“But Ruth replied, ‘Don’t urge me to leave you or to turn back from you. Where you go I will go, and where you stay I will stay. Your people will be my people and your God my God. Where you die I will die, and there I will be buried. May the Lord deal with me, be it ever so severely, if anything but death separates you and me.’ When Naomi realized that Ruth was determined to go with her, she stopped urging her.”
~ Ruth 1:16–18
“I have learned the secret of being content in any and every situation, whether well fed or hungry, whether living in plenty or in want.”
~ Philippians 4:12
The forest near my mother’s childhood home was hardly a forest at all — it was a tangle of bush-size trees — and since it was warm and dry enough on the western edge, cane rattlers loved to slither in the shadows of bushy ash trees to escape the torrid Arkansas summer sun. On the eastern edge, joining the sewage reservoir, moccasins hissed warnings at mockingbirds, snapping turtles, and inquisitive little girls. My mother learned very early the advantages of limitation and constraint. She learned to measure each step carefully, always looking at what was in front of her. Controlling, as much as possible, where her next step would land.
Not all snakes were my mother’s enemies. One huge black and red king snake named Uncle Roy, lived under the old piano. Actually the piano didn’t carry a tune at all. Big Momma kept it around to house Uncle Roy. An aggressive king snake brought all sorts of advantages to my mother’s family — mice were noticeably absent. And no moccasin would dare bare his fangs near Big Momma’s abode! Yes, reticent Uncle Roy, who would never bite a homo sapiens, was absolutely deadly murder for scores of unfortunate reptiles who invaded his territory. And, thankfully, was so proprietary that his domain was snake-free for most of my mother’s young life.
Uncle Roy particularly enjoyed sleeping behind the family toilet during the inferno Arkansas afternoons. We all knew this and, as a result, mom and her siblings learned to look behind the toilet before they did their business. However, once, when Big Daddy was finishing his business and his Field and Stream magazine, Uncle Roy affectionately licked Big Daddy’s right achilles’ tendon, angled back to the right of the toilet.
Such unfeigned, if unsolicited affection was even too much even for Big Daddy, Uncle Roy’s most fervent supporter. While his admiration for Uncle Roy’s rodent venery skills were second to none, he could not tolerate this violation of his most private savoir faire. Advancing with no thought of modesty, Big Daddy, in all his sartorial splendor, quickly hopped out of the bathroom into the dining room where the whole family was gathered for supper. Then, with his pin-striped railroad overalls around his legs, he ignobly fell to the ground with his uncovered derriere signaling his unconditional surrender to man and to reptile alike. Uncle Roy coyly retreated behind an old ceramic garbage can.
With surprisingly little compunction, Big Daddy banned Uncle Roy not only from the bathroom but also from the house.
A king snake, however, was too valuable a thing to lose permanently, so Big Momma skillfully won forgiveness for Uncle Roy by depositing half-dead mice behind the ice box, which she had acquired from mouse traps. Eventually, Uncle Roy sullenly returned to the back of the ice box — a true ice box, full of block ice from Mr. Badgett’s ice house. From this newly acquired launching point Uncle Roy effectively protected his and my mother’s domicile. He occasionally protruded his nose from under the ice box, but only on the rarest occasions, like when a large roach wandered by. The naturally reticent Uncle Roy could not resist this delicacy. The family hardly knew he was there — although when the new kitten disappeared Uncle Roy allegedly was the miscreant who disposed of the feline pet. However, this was never proven and a good king snake was more difficult to replace than a kitten.
Despite Big Momma’s approbation of reptiles, the downside of having Uncle Roy in the family was the growth of a pervasive herpetophobia that appeared in all my mother’s clan.
My mother’s childhood home was an old army officer barracks house, moved by huge six-wheeled trucks from a World War I Greenville, Mississippi, airfield. Placed incautiously on eight concrete cinder blocks, it was a nature refuge for a menagerie of unwelcome visitors. Nonetheless, during the Great Depression years, this abode was more the rule than the exception.
Unceremoniously, the movers had deposited this old barracks hut on hard buckshot ground by Macon Bayou, which also was the city sewage. The house was mortally wounded and exhibited a quarter inch crack all the way across its middle portion. During the winter, when the ground swelled with moisture, the crack closed. In the summer, when the buckshot soil cracked, so did the house. Over the years, the winters grew drier and the summers hotter until there was a permanent crack behind Big Momma’s china cabinet to the edge of the screened-in back porch.
A generous house for most families, the old army barracks was never big enough for my mother’s family. Three boys and five girls lived together in three bedrooms. Big Momma and Big Daddy lived in one room, the boys in another, and the girls in a final room. Gender, not chronology, determined commorancy. Mercifully, there were more girls than boys.
Ruth chose her God over her home. She understood that home is where we find sustaining relationships, not a place or location. I hope your home is a place of succor and hope. I hope the Lord is the Lord of your home. I hope also that you are fortunate to have a good friend like Uncle Roy living under your piano!
“A writer needs three things, experience, observation, and imagination, any two of which, at times any one of which, can supply the lack of the others.”1
— William Faulkner
The Beginning of the Composition
To choose a method of beginning a composition often causes trouble. Usually a simple, direct beginning is the best. But sometimes an introductory paragraph is necessary in order to explain the writer’s point of view, or to indicate to what phases of the subject attention is to be given. How does the writer begin the following essays?
THE INDUSTRY OF LAWYER
Oddly enough, hardly any notice is taken of an industry in which the United States towers in unapproachable supremacy above all other nations of the earth. The census does not say a word about it, nor does there exist more than the merest word about it in all the literature of American self-praise.
MY CHILDHOOD FEAR OF GHOSTS
Nothing stands out more keenly in the recollection of my childhood than the feelings of terror I experienced when forced to go to bed without the protecting light of a lamp. Then it was that dread, indefinite ghosts lurked behind every door, hid in every clothes-press, or lay in wait beneath every bed.
THE USES OF IRON
No other metal is put to so many uses and is so indispensable as iron.
The opening sentences of a composition should be able to stand alone; their meaning or clearness should not depend upon reference to the title.2
Fact Versus Inference
“Now, what I want is Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else, and root out everything else. You can only form the minds of reasoning animals upon Facts: nothing else will ever be of any service to them. This is the principle on which I bring up my own children, and this is the principle on which I bring up these children. Stick to Facts, sir!”
The scene was a plain, bare, monotonous vault of a school-room, and the speaker’s square forefinger emphasized his observations by underscoring every sentence with a line on the schoolmaster’s sleeve. The emphasis was helped by the speaker’s square wall of a forehead, which had his eyebrows for its base, while his eyes found commodious cellarage in two dark caves, overshadowed by the wall. The emphasis was helped by the speaker’s mouth, which was wide, thin, and hard set. The emphasis was helped by the speaker’s voice, which was inflexible, dry, and dictatorial. The emphasis was helped by the speaker’s hair, which bristled on the skirts of his bald head, a plantation of firs to keep the wind from its shining surface, all covered with knobs, like the crust of a plum pie, as if the head had scarcely warehouse-room for the hard facts stored inside. The speaker’s obstinate carriage, square coat, square legs, square shoulders — nay, his very neckcloth, trained to take him by the throat with an unaccommodating grasp, like a stubborn fact, as it was — all helped the emphasis.
“In this life, we want nothing but Facts, sir; nothing but Facts!”
The speaker, and the schoolmaster, and the third grown person present, all backed a little, and swept with their eyes the inclined plane of little vessels then and there arranged in order, ready to have imperial gallons of facts poured into them until they were full to the brim.3 (Dickens, Hard Times)
The principal and teacher in this school:
- are in control and know it.
- are very interested in teaching facts, and facts only.
- I
- II
- Both
- Neither
The text implies that:
- the principal and teacher do not care about the children.
- the principal and teacher discourage creativity.
- the principal and teacher are grumpy, and outwardly appear rough, but down deep they love the children.
- I
- II
- I, II, & III
- I, II
Math Problems
A newspaper folding machine can fold the morning edition in two hours. The old folding machine, which still works, can fold the morning edition in three hours. How long will it take to fold the morning edition if both machines are working together?
Test-Taking
Repeating the Test
In an apptitude/IQ test there is no correlation between retaking the exam and increased scores. That makes sense. I can’t raise my IQ by taking 5 exams!
However, not so with the ACT! Your score could definitely, should definitely, improve every time you take it. What can you do to improve your scores?
• Review this book and other ACT preparation material. Were you ready academically?
• Review and memorize Scriptures. Were you prepared spiritually?
• Review test question types and individual instructions.
• Did you use your calculator too much? If you can determine a math answer without a calculator, do not waste time by using it!
• Were you sitting next to your best, well-intentioned, but talkative friend? Don’t do that again.
• Did you bring a snack with you?
• Were you late?
• Were you sick?
Hard Times4
Charles Dickens
Hard Times, more than any other Dickens novel, is a critical assessment of the excesses of the Industrial Revolution. Coketown is a grimy, smelly industrial town in northern England, its houses and skies blackened by smoke from factory chimneys. One of its leading citizens is Thomas Gradgrind, future member of Parliament and governor of the local school. Gradgrind lives with his wife and five children, including the eldest, Louisa, and Tom Jr.
When we first see Gradgrind, he is observing a typical class in his school, taught by Mr. M’Choakumchild. Gradgrind lectures the teacher on the school’s philosophy: “Facts” are important, nothing else but facts. All else is “fancy” — sentiment, imagination. The reader can discern the direction this book is heading.
Suggested Vocabulary Words
- The square finger, moving here and there, lighted suddenly on Bitzer, perhaps because he chanced to sit in the same ray of sunlight which, darting in at one of the bare windows of the intensely white-washed room, irradiated Sissy.
- Whether I was to do it or not, ma’am, I did it. I pulled through it, though nobody threw me out a rope. Vagabond, errand-boy, vagabond, labourer, porter, clerk, chief manager, small partner, Josiah Bounderby of Coketown. Those are the antecedents, and the culmination.
- In truth, Mrs. Gradgrind’s stock of facts in general was woefully defective; but Mr. Gradgrind in raising her to her high matrimonial position, had been influenced by two reasons.
- ”Whether,” said Gradgrind, pondering with his hands in his pockets, and his cavernous eyes on the fire.
“The passages in Hard Times where Dickens most shows his genius, is most freely himself, are not those where he is most engaged with his moral fable or intent. . . . Rather, they appear when he comes near to being least engrossed with such things; when he is the Dickens who appears throughout the novels: the master of dialogue that, even through its stylization, crackles with life, perception, and sharpness, the master of drama in spectacle and setting and action.”5 — John Holloway.
Adjective Clauses
Pick out the adjective clauses, and tell what each one modifies; i.e., whether subject, object, etc.
- There were passages that reminded me perhaps too much of Massillon.
- I walked home with Calhoun, who said that the principles which I had avowed were just and noble.
- Other men are lenses through which we read our own minds.
Comparison
Compare and contrast these two cells.6

Fig. 1. — A single cell from a hair on the stamen of the common spiderwort (Tradescantia).
pr = protoplasm; w = cell wall;
n = nucleus.

Fig. 2. — An amoeba. A cell without a cell wall.
n = nucleus;
v = vacuoles.
What could this illustration represent?

- Cross section and longitudinal section of the leaf stalk of wild geranium, showing its cellular structure.
- Meiosis
- Mitosis
Go to Answers Sheet