The authors would like to acknowledge their indebtedness to a number of important books from which they have obtained information and source material: Connor Cruse O’Brien, The Siege; Martin Gilbert, Israel: A History; Israel: The Historical Atlas; Arthur Hertzberg (ed.), The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and Reader.
1. Yehuda hai Alkalai, ‘The Third Redemption’, p. 105.
2. Ibid., p. 106.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid. pp. 109–10.
5. Zwi Hirsch Kalischer, ‘Derishat Zion’, p. 53.
6. Abraham Isaac Kook, ‘The Land of Israel’, pp. 420–1.
7. Ibid., p. 430.
8. Ahad Ha-Am, Nationalism and the Jewish Ethic, pp. 74–5.
9. Moses Hess, Rome and Jerusalem, p. 133–4.
10. Leon Pinsker, Autoemancipation, p. 188.
11. Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State, p. 209.
12. David Vital, Origins of Zionism, p. 363.
13. David Vital, Zionism: The Formative Years, p. 143.
1. Conor Cruise O’Brien, The Siege, p. 133.
2. Christopher Sykes, Crossroads to Israel, pp. 64–7.
3. Bernard Wasserstein, The British in Palestine, p. 109.
4. O’Brien, The Siege, p. 167.
5. Ibid., p. 176.
6. Wasserstein, The British in Palestine, p. 156.
7. Yehoshua Porath, The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement 1918–1929, p. 256.
8. O Brien, The Siege, p. 186.
9. Hansard, Vol. 248, Cols 751–7, 13 February 1931.
10. O’Brien, The Siege, p. 198.
11. Peel Commission Minutes, in ibid., pp. 224–5.
12. Jacob Coleman Hurewitz, Struggle for Palestine, p. 92.
1. Survey of International Affairs, 1, 1938, pp. 469–70.
2. O’Brien, The Siege, p. 243.
3. J.B. Schechtman, Mufti and the Fuehrer, pp. 110–22.
4. Ibid., pp. 306–8.
5. Arthur D. Morse, While Six Million Died, pp.16–17.
6. Francis Williams (ed.) Prime Minister Remembers, p. 189.
7. Hurewitz, Struggle for Palestine, p. 253.
8. Ibid., p. 255.
9. Ibid., p. 288.
10. Nicholas Bethel, The Palestine Triangle, p. 313.
11. Martin Gilbert, Israel, pp. 186–8.
12. Michael Brecher, Decisions in Israel’s Foreign Policy, p. 282.
13. Ibid., p. 287.
14. O’Brien, The Siege, pp. 398–9.
1. Israel: The Historical Atlas, p. 71.
2. Ibid., p. 72.
3. Ibid., pp. 74–5.
4. O’Brien, The Siege, p. 422.
5. Ibid., p. 423.
6. Eitan Gabatello, ‘The Population of the Administered Territories’, p. 9.
7. George Kossaifi ‘Demographic Communities of a Palestinian People’ p. 422.
8. Yitzhak Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs, pp. 118–19.
10. Israel: The Historical Atlas, p. 99.
11. Ibid., p. 101.
12. Ibid., p. 107.
13. Gilbert, Israel, pp. 525–6.
1. Gilbert, Israel, p. 533.
2. Ibid., p. 538.
3. Ibid., p. 547.
4. Ibid., p. 551.
5. Ibid., p. 569.
6. Ibid., pp. 576–8.
1. www.us-israel.org/jsource/Peace/Taba.html
2. www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/pal/mitchell1.htm
3. www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/israel-palestine/2001/1017bushpal.htm
4. ww.palestinefacts.org/pf_1991to_now_defensive_shield_2002.php
5. www.palestinefacts.org/sharon_speech_8apr02.php
6. www.mideastweb.org/basiclaw.htm
7. www.mideastweb.org/bushspeech1.htm
1. Mary Eliza Rogers, Domestic Life in Palestine, p.13.
2. Hut Bayan Nawayhad, Al-Qiyadat wa’l Mu’assasat al-Siyasiyya fi Filastin 1917–1945.
3. Edoardo Vitta, The Conflict of Laws in Matters of Personal Status in Palestine, pp. 1–6.
4. ESCO Foundation, Palestine, A Study of Jewish, Arab and British Policies, Vol. 1, p. 2.
5. Governor of Egypt, 1805–48.
6. Ali Muhafaza, Al-Fikr al-Siyasi fi Filastin min Nihayat al-Hukm al-Uthmani hata Nihayat al-Intidab al-Britani 1918–1948, pp. 50–80.
7. Ibid., pp. 19–20.
8. Henry Lammens, al-Mashriq, 2, 1899, pp. 1088–94.
9. ESCO Foundation, Palestine, Vol. 1, pp. 43–5.
10. Hut, Al-Qiyadat, p.14.
11. William Pitt (Pitt the Younger) was the youngest ever British Prime Minister, 1783–1801, 1804–6 (Tory), son of William Pitt, First Earl of Chatham (Pitt the Elder), British Prime Minister, 1757–61, 1766–8 (Whig).
12. Beverley Milton Edwards, Contemporary Politics in the Middle East, pp. 21–3.
13. Musa Mazzawi, Palestine and the Law. Guidelines for the Resolution of the Arab Israeli Conflict, pp. 19–24.
14. Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin (eds), The Israel–Arab Reader. A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict, pp. 30–1.
1. It was decided at the San Remo Conference on 24 April 1920 that the Mandate for Palestine under the League of Nations should be assigned to Britain. This was confirmed by the Council of the League of Nations on 24 July 1922 and came into force in September 1923.
2. Laqueur and Rubin, The Israel–Arab Reader, pp. 30–1.
3. ESCO Foundation, Palestine, Vol. 1, pp. 213–22. For details of King-Crane findings see Laqueur and Rubin, The Israel–Arab Reader, pp. 21–7.
4. Haifa, 13 December 1920. The Second Congress was never actually held. The Palestinian delegates had decided to hold the Second Congress in Jerusalem in May 1920 to protest against the confirmation of the British Mandate over Palestine and the incorporation of the Balfour Declaration in the instrument of the Mandate at the San Remo Conference. The Palestine government forbade its convening, however, out of concern that it might lead to disturbances. Muhammad Y. Muslih, The Origins of Palestinian Nationalism, p. 204.
5. Mazzawi, Palestine and the Law, pp. 29–49.
6. Laqueur and Rubin, The Israel–Arab Reader, pp. 39–42.
7. ESCO Foundation, Palestine, Vol. 1, p. 291.
8. As’ad Muhammad Darwasa, Al-Qadiyya al-Filastiniyya fi Mukhtalaf Marahiliha, Vol. 1, pp. 43–60.
9. ESCO Foundation, Palestine, Vol. 1, Vol. 2, p. 695.
10. The two mosques that stand on the Haram al-Sharif, the ‘Noble Sanctuary’, are often confused. The Aqsa Mosque was originally built by the Caliph Umar in the seventh century ce. The first structure was of timber but was rebuilt in stone in the early eighth century. Twice in its early history it was destroyed by earthquakes and the present structure dates from the eleventh century. The Dome of the Rock with its unmistakable golden dome is built around the rock from which the Prophet Muhammad is said to have ascended on the ‘Night Journey’ to the seven heavens. It was built by the Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan between 687 and 691 ce.
11. ESCO Foundation, Palestine, Vol. 1, pp. 294–6, for a detailed account of the Shaw Commission findings.
1. Nicholas Bethell, The Palestine Triangle, p. 194ff. Christopher Sykes, Crossroads to Israel, pp. 245–78.
2. Approximately half a million acres.
3. For more information on Musa Alami, see Bethell, The Palestine Triangle,
4. p. 194, and Geoffrey Furlonge, Palestine Is My Country – The Story of Musa Alami.
5. The number of people killed has long been believed to be in the region of 250 and the reader will find such figures in many references, but recent (Palestinian) research indicates that the number was exaggerated by the Israelis to cause panic and drive local people out of the area, the actual figure being not more than 107. Sherif Kana’neh, Demolished Arab Villages, No. 4.
6. Ali Muhafaza, Al-Fikr al-Siyas, p. 128.
1. Mohamed Heikal, Secret Channels – The Inside Story of the Arab–Israeli Peace Negotiations, pp. 3–139.
2. Helena Cobban, The Palestinian Liberation Movement – People, Power and Politics, pp. 21–34.
3. Ahmad al-Shukairy was a Palestinian lawyer and Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization, 1964–7.
4. Andrew Gowers and Tony Walker, Arafat – The Biography, pp. 3–65.
5. Robert Stephens, Nasser, pp. 493–510.
6. Heikal, Secret Channels, pp. 150–9.
7. Ahron Bregman and Jihan Tahri, The Fifty Years War – Israel and the Arabs, Vol. 2, pp. 60–99.
1. Gowers and Walker, Arafat, p. 147.
2. Heikal, Secret Channels, pp. 180–213.
3. Ibid., pp. 259–60.
4. Dilip Hiro, Sharing the Promised Land – An Interwoven Tale of Israelis and Palestinians, p. 192.
5. Bashir Gemayel was a Lebanese Maronite Christian militia leader. He was elected President of Lebanon in September 1982 (under patronage of Ariel Sharon) but assassinated by bomb attack before he could take office.
6. Abu Iyad (1933–91). One of the founders of the PLO and of the Fatah movement; assassinated, probably by a PLO splinter group.
7. See, for detail, Edward W. Said, Peace and Its Discontents – Gaza – Jericho 1993–1995.
8. A US citizen of Palestinian Christian origin, Edward Said is Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University but is perhaps more widely known outside his field of specialization as one of the most prominent and eloquent spokes-people on Palestinian issues. For some of his most important writing on Palestine see the bibliography.
9. www.ariga.com/treaties/wye.htm
10. www.ariga.com/treaties/sharmelsheikh.htm
1. The Middle East, January 2003, pp. 6–9.
2. Abu Jihad – Khalil al-Wazir. Senior aide to Arafat and No. 2 in Fatah chain of command.
1. Abd al-Halim Mahmoud, Al-Jihad wa al-Nasr (Holy War and Victory). Cairo, 1974
2. Quoted in Cohn-Sherbok, D., Antisemitism. Stroud, Sutton, 2002.
3. http://www.guardian.co.uk/waronterror/story/0,1361,565446,00.html
4. World Press Conference from Mosque Maryam, 16 September 2001; http://www.noi.org/statements/transcript_us.attacked09-16-2001.htm
5. Mazzawi, M. E., Palestine and the Law. Reading, Ithaca Press, 1997, pp. 19–24.
6. Said, E., ‘Israel Sharpens its Axe’. Counterpunch, 13 July 2001.
7. Shaheen, J., Reel Bad Arabs. Northampton, MA, Interlink Publishing, 2001, p. 6.
8. Said, E., ‘What Israel has Done’. The Nation, 18 April 2002.
1. Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Traditional Islam in the Modern World. London, Kegan Paul International, 1994 (reprint).