alcoholism, 97–98
army hospitals, venereal diseases in, 83–84
attitudes toward venereal diseases, 1–2 , 16–17
balsam fir, 51
bayberry tree (Myrica cerifera ), 50
bearberry (Arctostaphylus uva ursi ), 51
Biddle, Nicholas, 55–56 , 58 , 62–64 , 90
bipolar disorder, 95–97
blue cardinal flower (Lobelia syphilitica) , 47 , 49 , 50 , 76
Boley, John, 88
books taken on the expedition, 31–32
Bratton, William E., 88
button snakeroot (Liatris psychostachia ), 49
calomel (mercurous chloride), 27 , 31 , 33 , 45 , 80
Cameahwait, 69
Carver, Jonathan, 29
Charbonneau, Toussaint, 68 , 70 , 81 , 92
China root (Smilax tamnoides ), 49 , 51
Chinook Indians: early contact with Europeans, 73 ; sexual practices of, 74–75 , 76 , 78 , 82 ; and venereal disease, 82
Clark, William, life after expedition, 93
Clatsop Indians, 75–78 ; sexual practices of, 78 , 82
clothing, Indian women, 72 , 73 , 77–78 , 80
Collins, John, 88
Columbus, Christopher, 15 , 20–23
Copaiba, 44–45
Coues, Elliott, 56
Cruzatte, Peter, 88
Dame, John, 88
deism, 2–3
Drouillard, George, 88–89
Field, Joseph, 89
Field, Reuben, 89
Flathead (Salish) Indians, 71 , 80
Gass, Patrick, 55 , 57 , 58 , 64 , 66 , 78 , 80 , 81–82 , 87
goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis ), 52
gonorrhea: remedies for, 6 , 44–45 ; remedies for, non-Native, 51–52 ; symptoms of, 5–6 , 79
Goodrich, Silas, 76–77 , 86–87
Griner, Robert and Priscilla, 94
Hall, Hugh, 89
hardhack (Spiraea tomzntosa ), 52
Hidatsa Indians: 60, 64 , 66 ; and venereal disease, 82
Howard, Thomas P., 89 humors, medical theory of, 42–43
Indian pinkroot (Spigelia marilandica ), 48
Indian snakeroot (Artistolochia serpentaria ), 49
Jefferson, Thomas, 2–3 , 30–31 , 86 , 94 , 96
Labiche, François, 89
L’Affecteur, Denys Boyveau, 28
Lewis, Meriwether: death, circumstances surrounding, 93–95 ; death, possible causes of, xiii, xv, 95–101 ; life after expedition, 93–98 ; medical knowledge of, 32
Lobelia. See blue cardinal flower
manaca (Brunsfelsia hopeana ), 50
Mandan Indians, 59–66 , 81 , 82 ; and venereal disease, 63–64
Marias River (Montana), 80
medical instruments, 43–44
medicines, list of, 35–42
mercury, as treatment, 25–27 , 28 , 33 , 45 , 77 , 80
milkweed and silkweed (Asdepius ), 50
Moulton, Gary (Lewis and Clark scholar), 57
Neely, James, 94
Newman, John, 89
Nez Perce Indians, 64 , 70–71 , 72 , 79 ; menstrual customs of, 79 ; and venereal disease, 64 , 82
Ordway, John, 55 , 57 , 61 , 87
Peale, Charles Wilson, 86
Pernier, John, 94
Pomp (Sacagawea’s son), 68 , 81
Potts, John, 89–90
prickly ash (Zanthoxylum americana ), 51
Pryor, Nathaniel H., 87
Queens root (StiUingiasylvatica ), 49
red cedar (Juniperus virginiana ), 49
Reed, Moses, 90
remedies, for non-venereal diseases, 47–98
remedies, Native, 52–53
Robertson, John, 90
Rush, Dr. Benjamin, 32 , 33–34 , 45
Rush’s Bilious Pills, 42 , 45 , 80
Russell, Gilbert C., 93 , 94 , 97
Sacagawea, 81 , 92 ; health of, 66–69
Sanicula marilandia (Spigelia ), 49
sassafras (Sassafras officinalis ), 48–49
Seneca snakeroot (Polygala senega ), 48
sexually transmitted diseases: causes of, 4
Shannon, George, 90
Shields, John, 90
Shoshone Indians, 64 , 67 , 69 , 70 ; sexual practices of, 70 , 82 ; and treatment for venereal disease, 70–71 , 82
Sioux Indians, 58
sumach (Rhus glabra ), 51
sweetgum tree (Liquidambar styraciflua ), 50
syphilis: existence among North American Indians, 23–24 , 29 ; first European appearance of, 17–24 ; geographic origins of, 17–98 ; nonNative remedies for, 12 , 24 , 28 , 30 , 45 , 97 ; remedies for, Native, 49–50 ; symptoms of, 7–12 , 79 , 85 , 99
tetters and morphews, 8 , 50–51
thistle root (Cirsium undulatum ), 51
Thompson, John B., 90
Thwaites, Reuben G., 56
tobacco, 51
tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera ), 49
turpentine, 51
Tuttle, Ebenezer, 90
Vzromca virginiana , 49
Walla Walla Indians, 79
Warfington, Richard, 90
Weiser, Peter, 90
Werner, William, 91
White, Isaac, 91
Whitehouse, Joseph, 55 , 57 , 91
white pine tar, 51
wild geranium (Geranium maculatum ), 51
wild ipecac (Euphorbia ipecacuanha ), 52
Willard, Hamilton, 91
Windsor, Richard, 91
Yerba santa (Eriodictyon californicum ), 50