 233-6, Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 415.
9 Randal, op. cit., p. 258; Schulze, op. cit., p. 132.
10 Schiff and Ya‘ari, op. cit., p. 255.
11 MacBride, op. cit., p. x.
12 Kapeliouk, Amnon, Enquête sur un massacre: Sabra et Chatila, Seuil, Paris, 1982, p. 30; MacBride, op. cit., p. 166; Cockburn, Alexander, Village Voice, 9 November 1982.
13 Boykin, op. cit., p. 239.
14 Ibid., p. 266.
15 See pp. 118-19.
16 Al-Hout, op. cit., p. 304.
17 Kapeliouk, op. cit., p. 26.
18 Ibid., p. 29.
19 Boykin, op. cit., p. 268; Schiff and Ya’ari, op. cit., p. 255.
20 Schiff and Ya‘ari, op. cit., p. 253.
21 Ibid., p. 41.
22 Nouvel Observateur, Paris, 19-25 June 1982.
23 The Kahan Report, Jerusalem Post, Supplement, 9 February 1983.
24 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 557.
25 Kapeliouk, op. cit., p 41.
26 The Kahan Report, op. cit.
27 Kapeliouk, op. cit., p. 70.
28 Randal, op. cit., p. 281.
29 Ibid., p. 14.
30 The Kahan Report, op. cit.
31 Kapeliouk, op. cit., p. 38.
32 Schiff and Ya’ari, op. cit., p. 261.
33 Kapeliouk, op. cit., pp. 47-51, 64-7; MacBride, op. cit., pp. 162-83, 268-80.
34 Kapeliouk, op. cit., p. 47.
35 Schiff and Ya‘ari, op. cit., p. 261; The Kahan Report, op. cit.
36 Kapeliouk, op. cit., p. 54.
37 Ibid., p. 59.
38 Ibid., p. 60.
39 Ibid, p. 60; Schiff and Ya’ari, op. cit., p. 267.
40 Kapeliouk, op. cit., p. 64.
41 Schiff and Ya‘ari, op. cit., p. 272.
42 Kapeliouk, op. cit., p. 74.
43 Schiff and Ya’ari, op. cit., p. 275.
44 MacBride, op. cit., p. 170.
45 Randal, op. cit., p. 16.
46 Ibid., p. 15; Kapeliouk, op. cit., p. 92; MacBride, op. cit., p. 176.
47 Excerpts from interview with Begin on Israeli Defence Force radio; see Schulze, op. cit., pp. 107, 114.
48 Kapeliouk, op. cit., p. 101.
49 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 562.
50 Ibid., p. 562.
51 Davidson, Lawrence, ‘Lebanon and the Jewish Conscience’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 46, Winter 1983, p. 59.
52 24 September 1982.
53 Kapeliouk, op. cit., p. 103.
54 Al-Hout, op. cit., p. 298.
55 Davidson, ‘Lebanon and the Jewish Conscience’, p. 57.
56 Al-Hout, op. cit., p. 318; Schiff and Ya‘ari, op. cit., p. 278.
57 Arens, Richard, ’Israel’s Responsibility in Lebanon‘, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 49, Autumn 1983, p. 83.
58 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 565.
59 New York Times, 9 February 1983.
60 Ahmad, Eqbal, ’The Public Relations of Ethnocide‘, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 47, Spring 1983, p. 33.
61 The Kahan Report, op. cit.
62 Ahmad, op. cit., p. 32.
63 Al-Hout, op. cit., p. 308; Kapeliouk, Amnon, Le Moude Diplomatique, July 1983.
64 Al-Hamishmar, 10 May 1978.
65 Kapeliouk, Enquête, p. 100.
66 Davidson, ‘Lebanon and the Jewish Conscience‘, pp. 56-7.
67 See p. 34.
68 Gilmour, Ian and Andrew, ‘Terrorism’, London Review of Books, No. 18, 21 October 1986.
69 Kapeliouk, Le Monde Diplomatique, July 1982.
70 Avnery, Uri, Ha’olam Hazeh, 4 August 1982.
71 Fisk, Robert, The Times, London, 17 June 1982.
72 Davidson, ‘Lebanon and the Jewish Conscience’, p. 58.
73 Ahmad, op. cit., p. 36.
74 Kapeliouk, Enquête, p. III.
75 Jerusalem Post, 13 February 1983.
76 Jerusalem Post, 1 April 1983.
77 Haaretz, 19 November 1982.
78 Creveld, op. cit., pp. 351, 356.
79 Trabulsi, op. cit., pp. 220-1.
80 Boykin, op. cit., p. 277.
81 See Norton, Augustus Richard, ‘(In)security Zones in South Lebanon, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 89, Autumn 1993, p. 68.
82 Sayigh, Rosemary, Too Many Enemies, p. 128.

CHAPTER EIGHT: Khomeini, Islamists and the Shiite Uprising

1 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 8.
2 See pp. 12, 36.
3 See p. 114.
4 Chehabi, H. E., ‘The Anti-Shah Opposition and Lebanon’, ‘Iran and Lebanon in the Revolutionary Decade’, Distant Relations, pp. 194, 204.
5 Ibid. p. 193.
6 Ibid, p. 216.
7 Ibid., pp. 190, 197.
8 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 28.
9 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 40; Jaber, Hala, Hezbollah: Born With A Vengeance, Columbia University Press, New York, p. 64.
10 Bayan, July-September 1991, cited in Chehabi, op. cit., p. 36.
11 Goodarzi, Jubin M., Syria And Iran: Diplomatic Alliance and Power Politics in the Middle East, I. B. Tauris, London, New York, p. 138.
12 Ramazani. R. K, ‘Khumayni’s Islam in Iran’s Foreign Policy’, in Islam in Foreign Policy [A. Dawisha, ed.], Cambridge University Press, p, 181, cited in Goodarzi, op. cit., p. 60.
13 Goodarzi, op. cit., p. 46.
14 See pp. 112-14.
15 Goodarzi, op. cit., p. 87.
16 Ibid., p. 75.
17 Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal, Hizbullah, Politics and Religion, Pluto Press, London, 2002, p. II.
18 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 24.
19 Harik, Judith, ‘Hizballah’s Public and Social Services and Iran’, in Chehabi, Distant Relations, p. 271.
20 See, for example, Trabulsi, op. cit., p. 229.
21 Norton, Augustus Richard, Hezbollah, A Short History, Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 23; Sayigh, Rosemary, Too Many Enemies, p. 145.
22 Saad-Ghorayeb, op. cit., p. 14.
23 Goodarzi, op. cit., pp. 64, 71.
24 Ibid., pp. 61-2.
25 Chehabi, op. cit., p. 215.
26 Goodarzi, op. cit., pp. 62-69.
27 Ibid., p. 64; Chehabi, op. cit., p. 214.
28 Ibid., p. 215.
29 Chehabi, op. cit., p. 216; Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 24; Saad-Ghorayeb, op. cit., p. 14; Goodarzi, op. cit., p. 77.
30 Chehabi, op. cit., p. 216; Jaber, op. cit., p. 110.
31 Goodarzi, op. cit., p. 77.
32 Chehabi, op. cit., pp. 216-17.
33 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 24.
34 Chehabi, op. cit., p. 265.
35 Ibid., p. 216.
36 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 24.
37 Norton, Augustus Richard, Amal and the Shi‘a, Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon, University of Texas Press, Austin, 1987, pp. 167-87.
38 Hamzeh, op. cit., pp. 34, 36; Saad-Ghorayeb, Hizbullah, Politics and Religion, p. 72.
39 Ibid., p. 67.
40 Ibid., p. 77.
41 Norton, Hezbollah, pp. 37, 40; Goodarzi, op. cit., p. 77; Saad-Ghorayeb, op. cit., p. 115.
42 Saad-Ghorayeb, op. cit., pp. 112, 114.
43 Ibid., pp. 134-5.
44 Ibid., pp. 40, 74, 112, 114, 162.
45 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 25; Chehabi, H. E. and Mneimneh, Hassan, ‘Five Centuries of Lebanese-Iranian Encounters’, in Chehabi, ed., Distant Relations, p. 25.
46 Jaber, op. cit., p. 108; Chehabi, op. cit., p. 218.
47 Hirst, David The Guardian, London, 17 November 1983.
48 Jaber, op. cit., p. 47.
49 Goodarzi, op. cit., pp. 94-5.
50 Harris, op. cit., p. 180.
51 Goodarzi, op. cit., p. 88.
52 Saad-Ghorayeb, op. cit., p. 100.
53 Middle East Reporter, Beirut, 17 May 2008; Trabulsi, op. cit., p. 221; Middle East International, 22 July 1983, 15 June 1984.
54 Hirst, David, The Guardian, 28 December 1983.
55 Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage: The Crusade of Modern Islam, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1985, p. 74.
56 Thrall, Nathan, ‘How the Reagan Administration Taught Iran the Wrong Lessons’, MERIA Journal, Vol. II, No. 2, Tel Aviv, June 2007.
57 Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage., p. 71.
58 Lamberth, Judge Royce C., Memorandum Opinion, Peterson v. Islamic Republic of Iran (US District Court for the District of Columbia, 2003), p. 8.
59 Neff, Donald, Middle East International, London, 5 March 1988.
60 Middle East International, 9, 23 December 1983.
61 Jaber, op. cit., p. 75; various other, generally lesser, figures, are cited by other sources.
62 Saad-Ghorayeb, op. cit., p. 67.
63 Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, p. 37.
64 Jaber, op. cit., p. 88.
65 Saad-Ghorayeb, op. cit., p. 131.
66 Jaber, op. cit., p. 75.
67 Sayigh, Rosemary, Too Many Enemies, pp. 145-6.
68 Hirst, David, The Guardian, 15 August 1984-
69 Sayigh, Rosemary, Too Many Enemies, pp. 129, 147.
70 Hirst, David, The Guardian, 15 August 1984; Tveit, op. cit., p. 257.
71 Saad-Ghorayeb, op. cit., p. II.
72 Tveit, op. cit., pp. 241, 256.
73 Norton, Amal, p. III.
74 Ibid., p. 112; Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 17.
75 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 24.
76 Ibid., p. 87.
77 Sayigh, Rosemary, Too Many Enemies, p. 150.
78 Norton, Hezbollah, p. 66.
79 Sayigh, Rosemary, Too Many Enemies, p. 147; Hirst, David, The Guardian, 15 August 1984.
80 Tveit, op. cit., pp. 260-3.
81 Sayigh, Rosemary, Too Many Enemies, p. 131.
82 Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, p. 217.
83 Norton, Amal, p. 120; Kidron, Peretz, Middle East International, 19 April 1985.
84 Sayigh, Rosemary, Too Many Enemies., p., 148, citing MERIP Reports, No. 133, June 1985.
85 Tveit, op. cit., pp. 265, 268.
86 Sayigh, Rosemary, Too Many Enemies, p. 131.
87 Tveit, op. cit., p. 273.
88 Hirst, David, The Guardiam, 5 March 1985.
89 Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, p. 238.
90 Ibid.
91 Harris, op. cit., p. 211.
92 Norton, Hezbollah, p. 33.
93 Norton, Amal, p. 180.
94 Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, p. 235.

CHAPTER NINE: The Civil War Closes

1 Muir, Jim, Middle East International, London, 13 September and 22 November 1985.
2 Trabulsi, op. cit., p. 234.
3 Hirst, David The Guardian, 26, 27, 28, 29 August 1985.
4 Harris, op. cit., p. 225.
5 Ibid., p. 270.
6 Ibid., p. 209.
7 Ibid., pp. 229, 263.
8 Ibid., pp. 266-7.
9 Ibid., p.277.
10 Ibid., p.278.
11 Butt, Gerald, 11 September 1992; Nasrallah, Fida, Middle East International, 11 September 1992.
12 Harris, op. cit., p. 288.
13 Hamzeh, op. cit., pp. 4, 28, 80.
14 Saad-Ghorayeb, op. cit., p. 112.
15 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 51.
16 Saad-Ghorayeb, op. cit., p. 120.
17 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 41.
18 Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, p. 228.
19 Jaber, op. cit., pp. 26, 29.
20 Muir, Jim, Middle East International, 25 July 1985.
21 Jaber, op. cit., p. 28.
22 Hassan Nasrallah, cited in ‘Chronologie’, Revue d‘Études Palestiniennes, No. 25, Autumn 1987, pp. 208, 213.
23 Jansen, Godfrey, Middle East International, 26 September 1986; Norton, Amal, p. 182.
24 ‘Chronologie’, Revue d’Études Palestiniennes, No. 26, Winter 1987, pp. 141, 142 — 3.
25 ‘Chronologie’, Revue d‘Études Palestiniennes, No. 25, Autumn 1987, p. 230.
26 Norton, Hezbollah, p. 80.
27 Jaber, op. cit., p. 92.
28 Soueid, op. cit., p. 21.
29 ‘Chronologie’, Revue d Etudes Palestiniennes, No. 27, Spring 1988, p. 214.
30 Muir, Jim, Middle East International, 17 March 1989.
31 Revue, op. cit., No. 25, Autumn 1987, p. 225.
32 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 19; Tamimi, Azzam, Hamas, A History From Within, Olive Branch Press, Massachusetts, 2007, p. 52.
33 Tamimi, op. cit., p. 53.
34 Haeri, Safa, Middle East International, 25 October 1991.
35 Haeri, Safa, Middle East International, 7 December 1990.
36 Haeri, Safa, Middle East International, 26 July 1991.
37 Haeri, Safa, Middle East International, 8 November 1991; Rekhess, Elie, ‘The Terrorist Connection, Iran, the Islamic Jihad and Hamas’, Justice, Vol. 5, Jerusalem, May 1995.
38 Norton, Augustus Richard, ‘Lebanon’s Condundrum’, Arab Studies Quarterly, Winter 1999, p. 48.
39 Chehabi, op. cit., p. 214.
40 Jaber, op. cit., pp. 100-7.
41 Hamzeh, op. cit., pp. 74, 86; citing interview with al-Wasatnewspaper, London, 3 March 1996.
42 Jaber, op. cit., pp. 115 — 20, 136.
43 Neff, Donald, Middle East International, 5 December 1986; Muir, Jim, Middle East International, 5 December 1986.
44 Hirst, David, The Guardian, 24 November 1986.
45 Fisk, Robert, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 656.
46 Jaber, op. cit., pp. 117 — 18.
47 Ibid., p. 121.
48 ‘Chronologie‘, Revue d’Études Palestiniennes, No. 25, Autumn 1987, pp. 204, 230.
49 Memopack, The Foreign Hostages in Lebanon, Nicosia, 1991; New York Times, 27 November 1988.
50 Jaber, op. cit., p. 99.
51 Ibid., p. 99.
52 Ibid., pp. 115, 136, 139-40.
53 Saad-Ghorayeb, op. cit., p. 97.
54 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 74.
55 Saad-Ghorayeb, op. cit., pp. 97-9.
56 Harik, Judith Palmer, Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism, I. B. Tauris, London, New York, 2007, p. 173.
57 Hirst, David, The Guardian, 9 August 1989; Muir, Jim, Middle East International, 16 March 1990.
58 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 63.
59 Ibid., p. 102.
60 Norton, Amal, pp. 172-3.
61 Sayigh, Rosemary, Too Many Enemies, p. 242.
62 Ibid., pp. 231-61; Middle East International, 19 August 1985.
63 Goodarzi, op. cit., p. 199.
64 Ibid, pp. 149-50.
65 Chehabi, op. cit., p. 226; Norton, Hezbollah, p. 72.
66 Goodarzi, op. cit., p. 199.
67 Ibid., pp. 202-4; Harris, op. cit., p. 216.
68 Goodarzi, op. cit., p. 259.
69 Ibid., p. 264.
70 Ibid., p. 265.
71 Chehabi, op. cit., p. 227.
72 ‘Chronologie’, Revue d‘Études Palestiniennes, No. 30, Winter 1988, p. 145.
73 Goodarzi, op. cit., p. 277.
74 Ibid., pp. 275-6.
75 Harris, op. cit., p. 219.
76 Ibid., p. 196; Goodarzi, op. cit., p. 277.
77 Jaber, op. cit., p 35; Muir, Jim, Middle East International, 3 February 1989.
78 Picard, op. cit., p. 136.
79 Goodarzi, op. cit., p. 271.
80 Ibid., pp. 277, 284.
81 Ibid., pp. 287-8.
82 Saad-Ghorayeb, op. cit., p. 35.
83 See p. 188.
84 Norton, Amal, pp. 173 — 7.
85 Goodarzi, op. cit., pp. 146 — 7.
86 Chehabi, op. cit., p. 227.
87 See Qassem, Naim, Hizbullah, The Story from Within, Saqi, London, 2005, p. 17; Goodarzi, op. cit., p. 94.
88 Woodward, Bob, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2005, p. 397; Oakley, Robert, Interview with PBS Frontline, September 2001, www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/target/interviews/oakley.html; Thrall, op. cit.; Jaber, op. cit., p. 69.
89 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 104; Jaber, op. cit., p. 69.
90 Chehabi, op. cit., p. 226; Goksel, Timur, “‘Mr UNIFIL” Reflects on a Quarter Century of Peacekeeping in South Lebanon‘, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 14, Spring 2007, p. 71.
91 Jansen, Godfrey, Middle East International, 18 April 1986.
92 Harik, Judith, ’Hizballah’s Public and Social Services and Iran‘, in Chehabi, Distant Relations, p. 280.
93 Ibid., p.277.
94 Ibid., p. 275.
95 Jaber, op. cit., p. 149.
96 Harik, ‘Hizballah’s Public and Social Services‘, p. 281.
97 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 10.
98 Saad-Ghorayeb, op. cit., p. 35.
99 Ibid., pp. 48-50.
100 Saad-Ghorayeb, op. cit., p. 38.
101 Ibid., p. 50.
102 Ibid., pp. 53, 82-7.
103 Butt, Gerald, Middle East International, 9 October 1992.

CHAPTER TEN: Triumph of the Warrior-Priest

1 ‘Chronologie’, Revue d’Études Palestiniennes, No. 44, Summer 1992, p. 171; Muir, Jim, Middle East International, 21 February 1992.
2 Blanford, Nicholas, Voice of Hizbullah, The Statements of Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah [Noe, Nicholas, ed.], Verso, London, New York, 2007, p. 3.
3 See p. III.
4 From al-Sadr to Nasrallah, The March of the Resistance and the Lives of Two Men, al-Rida Publications, Beirut, 2007, frontispiece.
5 Blanford, op. cit., pp. 1 — 7.
6 Harik, Hezbollah, p. 73; Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 132.
7 Ibid., p. 78.
8 Noe, op. cit., pp. 137-8.
9 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 74.
10 Norton, ‘Lebanon’s Conundrum’, p. 45; Jaber, op. cit., p. 212.
11 Hamzeh, op. cit., pp. 122-35.
12 Picard, op. cit., p. 176.
13 Norton, Augustus Richard, ‘Lebanon End-Game’, Middle East Insight, March/April 2000, p. 27.
14 Jaber, op. cit., pp. 210 — 11.
15 Blanford, op. cit., p. 9.
16 Harik, Hezbollah, p. III.
17 Hirst, David, al-Ahram Weekly, Cairo, 19-25 April 2001.
18 Noe, op. cit., p. 174.
19 Harris, op. cit., p. 282.
20 Jansen, Godfrey, Middle East International, 29 May 1992.
21 Harik, Hezbollah., pp. 50, 107.
22 Personal interview.
23 See, for example, Norton, Augustus Richard, ‘Hizballah and the Israeli Withdrawal from Southern Lebanon’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 117, Autumn 2000, p. 26.
24 Goksel, op. cit., p. 65.
25 Noe, op. cit., p. 148.
26 Blanford, op. cit., p. 8.
27 Norton, ‘Hizballah and the Israeli Withdrawal’, p. 29.
28 Shahak, Israel, Middle East International, 18 December 1992.
29 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 90.
30 Shahak, op. cit.; Jansen, Godfrey, Middle East Imtermatiomal, 29 May 1992.
31 Norton, Hezbollah, p. 87.
32 Personal interview.
33 Kidron, Peretz, Middle East International, 18 November 1994.
34 Creveld, op. cit., p. 305.
35 ‘Chronologie’, Revue d‘Études Palestiniennes, No. 50, Winter 1994, pp. 167, 168.
36 Ibid., p. 169.
37 Ibid., 170.
38 Ibid., p. 173; Muir, Jim, Middle East International, 6 August 1993.
39 Norton, ‘(In)security’, p. 71.
40 ‘Chronologie’, Revue d’Études Palestiniennes, p. 173.
41 Muir, Middle East International, 6 August 1993; Jaber, op. cit., p 173; ‘Chronologie’, Revue d‘Études Palestiniennes, p. 177.
42 Harris, op. cit., p. 281; Norton, ‘(In)security’, p. 71.
43 Ibid., p. 75.
44 Jaber, op. cit., p. 173; Norton, ‘Lebanon’s Conundrum’, p. 51.
45 Hirst, David, The Guardian, London, 10 November 1994.
46 Ibid.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 Ibid.
50 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 59.
51 See pp. 20-1.
52 Parsi, Trita, Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2007, pp. 101, 175.
53 Ibid., p. 110.
54 Ibid., pp. 113-15.
55 Ibid., pp. 104, 128.
56 Ibid., p. 139.
57 Ibid.
58 Ibid., pp. 162,192.
59 Mearsheimer, John, and Walt, Stephen, The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2007, p. 291.
60 Neff, Donald, Middle East International, 26 April 1996.
61 Mearsheimer and Walt, op. cit., p. 289.
62 Neff, Donald, Middle East International, 2 February 1996.
63 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 86.
64 Shahak, Israel and Mezvinsky, Norton, Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel, Pluto Press, London and Sterling, Virginia, 1999, p. III; four years later, in 1998, under pressure from secular Jews, the Knesset passed a law against the erection of monuments to mass murderers.
65 Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 559.
66 Jaber, op. cit., p. 174.
67 Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 560.
68 ‘Chronology’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 100, Summer 1996, p. 179.
69 Jaber, op. cit., p. 182; Norton, ‘Hizballah and the Israeli Withdrawal’, p. 27.
70 ‘Chronologie’, Revue d’Études Palestiniennes, Autumn 1996, p. 140.
71 ‘Chronology’, op. cit., p. 179.
72 Ibid., pp. 177, 179; Jaber, op. cit., pp. 178, 202-3.
73 Hirst, David, The Guardian, 1 May 1996.
74 Fisk, op. cit., pp. 670, 683.
75 Amnesty International, ‘Unlawful Killings During Operation “Grapes of Wrath”’, London, July 1996.
76 Timur Goksel, in interview with Agence France Presse, cited in ‘Chronologie’, Revue d‘Études Palestiniennes, p. 147.
77 Letter from the UN Secretary General to the President of the UN Security Council, UN document S/1996/337, 7 May 1996.
78 Jaber, op. cit., pp. 196-8.
79 Norton, ‘Hizballah and the Israeli Withdrawal‘, p. 27.
80 Hirst, David, The Guardian, 10 May 1996.
81 ‘Chronology‘, op. cit., p. 174.
82 Gambill, Gary, ‘The Balance of Terror: War by Other Means in the Contemporary Middle East ‘, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 109, Autumn 1998, p. 64.
83 Neff, Donald, Middle East International, 10 May 1996; ‘Chronologie‘, Revue d’Études Palestiniennes, p. 142.
84 ‘Chronologie’, op. cit., p. 148.
85 ‘Chronology’, op. cit., p. 181.
86 Kol Ha‘ir, 10 May 1996.
87 Newsweek, 6 May 1996, cited in Jaber, op. cit., p. 176.
88 Noe, op. cit., pp. 146, 167.
89 Harik, Hezbollah., p. 124.
90 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 89.
91 Ibid., p. 94.
92 Haaretz, 16 July 1999, cited in Picard, op. cit., p. 183.
93 Jansen, Michael, Middle East International, 16 January 1998.
94 Hirst, David, ‘South Lebanon: The War that Never Ends‘, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. III, Spring 1999, p. 11.
95 Harik, Hezbollah, p. 132.
96 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p II; Norton, ‘Hizballah and the Israeli Withdrawal‘, p. 30; Jansen, Michael, Middle East International, 24 October 1997.
97 Norton, ‘Lebanon End-Game’, p. 23.
98 Ibid., p. 31.
99 Hirst, David, The Guardian, 9, 10, 11 February 2000; Jansen, Michael, Middle East International, 25 February 2000.
100 Hirst, David, The Guardian, 8 February and 25 June 1999.
101 Norton, ‘Hizballah and the Israeli Withdrawal’, p. 31.
102 Hirst, David, The Guardian, 9, 10 February 2000.
103 Hirst, David, The Observer, London, 27 May 2000.
104 Norton, Augustus Richard, ‘Lebanon’s Malaise’, Survival, Vol. 42, No. 4, Winter 2000-1, International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, p. 42.
105 Hirst, David, The Guardian, 4 March 1997.
106 Hirst, David, The Guardian, 29 February 2000; Margalit, Dan, Haaretz, 8 May 2000.
107 Noe, op. cit., p. 233.
108 Norton, Survival, p. 41.
109 Ibid.
110 Norton, ‘Lebanon End-Game‘, p. 31.
111 Norton, Survival, p. 40; Harris, op. cit., p. 291; Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 96.
112 Norton, Survival, p. 39; Picard, op. cit., pp. 184-5.
113 Chronology, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 117, Autumn 2000, p. 166.
114 Norton, Hezbollah, p. 90.
115 Norton, Survival, p. 39.
116 Noe, op. cit., p. 242.
117 Norton, Hezbollah, p. 93.
118 ‘Chronology’, op. cit., p. 167.
119 Hirst, David, The Guardian, 17 July 2004.
120 Norton, Hezbollah, pp. 92-3.
121 The Daily Star, Beirut, 13 March 2000.
122 Noe, op. cit., p. 247; Hirst, David, The Guardian, 12 October 2000.
123 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 97.
124 Harik, Hezbollah, p. 160.
125 Ibid., p. 160.
126 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 60; Norton, Hezbollah, p. 93.
127 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 148.
128 Ibid, p. 149; Harik, Hezbollah., p. 189.
129 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 148; Harik, Hezbollah, p. 200.
130 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 149; Saad-Ghorayeb, Hizbullah, Politics and Religion, p. 165.
131 Ibid., p. 167.
132 Parsi, op. cit., p. 219.
133 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 146.
134 Blanford, Nicholas, Killing Mr Lebanon: The Assassination of Rafik Hariri and Its Impact on the Middle East, I. B. Tauris, London, New York, 2006, p. 189.
135 The Daily Star, Beirut, 18 February 2007.

CHAPTER ELEVEN: Redrawing the Map of the Middle East

1 Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm, Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies, Washington, 1996.
2 Vest, Jason, ‘The Men from JINSA and CSP’, The Nation, New York, 2 September 2002.
3 Stauffer, Thomas, Middle East International, London, 21 March 2003.
4 Wurmser, David, Middle East War, American Enterprise Institute, 1 January 2001.
5 Halper, Stefan and Clarke, Jonathan, America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 2004, p. 139; see also Chernus, Ira, Monsters to Destroy: The Neo-conservative War on Terror and Sin, Paradigm Publishers, Boulder and London, 2006, p. 146.
6 5 January 2001.
7 9 February 2003.
8 Risen, James, State of War The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration, Free Press, New York, 2006, p. 222.
9 Lieven, Anatole, America Right or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, p. 187.
10 Mearsheimer and Walt, op. cit., pp. 255-6.
11 The American Conservative, 29 September 2002.
12 Bamford, James, A Pretext for War, Anchor Books, New York, 2004, p. 285.
13 Halper and Clarke, op. cit., p. 204.
14 Clarke, Richard, Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror, Free Press, London, 204, pp. 30 — 1.
15 Chernus, op. cit., pp. 124-6, 153.
16 Bamford, op. cit., pp. 287-331; Chernus, op. cit., p. 157.
17 Mearsheimer and Walt, op. cit., pp. 232-3.
18 Washington Post, 13 February 2002.
19 Halper and Clarke, op. cit., p. 218.
20 Washington Post, 6 August 2002.
21 Washington Post, 11 October 2001.
22 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, pp. 68-74.
23 Middle East International, 28 September 2001.
24 Parsi, op. cit., p. 234.
25 Middle East International, 8 February 2002.
26 Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 39.
27 The Times, London, 5 November 2002.
28 Parsi, op. cit., p. 241.
29 Baram, Haim, Middle East International, 28 September 2001.
30 Project for the New American Century, Letter to President Bush, 20 September 2001.
31 Parsi, op. cit., p. 240.
32 Ibid., pp. 243-9.
33 Harik, Hezbollah, p. 184.
34 ‘Quarterly Update on Conflict and Diplomacy‘, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 128, Summer 2003, p. 142; No. 130, Winter 2004, p. 131.
35 Mearsheimer and Walt, op. cit., p. 275.
36 Jane’s Intelligence Digest, London, 23 January 2004.
37 Hirst, David, The Guardian, 6 October 2003.
38 Gambill, Gary, ‘Lebanon Ambivalent Towards US War on Terror’, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, October 2001.
39 Yediot Aharonot, cited in ‘Quarterly Update of Conflict and Diplomacy’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 123, Spring 2002, p. 136.
40 Middle East International, 7 March 2003.
41 Remarks at the United States Institute of Peace Conference, Washington, 5 September 2002.
42 See p. 194.
43 Blanford, Nicholas, Christian Science Monitor, 31 July 2003; www.tinyrevolution.com/mt/archives/000416.html, 10 March 2005; Roger Morris, http://warincontext.org/2008/02/24/guest-contributor-roger-morris-americas-shadow-in-the-middle-east/, 24 February 2008.
44 Baer, Robert, See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA’s War on Terrovism, Three Rivers Press, New York, 2002, p 127; Blanford, Nicholas, Christian Science Monitor, 31 July 2003.
45 New York Times, 4 April 2002.
46 Reuters, 2 November 2001.
47 ‘Quarterly Update on Conflict and Diplomacy’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 130, Winter 2004, p. 142.
48 Strindberg, Anders, Middle East International, 7 March 2003.
49 Middle East International, 28 September 2001.
50 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 137.
51 Blanford, Nicholas, Christian Science Monitor, 31 July 2003.
52 Hamzeh, op. cit., p. 137.
53 Gambill, Gary, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, December 2001.
54 Blanford, Christian Science Mouitor, 31 July 2003
55 Gambill, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, December 2001.
56 ‘Quarterly Update of Conflict and Diplomacy’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 127, Spring 2003, p. 131.
57 Agence France Presse, 19 September 2001.
58 Middle East International, 23 November 2001.
59 Middle East Reporter, 10 November 2001.
60 Harik, Hezbollah, p. 189.
61 See pp. 69-74.

CHAPTER TWELVE: Getting Syria Out of Lebanon

1 Blanford, Killing Mr Lebanon, p. 64.
2 Ibid., p. 81.
3 Ibid., pp. 94,122.
4 Ibid., p. 85.
5 Middle East International, London, 30 May 2003.
6 Mearsheimer and Walt, op. cit., p. 167.
7 Harris, op. cit., p. 298.
8 Blanford, Killing Mr Lebanon, p. 99.
9 Ibid., pp. 106-7.
10 Ibid., pp. 92-3.
11 Ibid., pp. 96, 103, Harris, op. cit., p. 299.
12 Report of the International Independent Investigation Commission established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1595, 2005 [‘Mehlis Report’], 21 October 2005, paragraph 27; see also Blanford, Killing Mr Lebanon, p. 100.
13 Harris, op. cit., p. 298; Blanford, Killing Mr Lebanon, p. 102.
14 Blanford, Killing Mr Lebanon, p. 101.
15 Ibid., p. 102.
16 Ibid., p. 107.
17 Ibid., pp. 118-19.
18 Harris, op. cit., p. 299.
19 Blanford, Killing Mr Lebanon, p. 108.
20 Ibid., p. 113.
21 Ibid., pp. 114-15.
22 Ibid., p. 116.
23 Harris, op. cit., p. 301.
24 Blanford, Killing Mr Lebanon, p. 119.
25 Ibid., p. 123.
26 Ibid., p. 115.
27 Ibid., p. 123.
28 Mehlis Report, paragraph 2003.
29 Middle East Reporter, Beirut, 5 March 2005.
30 Cited in Hirst, David, The Nation, New York, 15 April 2005.
31 Ibid., p. 156.
32 Weisman, Steven, New York Times, 15 February 2005.
33 The Daily Star, Beirut, 30 August 2007.
34 See Harris, op. cit., p. 312; Leenders, Reinoud, ‘How UN Pressure on Hizballah Impedes Lebanese Reform’, Middle East Report Online, 23 May 2006.
35 Middle East Reporter, 11 March 2005.
36 Harris, op. cit., p. 303; Usher, Graham, Middle East International, 1 April 2005.
37 Blanford, Killing Mr Lebanon, p. 160.
38 Jerusalem Post, 30 March 2005.
39 Blanford, Killing Mr Lebanon, pp. 166, 172.
40 Rami Khouri and Gharida Dergham, cited in Hirst, David, The Guardian, 28 September 2005.
41 Mehlis Report, ‘Introduction’.
42 Der Spiegel, 14 January 2006.
43 Hirst, David, The Guardian, 28 September 2005.
44 See p. 89.
45 ‘Hezbullah’s Other War’, New York Times, 4 August 2006.
46 Harris, op. cit., p. 306; Middle East International, 1 and 29 April, 13 May, 24 June 2005.
47 See p. 246.
48 Al-Mahar, 14 June 2005.
49 Middle East Reporter, August 2005.
50 Ibid., 26 July & 29 August 2005.
51 ‘Hezbullah’s Other War’, New York Times, 4 August 2006.
52 Middle East Reporter, 15 February, 14 and 18 March 2006.
53 Noe, op. cit., p. 349.
54 Middle East Reporter, 17 February and 4 March 2006.
55 Blanford, Killing Mr Lebanon, p. 168.
56 Al-Manar television, 23 May 2006; Middle East Reporter, 17 February and 24 May 2006.
57 Middle East International, 29 April 2005.
58 See Leenders, Reinoud, ‘How the Rebel Regained His Cause: Hizbullah & the Sixth Arab-Israeli War‘, MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 6, Summer 2006.
59 Interview with al-Jazeera television, 21 July 2006; speech on al-Manar television, 14 August 2006.
60 Middle East Reporter, 25 February 2006.
61 Noe, op. cit., pp. 357, 361.
62 Middle East Reporter, 13, 14 November 2006.
63 Harris, op. cit., p. 309.
64 Blanford, Killing Mr Lebanon, p. 176.
65 This is what - before the killing — intelligence officials had told a Syrian dissident and former political prisoner of my acquaintance.
66 Blanford, Killing Mr Lebanon, p. 181.
67 Ibid., p. 176.
68 Second Report of the Independent Investigation Commission, 10 December 2005.
69 Blanford, Killing Mr Lebanon, p. 171.
70 Ibid., p. 180.
71 Ibid., p. 179.
72 Landis, Joshua, syriacomment.com, 8 November 2005.
73 Waldman, Peter, The Wall Street Journal, 4 August 2006.
74 See Hirst, David, The Guardian, 27 January 2005.
75 Saudi — US Relations Information Service, 25 September 2005.
76 General William Odom.
77 Taheri, Amir, Newsweek, 2 September 2005.
78 Khalaji, Mehdi, ‘Apocalyptic Politics’, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, January 2008.
79 Naji, Kasra, Ahmadinejad. The Secret History of Iran’s Radical Leader, I. B. Tauris, London, New York, 2008, pp. 140, 144.
80 See pp. 253-6; Parsi, op. cit., p. 2.
81 Khalaji, op. cit.
82 Naji, op. cit., pp. 134-5.
83 Kohr, Howard, Executive Director of AIPAC, cited in Parsi, op. cit., p. 268.
84 El-Feki, Mustafa, al-Ahram Weekly, 16-22 February 2006.
85 Khamenei, Ali, Associated Press, 20 February 2006.
86 Dan Gillerman, Israel News, 21 February 2006.
87 ‘Chronology’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 140, Summer 2006, p. 128; see also Naji, op. cit., p. 125.
88 Washington Post, 9 April 2006.
89 Ritter, Scott, Target Iran: The Truth About the White House’s Plans for Regime Change, Nation Books, New York, 2006, p. 211; see also Mearsheimer and Walt, op. cit., p. 302.
90 See Hersh, Seymour, ‘Last Stand - The Military’s Problem with the President’s Iran Policy‘, New Yorker, 10 July 2006.
91 Fallows, James, ‘Will Iran be Next?’, Atlantic Monthly, December 2004.
92 Gaffney, Mark, ‘Iran: A Bridge Too Far?’, www.informationclearinghouseinfo/article 7147.htm , 26 October 2004.
93 Middle East Reporter, 30 April 2006.
94 Mearsheimer and Walt, op. cit., p. 310.
95 Halliday, Fred, in The War on Lebanon: A Reader [Hovsepian, Nubar, ed.], Olive Branch Press, Massachusetts, 2008, p. 375.
96 Kalman, Matthew, San Francisco Chronicle, 21 July 2006.
97 Ibid.; Mearsheimer and Walt, op. cit., p. 309.
98 Hersh, Seymour, ‘Watching Lebanon’, New Yorker, 21 August 2006.
99 Ibid.
100 Zunes, Stephen, in Hovsepian, op. cit., p. 94.
101 Hersh, ‘Watching Lebanon’.
102 Mearsheimer and Walt, op. cit., p. 308.
103 New York Sun, 13 July 2006.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN: The Sixth War

1 Harel, Amos, and Issacharoff, Avi, 34 Days: Israel, Hezbollah and the War in Lebanon, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008, pp. 8-15.
2 Noe, op. cit., p. 371.
3 Shadid, Anthony, Washington Post, 8 October 2006.
4 Noe, op. cit., p. 394.
5 Shadid, op. cit.
6 Shelah, Ofer,Yediot Aharonot, 26 June 2006.
7 ‘Quarterly Update on Conflict and Diplomacy’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 141, Autumn 2006, p. 119.
8 13 July 2006.
9 Al-Safir, 3 and 5 July 2006.
10 Hersh, Seymour, New Yorker, 21 August 2006.
11 See Fishman, Alex, YediotAharouot, 16 July 2006; Haaretz, 30 April 2007.
12 Schiffer, Shimon, Yediot Aharonot, 14 July 2006.
13 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, p. 114.
14 Schiffer, Shimon, Yediot Aharonot, 14 July 2006.
15 I4 July 2006.
16 Cobban, Helen, The Boston Review, November/December 2006.
17 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, pp. 78, 82.
18 Avnery, Uri, ‘Israel’s Self-Delusion after Defeat in Lebanon’, Redress hcformatiou & Analysis, 3 September 2006.
19 Shtrasler, Nehemia, Haaretz, 1 September 2006.
20 Marcus, Yoel, Haaretz, 12 September 2007.
21 Haaretz, 13 July 2006.
22 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, p. 76.
23 Ibid., p. 177.
24 Ibid., p. 84.
25 Maariv, 14 July 2006.
26 Yediot Aharonot, 14 July 2006.
27 Flint, Julie, The Daily Star, Beirut, 24 July 2006.
28 ‘Chronology’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 141, Autumn 2006, p. 213.
29 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, p. 91.
30 Mahnaimi, Uzi, Sunday Times, London, 27 August 2006.
31 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, pp. 96, 107.
32 Ploetzker, Daniel, Yediot Aharonot, 17 July 2006.
33 The Guardian, London, 19 July 2006; Cook, Jonathan, al-Ahram Weekly, 3 — 9 August 2006.
34 The Guardian, 20 July 2006; Maariv, 21 July 2006.
35 Neslen, Arthur, ‘Diary From Tel Aviv‘, Red Pepper, July/August 2006.
36 Middle East Reporter, Beirut, 19 and 22 July 2006.
37 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, p. 98.
38 Inter Press Service, 19 August 2006.
39 Abedin, Mahan, Saudi Debate, 28 July 2006; Associated Press, August 2006.
40 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, p. 104.
41 Kadmon, Sima, Yediot Aharonot, 17 July 2006.
42 See Chapter Twelve, p. 327.
43 Weekly Standard, 24 July 2006.
44 National Review Online, 16 July 2006.
45 www.humanevents.com. 17 July 2006.
46 Wright, Robin, Washington Post, 16 July 2006.
47 Kapeliouk, Amnon, Le Monde Diplomatique, September 2006.
48 Boot, Max, Los Angeles Times, 16 July 2006; CNN Online, 16 July 2006; Yediot Aharonot, 16 December 2006.
49 Zunes, Stephen, in Hovsepian, op. cit., p. 109.
50 See pp. 251-61.
51 Agence France Presse, 17 July; CNN, 23 July 2006.
52 Zunes, Stephen, Foreign Policy in Focus, 22 July 2006.
53 Buchanan, Patrick, The Creators Syndicate, 1 August 2006.
54 Washington Post, 25 July 2006.
55 Gumbel, Andrew, The Independent, London, 15 August 2006.
56 Asia Times, 12 October 2006.
57 Pedatzur, Reuven, Haaretz, 16 August 2006.
58 Avnery, Uri, ‘What the Hell Has Happened to the Army?’, Redress Information & Avalysis, 14 August 2006.
59 Yediot Aharonot, 27 August 2002.
60 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, p. 172.
61 Atzmon, Gilad, Redress Information & Avalysis, 14 August 2006.
62 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, pp. 226, 229, 253-4; Atzmon, op. cit.; Haaretz, 25 August 2006.
63 Crooke, Alistair, and Perry, Mark, ‘Winning the Intelligence War’ and ’Winning the Ground War‘, Asia Times, 12, 13 October 2006.
64 Speech of 14 July.
65 Blanford, Nicholas, ‘Deconstructing Hizbullah’s Surprise Military Prowess‘, Jane’s Intelligence Review, 1 November 2006.
66 Virtually all reports put the total number of Lebanese killed at about 1,180, with at least 180 — Crooke, op. cit. — but probably a good deal more, being combatants.
67 Agence France Presse, 4 August 2006.
68 See, for example, Amnesty International, ‘Israel/Lebanon: Deliberate Destruction or “Collateral Damage”? Israeli Attacks on Civilian Infrastructure‘, 23 August 2006; ‘Israel/Lebanon, “Out of All Proportion — Civilians Bear the Brunt of War”‘, 21 November 2006; BBC News [online], ’The Middle East Crisis: Facts and Figures‘, 31 August 2006; UN Experts’ Report on Special Fact-Finding Mission to Lebanon and Israel, 2 October 2006; Le Monde, 19 August 2006.
69 ‘Chronology’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 141, Autumn 2006, p. 132.
70 Mahnaimi, op. cit.
71 USA Today, 14 September 2006.
72 Blanford, Nicholas, Middle East Reporter, 22 July 2006, The Daily Star, Beirut, 29 July 2006; Crooke, op. cit.
73 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, p. 128.
74 Mahnaimi, op. cit.
75 Crooke, op. cit.
76 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, p. 128.
77 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, p. 233; Crooke, op. cit., Blanford, ‘Deconstructing’; Ben Yishai, Ron, Yediot Aharonot; Rapaport, Amir, Maaviv, 21 July 2006.
78 Avi Pazner, a senior government spokesman, cited in Crooke, op. cit.
79 See Harel, op. cit., pp. 125-43.
80 Mahnaimi, op. cit.
81 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, pp. 128, 135.
82 Ibid., pp. 127, 137.
83 Ibid., p. 138.
84 Ibid., p. 140.
85 Ibid., p. 139.
86 McClatchy Newspapers, 30 July 2006.
87 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, pp. 140-1.
88 Blanford, Deconstructing’.
89 Rapaport, Amir, Maariv, 10 August 2006.
90 Harel, Amos, Haaretz, 1 February 2008.
91 Crooke, op. cit.; Atzmon, op. cit.; Harel, 34 Days, pp. 127-43, 178-80.
92 Harel, 34 Days, p. 143.
93 Ibid., p. 152.
94 Harel, Haaretz, 1 February 2006.
95 The Daily Star, Beirut, 29 July 2006.
96 Fielder, Lucy, al-Ahram Weekly, 20-26 July and 3-9 August 2006.
97 The Daily Star, Beirut, 29 July 2006.
98 Speech, 15 July 2006; interview with al-Jazeera, 20 July 2006.
99 Atwan, Abd al-Bari, al-Quds al-Arabi, London, 8 August 2006.
100 A reference to an Arabian town from which the Jewish population was expelled in the seventh century.
101 Macfarquhar, Neil, New York Times, 7 August 2006.
102 Howeidi, Amira, al-Ahram Weekly, 20 — 26 July 2006.
103 Reuters, 4 August 2006.
104 Rubinstein, Danny, Haaretz, 8 August 2006.
105 Dai Havard, representative for the district of Merthyr Tydfil.
106 Zunes, Stephen, in Hovsepian, op. cit., p. 98; Meyrav Wurmser, Ynet, 16 December 2006.
107 Crooke, op. cit.
108 Mearsheimer and Walt, op. cit., p. 329.
109 Morley, Jefferson, Washington Post, 2 August 2006.
110 See Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, p. 162.
111 Ibid., p. 167; Yediot Aharonot, 31 July 2006.
112 31 July 2006.
113 Cook, Jonathan, ‘Nearly All the War Crimes Were Israel’s‘, Coumterpuncb, 16 August 2007.
114 Ibid.
115 Amnesty International, ‘Israel/Lebanon: Deliberate Destruction’..
116 Human Rights Watch, ‘Fatal Strikes: Israel’s Indiscriminate Attacks Against Civilians in Lebanon’, August 2006.
117 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, pp. 122, 161; Crooke, op. cit.
118 Barnea, Nahum, Yediot Aharonot, 31 July 2006.
119 Margalit, Dan, Maariv, 28 July 2006.
120 Yediot Aharonot, 30 July 2006.
121 Daily Telegraph, 28 July 2006; Levy, Gideon, Haaretz, 10 June 2007.
122 Haaretz, 28 July 2006.
123 Usher, Graham, al-Ahram Weekly, 27 July-2 August 2006.
124 Historically, Israel had never trusted international forces, except the American-backed multi-national force in Sinai, there by virtue of the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty.
125 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, p. 163.
126 Middle East Reporter, 2, 3 August 2006.
127 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, p. 254.
128 Ibid., p. 165.
129 Cited in Cobban, op. cit.
130 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, p. 157.
131 Ibid., pp. 166-7.
132 Ibid., p. 191.
133 Ibid., pp. 183-4, 196.
134 Kaspit, Ben, Maaviv, 10 August 2006.
135 Jerusalem Post, 11 August 2006.
136 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, p. 208.
137 Gilat, Mordechai, Yediot Aharonot, 29 January 2008.
138 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, pp. 229, 252.
139 Rapaport, Amir, Maariv, 10 August 2006.
140 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, pp. 209, 237.
141 Ibid., p. 224.
142 Ibid., p. 231.
143 Ibid., p. 236; Atzmon, op. cit.; Petras, James, The Arab News, 5 September 2006; ‘Quarterly Update of Conflict and Diplomacy’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 141, Autumn 2006, p. 138; Shelah, Ofer, Maariv, 26 August 2008.
144 Mearsheimer and Walt, op. cit., p. 322.
145 Haaretz, 8 September 2006.
146 Human Rights Watch, ‘Flooding South Lebanon: Israel’s Use of Cluster Munitions in Lebanon in July and August 2006’, February 2008.
147 Harel and Issacharoff, 34 Days, p 237.

CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Who Won?

1 See pp. 343-4.
2 www.mideastwire.com, 25 September 2006.
3 See p. 276.
4 www.mideastwire.com, 25 September 2006.
5 Abu Nimah, Hassan, al-Ghad, Amman, 10 August 2006.
6 www.mideastwire.com, 25 September 2006; this is a condensation of his actual, somewhat repetitive, words.
7 Barghouti, Tamim, al-Ahram Weekly, 3 — 9 August 2006.
8 Zibakalam, Sadegh, Bitter Lemons, 12 June 2008.
9 Agence France Presse, 13 August 2006.
10 Barnea, Nahum, Yediot Aharonot, 14 August 2006.
11 Pedatzur, Reuven, Haaretz, 16 August 2006.
12 Blanford, Nicholas, Time, 4 November 2007.
13 www.mideastwire.com, 25 September 2006.
14 Ibid.
15 L’Orient Le Jour, Beirut, 5 September 2006.
16 ‘Hizbullah and the Lebanese Crisis’, International Crisis Group, Middle East Report No. 69, 10 October 2007.
17 L‘Orient Le Jour, 7 November 2006.
18 Middle East Reporter, Beirut, 7 June 2008.
19 Badran, Tony, ‘Lebanon’s Militia Wars’, MERIA Journal, June 2008.
20 Middle East Reporter, 30 April 2007.
21 Yediot Aharonot, 7 November 2007; Middle East Reporter, 1 December 2007; Haaretz, 18 May and 25 November 2008.
22 Yediot Aharonot, 5 August 2008; International Crisis Group, op. cit.; Exum, Andrew, ‘Hizbullah’s “Big Surprise” and the Litani Line’, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 29 August 2007.
23 7 November 2008.
24 Haaretz, 10 February 2008.
25 Exum, op. cit.; Blanford, Nicholas, ‘UN Resolution 1701: A View from Lebanon‘, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 21 October 2008.
26 ‘Quarterly Update on Conflict and Diplomacy’, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 148, Summer 2008, p. 136.
27 Ibid., p. 135.
28 The Guardian, 12 May 2008.
29 Al-Nahar, Beirut, 12 May 2008.
30 Al-Nahar, 19 May 2008.
31 Haaretz, 10, 12 May 2008.
32 See p. 103.
33 Baker, James, Iraq Study Group Report, Vintage Books, New York, 2006, p. 44.
34 Commentary, February 2007.
35 Dr Zvi Sela, a professional psychologist and one-time intelligence chief of the Israeli Prison Service, who spent long hours with Quntar, calls the standard Israeli version of the affair a ‘fairy-tale’. ‘He told me he didn’t do it’ — i.e. smash in the skull of a four-year-old girl — ‘and I believe him.’ According to Sela, it was the Israeli rescue team that accidentally shot both her and her father. Haaretz, 17 April 2009.
36 Jerusalem Post, 18 July 2008.
37 Sfard, Michael, Haaretz, 6 October 2008.

CHAPTER FIFTEEN: Gaza

1 Pedatzur, Reuven, Haaretz, 8 January 2009.
2 Makdisi, Saree, American Task Force on Palestine, 7 January 2009.
3 Ophir, Adi, ZSpace, 9 January 2009.
4 Avnery, Uri, ‘How Many Divisions? The Moral Insanity Behind the Lies and Crimes’, Redress Informatiom & Analysis, 11 January 2009.
5 Harel, Amos, Haaretz, 26 January 2009; Avnery, Uri, Redress Informatiom & Analysis, 1 February 2009; Cook, Jonathan, Redress Informatiom & Analysis, 5 February 2009.
6 Oren, Amir, Haaretz, 5 January 2009.
7 See Ging,John, Director of UNRWA in Gaza, Agence France Presse, 23 January 2009.
8 Sfard, Michael, Haaretz, 6 October 2008.
9 ‘The Gaza War: A Strategic Analysis’, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, cited in The Daily Star, Beirut, 6 February 2009.
10 Washington Post, 30 December 2008.
11 Siboni, Gabriel, ‘Disproportionate Force: Israel’s Concept of Response in Light of the Second Lebanon War’, Insight, No. 74, Institute for National Strategic Studies, 2 October 2008.
12 Washington Post, 14 January 2009.
13 Bonner, Ethan, New York Times, 28 December 2008.
14 al-Shahhal, Nahla, al-Akhbar, Beirut, 6 January 2009.
15 Cook, Jonathan, Redress Informatiom & Analysis, 12 January 2009.
16 BBC News, 29 February 2008.
17 Cook, Jonathan, American Task Force ou Palestine, 21 January 2009.
18 cnn.com/world, New York Times, 9 January 2009.
19 The Guardian, London, 10 January 2009.
20 Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal, The Daily Star, Beirut, 1 January 2009.
21 Eiland, Giora, ‘Who’s the Real Enemy’, Israel Opinion, 24 July 2008; Eiland, Giora, Strategic Assessment, Vol. 11, NO.2, November 2008.
22 See p. 274.
23 Saad-Ghorayeb, The Daily Star, Beirut, 1 January 2009.
24 Haaretz, 1 December 2008.
25 Levy, Gideon, Haaretz, 22 January 2008.
26 Jerusalem Post, 22 January 2009; Washington Post, 25 January 2009.
27 Harel, Amos, and Issacharoff, Avi, Haaretz, 12, 17 January 2009; Levy, Gideon, Haaretz, 15 January 2009.
28 Yaghi, Mohamad, al-Ayyam, Ramallah, 30 January 2009.
29 Levy, Gideon, Haaretz, 20 July 2008.
30 Al-Ahram, Cairo, 20 January 2009.
31 Karon, Tony, Time, 12 February 2009.
32 Amayreh, Khalid, al-Ahram Weekly, 15-21 January 2009; Jerusalem Post, 23 January 2009.
33 Yediot Aharonot, 19 September 2008.
34 Erlanger, Steven, New York Times, 5 January 2009.
35 www.ikhwanonline.com, 28 January 2009.
36 See p. 84.
37 ‘The Gaza War: A Strategic Analysis’, op. cit.
38 Harel, Amos, Haaretz, 6 February 2009; ’Did Israel Commit War Crimes in Gaza?‘, Spiegel International, 26 January 2009.
39 See pp. 62-6.
40 Rokach, op. cit., p. 38.
41 Melman, Yossi, Haaretz, 10 January 2009; Golden, Shai, Haaretz, 21 January 2009; Avnery, Uri, ‘The Boss Has Gone Mad’, Redress Imformatiom & Analysis, 19 January 2009; ’The Gaza War: A Strategic Analysis‘, op. cit.
42 www.syriacomment.com, 2 February 2009.
43 Ibish, Hussein, Chicago Tribune, 25 January 2009.
44 The Financial Times, 23 January 2009.
45 BBC World Service poll, 11 February 2009.
46 O’Loughlin, Toni, The Guardian, 6 January 2009.
47 The ban was subsequently overruled by the Supreme Court.
48 Haaretz, editorial, 23 January 2009; Levy, Gideon, Haaretz, 8 February 2009.
49 Jerusalem Post, May 2006.
50 See, for example, Sternhell, Zeev, Haaretz, April 2009; Shelah, Ofer, Maariv, 13 March 2009.
51 Adiv, Assaf, Challenge, Tel Aviv, 3 February 2009.
52 Levy, Gideon, Haaretz, 24 May 2009.
53 Gabay, Zvi, Israel Hayom, 16 April 2009.
54 Harel, Israel, Haaretz, 21 May 2009; Lord, Amnon, Makor Rishon, 17 July 2009.
55 Cook, Jonathan, www.redress.ee, August 2009.
56 Shlaim, Avi, The Guardian, 7 January 2009.
57 Al-Jazeera television, 1 February 2009.

EPILOGUE: Obaman Peace - Or Seventb War?

1 Haaretz, 29 November 2007.
2 From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948, Institute for Palestine Studies, Beirut, 1971, pp. xxi-xxiv.
3 Foxman Abraham, ‘Beyond Evenhandedness’, Forward Forum, 20 February 2009.
4 Reuters, 11 May 2009.
5 Blanford, Nicholas, www.bitterlemons-international.org, 11 June 2009; Country Reports on Terrorism, US State Department, April 2009.
6 Beeston, Richard and Blanford, Nicholas, The Times, London, 4 August 2009; Harel, Amos, Haaretz, 6 August 2009; Weiss, Mark, Irish Times, 7 August 2009.
7 The Daily Star, Beirut, 3 and 4 August 2009, Middle East Reporter, Beirut, 3 — 7 August 2009.