INTRODUCTION
1 . Richard Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 144–46.
2 . Alana Crawford, Unwise Passions (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), 15–24.
3 . Thomas P. Lowry, The Story the Soldiers Wouldn’t Tell: Sex in the Civil War (Mechanicsburg pa: Stackpole Books, 1994), 93–98.
4 . Allen C. Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President (Grand Rapids MI : Eerdmans, 1999), 10–15.
1. VENEREAL DISEASE TODAY
1 . “Trafficking in Persons,” U.S. State Department Report, June 5, 2002.
2 . Mark H. Beers, ed., The Merck Manual (Whitehouse Station NJ: Merck Research Books, 1999), 1327–33.
3 . Deborah Hayden, Pox: Genius, Madness, and the Mysteries of Syphilis (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 28–43.
4 . Hayden, Pox, 61–62.
5 . Hayden, Pox, 63.
6 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4th ed. (Washington DC : American Psychiatric Association, 1994).
7 . United Nations World Health Organization, http://www3.who.int/whosis/menu.cfm , 2002.
2. WHAT DID LEWIS AND CLARK KNOW?
1 . Bruce S. Thornton, Eros: The Myth of Ancient Greek Sexuality (Boulder CO : Westview, 1997), 53–55.
2 . Claude Quétel, The History of Syphilis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 3.
3 . Quétel, History of Syphilis , 10.
4 . Quétel, History of Syphilis , 11.
5 . Quétel, History of Syphilis , 13.
6 . Quétel, History of Syphilis , 15.
7 . Hayden, Pox, 12–21.
8 . Quétel, History of Syphilis , 36.
9 . Quétel, History of Syphilis , 34.
10 . Quétel, History of Syphilis , 37.
11 . Bruce M. Rothschild, Fernando Luna Calderson, Alfredo Coppa, and Christine Rothschild, “First European Exposure to Syphilis: The Dominican Republic at the Time of Columbian Contact,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 31 (October 2000): 936–41.
12 . Quétel, History of Syphilis , 73.
13 . Donald J. Ortner, Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains (New York: Academic Press, 2003), 273-317.
14 . Quétel, History of Syphilis , 29.
15 . Quétel, History of Syphilis , 23.
16 . Quétel, History of Syphilis , 29.
17 . Quétel, History of Syphilis , 60.
18 . Quétel, History of Syphilis , 13.
19 . Otis Historical [Photographic] Archives, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Washington DC .
20 . National Archives Record Group 153, MM1430.
21 . Hayden, Pox , 30.
22 . Quétel, History of Syphilis , 90.
23 . Jonathan Carver, Travels through the Interior Parts of America ( Dublin, 1779), 365–68, cited in Virgil Vogel, American Indian Medicine (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970), 478.
24 . E. G. Chuinard, Only One Man Died (Fairfield WA : Ye Galleon, 1999), 411.
25 . Gerhard van Swieten, An Account of the Most Common Diseases Incident to Armies, with Method of Cure (Philadelphia: R. Bell, 1776), 93–98.
26 . Donald D. Jackson, “Some Books Carried by Lewis and Clark,” Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society 16 (October 1959): 3–13.
27 . Chuinard, Only One Man Died , 121.
28 . Donald D. Jackson, ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with Related Documents , 2 vols. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), 1:157–61.
29 . Lyman Butterfield, ed., Letters of Benjamin Rush (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1951), 981–82.
30 . Charles B. Greifenstein, Curator of Archives and Manuscripts, College of Physicians of Philadelphia, and Gretchen Worden, Director, The Mutter Museum, Philadelphia, personal communication, 2003.
3. THE FAMOUS SHOPPING LIST
1 . National Archives Record Group 92, Entry 225, Box 56A.
2 . Much of this chapter is based on W. A. Newman Dorland’s The American Illustrated Medical Dictionary , 22nd ed. (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1951), with assistance from Guy Hasegawa, Pharm.D.
4. INDIAN MEDICINE
1 . Vogel, American Indian Medicine , 38.
2 . Vogel, American Indian Medicine , 39.
3 . Vogel, American Indian Medicine , 51.
4 . Vogel, American Indian Medicine , 212.
5 . Vogel, American Indian Medicine , 289.
6 . Vogel, American Indian Medicine , 379.
7 . Vogel, American Indian Medicine , 279.
8 . Vogel, American Indian Medicine , 377.
9 . Vogel, American Indian Medicine , 382.
10 . Vogel, American Indian Medicine , 390.
11 . Vogel, American Indian Medicine , 352.
12 . Vogel, American Indian Medicine , 280.
13 . Everett C. Rhoades, personal communication, 2004.
14 . Vogel, American Indian Medicine , 130–38.
5. THE VOYAGERS SPEAK
1 . Paul R. Cutright, A History of the Lewis and Clark journals (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976).
2 . Raymond D. Burroughs, The Natural History of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1961); Paul R. Cutright, Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989).
3 . Gary E. Moulton, ed., The Definitive Journals of Lewis and Clark , vols. 2–8 (Lincoln NE : Bison Books, 2002), 3: 116, 121.
4 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 3:163.
5 . Jackson, Letters , 2:503.
6 . Jackson, Letters , 2:537.
7 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 3:175.
8 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 3:233.
9 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 3:239.
10 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 3:255.
11 . Jackson, Letters , 2:538.
12 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 3:268.
13 . Jackson, Letters , 2:532.
14 . Jackson, Letters , 2:531.
15 . Robert L. Dickinson, Human Sex Anatomy (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1949), fig. 77.
16 . Clellan S. Ford and Frank Beach, Patterns of Sexual Behavior (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1951), 176.
17 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 3:273.
18 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 3:277.
19 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 3:322.
20 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 3:324.
21 . Jackson, Letters , 2:506.
22 . Jackson, Letters , 2:521.
23 . Carol Lynn MacGregor, ed., The Journals of Patrick Gass (Missoula MT : Mountain, 1997), 85.
24 . Alice B. Kehoe, “The Function of Ceremonial Sexual Intercourse among the Northern Plains Indians,” Plains Anthropologist 15 (1970): 99103.
25 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 4:276.
26 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 4:297.
27 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 4:299.
28 . Thomas P. Lowry, Hyperventilation and Hysteria (Springfield IL : Charles C. Thomas, 1967), 25–28.
29 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 4:301.
30 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 4:303.
31 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 4:309.
32 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 5:109.
33 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 5:118.
34 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 5:121.
35 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 5:121.
36 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 5:122.
37 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 5:120.
38 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 5:215; Stephen E. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage (New York: Touchstone, 1996), 295.
39 . James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark among the Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), 159.
40 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 5:289.
41 . Rick Rubin, Naked against the Rain: The People of the Lower Columbia River, 1770–1830 (Portland: Far Shore, 1999).
42 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 5:367.
43 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:32.
44 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:30.
45 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:65.
46 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:73.
47 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:136.
48 . Jackson, Letters , 2:503.
49 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:142.
50 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:239.
51 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:239.
52 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:330.
53 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:391.
54 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 8:79.
55 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:144.
56 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:434.
57 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:435.
58 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:190.
59 . MacGregor, Gass, 169.
60 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:416.
61 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:418.
62 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 6:418.
63 . Moulton, Definitive Journals , 7:206.
64 . The imprecision of Lewis’s grammatical construction would distress most English teachers: “In common with other savage nations of America they extract their beards but the men do not uniformly extract the hair below. This is more particularly confined to the females” (ibid., 252). Did Lewis mean that the Nez Perce women plucked out their pubic hair or left it undisturbed?
65 . MacGregor, Gass , 170.
66 . MacGregor, Gass , 171.
67 . The Orderly Report , October 2002, 3.
68 . Rudolph Kampmeier, “Venereal Disease in the United States Army,” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 9 (April 1982): 100–110.
69 . Michael P. Musick, personal communication, 2003.
70 . Mary C. Gillett, The Army Medical Department, 1818-1865 Washington DC : Center of Military History, 1987), 3–25.
71 . Karen Carver, Senior Statistician, Patient Care Statistics Team, Indian Health Services, personal communication, 2003.
72 . Larry C. Blackwood, “Repeated Infections with Neisseria Gonor rhoeae in a Population of Alaska Natives,” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 9 (April 1982): 89–92.
6. AFTERMATH
1 . Quétel, History of Syphilis , 164.
2 . Hayden, Pox, 229.
3 . Lowry, Story Soldiers Wouldn’t Tell , 105.
4 . Jackson, Letters , 2:373.
5 . Charles G. Clarke, The Men of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Lincoln NE : Bison Books, 2002), 237.
6 . Ambrose, Undaunted Courage , 160.
7 . Ella E. Clark and Margot Edmonds, Sacagawea of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).
8 . Landon Y. Jones, “Iron Will,” Smithsonian , August 2002, 106–8.
9 . James J. Holmberg, ed., Dear Brother: Letters of William Clark to Jonathan Clark (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 207–32.
10 . Elliott Coues, The History of the Lewis and Clark Expedition , vol. 1 (New York: Francis Harper, 1893), xliv-xlvi.
11 . David L. Chandler, The Jefferson Conspiracies (New York: William Morrow, 1994), 278–301.
12 . Coues, History , xlv.
13 . Ambrose, Undaunted Courage , 21.
14 . Ambrose, Undaunted Courage , 63.
15 . Ambrose, Undaunted Courage , 440.
16 . Holmberg, Dear Brother , 210.
17 . Ambrose, Undaunted Courage , 476.
18 . Mark E. Lender and James K. Martin, Drinking in America (New York: Free Press, 1982), 196.
19 . Ambrose, Undaunted Courage , 31, 436, 460, 471.
20 . Reimert T. Ravenholt, “Triumph Then Despair: The Tragic Death of Meriwether Lewis,” Epidemiology 5 (May 1994): 366–79.