A note on sources: The primary original sources on the Normans in Italy are:
—Amatus of Monte Cassino’s Historia Normanorum.
—William of Apulia’s Gesta Roberti Wiscardi.
—Geoffrey Malaterra’s De rebus gestis Rogeri Calabriae et Siciliae, et Roberti Guiscardi ducis fratis euis.
—Desiderius of Monte Cassino’s Dialogi de Miraculis sancti Benedicti.
—Princess Anna Comnena’s Alexiad.
With the exception of Anna Comnena’s, these authors’ works remain in the original Latin or early French, and therefore quotes in the text have been drawn from secondary sources. For more information on the primary sources, see note 2 of Chapter III.
Abulafia, David. The Two Italies: Economic Relations Between the Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Northern Communes. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
Amari, Michele. Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia. Vols II & III. Catania: Romeo Prampolini, 1935–39.
Aube, Pierre. Les Empires normands d’orient. Paris: Perrin, 1991.
Barlow, James W. The Normans of South Europe. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1886.
Bartlett, Robert. The Making of Europe. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Bouet, Pierre, and François Neveu. Les Normands en Mediteranée. Caen: University of Caen Press, 1994.
Brown, H. Allen. The Normans. Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press, 1984.
Bunemann, Richard. Robert Guiskard. Köln: Bohlau Verlag, 1997.
Cahen, Claude. Le Régime féodale d’Italie normande. Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1940.
Capitani, Ovidio. The Normans in Sicily and Southern Italy. Oxford, England: The British Academy, 1977.
Cassady, Richard F. The Norman Achievement. London: Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd, 1986.
Chalandon, Ferdinand. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie. Vol. I. Paris: Alphonse Picard et Fils, 1907.
Comnena, Princess Anna. The Alexiad. Translated by Elizabeth Dawes. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, 1928.
Contamine, Phillipe. War in the Middle Ages. Oxford, England: Blackwell, 1984.
Cowdrey, H.E.J. The Age of the Abbot Desiderius: Montecassino, the Papacy, and the Normans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
Crawford, F. Marion. The Rulers of the South. Vol II. New York: Macmillan, 1900.
Croce, Benedetto. History of the Kingdom of Naples. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
Cuozzo, Errico. Normanni: Nobilità e Cavalleria. Salerno: Gentile Editore, 1995.
Curtis, Edmund. Roger of Sicily and the Normans in Lower Italy. New York: Putnam’s, 1912.
D’Alessandro, Vincenzo. Storiografica e politica nell’Italia normana. Napoli: Liguori, 1978.
Daniels, Norman. The Arabs and Medieval Europe. London: Longmans, 1975.
Decarreaux, Jean. Normands, papes et moines. Paris: A & J Picard, 1974.
Delarc, O. Les Normands en Italie. Paris: Ernest Laroux, 1883.
Delogu, Paolo. I Normanni in Italia. Naples: Edizioni Liguori, 1984.
Deuve, Jean. L’Epopée des normandes d’Italie. Conde sur Noireau: Editions Corlet, 1995.
_____. Les Services secrets normands. Conde sur Noireau: Editions Corlet, 1990.
D’Onofrio, Mario, editor. I Normanni. Venice: Centro Europeo di Studi Normanni, Marsilio Editori, 1994.
Douglas, David C. The Norman Achievement. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.
Douib, Abdel Majid. “L’Ifriqiya à l’époque Zirid.” Histoire de la Tunisie. Tunis: Société Tunisienne de la Diffusion, 1978.
Drell, Joanna H. “Cultural syncretism and ethnic identity: The Norman ‘conquest’ of Southern Italy and Sicily.” Journal of Medieval History, Vol 25, No. 3, (1999), pp. 187–302.
France, John. Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999.
Gay, Jules. L’Italie meridionale et l’empire Byzantin. Vol I. Paris: Fontemoing, 1904.
Gibbon, Edward. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Vol III. New York: Modern Library, 1995.
Guillou, André, and Filippo Burgarella. L’Italia Bizantina. Torino: UTET Libreria, 1988.
Hyde, J.K. Society and Politcs in Medieval Italy. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1973.
Idriss, Hady Roger. La Berberie orientale sous les Zirides. Paris: Institut d’Études Orientales, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences d’Alger, 1962.
Jamison, Evelyn. “The Sicilian Norman Kingdom in the Mind of Anglo-Norman Contemporaries.” British Academy Proceedings, Vol XXIV (1938).
Kreutz, Barbara M. Before the Normans: South Italy in the 9th and 10th Centuries. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.
Loud, G.A. The Age of Robert Guiscard. Essex, England: Harlow, Longman Press 2000.
_____. Church and Society in the Norman Principality of Capua. Oxford, England: Oxford U Press, 1985.
Macdonald, A.J. Hildebrand: A Life of Gregory VII. London: Methuen & Co, 1932.
Manfroni, Camillo. Storia della marina italiana. Vol I. Livorno: Academia Navale, 1899.
Martin, Jean-Marie. Italies normandes. Paris: Hachette, 1994.
_____. La Pouille du VI au XII siècle. Rome: Ecole Française, 1993.
Matthew, Donald. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
McGeer, Eric. Sowing the Dragon’s Teeth: Byzantine Warfare in the Tenth Century. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1995.
Menager, L.R. Hommes et institutions de l’Italie Normande. London: Valorum Reprints, 1981.
Norwich, John. The Other Conquest. New York: Harper and Row, 1967.
Oman, Sir Charles W. C. The Art of War in the Middle Ages. Vol I. London: Methuen, 1924.
Osborne, James van Wyk. The Greatest Norman Conquest. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1937.
Runciman, Stephen. A History of the Crusades. Vol I. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1954.
Schipa, Michelangelo, and Ferdinand Hirsch. La Langobardia Meridionale. Rome: Edizione di Storia e Letteratura, 1968.
Takayama, Hiroshi. Administration of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily. New York: E.J. Brill, 1993.
Taviani-Carozzi, Huguette. La Principauté Lombarde de Salerne. 2 vols. Rome: École Française, 1991.
_____. La terreur du monde. Paris, Fayard, 1996.
Verbrugger, J.F. The Art of Warfare in Western Europe During the Middle Ages. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co., 1977.
Wickham, Christopher. Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society. Totowa, N.J.: Barnes and Noble, 1981.
Wolf, Kenneth Baxter. Making History: The Normans and Their Historians in 11th Century Italy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.