29. (p. 550.) Civil Rights Congress, We Charge Genocide (New York: 1951).
30. (p. 551.) Claudia Jones, p. 718. Emphasis in the original.
31. (p. 551.) Ibid., p. 719. Emphasis in the original.
32. (p. 552.) Max Weiss, “Toward Clarity on the Negro Question,” Political Affairs, May 1946, p. 461.
33. (p. 552.) Francis Franklin, “The Status of the Negro People in the Black Belt and How to Fight for the Right of Self-Determination,” Political Affairs, May 1946, p. 443.
.34. (p. 553.) Doxey A. Wilkerson, “The Negro and the American Nation,” Political Affairs, July 1946, p. 657. Quote italicized in original.
35. (p. 553.) Stalin, “Concerning the National Question in Yugoslavia,” Works, vol. 7, p. 73.
36. (p. 553.) James S. Allen, “The Negro Question,” Political Affairs, November 1946, pp. 1046-56, and December 1946, pp. 1132-50.
37. (p. 554.) Ibid., p. 1147.
38. (p. 554.) Harry Haywood, “Toward a Program of Agrarian Reforms for the Black Belt,” Political Affairs, September 1946, pp. 855-64, and October 1946, pp. 922-39.
39. (p. 555.) See Nat Ross, “Two Years of the Reconstituted Communist Party in the South,” Political Affairs, October 1947, pp. 923-35, for a description of the liquidationist effects of Browderism in the South and developments since the Party was reconstituted.
40. (p. 556.) Lem Harris, “Toward a Democratic Land Program for the South,” Political Affairs, March 1949, pp. 87-96.
4L (p. 557.) Eugene Dennis, “Concluding Remarks on the Plenum Discussion,” Political Affairs, January 1947, pp. 9-10.
42. (p. 557.) Ibid.
43. (p. 558.) Benjamin J. Davis, “The Negro People’s Liberation Movement,” Political Affairs, September 1948, p. 889.
44. (p. 558.) Robeson had recently become quite unpopular with the government, particularly the State Department, when in Paris he declared that in the case of a U.S. attack on the Soviet Union, Afro-Americans would refuse to fight.
45. (p. 559.) “The Present Situation and the Next Tasks: Resolution of the National Convention of the Communist Party, U.S. A., adopted July 28, 1945,” Political Affairs, September 1945, p. 820.
46. (p. 559.) James W. Ford Section of the Communist Party, Puerto Rican Concentration Section, Section Committee, Sweep Revisionism Out of Our Party! (1958), p. 8. This pamphlet was written by James Keller and will be cited hereafter under his name.
47. (p. 559.) The Smith Act, passed in June 1940, provided long sentences for the crime of “teaching and advocating the overthrow of the United States government by force and violence,” and for conspiring to do this. It also forced the Hitler-like finger-printing and registration of
3,600,000 non-citizen foreign born.
48. (p. 560.) The Daily Worker, November 18, 1946.
49. (p. 561.) Author interview with Jessie Gray, May 1973.
50. (p. 561.) Author interview with Jessie Gray, April 6, 1975.
51. (p. 564.) Goldberg, The Maritime Story, p. 259.
52. (p. 565.) Harry Haywood, Negro Liberation. The revisionist clique quickly let the book go out of print and it remained largely unavailable until it was reprinted (Chicago: Liberator Press, 1976).
53. (p. 567.) Foster was severed from the case on account of Health. Those who did go to trial were Eugene Dennis, general secretary; Henry Winston, organizational secretary; John Williamson, labor secretary; Jack Stachel, education secretary; Robert Thompson, chairman of tHe
New York district; Benjamin Davis, New York City councilman; John Gates, editor of the Daily Worker; Irving Potash of the Fur Workers Union; Gil Green, chairman of the Illinois District; Carl Winter, chairman of the Michigan district; and Gus Hall, chairman of the Ohio district.
54. (p. 567.) Eugene Dennis, “The Fascist Danger and How to Combat It,” Political Affairs, September 1948, p. 806.
55. (p. 567.) William Z. Foster, “Concluding Remarks at the Convention,” Political Affairs, September 1948, p. 830.
56. (p. 567.) Dennis, “The Fascist Danger,” p. 817.
57. (p. 567.) “Draft Resolution for the National Convention,” Political Affairs, June 1948, p. 500.
58. (p. 567.) Dennis, “The Fascist Danger,” p. 800.
59. (p. 568.) Davis, “The Negro People’s Liberation Movement,” p. 889.
60. (p. 568.) Foster, “Concluding Remarks,” p. 829.
61. (p. 569.) Ibid., p. 824.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
1. (p. 570.) See R. Palme Dutt, Britain’s Crisis of Empire (New York: International Publishers, 1950), p. 34.
2. (p. 571.) See Cedric Belfrage, The American Inquisition, 1945-1960 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973) for more on the repressive laws and activities of this period.
3. (p. 571.) The Attorney-General’s list numbered some 160 groups. The House Un-American Activities Committee list ran to 608 relief, defense, fraternal, trade union, educational, veterans’, Negro, women’s and youth organizations. See Foster, History of the Communist Party, p. 508.
4. (p. 573.) Ibid., p. 509.
5. (p. 574.) Earlier expressions of this revisionist theory had appeared in Party publications, for example, James Allen’s “Peaceful Transition,” in People’s World, December 13, 1946. But it was during the trials that this first became the Party’s official line.
6. (p. 575.) Foster, pp. 555-56.
7. (p. 575.) William Z. Foster, “The Party Crisis and the Way Out: Part I,” Political Affairs, December 1957, p. 49.
8. (p. 575.) Foster, History of the Communist Party, pp. 518-19.
9. (p. 586.) James Keller, Sweep Revisionism Out of Our Party, p. 13.
10. (p. 586.) William Z. Foster, “On the Party Situation,” Political Affairs, October 1956, p. 32.
11. (p. 587.) Pettis Perry, “Destroy the Virus of White Chauvinism,” Political Affairs, June 1949, pp. 1-13.
12. (p. 589.) Harry Haywood, “Phony War Against White Chauvinism—1949-51,” unpublished paper.
13. (p. 589.) This was before the rise of Black Power, when “Black” became a term of pride rather than a racial slur. Lloyd Brown exposed the absurdity of this semantic game in “Words and White Chauvinism,” Masses and Mainstream, February 1950, pp. 3-11.
14. (p. 590.) Earl Conrad was the author of Harriet Tubman (New York: Paul S. Eriksson, 1943), and together with Haywood Patterson of Scottsboro Boy (New York: Collier, 1969).
15. (p. 590.) Earl Conrad, Rock Bottom (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1952).
16. (p. 593.) Political Affairs, July 1953, pp. 17-32.
17. (p. 594.) Doxey Wilkerson, “Race, Nation and the Concept ‘Negro,’” Political Affairs, August 1952, p. 15.
18. (p. 595.) Ibid., pp. 14-15.
19. (p. 595.) Harry Haywood, “Further on Race, Nation and the Concept ‘Negro,’ ” Political Affairs, October 1952, p. 49.
20. (p. 597.) Doxey Wilkerson, “The 46th Annual Convention of the NAACP,” Political Affairs, August 1955, p. 1.
21. (p. 597.) See U.S. Bureau of the Census, The Statistical History of the United States from the Colonial Times to the Present (Stamford, Connecticut: Fairfield Publishers, 1965), Series G169-70, p. 168.
Since this post-war rise, the ratio has fluctuated between 50% and 60% as shown by the same source. Part of the dramatic increase during World War II reflected the migration of Blacks from rural and other Southern jobs to unionized industries in the north. It has been pointed out (Harold M. Baron, “The Demand for Black Labor: Historical Notes on the Political Economy of Racism,” Radical America, March-April 1971, p. 29) that Blacks made gains both north and South, reflecting the wartime labor shortage. When this shortage disappeared and Black-labor unity disintegrated, intensified oppression counteracted the effects of continued migrations and there was no further improvement in Black-white income ratios. See Harold M. Baron and Bennett Hymer, “The Negro Worker in the Chicago Job Market, ”in Julius Jacobson (ed.), The Negro and the American Labor Movement (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., Anchor Books, 1968), pp. 240-43.
22. (p. 599.) Benjamin J. Davis, The Negro People on the March (New York: New Century Publishers, 1956), p. 5.
23. (p. 600.) As quoted in the Daily Worker, January 11, 1955.
24. (p. 600.) Charles P. Mann, Stalin's Thought Illuminates Problems of the Negro Freedom Struggle (New York: National Education Department of the CPUSA, 1953), p. 10.
25. (p. 600.) Frederick G. Hastings and Charles P. Mann, “For a Mass Policy in Negro Freedom’s Cause,” Political Affairs, March 1955, pp. 11-12.
26. (p. 601.) The 1955 Asian-African conference, held in Bandung, Indonesia, was the first such conference of third world countries to be held without participation by the imperialist powers.
27. (p. 601.) Pettis Perry, “The Third Annual Convention of the National Negro Labor Council,” Political Affairs, February 1954, p. 2.
28. (p. 602.) Davis, p. 31.
29. (p. 602.) In 1962,1 found out just how sincere Randolph was about building the Black caucus movement. A group of us in Local 17 of the Waiters Union in Los Angeles had brought charges of discrimination against our union secretary and built a caucus. Later we expanded the thing on a citywide basis and brought in some young Blacks from the auto and ship-building industries. After some discussion, we decided that it would strengthen our position to become affiliated with a national organization like the NALC. Randolph, however, staunchly refused our repeated requests for a charter.
30. (p. 602.) Political Affairs, December 1952, p. 10.
31. (p. 603.) National Committee, CPUSA, “The American Way to Jobs, Peace, Democracy (Draft Program of the Communist Party),” Political Affairs, April 1954, p. 15.
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
1. (p. 606.) John Gates, “Time for a Change,” Political Affairs, November 1956, p. 50. The kinship of ideas between Browder and Gates is reflected in Browder’s introduction to Gates’s autobiography, The Story of an American Communist (New York: Thomas Nelson’s, 1958). Browder writes that when “Gates left the communist movement, this reflected not some merely personal revulsion...but was rather a break with the very foundation of communism.” (p. viii.) He credits Gates with having the courage to denounce “their [Marxist-Leninists’—ed.] most sacred dogmas in the columns of The Daily Worker.” (p. ix.) And he concludes that Gates’s book will be welcomed by the young, who, “while they have learned to avoid the mistakes that ruined the communist movement, have by no means lost that eternal questing spirit of youth that in an earlier generation led them to communism, but which today will surely find a more reliable channel.” (p. ix.) Browder clearly sees Gates in his own image, a redeeming force for “American communism.
2. (p. 606.) Though quite unaware of it at the time, I was given some indication of the shape of things to come at a reception I attended at the
Soviet Embassy in 1954. The reception was given by Andrei Vyshinsky, an outstanding Bolshevik and then Soviet Ambassador to the United Nations, in honor of the Thirty-seventh Anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution.
Gwen and I were talking with one of the ambassador’s young assistants. “Do you know what’s going on in our Party—all the rightwing developments?” I asked.
“Oh, don’t worry Comrade Haywood, the Soviets will overtake the U.S. in production and all the world’s problems will be solved!” was his ready reply.
It was all so quick that I really didn’t catch its full significance. Gwen and I were walking out of the embassy when she asked if I had heard what the young man had said, and she repeated his words for me. As I realized much later, this was an early enunciation of the revisionist “three P’s”— peaceful competition, peaceful coexistence and peaceful transition to socialism.
3. (p. 607.) Benjamin Davis, The Negro People on the March, p. 32.
4. (p. 608.) William Z. Foster, “On the Party Situation,” Political Affairs, October 1956, pp. 15-45.
5. (p. 608.) Ibid.
6. (p. 609.) Harry Haywood, For a Revolutionary Position on the Negro Question (Chicago: Liberator Press, 1975), p. 23.
7. (p. 610.) See Proceedings (abridged) of the 16th National Convention of the Communist Party, U.S. A. (New York: New Century Publishers, 1957), p. 47. Hereinafter cited as Proceedings.
8. (p. 613.) James E. Jackson, Jr., “Communist Relations to the Negro People’s Movement,” Sixteenth National Convention Discussion Bulletin No. 2, November 27, 1956, p. 9.
9. (p. 614.) A1 Lannon, Proceedings, p. 121.
10. (p. 615.) Proceedings, p. 108.
11. (p. 615.) Ibid., p. 50.
12. (p. 616.) Ibid., p. 235.
13. (p. 616.) Ibid, p. 236.
14. (p. 616.) The New York Times, May 11, 1957.
15. (p. 616.) Political Affairs, December 1957, pp. 47-61, and January 1958, pp. 49-65.
16. (p. 616.) Ibid., April 1959, pp. 33-43.
17. (p. 616.) Ibid., March 1959, pp. 22-31.
18. (p. 616.) Ibid, p. 31.
19. (p. 617.) New York Times, February 1, 1959, and February 7,1959.
20. (p. 618.) Benjamin Davis, “Let’s Get Going,” New York State Communist Party, Party Voice, April 1958, p. 8. (The Party Voice was an
inner-Party discussion bulletin.)
21. (p. 618.) John Gates, The Story of an American Communist, pp. 188, 193.
22. (p. 619.) Paul Robeson, Here I Stand (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971).
23. (p. 619.) Harry Haywood, For a Revolutionary Position, p. 17.
24. (p. 620.) James Allen, “Some New Data Toward Understanding the Position of Negroes in the U.S. Today,” Discussion Bulletin No. 2, p. 12.
25. (p. 620.) Harry Haywood, For a Revolutionary Position, p. 21.
26. (p. 620.) “Declaration of Communist and Workers Parties of Socialist Countries,” Political Affairs, December 1957, p. 87.
27. (p. 621.) Vanguard, September 1958, p. 4. (Vanguard was the organ of the POC.)
28. (p. 623.) Briggs was able to build a circle around himself in the somewhat liberal atmosphere of the Southern California Party. Social Democrats like Dorothy Healey and others in the Party, who held a position somewhat to the right of the national committee, actively fostered a climate of “letting all flowers bloom.” In reality, they hoped to provide a cover for their own attacks on Marxism-Leninism and their struggles with the Dennis clique.
29. (p. 624.) Because of the many distortions of ultra-leftism, I feel it necessary to give the reader a definition of this phenomenon. The “leftist” form of opportunism, ultra-leftism, covers itself with super-revolutionary rhetoric and phrase mongering, but inevitably leads to isolation from and disdain for the working class and its ability to make revolution. While being left in its form, ultra-leftism is right in its essence, manifesting itself as a tendency to overestimate the degree of class consciousness of the masses, belittling the necessity to prepare the masses lor revolution through the daily struggle for immediate demands. Ultra-Icftism sees the proletariat as capable of making revolution without any allies, through “pure” class struggle.
The class base of this deviation, as Stalin described it, is “newcomers” to the proletariat from the peasantry, petty-bourgeoisie or intelligentsia. Those who “have brought with them into the working class their customs, their habits, their waverings and their vacillations. This stratum constitutes the most favourable soil for all sorts of anarchist, semianarchist and ‘ultra-Left’ groups.” (Stalin, “Once More on the Social-Democratic Deviation in Our Party,” Works, vol. 9, p. 11.)
EPILOGUE
1. (p. 628.) Mao Tsetung, “Statement Calling on the People of the World to Unite to Oppose Racial Discrimination by U.S. Imperialism and Support the American Negroes in their Struggle against Racial Discrimination” (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1964), p. 6.
2. (p. 629.) George Breitman, ed., Malcolm X Speaks (New York: Grove Press, 1965), p. 218.
3. (p. 632.) “Statement by Comrade Mao Tsetung, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, in Support of the Afro-American Struggle against Violent Repression” (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1968), p. 2.
4. (p. 632.) Time, June 6, 1963.
5. (p. 633.) Held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in May 1963, this was the founding conference of the Organization of African Unity (OAU).
6. (p. 634.) James Foreman, The Making of Black Revolutionaries (New York: Macmillan, 1972), pp. 331-37.
7. (p. 635.) Breitman, pp. 14-15.
8. (p. 635.) Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1968), p. vii.
9. (p. 638.) Robert L. Allen, Black Awakening in Capitalist America (Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Co., 1970), p. 72.
10. (p. 639.) Allen, p. 161.
11. (p. 639.) Allen, p. 229.
12. (p. 639.) James Jackson, “On Certain Aspects of Bourgeois Nationalism,” Political Affairs, September 1977, p. 39.
13. (p. 642.) Lenin, “The Discussion on Self-Determination Summed Up,” Collected Works, voi. 22, p. 358.
14. (p. 644.) Mao Tsetung, “Statement in Support of the Afro-American Struggle,” p. 4.
Index
Abbott, Robert S., 106 Abdul Krim, 116,165 Abern, Martin, 133, 183 Abkhaz Autonomous Republic (Abkhazia), 194-95
Abraham Lincoln Brigade, See International Brigades Addams, Jane, 133 Addis Ababa conference, 633, 633n.5 African Blood Brotherhood (ABB), 122-26, 128-31
African Democratic Rally, 579, 581 African National Congress (ANC), 214n, 235-36
Afro-American people, 550, 554, 640-42; and sharecropping, 104, 395-403, 533-34; ghetto bourgeoisie of, 104, 424-29, 637; and the petty bourgeoisie, 105, 421; and the race factor, 323-24, 594-97; bourgeoisie of, 324, 421, 424, 552, 637-39; economic conditions among, 597, 629, 633-34, 641-42. See also Black; Chicago; Garvey movement; Communist Party; Communist International Afro-American self-determination, 332-35; Briggs’s early views on, 124-25,128; and revolution, 264,565-66, 641-42; and secession, 332, 334-36; and autonomy, 334, 552, 554; in post-World War II era, 550, 556. See also Communist Party USA, and Afro-American work; Communist International, and Afro-American question; Haywood, Harry Agricultural Adjustment Act, 446 Agricultural Workers Union, 533 Aitken,George, 475,488,491 Albacete, 473-75, 477, 486 Alexander, Hursel (Harry), 501, 505, 512-13
Alexandrov, 207
Allen, James, 553-54, 574n, 619-20 Allen, Norval, 129 Allen, Ted (Canadian), 485 Allen, Ted (West Virginian), 611, 622
Allman, Police Chief (Chicago), 451, 454
All-Southern Scottsboro Defense Committee, 362 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 389
American Consolidated Trades Council (ACTC), 129-30,439 American exceptionalism, Love-stone’s theory of, 278; and the Comintern, 288-89, 298, 606; Stalin on, 296; and Browder, 419, 531; Foster on new Browderism, 608 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 379, 420, 496 American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), 306-07,459n.8 American Labor Party, 602 American N azi Party, 111 n American Negro Labor Congress (ANLC), 143, 145-46, 164, 188,261, 343
American Peace Mobilization, 496-97 American Railway Union, 86 American Youth Congress, 510 Amis, Ben, 343, 347-48, 352-53,361-63, 374
Amsterdam News, The, 123-24, 393 Amter, Israel, 326,349 Amtorg, 386
Appeasement, 468,488,495-96,515 Aragon, Spain, 478-79 Armstrong, Frank, 443 Armstrong, Louis, 90 Armwood, George, 393n Association for the Study of Negro History, 95 Atlanta Six, 345-46 Austin, J.O., 449 Australian immigration bar, 508
Baker, Rudy, 149, 200, 286, 346 Bandung Conference, 601 Bankhead Bill, 433 Bankole, 154, 157,165,168,191, 281
Barbusse, Henri, 214 Barcelona, Spain, 473 Bass, Charlotta, 577,580 Bassett, Theodore, 492,494, 596 Bates, Ruby, 393,394n Beard, Charles, 208 Beard, Mary, 208
Bedacht, Max, 187,252, 291, 302-03, 305,418
Bell, Tom, 201,292,294 Bender, Ed, 470-71, 474-75, 477, 486, 488
Benedict,Ruth, 95 Bennett, See Petrovsky Bennett, Rose, 172 Bentley, Milo, 399-400 Berger, Victor, 117 Berry, Abner, 494 Bethancourt, Lucille, 622 Bibb, Joseph, 130 Bierobidzhan, 220 Billings, Warren K., 375, 375n Billups, Joe, 438 Birmingham, Alabama, 396,632 Birth of a Nation, The, 93, 93n.5 Bittelman, Alexander, and minority faction, 187, 247-48, 252,258,275, 277; supports Black self-determination, 249,262; and the Comintern, 260, 291-92,297,299; apex theory of, 289 Black Belt nation, and Soviet communists, 218-19, 223, 278-80, 332-38; historical development of, 231-34, 325; population of, 280, 609, 641; not a colony, 322-23, 332, 335; after World War II, 551-54, 566; and land question, 554-55, 629, 641 Hack codes, 6 Hack history, 9-10,550; and Reconstruction, 5-6, 231,400,492, 629, 631; World War I era, 42-43; racist campaigns in, 83-84,92-95; and northern migrations, 84, 87, 95; distortions of, 94-95, 100, 208-09 Hack Legion, 437
Black liberation movement, and armed self-defense, 1, 81-82,632,636; Black-white unity in, 7, 84,249,318-19, 334,338,350-51,381,416,434, 465,632; Birth of a Nation campaign, 93,93n; and Africa, 329-30,632; and the Black united front, 421,431 -33,640; and the international situation, 494,549,629-31, 642; in post-war period, 549-50; intègrationism in, 598; and youth, 629, 633, 636-37, 641-42; and the working class, 630, 640, 643; need for communist leadership of, 631; and ghetto rebellions, 635 Black Muslims, See Nation of Islam Black nationalism, 280,420, 424-30, 434-36; dual character of, 109-11; as trend in Black movement, 112,229, 553; and revolution, 263-66; and separatism, 332, 336-37; Black Power, 636-40 Black Panther Party, 636 Black Power Conference, 631 Black reformism, role in Scottsboro, 375-76, 391-95; and assimilationism, 421; in Ethiopia defense, 449; and corruption of Black leadership in 1950s, 597-98; in the Black Revolt, 629-31. See also National Associa-.ion for the Advancement of Colored People, Communist Party USA and the National Urban League
Black Revolt, 628-31, 639-40 Black soldiers in World War I, 41-42, 50-5.1, 79; mutiny of the 24th Infantry, 43-45,49-50,251; 370th Infantry and the French Army, 54, 56-57,61,63-64, 66-67; relations with the French, 54-55, 60-62, 64-65; and racism of U.S. Army, 54-55, 65-66, 79; veterans and Garveyism, 104 Black Star Steamship Line, 104,111-12
Black workers, 99, 131; and industrial
work force, 86-87, 549; as strikebreakers, 87,108-09, 366; in 1931 miners’ strike, 366-68. See also American Consolidated Trades Council, American Negro Labor Council
Blackman, 579-80
Bioor, Ella Reeve (Mother), 201,
20In, 292, 305 Boas, Franz, 95,101 Bohemians, 15-17 Bollens, John, 438 Bombay, India, 509-10 Bosse, A.G., 316 Boutée, Oliver, 505 Boyce, William, 364 Briggs, Cyril, I25n, 345; in African Blood Brotherhood, 123-28; early views on self-determination, 124-25; and Lovestone, 252,291; on Afro-American work, 317-20; against white chauvinism in CP, 353; expulsion from CP, 492; and readmission, 492n.2; against pro-Japanese movement, 494; against revisionism in CP, 623-24, 623n Brodsky, George, 474 Brodsky, Joseph, 361 Brome, Vincent, 49In Browder, Earl, 250-51,277,331,343, 346-47, 353, 361; at Seventh Convention, 326-27; and Haywood, 382,470,487, 490-91,493,498; at Eighth Convention, 419; and Blacks, 461, 550; at Ninth Convention, 463-64; liquidates position on self-determination, 491,498, 532-35, 543; and Ford, 491-92, 547; Teheran thesis of, 514, 527-28, 530; liquidation of CP, 514-15, 532; and imperialism, 530-31,536-37; expelled, 537n; and Foster, 540-42, 568-69; and Dennis, 557; and Gates, 606n. 1. See also Communist Party USA, Browderism Brown, Earl, 5,98
Brown, George, 202,204, 480 Brown, Lloyd, 589n.l3 Brunete, 480-82,485,488 Buck, Tim, 149
Bugs Club Forum, 101,115,129,129n Bukharin, Nikolai, 185, 245, 259, 278, 496; and Lovestone, 190-91,291; and right opposition, 200-01; on South Africa, 236; and right line, 257-58, 285-87 Bunche, Ralph, 423 Bundy, McGeorge, 638 Bunting, Rebecca, 271-72,272n.30 Bunting, Sidney, 237,239-40,260, 270-71,511 Burgess, John, 100 Burlack, Ann, 345 Burnham, Louis, 584
Campbell, Grace, 123
Camp Hill massacre, 398-400,418,
533
Canada, Communist Party of, 149 Canadian Tribune, The, 485 Cannon, James, 251,258,275,277,283 Capetown, 510-12 Careathers, Ben, 346,447 Carlock, Levon, 409-15 Carr, Joe, 345
Carver, George Washington, 386 Central Intelligence Agency, 307,639 Chalmers, David, 93n.6 Chamberlain, Houston, 94 Chamlee, George W., 361-63 Chang Tso-lin, 156 Charney, George Blake, 603,612,617 Chicago, 1919 race riot, 1-4, 81; economy of, 84-88; Blacks in, 84, 86-88,442; and labor history, 86; radical forums in, 115,117, 130; Black radicals in, 129-31; and unemployed movement, 442-44; police repression in, 443-46; and Red Squad, 445-46,452,458,461, 476; Ethiopia defense movement, 448-57
Chicago Defender, The, 93n,.106, 345, 455-56
Chicago Federation of Labor, 140n, 199, 250,450
Childs, Morris, 200, 445,451,456 China, 463,495, 502, 508, 643-Chou En-lai, 459 Christian Front, 533n.9,560 Church, Bob, 414 ChuTeh, 459 Churchill, Winston, 530 Cl, See Communist International Civil Rights Congress, 550, 572, 600 Clark, Joseph, 612 Coad, Mack, 398 COINTELPRO, 639 Cold war, 570, 583-86 Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners, 383, 389 Communist, The, 316,492 Communist International (Comintern or Cl), 118,125-26,171 n, 267, 35In, 37In, 433; Executive Committee of (ECCI), 183, 246,295, 330, 382,419; Second Congress of, 223; Fourth Congress of, 225; Fifth Congress of, 225-26; and South Africa, 234-39, 245,259-66, 272-75, 277-80, 317,
323, 325, 357; Sixth Congress of,
245, 256-80, 284-86; and international right, 284; International Control Commission of, 295, 307, 313; Presidium of, 300-06; and “third period,” 330-31; on fascism and war, 382, 447; Seventh Congress of, 447-48, 532
—Communist Party USA, 141-42, 370, 373, 382, 606; and factionalism,
246, 282-84, 288-90, 298-99, 305,
317; and American exceptionalism, 278, 288-89, 296-98; and American Commission, 292-98, 304; and miners’ strike (1931), 373
—Afro-American question, 222; at Sixth Congress, 227-28, 259-69, 278-80, 317, 565; subcommittee on
Negro question, 228-34, 260-61, 281, 316, 327, 331, 343; 1928 resolution, 268-69, 279-80, 318,321,327; 1930 resolution, 327,331-38 Communist Party USA, founded, 86; Fourth Convention of, 140-43, 250; farmer-labor party, 140n, 464;
Sixth Convention of, 288-91, 317; and Southern work, 319, 376-77, 380-82, 396-97; and the depression, 325-26,361, 380; Seventh Convention of, 326-27; and electoral politics, 379-80,462-66; Eighth Convention of, 416-34,436; orientation toward Southern work, 432-33; Ninth Convention of, 462-65; and World War II, 496,498-99,534-35; and united front against fascism,
532,646
—Afro-American work, early social-democratic line on, 121, 132, 188, 221-22,226-28,253-54,259, 261 n, 317; and Soviet communists on national question, 134-35,219,223-25, 223n.5; and Comintern resolutions, 268-69,278-80, 331-38; and National Negro Department, 317, 374,491, 558, 587,609; and white chauvinism in the 1930s, 317, 320, 350-58,420,429-30, 435,439; and the labor movement, 318-19, 312-1 A, 549-50; and the struggle for the new line, 320-21, 326, 332; and Black membership, 326, 332, 350, 548; and land question, 335,403,433, 551, 554-56; and united front, 337, 376, 431-33, 608; and Scottsboro, 358-63, 368, 391-95; reformism in, 375-76, 421-29, 431,433,435-36,499, 534, 598-604; concentrates on South, 395; and Eighth Convention, 420-36; petty bourgeois nationalism in, 420, 588-89, 592-94; in Ethiopia defense, 448-57; and National Negro Congress, 457-62; Browderism in, 465, 491-92, 498, 532-36; fight to restore revolutionary line in, 543, 548-59, 565-611, 613-14, 618-19; and modern revisionist attack on self-determination, 551, 556-69, 607, 609, 611; assimilationism in, 551-54, 595, 598-604, 628-29; and NAACP, 558, 568, 597, 599-602, 608; and liquidation of Southern work, 585, 613; and phony war on white chauvinism, 586-94; liquidation 6f revolutionary position on, 598-604, 608-09,611-16,618-20, 624; and liquidation of “left centers,” 600-02; and attacks on Black cadres, 618, 628; and Black Revolt, 637, 639-40
—Early factional struggle, at Fourth Convention, 140-43,187,190,246, 296, 302; and Blacks, 188,248,252-56, 266-68, 303; and Sixth Congress,
245- 52, 258-59, 275-77; Lovestone group claims Cl support in, 246, 282-84; and independent unions,
246- 48, 258-59; and Blacks, 248, 259; and the Foster faction, 249-52; and American exceptionalism, 258-59, 278, 288-89, 296, 298; and Bukharin, 259, 277-78, 285-88; intensifies after Sixth Congress, 281-307; and Lovestone attack on Cl, 298n.l0; and mass campaign against Lovestone, 305-06
—Organization, and membership, 326,463, 535-37; and factory units, 499, 535-36; democratic centralism in, 537, 539,621; and criticism and self-criticism, 587, 592, 626 —Browderism, 464-65, 498-99, 530-37, 548n, 554; and labor work, 499,535-38; and liquidationism, 511, 513-15, 526-27,530,532; and reconstitution, 526-30, 537, 539-41; struggle against, 530, 537-41, 568, 626; and rank and file, 537-39, 537n.l6,541,568; and liquidation of National Negro Congress, 558-59 —Modern revisionism, in leadership, 537-39, 538n, 541, 543, 567-69,
585- 86; at Fourteenth Convention, 539, 541, 566-69; and rightism as the main deviation, 541, 557, 624-25; effect on mass work, 556-59, 567-69, 571, 587, 591, 598; and elections, 556-57, 567; and reformism, 557-59, 567-68, 598-608, 626; liquidationism of, 557-58, 568-69, 585-86, 605; and labor aristocracy, 560, 627; and Wallace campaign, 567,570; and Smith Act Trials, 567n.53, 568, 570-71,573-75, 583-86,626; and “peaceful transition” and anti-monopoly coalition, 569,574-75,608,611-12, 625; and South, 585,613; and FBI,
586- 87,589, 591; and Marxist-Leninists, 598-99,610-11,613-14, 618,621-26; and Democratic Party, 602,608-09; and 1954 Draft Program, 602-03; and Gates faction, 605-07,610-15, 617-18, 620-21; at Sixteenth Convention, 607-18,620-21; and Foster-Gates unity deal, 610; and Foster faction, 610, 612,618, 620; and turning point in Party, 612; and Dennis faction, 612, 617-18,
620; and Twelve Party Declaration, 620; and Seventeenth Convention, 623-24; and detente, 627
Communist Party Opposition Group, 306
Communist Political Association (CPA), 526, 537n.l3, 540, 573, 606 Conference for Progressive Political Action, 140n
Congress for Industrial Organizations (CIO), and the unemployed councils, 375; and World War II, 496; and the NMU, 501; and the Communist Party, 540, 548, 559, 566-60 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 630-33
Connolly, James, 205,205n.7 Connolly, Roderick, 205 Conrad, Earl, 572, 590
Copeman, Fred, 483 Copic, Lt.-Col. Vladimir, 474-78,482, 486-88, 491, 49In Costigan-Wagner Anti-Lynch Bill, 436,460
Costini movement, 427 Coughlin, Father Charles, 437,462, 533, 533n.9, 560
Council on African Affairs, 577, 581, 601-02
Cowl, Margaret, 199,302 Cowley, Malcolm, 389 Crestintern, 17In, 292 Crimea, Autonomous Republic of, 191-92,195-96, 307-10 Crisis, The, See NAACP Croatian national question, 553 Crockett, George, 574 Crow, Neil, 505-06 Crump, “Boss,” 410,412-13 Crusader, The, 122-26, 125n, 345 Crusader News Service, 253 Cruse, Harold, 637 Cuba, 547n. See also Popular Socialist Party
Cunningham, Jock, 477,482,484-88, 491
Curran, Joseph, 561-64, 573 Czechoslovakia, 495
Daily Worker, The, 86, 316, 345, 618; and Scottsboro, 360-62; and Ethiopia, 444, 453; and Harry Haywood, 465, 576-77; and the Gates faction, 605,612,620-21 Dalton, Mary, 345-47 D’Arboussier, Gabriel Marie, 579-81 Darcy, Sam, 133,262,515,540 Darrow, Clarence, 117 Darwin, Charles, 96 Davis, Benjamin, Jr., 436,567n.53, 584; background of, 381,403-06; and Smith Act trial, 535, 573-74; reformism of, 568, 599-602,614,618; attacks right of self-determination, 585, 607-08, 616, 618; as
member of Foster faction, 608, 612, 617
Davis, Benjamin, Sr., 403-04 Davis, John P., 458-59, 495 Davis, Lena (Sherer), 200, 302 Davis, William H. “Kid,” 393 Deacons for Defense and Justice, 632 Debs, Eugene V., 86,138 Delany, Martin, 104n DeLeon, Daniel, 205n.7 Democratic Party, 602 Dengel, Philip, 288, 290 Denmark, 496
Dennis, Eugene, 537-38; and Browder, 537-38, 388n; and Black self-determination, 556-58, 598; and Progressive Party, 567,567n.53; and “mass party,” 605; attacks Party left, 605,607,624; liquidationism of, 613, 617; and Blacks, 618,640 Deportations, 572 DePriest, Oscar, 130, 394,465-66 Dessalines, See Harold Williams Detroit, 437-38 Detroit Times, The, 437 Dewey, Thomas E., 570 Dickson, Thomas, 93 Dill Pickle Club, 115, 129,129n Dimitrov, Georgi, 419, 447-48, 574 Domingo, W.A., 123 Doran, Dave, 377 Dorsey, Herman, 129 Doty, Edward, 117, 122, 129, 131,
140,143
Dougher, Joe, 611, 622 Draper, Theodore, 125n Dreiser, Theodore, 214 Dual unionism, 364,539 Dubinsky, David, 306 Dubois, W.E.B., 56n, 421,423, 584, 601; early writings of, 5, 19, 36; and Black history, 95; and Garvey movement, 111; and LSNR, 393n; and NAACP, 422, 425 Duclos, Jacques, 526-28, 537-38, 540, 579, 606, 612
DumPing, 135,214 Dunkirk, 496 Dunlap, Alexander, 129 Dunne, William, and Comintern, 228, 251,258, 271,275, 277, 331; supports right of self-determination, 261-62; and 1931 miners’ strike, 365-66; expelled from CP, 539,577 Dunning, William Archibald, 94 Duranty, Walter, 388n Dutt, R. Palme, 570
Early, Jim, 117
ECCI, See Communist International Eight-hour day movement, 86 Eisler, Gerhart, 285, 571 Ellington, Duke, 511 Emancipator, The, 123 Encina, Dioniso, 315 Engdahl, J. Louis, 185, 287, 392n.2 Engels, Friedrich, 117,119, 209 Ercoli, See Togliatti, Palmiro Eritrea, 448
Ethiopia, 416,448-49,459-60,463, 495
Ethiopia defense movement, 448-57, 468n.3,476,501
Ethiopia, Joint Committee for the Defense of, 448,450 Evers, Medgar, 633 Ewart, 285, 371-72, 371n
Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC), 499, 501 Falls, Arthur G., 450,457 Farmer, Jim, See Mahoney Farmers’ National Committee of Action, 379
Farmers’ National Relief Conference, 401
Farmers Union of Alabama, 533, 533n.8
Fascism, 447; and threat of war, 382, 419, 456,462; danger of in U.S. (1935), 446-47,533n.9; and Spanish Civil War, 468; and Afro-Americans, 468-69
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 148, 571,586, 591-92, 639 Federal Relief Crop Reduction Program, 397 Finland, 496 Finot, Jean, 101 Firestone, Henry, 423, 429 Fletcher, Ben, 146 Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 585 Fokin, 260
Ford, James, 188,418, 547; on ANLC, 146; at Sixth Congress, 228, 253,260, 317; on self-determination, 262-65, 267, 498, 535; at Fifth RILU Congress, 328, 329, 331; as vice-presidential candidate, 380,464; and Scottsboro, 393; and Haywood, 442,491-94, 544, 577; and the National Negro Congress, 460; falls from leadership, 535n.l2 Ford Foundation, 631,638 Forshay, 407-15 Fort Pillow massacre, 21n Fort-Whiteman, Lovett, 126,139, 143-48,164,226,253, 261 Foster, A. L., 457
Foster, William Z., 418,466,542,547-48, 585; and labor work, 131, 143n.l6,247-50,249n, 365,371; and Afro-American question, 248-49,262,592-93,596,616; and struggle with Lovestone, 258, 275, 277,290,292,295, 305; jailed, 326, 349; as Party presidential candidate, 380,397; at Ninth Convention, 463; in struggle against Browder, 513-15, 528-30,539-43; against modern revisionism, 537n.l6,538n, 567n.53, 585-86,568-69,608,610,616; and pragmatism, 540; and liberals, 542; and role of Party, 542; on peaceful transition, 542,575,608; and the “left danger,” 568-69,616; on CP in cold war, 586; and Hungary, 607; and Sixteenth Convention, 608, 610,
613-14,616; and Chairman Mao Tsetung, 616-17 Fox, Ralph, 203,203n.4 France, 468,495-96,
515
France, Communist Party of, 284, 470,473,526-28, 570-81 Franco, Francisco, 181,479,483 Franklin, Francis, 492, 551-52 Free Thought Society, 130 Freedom, 584,601 Freiheit, Die, 410 French syndicalism, 250 Friends of the Soviet Union, 214-16, 510
Gal, General, 474-75,477, 487,488, 491,491n Ganley, Nat, 438
Gannett, Betty, 558. 585-86, 595-96, 603
Garland, Walter, 480-81 Garner, John Nance, 394 Garvey, Marcus, 101-02,105,
111
Garvey Movement, 223,233,425,429; beginnings of, 102; and self-determination, 103; social base of, 103-05; attacked by The Chicago Defender, 106; contradictory class character of, 110-12; left opposition to, 127-28; a utopian trend, 269, 336; a source of recruits to CP, 326,442; Harlem, roots of, 350; and Sixties’ nationalism, 637
Gastonia Strike, 317-19, 376-77 Gates, John, at Fourteenth Convention, 567n.l3, 576-77; faction of 605-07,610-15,617-18,620-21; and Browder, 606n.l; resignation of, 620-21
Gates, Lil, 596, 603 Gebert, Bill, 578, 580,582 George, Harrison, 537n.l6, 538-39,
543
Germany, 463, 515-16
Germany, Communist Party of, 150, 284-85, 37In Getto, Adam, 367-70 Ghadr Party, 162-63 Gibson, Lydia, 117,131,139,140 Gitlow, Benjamin, 187,252-53,291, 293, 301-05
Gladstein, Richard, 574 Gobineau, Count Arthur D., 94 Gold Coast (Ghana), 281 Golden, 154,164,186,190, 251, 386 Golden, Jane, 153-55,217 Goldstein, Rabbi Benjamin, 389 Goldway, David, 596 Gomez, Manny, 133, 258,277 Granger, Lester, 460 Grant, Cutt, 365-70 Grant, Madison, 94 Gray, Abe, 443 Gray, Eula, 417 Gray, Jesse, 559-60, 563 Gray, John, 444 Gray, Ralph, 398-99,417 Gray, Tom, 398,418,401-02 Great Britain, foreign policy of, 468, 495-96,515-16
Great Britain, Communist Party of, 272-75,284 Green, See Gusev Green, Gil, 133, 567n.53,575,605 Green, William, 379 Griffith, D. W„ 93 Gross, Diana, 443 Guernica, 468 Guillen, Nicolas, 478 Gumede, Joshua, 214-16, 236 Gusev, S. I., (Green), 141,292,294, 298
Halff, Max, 164 Hall, Becky, 623 Hall, David (nephew of Harry Haywood), 344 Hall, Ekaterina (wife of Harry Haywood), 172-73, 310-11, 338-40,
382,387-90,524
Hall, Eppa (sister of Harry Haywood), 140 17t "144 389
Hall,Gus’ 567n.53, 575,583,605,640 Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo, 604, 606n, 611,618,622-23 Hall, Harriet (mother of Harry Haywood), 5,173
Hall, Haywood (father of Harry Haywood), 5,6, 8,21,348-49 Hall, Haywood (grandfather of Harry Haywood), 7
Hall, Haywood (son of Harry Haywood), 623
Hall, Col. Haywood (plantation owner), 6-7
Hall, Otto, in youth, 5,25-29,79; early years in movement, 98,117, 121-22,140; in Soviet Union, 143, 153,165, 168,173,185,189-90, 194-95, 216; at Sixth Congress, 228-29, 260, 262-66; leaves SU,
281; elected to Central Committee, 291; and mass work, 319, 380,406; as delegate LSNR convention, 345, 347-49
Halley’s Comet, 31-33 Hamilton, Chico, 578 Hammersmark, Sam, 117 Hammett, Dashiell, 576 Harlem, 350,549 Harlem Liberator, The, 436 Harper, Lucius, 345 Harper, Sol, 360-61 Harris, Abraham, 139 Harris, Charles, 402 Harris, Emma, 165-67 Harris, Lem, 401 Harrison, Hazel, 149 Hart, Ozzie, 459 Harvey, John, 132-33 Hathaway, Clarence, at Lenin School, 201,228,252,261; in Detroit, 344-46; editor Daily World, 353-55,397; at Eighth Convention, 418 Havana, 545-48
Hawkins, Ike, 328-29, 365 Hayes-Tilden agreement, 5,231 Haymarket riot, 86 Haywood, Big Bill, 155,170-72 Haywood, Harry, birth of, 5; family of, 6-14,20-21,24-27; first jobs of, 37-38,88,91; joins Army, 41; joins Black postal worker discussion group, 99-117; joins YCL, 132; joins CPUS A, 138; chosen for Lenin School, 189; develops view of Black nation, 218-22, 229-34,259-69; head of National Negro Dept., 374; report to Eighth Convention, 420-34; placed on Politburo, 434; becomes LSNR secretary, 436; on Chicago’s South-side, 446; speaks at Ninth Convention, 465; serves in Spain, 467-89, 543-45; slander campaign against, 490-91; 1938 article pirated, 492; removed from Politburo and Central Committee, 493; joins merchant marine and NMU, 500-526; writes Negro Liberation, 544-45, 554, 565-66, 565n; and sabotage of Negro Liberation sequel, 576, 580-84; and phony war on white chauvinism, 592; critiques Wilkerson, 595-96; writes For a Revolutionary Position on the Negro Question, 609, 619-20; joins left forces in CP, 611; at Sixteenth Convention, 614-15; joins POC, 622-23; and Seventeenth Convention, 624; expelled from CP, 624
Healey, Dorothy, 623n Hearst Press, boycott of, 460 Henry, John, 291 Henry, Sgt. Vida, 44 Henry, William, 474 Herbert, Phil, 133 Herndon, Angelo, at LSNR convention, 363; framed up, 380-82, 403-06; and defense movement, 420, 432,459-60 Herndon, Milton, 469
Herodotus, 101 Herrick, Red, 505, 507, 512-13 Hershovitz, Melville, 95 Hervé, 579 Hirohito, 462
Hitler, Adolph, 416,462-63,468,482, 495-96,498 Holiday, Billie, 525 Hollywood Ten, The, 571 Holmes, Tim, 459 Hong Kong Massacre of 1926,163 Hoover, Herbert, 344, 379 Horne, Lena, 578 Houphouet-Boigny, Felix, 579-81 Hourihan, Martin, 476,481 Houston, Marie, 281, 300,312-14 Houston, Texas, 49 Howard, Joe, 395 Howard, Milton, 453 Howe, Louis, 394 Hudson, Hosea, 395 Hudson, Reverend, 381 Hudson, Roy, 501 Hughes, Langston, 342, 418; in Moscow, 384n, 383-85; and LSNR, 436; in Spain, 478 Huiswood, Hermie (Dymont), 470, 583
Huiswood, Otto, 253, 291-92, 305, 345; and ANLC, 145; in the Soviet Union, 147,225; joins Central Committee, 189; and Afro-American question, 321-25; in Paris, 470; in Amsterdam, 583 Huk guerrillas, 526 Humbert-Droz, Jules, 260, 285 Hunger marches, 379 Hunter, Oscar, 469 Hunton, Dr. Alpheus, 601
Ibárruri, Dolores (La Pasionaria),
469,478-79,478n
ILD, See International Labor Defense Independent Non-Partisan League,
130
India, Communist Party of, 509-10
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 86, 146,172-73,205n.8, 539 Ingersoll, Robert G., 96 Ingram, Rosalee, 550 Innis, Roy, 637
International Brigades, Abraham Lincoln Battalion, 468,473,483,486, 488; Washington Battalion, 468,474, 480-84,488; and Ethiopia,
468n.3; Garibaldi Brigade, 473; Thaelmann Brigade, 473, 491; structure and leadership of, 473-74,477, 479; and propaganda work, 479-80; British Battalion, 480-83,485,488; Dimitrov Battalion, 483,488; Franco-Belgian Battalion, 483,488; Spanish Battalion, 483,488; and the NMU, 501
International Labor Defense (ILD), 316, 377, 389,534, 548; and Richard B. Moore, 189, 253; and the Yokinen trial, 357; and Scottsboro, 360-62, 391-94, 392n,2; and the Herndon case, 381-82, 405-07; and the Victory case, 437; Chicago branch, 445,448; liquidated, 550
International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers, 328-30, 429n.l4, 470
International Workers Order (IWO), 407,409-10 Ireland, 205-06
Ireland, Communist Party of, 205, 205n.9
Irish revolutionaries in Moscow, 205-06
Irish Workers League, 205 Isabel, Alonzo, 129,140, 320 Israel, Boris, 407-11,415 Isserman, Abraham, 574 Italian anti-fascist groups, 448 Italian imperialism, 448 Italy, Communist Party of, 473-74 Ivory Coast Republic, 579 IWW, See Industrial Workers of the World
Jackson, James, and the right of self-determination, 598-600,613,618-19; on national liberation movements, 599,639; at Sixteenth Convention, 612-13; attacks militant Blacks in CP, 618,624; and reformist program, 623-24 Jacobins, 176n.l James, Cliff, 399-400 James, Jesse, 11
Japanese imperialism, 416,428, 502; and U.S. Blacks, 429n.l4,494; and China, 508; and Burma, 509 Jarama, Battle of, 474-77,491 Jefferson School, 565,577,590-91, 594,596
Jeffries, Herbert, 506,511-12 Jeffries, Howard, 511 Jerome, V.J., 492,537 Jim Crow laws, 54-57,73,75,555 Jobs for Negroes movement, 427,430 Johnson, Maj. Allan, 475,477,487-88 Johnson, Hank, 458 Johnson, Jack, 19 Johnson, Dr. Mordecai, 600 Johnson, Tom, 362,463 J ohnstone, Sir Harry, 101 Johnstone, Jack, 131,187, 250, 258, 275, 277, 365
Jones, Claudia, 543, 550-51, 585
Jones, Jack, 129n
Journal of Negro History, 95
Kadalie, Clements, 235
Kamenev, 184,202n
Kaplan, Nat, 133
Katayama, Sen, 185,219,223
Katz, Arthur, 583
Kaye, Sam, 484
Kazakhstan, 191
Keller, James, 611,622
Kellogg Peace Pact, 448
Kelly, Mayor 449-51,454,460,465-66
Kcmal Pasha, 165
Kennedy Institute of Politics, 638
Kennedy, John F., 632-34
Kerner Report, 635 Khrushchev, Nikita, 49 In, 606 Kilpatrick, Admiral, 622 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 631, 633-34, 636
Kingston, Steve, 349 Kitarov, 292
Klaus, Col. Hans, 475,488,491 Klineburg, Otto, 95 Knox, Col. Frank, 462 Kohn, Felix, 313-14 Kolarov, 292,294-95 Korean War, 579-80,584 Kouyate, 329 Kroll, June, 164
Krumbein, Charles, 199,286,543-44 Kruse, William, 201,320 Ku Klux Klan, 359,405,437,632; first organized, 7; in twenties, 93,93n.6; and Nation of Islam, 11 In; supports Garveyism, 111; and Gastonia, 318 Kun, Bela, 185,198,207,292,294 Kursanova, 202,286,311,314 KUTVA, 154-57,311; Stalin on, 157n.3 students at, 162-64,281, 300, 312, 328, 332,386,509; struggle against Trotskyism, 182,184 Kuusinen, Ottomar, 260,268, 275n.
36, 327; and national question, 331-33,272-75; at American Commission of Cl, 292,298-99; at 12th Plenum ofECCI, 382-83
Labor aristocracy, 88, 459n.8, 625-27, 630
Labor Defender, The, 316,415 Labor Unity, 316 LaFollette, Robert, Jr., 574 LaFollette, Robert, Sr., 140n La Guma, James, 235-37,239-40, 270-71
Lampkin, Daisy, 414 Landis, Arthur, 49 In Landon, Alfred M., 462,464,466 Lannon, Al, and NMU, 501, 518; and Smith Act indictment, 585; and left
caucus, 611,618; at Sixteenth Convention, 614; and POC, 622 Largo Caballero, 476-78 Law, Oliver, 445,451-53,469,476, 483,486
Lawrence, Bill, 470-71,474-75,477, 486,488,492 Lawrence, Josh, 501,603 Larkin, James, (Big Jim) Sr., 204 Larkin, James, Jr., 205 League Against Imperialism, 236,329 League Against War and Fascism, 448 League of Revolutionary Black Workers, 640
League of Struggle for Negro Rights (LSNR), Bill of Rights of, 342, 393; founding of, 343, 346-47; New York branch, 350,356; and white chauvinism, 352; and Scottsboro, 362; anti-lynching campaign of,
393n; in Memphis, 412, 414; campaign to rebuild, 434,436; and Victory case, 436-39; summed up,439 Lee, Euel, 393n Lee, Robert E„ 414 Leibowitz, Samuel, 392 Leighton, Kenny, 578 Lenin, V.I., State and Revolution,
119; and NEP, 177-78; and struggle against Trotsky, 179,179n.7-8;
April Theses of, 202n; on agrarian question, 209-12; on national question, 211-12,219,223, 266, 322; on Afro-American question, 219, 223-25,223n.5, 224-25 Lenin School, 189, 310-11, 315, 327, 344; students, 198,332,475,482,611; and struggle against Lovestone, 201, 292, 300, 302, 307; and struggle in CPSU, 286; cleansings at, 312-14 Leningrad, Battle of, 516, 519 Lenke, William, 462 Lewis, Belle, 497, 525-28, 545, 571,
576,579, 586,590-94 Lewis, John, 634 Lewis, John L., 364
Liberator, The, 343, 347,356,406,436 Liberia, 428-29 Liberian-American Plan, 428 Lightfoot, Claude, 444-45, 447, 452, 458, 583
Linton, William C., 130 Lominadze, 266, 276-77 Long, Huey, 437 Longo, Luigi, 473-74 Lovestone, Jay, 187,260,262, 302, 309, 316, 541; and Afro-American question, 188-90, 231,255-56, 261, 264, 268, 291-92, 321; an inveterate factionalism 190, 200,252,283-84, 286, 306; and the Cl, 200-01,283-84, 289-306; and the Sixth World Congress, 275-77; and Bukharin,
278, 291; defeat of, 306-09. See also American exceptionalism; CPUS A, Early factional struggle Lovett, Robert Morse, 457 Lozovsky, A., 274,276,292,293-95, 330-31
Lumpkin, Pat, 603,622 Lutz, Fred, 478 Luxemburg, Rosa, 203 Lynching, 343, 359-60,362,393n, 420, 432,435-36,460,550,554
Mabley, Joe, 100 MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, 526 McCabe, Louis, 574 McCarran Act, 584 MacCaulay, Frank, 329 McClain, Helen, 328-29 McClaran, Hazel, 389-90 MacCloud, 155,168 McCormick, Mrs. Cyrus, 423 MacDonald, Jim, 149 MacDonald, Ramsay, 329 Maceo, Antonio, 546 McGohey, Francis, 574 McGrotty, Eamon, 474 McKay, Claude, 84,145, 225 McKissick, Floyd, 637 MacNeal, A.C., 130
Miidden, Martin, 98n Madrid, Spain, 475,483,487-88 Mnhoney (Jim Farmer), 165, 168, 253, 260,281
Malcolm X, 11 ln, 629,633-34 Manasseh, 37, 37n
Mann, Charles T., See James Jackson Munuilsky, and national question,
212,266,272; at Sixth Congress,
260, 272n.30, 274, 292, 304 Mao Tsetung, 459, 616-17,628, 632, 636,644
Marine Workers Industrial Union,
500
Marshall Plan, 566 Martinsville Seven, 550 Marty, André, 473,477 Marx, Karl, 117,209 Mason, Lee, 444 M ates, Dave, 470-71,474,486 Maurer, George, 392 May Day, 86, 326 Ma/,ut, Bob, 134,219,226 Mead, Margaret, 95 Meany, George, 307 Medina, Judge Harold, 574 Melanesians, 503 Mella, Antonio, 214 Meltz, Valeria, 133 Memorial Day Massacre, 494 Memphis World, The, 413-15 Mencken, H.L., 96-97 Merriman, Capt., 474,'480,488 Messenger, The, 123-25 Mexico, Communist Party of, 314-15 Mezhrabpom, 383-85 Midlo, Gwendolyn, See Hall, Gwendolyn (Midlo)
Mikhailov, (Williams), 260,292,305, 331-32
Miller, Loren, 383 Miller, William, 293 Mills, Mike, 452-53,458 Miners’ strikes, 364-74,379,497 Mingulin, L, 331 Mink, George, 501
Minor, Robert, in Southside Chicago, 117,131,138-40; in the Soviet Union, 185, 228, 382; as Love-stone caretaker, 305; arrested in unemployed demonstration, 326; as leader of CPUSA, 343, 361-62, 543-44; at Eighth Convention, 418; and Spanish Civil War, 469,478,487-88 Mintz.I., 209-12 Mirkovicz, Mirko, 486 Mitchell, Thomas, 356 Molotov, V.M., 286,292,297-98 Montgomery, Olen, 358 Montgomery Bus Boycott, 630-31 Montgomery Ward, 90 Moon, Henry, 383, 384n Mooney, Tom, 375,375n Moore, Richard B., 253, 345,355-56, 436; and Briggs, 123; and CP, 126, 492,492n.2; as mass leader, 127,145, 189, 368
Moreau, Alberto, 349,597 Morgan, Henry Lewis, 98, 116 Morris, Leslie, 202 Moscow, Battle of, 516 Mueller, Max, 101 Muhammad, Elijah, llln, 598 Muhammad Speaks (Bilalian News), 102
Mulzac, Hugh, 505 Murphy, 274
Murphy, Al, 395,401,418,447 Murphy, Arthur, 328 Murray, Sean, 205,205n.9,208,418 Murmansk run, 519-25 Murray, Philip, 559 Mussolini, Benito, 416,449-50,452, 454,462,468,482 Myers, Blackie, 564 Myerscough, Tom, 293-95, 365
Nada, 165, 509-10
Nasanov, 204n.7; and Haywood, 234-35; at Sixth Congress, 260,264-65, 270; in Negro Subcommission of Cl Colonial Commission, 281, 310-11,
316-17, 321-22, 327, 332 Nathan, George, 482,486,488,491 Nation of Islam, 102,11 In, 599,636-37
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the mutiny of the 24th Infantry, 43,45n; and campaign against Birth Of A Nation, 93n; and Garvey, 105; a reformist and assimilationist trend, 113, 422-23,423n.8, 425-26,436, 439; in Scottsboro defense, 359-61, 375-76, 391-94, 424; and the ILD, 391-95, 414; and Ethiopia, 460; and CPUSA, 499, 558-59, 597-602; and the Black Revolt, 630-34. See also Black reformism National Bonus March, 380 National Industrial Recovery Act, 416,446
National Maritime Union (NMU), origins of, 500-01; Blacks in, 501, 505, 560-61; communists in, 501, 505,561; and racketeering, 505,507-08,512-13,518-19; and anticommunist campaign, 559-64,572-73
National Miners Union (NMU), 320, 364-74, 379
National Negro Congress (NNC), founding and program of, 457-62; against imperialism and fascism,
468,496; third convention of, 494-95; liquidated, 557-58 National Negro Labor Councils (NNLC), 549-50,601 National question, See Lenin, V. I.; Stalin, J.V.; Haywood, Harry; Afro-American self-determination; Soviet Union, Communist Party of, and nationalities policy of National Relief Conference, 379 National Textile Workers Union (TUEL), 317-18, 377 National Union for Social Justice,
533n.9
Nationalist Movement for a Forty-ninth State, 426
Needle Trades Workers Industrial Union, 319-20, 351 Negrin, Juan, 181 Negro Alliance, 427 Negro American Labor Council (NALC), 602
Negro Champion, The, 145 Negro Factories Corporation, 111 Negro Worker, The, 329, 384 Nelson, Steve, 478,486,488,491, 544, 585,612
Neruda, Pablo, 467
New Deal, 416,419,446-47,462
New Masses, The, 407
New Negro movement, 123-26,130
New Orleans Youth Conference, 555
Newton, Herbert, 281, 300, 345,444
Niagara movement, 423
Nixon, Richard, 639
Noral, Alex, 292,305
Nordau, Max, 96
Norris, Clarence, 358
North, Joseph, 580
Norwegian Sea, 520, 524
Nowell, William O., 431,43 In. 17
Nzula, Albert, 198, 329, 383
Odd Fellows, 403 Oliver, King, 90 Omaha, Nebraska, 15 O’Neil, John, 443 Ovington, Mary White, 423 Owen, Chandler, 123 Owens, Gordon, 129
Pacific Movement for the Eastern World, 428,430 Padmore, George, 328n; and International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers, 328-29, 331; anti-communism of, 384, 429; and Pan-Africanism, 429n,14 Page, Delia, 445
I’ll ige, Thomas, 443 Pun-Africanism, 428,429n.l4 Paris Commune of 1871, veterans of, 330
I’urker, George Wells, 100-01 Patterson, Haywood, 358, 391-92, 394n, 572
Patterson, Jane, 393 Patterson, Leonard, 198 Patterson, Lloyd, 385, 524 Patterson, Louise Thompson, 383, 384n
Patterson, William, at KUTVA, 253,
313; and the international communist movement, 267, 281,
300, 329, 331; andTLD, 389, 392n.2, 413; and Scottsboro, 392-94, 571-72; and Civil Rights Congress, 550, 571-72,586; and Paul Robeson, 564; and sabotage of sequel to Negro Liberation, 581-83 Peace Movement to Liberia, 426-27 Pearl Harbor, 502 People’s World, The, 538 Pepper, John, 187,290, 299,307; on the Afro-American question, 226,
26In, 262, 266-68, 557; and the Comintern, 261, 275-77, 283-84; factional activities of, 295 Perry, Pettis, in Los Angeles, 498, 500; liquidationism of, 558,586; in Afro-American work, 576,587-88, 592, 603; and sabotage of sequel to Negro Liberation, 583; as caretaker leadership in 1950s, 585-86 Peters, J., 349
Petrovsky, M. (Bennett), 172, 234, 260-61, 273-75 Phalanx Forum, 98-100 Philippines, 525-26 Phillips, H.V., 253, 261, 307; in YCL, 129,132; organizing ANLC congress, 143, 145; at the Lenin School, 198
Plantation system, 554 Poindexter, David, 445,451
Poland, 495,497, 516 Political Affairs, 556,595-96,617 Pollitt, Harry, 288, 290 Pollitt, Margaret, 202 Polynesians, 503 Popular Socialist Party (of Cuba), 546-48
Populist movement, 6 Poston, Ted, 383,384n Potash, Irving, 567n.53 Powell, Ozie, 358 Powers, M.H., 345 Profintern, See Red International of Labor Unions (RILU)
Progressive Party, 555, 567, 570 Provisional Organizing Committee for a Communist Party (POC), 619, 622
Puerto Rico, 612 Pullman Strike of 1894, 86 Puro, Henry, 382
Quill, Mike, 563
Rabinowitz, Jake, 517 Radek, Karl, 203-04 Railroad Strike of 1877, 86 Rakovsky, 212
Randolph, A. Philip, 423,459n.8,533; and New Negro movement, 123; and National Negro Congress, 458-60; and Communist Party, 499; and 1960s Revolt, 602,634-35 Rationalization, capitalist, 316,318 Ray, Tom, 501 Raymond, Harry, 326 Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 416
Red International of Labor Unions (RILU or Profintern), 17In, 252, , 328, 330; Fourth Congress of, 246, 283, 330; Fifth Congress of, 328, 330-31,365 Redpath, Robert, 98 Reed, John, 151,223,225 Reeves, Carl, 164,201
Reichman, Ben, 117 Reichstag Fire Trial, 419,448, 575 Reid, G., 329 Reiss, Mania, 300 Remmele, 259-60, 274 Renner, Otto, 275 Republic Steel massacre, 44, 445 Reuther, Walter, 559 Roberson, Willie, 358 Roberts, Col. T.A., 56, 56n Robeson, Paul, and Wallace campaign, 558; and Black united front, 558, 558n.44, 601; and Harry Haywood, 564-65, 576, 581, 584; and Here I Stand, 619 Robespierre, 176n.l Robinson, Robert, 339-40 Roca, Bias, 547-48, 547n Roddy, Stephen, 359 Rogan, Johnny, 501 Rogers, J.A., 95 Román, Armando, 611,621-22 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 45n, 394, 416, 419,446-47,462-66,499,526, 530 Rosenberg, Ethel, 584 Rosenberg, Julius, 584 Ross, Nat, 395,406-07 Roux, Edward, 271, 511 Roy, M.N., 163 Rubin, Harry, 518-19 Rudas, Ladislaus, 207-08 Rudd, Wayland, 385 Russian Revolution, 118-19, 161, 210; impact on U.S. Blacks, 119-20, 125-26; and British workers and sailors, 202
Rust, William, 204 Rustin, Bayard, 635 Ruthenberg, Charles, 184-87 Ruthenberg faction, 141, 303 Ryan, Frank, 480, 563 Rykov, 202n, 245, 285-86
Sacher, Harry, 573-74 Saint-Just, 176n.l Sakorov, 162-63, 509
Salzman, Max, 201 Sampson, Edith, 457, 597 San Martin, Grau, 546-47 Sandburg, Carl, 85 Save the Union Committee, 364 Schechter, Amy, 377 Schneider, Isadore, 493 Schuyler, George, 97 Schwab, Irving, 361, 405 Scottsboro Boys, 356, 358-63, 420, 458-59
Scottsboro Defense Campaign, at Pricedale mine, 368; and CP, 374-77, 420-21, 432,434, 548,630; and other defense work, 380-81, 397, 413-14, 435; and Soviet Union, 385; and reformism, 391-94, 394n; and march on Washington, 391, 393-94; and Scottsboro Action Committee, 393; in Chicago, 443. See also ILD Seacord, Douglas, 474 Seamen’s International Union (SIU), 500, 523,561
Second International, 125 Selassie, Haile, 468n.3 Self-determination, right of, and Garvey movement, 103; and Afro-American question, 124-25,128, 565-66; theoretical discussion of, 552-54; CP’s liquidation of, 603; and Black capitalism, 638 Selsam, Howard, 596 Semich, 553 Serg, Giuseppe, 101 Sevastopol, 308-10 Shachtman, Max, 133, 283 Sharecroppers Union, 375,459; history of, 397-403; and the CP, 418; liquidated, 500, 532-33, 548n, 554, 556; and Farmers Union of Alabama, 553n.8 Sharecropping, 395-403,433,458, 533-34, 551,553-56, 641 Shields, Bea, 445
Sik, Endre, 162, 216, 254-55,262-64, 267, 322-25
Sikhs, 162-63,510 Simmons, John, 438 Simmons, LeBron, 438 Simmons, William J., 93n.6 Simons, A.M., 208 Simons, H. J., 240 Simons, R. E., 240 Sinclair, Upton, 85 Siqueiros, David, 314-15 Siskind, George, 258,277 Sklnr, Gus, 200,307 Sklar, Jim, 133 Skrypnik, N., 260 Small, G„ 329
Smith Act, 559n.47, 566-67, 567n.53, 570, 573-75, 584,611,626 Smith, Ferdinand, 501, 564 Smith, Rev. Gerald L. K., 437, 462 Smith, Homer, 385 Smith, Miranda, 555 Smith, Stewart, 202 Smith, Vern, 540 Social Darwinism, 94, 97 Social democracy, 125, 382, 560 Social-fascism, 382 Social Security Act, 447 Socialist Labor Party, 205n.7 Socialist Party, 123,138, 421,448,450, 459n.8,460, 539, 541,625 Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 210 Socialist Workers Party, 251, 562 Solidarity (IWW), 86 Soong Ch’ing-ling, 214 South Africa, 235-36,239,269-72,
271
South Africa, Communist Party of, 198, 281,235-40,270-72 South African Worker, The, 270 South Omaha, Nebraska, 5-6,15,20-21 Southern Christain Leadership Conference (SCLC), 630, 633 Southern Congress for Human Welfare, 496
Southern Negro Youth Congress, 468, 555, 600, 604, 610
Southern Worker, The, 360, 395, 398
Soviet social-imperialism, 627 Soviet Union, 194-95, 515; Americans in, 169-70, 339-40; and New Economic Policy (NEP), 175-76; and agrarian question, 209-12, 266, 285; Red Army of, 308-09; in fight against fascism and World War II, 495-96, 498, 502, 515-16, 519, 527; and relations with Britain, 515-16; and relations with U.S., 515-16, 537 —Communist Party of, and Trotskyism, 174, 204; and congresses of, 175, 177; and worker-peasant alliance, 178-80; and collectivization, 211; and Bukharin right, 245-46, 256, 278, 285; Control Commission of, 313; and modern revisionism, 606n.2 —Nationalities policy, 157-60,209-12, 241-42, 339-40,433; and U.S. Blacks, 134, 167-69, 212-13, 218-19, 242,339-40, 383-86, 522-23; and Crimea, 196, 310; and Ukraine, 211-12; and national culture, 214-15; and Jewish question, 220 Spain, Communist Party of, 479 Spanish Civil War, 463, 467-89, 495.
See also International Brigades Spencer, Herbert, 94 Spencer, Kenneth, 578 Spingarn, Joel, 391,423 Springhall, 202-03, 208, 311,474 Squire, Brown, 445 Stachel, Jack, 305, 343, 349, 365, 494, 567n.53,583,612
Stalin, Josef, 158-59,213,216,227,287, 309, 419, 529; at KUTVA, 157; and ECCI, 183; and Trotsky, 179n.8,180, 181 n. 13; and the Afro-American question, 219, 223; on national question, 220, 220n, 280n, 430, 553; and Bukharin, 257-58, 286; on CPUS A, 292, 295-97, 302-04; revisionist campaign against, 606; on left-opportunism, 624n
Stalingrad, Battle of, 498, 516,519
Steel Workers Organizing Committee (CIO), 396 Steffens, Lincoln, 85 Sterling, Ross, 359 Stoddard, Lathrop, 94 Story, Henry, 345 Strong, Ed, 607,609-10 Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 630-34, 636,
641
Sufi Movement, 427 Sugar, Maurice, 438 Sun Yat-sen, 214 Sun Yat-sen University, 156
Taft-Hartley Act, 571 Tanz, Al, 478 Tapsell, Walter, 204 Tartars, 192, 196, 310 Taub, Allen, 361 Tbilisi, 241-43 Teamsters Union, 87 Teheran Agreement, 530, 535 Thalheimer, August, 226,285 Thaelmann, Ernst, 150,285,37In, 419 Thermidorians, 176n.l Thomas, Norman, 460 Thompson, Louise, See Louise Thompson Patterson Thompson, Mayor William Hale, 85 Thompson, Robert, 538n, 567n.53, 573-75,605,612,621 Thorez, Maurice, 579 Tobacco workers strikes, North Carolina, 555
Togliatti, Paimiro, 183,474 Tomsky, M., 245, 285-86 Toohey, Pat, 364 Torres, Angel, 611, 622 Tractorstroi, 339-40 Trade Union Educational League (TUEL), 131, 143n, 199, 317, 540 Trade Union Unity League (TUUL), 349; founding of, 317; Negro Department of, 319, 328; and unemployed work, 325; and Scottsboro, 362-63;
and miners strikes, 364-65, 379; and Gastonia, 376; and merchant marine, 500
Trent, Tom, 445,452,469,474 Trotsky, Leon, 174,178; opposes NEP, 176; political line of, 178-83, 179n.7; defeated in Cl, 183; and conspiratorial activity of Trotskyite bloc, 183-84; in exile, 184. See also Soviet Union, Communist Party of Trotskyism, in the Spanish Civil War, 181;intheU.S., 181,283,560; and the anti-Stalin campaign,
181 n. 13; and the NMU, 560,
562-63
Truesdale, Tom, 349 Trotter, Monroe, 393n, 423 Truman, Harry, 516, 570,597 Truman Doctrine, 566 Tsereteli, Kolya, 241-43 Tsotho, 270
Tutrament, Jerzy, 578-79, 582
Ukrainian national question, 211-12, 266
Ultra-leftism, See left opportunism Unemployed councils, 442; in Harlem, 350; and Scottsboro, 375; and the South, 377, 380-81; and the CP, 432, 435, 548; and Blacks, 442-43, 448 United Communist Party, 606 Union Party, 462
United front, 447; from below, 330-31, 394,420,433; and Scottsboro defense, 391-95; against fascism, 447-48, 456, 501, 530-32; communists in, 448-49, 532
United Mine Workers of America (UMWA), 364
United States, imperialism, 388, 429, 468,495,498,515-16, 526 United States Congress, House Un-American Activities Committee, 571-72
United States State Department, 307 United States Steel Corporation, 396
II nited States Supreme Court, 6, 599-600, 602, 631
Universal Negro Improvement Association, See Garveyism
III ban League, National, 350,422,426, 460,630,634
Usera, Vincent, 486,486n
Van Cleek, Mary, 393n Vartanyan, 388 Venable, James, 11 In Victory, James, 437-38 Villa, Pancho, 41 Vyshinsky, Andrei, 606n.2
W agenknecht, Alfred, 349, 354, 365, 371
Wagner Act, 447 Wallace, Henry, 558, 567, 570 Ward, Dr. Harry F„ 393n Ware, Hal, 401 Warfield, Colonel, 461 Washburn, Nannie, 406 Washington, Booker T., 27, 349, 422 Washington Park (Chicago), 117 Watt, John, 364 Wattis, Lt. George, 475 Webb, Sydney, 329 Weber, Joe, 445 Weems, Charles, 358 Wcinstone, William W., 187; and the Comintern, 252, 292, 313, 331; as leader of U.S. Party, 300, 305, 438; in Foster faction (1956), 612 Weiss, Max, 552
Welsh, Edward, 291-92, 294, 304-05, 307
Wcltfish, Jane, 95 Whelan, Pat, 494, 501 Whip, The, 130 White, Katy, 444
White, Maude (Katz), 217, 281, 300, 313, 351,353,406, 436,583 White, Walter, 391 White, William J„ 293 Wiggins, Ella May, 318
Wilkerson, Doxey, 551-53, 590, 594-97,600,613
Wilkins, Roy, 460,634-35 Williams, Eugene, 358 Williams, G. Mennen (Soapy), 572 Williams, Harold, 153, 165, 260, 281, 328. 444-45
Williams, Robert, 632 Williamson, John, 133,538,538n, 567n.53
Wilson, Woodrow, 42,124 Winston, Henry, 538n, 567n.53, 575-77, 582-83, 605
Winter, Carl, 498, 567n.53, 613 Withers, Ann, 377
Wobblies, See Industrial Workers of the World
Wolfe, Bertram, 252, 287-88, 293, 305, 473
Woll, Matthew, 306 Wood, Robert, 459 Woodson, Carter, 95 Workers (Communist) Party, See Communist Party USA Workers Party of Marxist Unification (POUM), 473, 473n, 478-79 Works Progress Administration (WPA), 447
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), 578, 580, 582 World Peace Appeal, 584 World Peace Conference, 580 World War II, and appeasement, 488; beginnings of, 495-96; movement against, 496-97; and invasion of Soviet Union, 498; in Pacific, 501-02, 504; and second front, 515-16; weakens imperialism, 570 Wortis, Rose, 353 Wright, Ada, 385, 392n.2 Wright, Andy, 358 Wright, Nathan, 638-39 Wright, Roy, 358-59
Xhosa, 270,511
Yalta, 192-93 Yaroslavsky, E., 202 Yates, Oleta O’Connor, 585 Yokinen, August, 352-58, 357n.4, 587-88
Yokinen trial, 353-58 Young, Col. Charles, 386 Young, Whitney, 634, 638 Young Communist International (YCI), 134, 281,388 Young Communist League (YCL), 132, 138; in South, 380, 418, 534; in Chicago, 445, 450; membership of, 463; and Spanish Civil War, 474, 476
Young Liberators, The, 450 Young Worker, The, 133 Young Workers (Communist) League. See Young Communist League
Yugoslavia, 496, 553 Yuspeh, Leo, 623
Zack, Joseph, 199, 302 Zam, Herbert, 133 Zaphiro, Lij Tasfaye, 459 Zinoviev, Gregory, 134-35, 184, 219, 226
Zulu, 270