List of Abbreviations

A2	aortic component of heart sound 2
AA	amyloid A
ABG	arterial blood gas
ABPA	allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
ACE	angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACF	antecubital fossa
ACPA	anticitrullinated protein antibodies
ACTH	adrenocorticotrophic hormone
ADH	antidiuretic hormone
ADLs	activities of daily living
ADPKD	autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
AF	atrial fibrillation
AFB	acid-fast bacilli
AFP	alpha-fetoprotein
AKI	acute kidney injury
AL	amyloid L
ALD	adrenoleukodystrophy
ALD	alcoholic liver disease
ALP	alkaline phosphatase
ALS	amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
AMA	antimitochondrial antibody
AMTS	abbreviated mental test score
ANA	antinuclear antibody
APKD	adult polycystic kidney disease
AR	aortic regurgitation
ARB	angiotensin receptor blocker
ARDS	acute respiratory distress syndrome
AS	aortic stenosis
ASA	aminosalicylic acid
ASD	atrial septal defect
AV	arteriovenous
AVA	aortic valve area
AVR	aortic valve replacement
AXR	abdominal X-ray
AVSD	atrioventricular septal defect
BCC	basal cell carcinoma
BP	blood pressure
BTS	British Thoracic Society
CABG	coronary artery bypass graft
CCF	congestive cardiac failure
CDT	Clostridium difficile toxin
CF	cystic fibrosis
CFTR	cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Ch chromosome
CK	creatine kinase
CKD	chronic kidney disease
CLL	chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
CML	chronic myeloid leukaemia
CMV	cytomegalovirus
CN	cranial nerve
CO	carbon monoxide
COMT	catechol-o-methyltransferase
COPD	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COX	cyclo-oxygenase
CRF	chronic renal failure
CRP	C-reactive protein
CSF	cerebrospinal fluid
CT	computerised tomography
CVA	cerebrovascular accident
CXR	chest X-ray
DCCT	Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
DEXA	dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
DMARD	disease-modifying antirheumatoid drug
DNase	deoxyribonuclease
DVLA	Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
EBUS	endobronchial ultrasound
EBV	Epstein– Barr virus
ECG	electrocardiogram
EDM	end-diastolic murmur
EMA	endomysial antibody
EMG	electromyogram
ENT	ear, nose and throat
ESR	erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESRD	end-stage renal disease
FBC	full blood count
FEV1	forced expiratory volume in first second
FiO2	fraction of inspired oxygen
FSH	follicle-stimulating hormone
FVC	forced vital capacity
GBM	glomerular basement membrane
GBS	Guillain– Barré syndrome
GGT	gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
GH	growth hormone
GI	gastrointestinal
GIM	general internal medicine
GNRH	gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
GP	general practitioner
HCM	hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
HIV	human immunodeficiency virus
HLA	human leucocyte antigen
HPOA	hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
IBD	inflammatory bowel disease
IBS	irritable bowel syndrome
ICD	implantable cardioverter defibrillator
ICU	intensive care unit
IE	infective endocarditis
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor 1
IIH	idiopathic intracranial hypertension
IL	interleukin
IMCA	independent mental capacity advocate
INO	internuclear ophthalmoplegia
INR	international normalised ratio
ITP	idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
IV	intravenous
IVDU	intravenous drug user
JAK2	Janus kinase 2
JVP	jugular venous pressure
KCO	carbon monoxide transfer coefficient
LA	left atrium
LABA	long-acting beta-agonist
LAMA	long-acting muscarinic antagonist
LBBB	left bundle branch block
LDH	lactate dehydrogenase
LEMS	Lambert– Eaton myaesthenic syndrome
LFT	liver function test
LH	luteinising hormone
LKM	liver kidney microsomal
LMN	lower motor neurone
LMWH	low-molecular-weight heparin
LP	lumbar puncture
LTOT	long-term oxygen therapy
LUQ	left upper quadrant
LV	left ventricle
LVF	left ventricular failure
LVH	left ventricular hypertrophy
LVOTO	left ventricular outflow tract obstruction
MAOB	monoamine oxidase B
MCPJ	metacarpophalangeal joint
MCV	mean cell volume
MDT	multidisciplinary team
MHC	major histocompatibility complex
MMF	mycophenolate mofetil
MND	motor neurone disease
MR	mitral regurgitation
MRC	Medical Research Council
MRI	magnetic resonance imaging
MS	multiple sclerosis
MVP	mitral valve prolapse
NCS	nerve conduction study
NICE	National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
NIH	National Institutes of Health
NIPPV	noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation
NOAC	novel oral anticoagulant
NSAID	nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
NSCLC	non-small-cell lung cancer
NSTEMI	non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
NYHA	New York Heart Association
OCP	oral contraceptive pill
OD	once daily
OGD	oesophagogastroduodenoscopy
ON	once nightly
OSA	obstructive sleep apnoea
OT	occupational therapist
P2	pulmonary component of heart sound 2
PACES	Practical Assessment of Clinical Examination Skills
PBC	primary biliary cirrhosis
PD	peritoneal dialysis
PDA	patent ductus arteriosus
PEG	percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
PET	positron emission tomography
PFT	pulmonary function test
PLS	primary lateral sclerosis
PMA	progressive muscular atrophy
PPI	proton pump inhibitor
PPM	permanent pacemaker
PR	pulmonary regurgitation
PRN	as needed (pro re nata)
PRV	polycythaemia rubra vera
PTH	parathyroid hormone
PUVA	psoralen and ultraviolet A
QOL	quality of life
RA	rheumatoid arthritis
RF	rheumatoid factor
RIF	right iliac fossa
RRT	renal replacement therapy
S1	heart sound 1
S2	heart sound 2
S3	heart sound 3
S4	heart sound 4
SA-AG	serum ascites-albumin gradient
SAA	serum amyloid A
SABA	short-acting beta-agonist
SAH	subarachnoid haemorrhage
SALT	speech and language therapist
SAP	serum amyloid P
SBP	spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
SCC	squamous cell carcinoma
SCD	sudden cardiac death
SCL-70	antitopoisomerase antibodies
SCLC	small-cell lung cancer
SIADH	syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
SIGN	Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network
SLE	systemic lupus erythematosus
SOL	space-occupying lesion
SSc	systemic sclerosis
SVCO	superior vena caval obstruction
SVD	structural valve deterioration
TAVI	transcutaneous aortic valve implantation
TB	tuberculosis
TBLB	transbronchial lung biopsy
TFT	thyroid function test
TIA	transient ischaemic attack
TLC	total lung capacity
TLCO	transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide
TNF	tumour necrosis factor
TOE	transoesophageal echocardiogram
TPO	thyroid peroxidase
TR	tricuspid regurgitation
TRH	thyroid-releasing hormone
TSH	thyroid-stimulating hormone
tTG	tissue transglutaminase
U1-RNP U1	ribonucleoprotein
U&Es	urea and electrolytes
UC	ulcerative colitis
UDCA	ursodeoxycholic acid
UIP	usual interstitial pneumonia
UKPDS	United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
UMN	upper motor neurone
US	ultrasound
USS	ultrasound scan
VATS	video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery
VF	ventricular fibrillation
VP	ventriculoperitoneal
VSD	ventricular septal defect
VT	ventricular tachycardia
VTE	venous thromboembolism
WHO	World Health Organization