1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita. For the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimate, see: www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/weoreptc.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=38&pr1.y=12&c=001&s=PPPGDP&grp=1&a=1 (accessed April 23, 2011). For the World Bank estimate see: http://search.worldbank.org/quickview?name=%3Cem%3EGDP%3C%2Fem%3E%2C+PPP+%28current+international+%24%29&id=NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD&type=Indicators&cube_no=2&qterm=gdp (accessed April 23, 2011). For the CIA estimate see: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html (accessed April 23, 2011). For the definition of “purchasing power parity” see: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.PP.CD. For world population see the U.S. Census Bureau’s World Population Clock at: www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html (accessed April 23, 2011).
2. See Global Footprint Network, www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/world_footprint (accessed April 23, 2011).
3. See Adam Parsons, “World Bank Poverty Figures: What Do They Mean?” at www.stwr.org/globalization/world-bank-poverty-figures-what-do-they-mean.html. The complete World Bank report summarized in the article can be found here: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/JAPANINJAPANESEEXT/Resources/515497-1201490097949/080827_The_Developing_World_is_Poorer_than_we_Thought.pdf; another copy can be found at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.168.949&rep=rep1&type=pdf (accessed April 23, 2011).
4. Quoted in Simon Robinson, “The Farm Fight,” Time, November 20, 2005, available online at www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1132867,00.html (accessed April 23, 2011).
5. See Martin Ravallion, Shaohua Chen, and Prem Sangraula, Dollar a Day Revisited (World Bank Developmeant Research Group, 2008): 3; available online at: www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2008/09/02/000158349_20080902095754/Rendered/PDF/wps4620.pdf (accessed April 23, 2011).
1. Barbara Alice Mann, Iroquoian Women: The Gantowisas (New York: Lang, 2000): 204–37. For more on the League, see eds. Bruce Elliott Johansen and Barbara Alice Mann, Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois League) (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000).
2. ShanShan Du, “Chopsticks Only Work in Paris”: Gender Unity and Gender Equality among the Lahu of Southwest China (New York: Columbia University, 2002), especially 97–106.
3. Makilam, The Magical Life of Berber Women in Kabylia (New York: Lang, 2007), especially 47–76.
4. Peggy Reeves Sanday, Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), especially 79–86.
5. Rauna Kuokkanen, “The Logic of the Gift: Reclaiming Indigenous Peoples’ Philosophies,” The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 34 (2005): 251–71.
6. See, for instance, the anthology, ed. Genevieve Vaughan, Women and the Gift Economy: A Radically Different Worldview Is Possible (Toronto: Inanna Publications and Education, 2007).
7. Barbara A. Mann, “Euro-forming the Data,” in Bruce E. Johansen, Debating Democracy (Clear Light Publishers, 1998): 160–90.
8. Barbara Alice Mann, “Blood and Breath,” in Toward 2012: Perspectives on the Next Age, eds. Daniel Pinchbeck and Ken Jordan (New York: Penguin Group, 2008): 97–109. See, also, my scholarly discussion of this issue in Barbara Alice Mann, Native Americans, Archaeologists, and the Mounds (New York: Lang Publishers, 2003): 169–238.
9. Fractals were so named by Benoit Mandelbrot, who first published his fractal math as Les objets fractals, forme, hasard et dimension in 1975. The English translation came in 1977 as Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension (San Francisco: Freeman, 1977).
10. The date came from Sganyadaiyoh, (“Handsome Lake”) called “The Seneca Prophet,” by Westerners. Sganyadaiyoh was actually his position title as a lineage chief of the Senecas, even as “Congresswoman, Ninth Congressional District,” is the position title of Marcy Kaptur (my Congressional Representative). The 2010 date from the particular Sganyadaiyoh who uttered it in the early nineteenth century was recorded by Arthur Parker, a descendant of his through the male line, which, by the way, is not how the Iroquois count descent. Arthur C. Parker, Red Jacket: Last of the Seneca (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952): 143.
11. Arthur Caswell Parker, “The Constitution of the Five Nations, or the Iroquois Book of the Great Law,” New York State Museum Bulletin 184 (April 1916): 103–104. Some say that the allusion to “west” prophesied Removal; others see it as an allusion to the direction of death. Both are right, of course.
12. This is a prophecy common to all eastern woodlanders. I have seen it written down from eighteenth-century sources in John Heckewelder, The History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States, The First American Frontier Series (1820; 1876, reprint; New York: Arno Press and The New York Times, 1971), 345.
1. Luc Laevan and Fabian Valencia, “Resolution of Banking Crises: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly,” IMF Working Paper 10/146 (Washington: International Monetary Fund, 2010). www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2010/wp10146.pdf.
2. The “Great Depression” (with capital letters) was the title of a book published by Lionel Robbins in 1934, but it became part of the general political economic vocabulary only after that black period was safely behind us. Specifically, Harry Truman used the expression in 1952, to lambast the Republicans for “having brought on the Great Depression.”
3. The Economist (October 11, 2008): 13.
4. This expression was first coined by Schumpeter.
5. Central banks will encourage low short-term interest rates and higher longer-term ones, which makes it possible for banks to borrow at low cost from customers and the markets, and invest in long-term government bonds. This was done for instance in the U.S. during the late 1980s during the Savings & Loan debacle, and it worked as planned. It enabled the banks to rebuild their balance sheets. Notice that such a use of funds doesn’t do much to motivate banks to lend to the business sector, and thereby alleviate the “second wave” effect. Furthermore, even this relatively “mild” crisis (representing a bailout of 3.7 percent of GNP) took more than six years to be absorbed.
6. Statistic from a 2009 Report by special inspector general Neil Barofsky to the U.S. Congress, which takes into account about fifty initiatives and programs set up since 2007 by the Bush and Obama administrations as well as by the Federal Reserve. This $4.6 trillion amount was actually disbursed, while the estimate of potential costs based on various guarantees could reach over $23 trillion.
7. www.bloomberg.com/apps/data?pid=avimage&iid=i0YrUuvkygWs.
8. Nomi Prins, It Takes a Pillage: Behind the Bailouts, Bonuses, and Backroom Deals from Washington to Wall Street (New York: Wiley, 2009).
9. www.ritholtz.com/blog/2008/11/big-bailouts-bigger-bucks.
10. See the classics in this domain, such as Charles Kindleberger, Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises (New York: Wiley, 1996, 1978).
11. See, for instance, James K. Galbraith, “A Bailout We Don’t Need,” Washington Post (September 25, 2008): A19; Ken Silverstein, “Six Questions for James Galbraith on the Financial Crisis and the Bailout,” Harper’s Magazine (November 2008).
12. The leverage ratio is total assets/capital, which is the inverse of capital/assets ratio. The estimates for the capital to asset ratios are respectively 2.4 percent for Barclays, 2.1 percent for UBS and 1.2 percent for Deutsche Bank, according to the Economist (September 27, 2008): 84. See also “Briefing” in Trends-Tendances (October 2, 2008): 17.
13. Michael Macenzie and John Authers, “The Week that Panic Stalked the Markets,” Financial Times (October 11/12, 2008): 2.
14. The current modus operandi provides a hidden permanent subsidy to the banking system through seignoriage. Huber and Robertson estimated this yearly subsidy to the banking system at 49 billion pounds for the UK; $114 billion per year for the U.S.; 160 billion euros for the Euro zone; and 17.4 trillion yen for Japan. These benefits would accrue to the governments in the case of nationalization of the money creation process. For further details, see J. Huber and J. Robertson, Creating New Money: A Monetary Reform for the Information Age (London: New Economic Foundation.2000), 79–84.
15. Modern energy concepts and flow analyses were actually formally applied to economics as early as 1951, by Nobel laureate Wassili Leontief with his input-output analyses, modeling the flow of goods and value in economic systems (Leontief, 1951). Ecologists then applied these same flow concepts and analyses to ecosystems, only to have economists later reapply these enhanced energy understandings to economics. Odum (1971, 1984), Hannon (1973), and Costanza (1980), for example, have all used thermodynamics and flow-network analysis as the basis for understanding the activities in both economic and ecosystem networks; and Georgescu-Roegen (1971) developed an entire thermodynamic foundation for economics.
16. Kenneth Boulding, Evolutionary Economics, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1981. The misclassification of economics as a system in equilibrium is skillfully explained in E. Beinhocker, The Origin of Wealth: Evolution, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics (Waterton, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2006), chapters 2 and 3. George Soros has explained the internal dynamics of why financial markets are not moving toward equilibrium in The Alchemy of Finance (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988.)
17. See, for example, P. Cvitanovic, introduction to Universality in Chaos, (Bristol, UK: Adam Hilger, 1984); M. Eigen & P. Schuster, The Hypercycle: A Principle of Natural Self-Organization (Springer Verlag, 1979); M. Estep, A Theory of Immediate Awareness: Self-Organization and Adaptation in Natural Intelligence (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003) and Self-Organizing Natural Intelligence: Issues of Knowing, Meaning, and Complexity (Springer-Verlagm, 2006); F. Dressler, Self-Organization in Sensor and Actor Networks (New York: Wiley & Sons, 2007).
18. Sally Goerner, After the Clockwork Universe: the Emerging Science and Culture of Integral Society (Edinburgh: Floris Books, 1999); P. Cvitanovic, introduction to Universality in Chaos (Bristol, UK: Adam Hilger, 1984).
19. R. M. May, “Will a Large Complex System Be Stable?” Nature 238 (1972): 413–14.
20. C. S. Holling, “Resilience and the Stability of Ecological Systems,” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4 (1973): 1–23; C. S. Holling, “Engineering Resilience Versus Ecological Resilience” in P. Schulze, ed., Engineering within Ecological Constraints (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996), 31–44; B. H. Walker et al., “Exploring Resilience in Social Ecological Systems Through Comparative Studies and Theory Development: Introduction to the Special Issue,” Ecology and Society 11:1 (2006): 12.
21. Edgar Cahn, No More Throw Away People (Washington, DC: Essential Books, 2004).
22. James Stodder, “Corporate Barter and Economic Stabilization,” International Journal of Community Currency Research 2 (1998); James Stodder, “Reciprocal Exchange Networks: Implications for Macroeconomic Stability,” Albuquerque, New Mexico: Conference Proceedings, International Electronic and Electrical Engineering (IEEE), Engineering Management Society (EMS), 2000.
23. Open Source means that the source code of the software is publicly available, making it possible for users to adapt the system to their own requirements. Specific parts of the C3 methodology are protected by a patent, but the conditions to get user licence are transparency and monitoring procedures to guarantee fair treatment of the network participants, as well as a small contribution to fund the spreading of such systems. This generates the benefit of additional spending opportunities for any C3 network. More information via c3@socialtrade.org.
24. James Doran, “America’s Latest Export: Empty Municipal Coffers,” The Observer (Oct. 12, 2008): 8.
1. Andrei Codrescu, Zombification: Stories from National Public Radio (New York: Picador, 1994), 101.
1. This chapter originated as a talk given at Cooper Union in New York City, April 25, 2002.
1. http://freedocumentaries.org/film.php?id=152 (accessed 18 April 2011).
2. It would be more appropriate to refer to this as “holonocentric,” a word coined by systems theorist Richard Bawden, after Arthur Koestler’s concept of the “holon.” Holons are systems nested within larger systems. Each holon is both a whole and a part of a whole. Holistic implies “whole centered” whereas “holonocentric” implies “centered on wholes that are part of larger wholes,” which is more apt.
3. James Lovelock, The Revenge of Gaia (London: Allen Lane, 2006).
4. Hardin Tibbs, “Humane Ecostructure,” Whole Earth Review (Summer 1998): 63–65.
5. Christopher Day, with Rosie Parnell, Consensus Design (Oxford: Architectural Press, 2003); Brian Goodwin, Nature’s Due (Edinburgh: Floris Books, 2007).
6. Hardin Tibbs, Industrial Ecology: A New Agenda for Industry (Cambridge, MA: ADL, 1991).
7. Roger Martin, The Opposable Mind (Waterton, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2007).
1. Charles Walters, Unforgiven: The American Economic System Sold for Debt and War (Austin: Acres, USA, 1971, 2003).
2. Stephen Zarlenga, The Lost Science of Money (Chicago: The American Monetary Institute, 2002).
3. Lester Brown, Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2006).
1. For more information, see my book The Quantum Doctor: A Physicist’s Guide to Health and Healing (Charlottesville: Hampton Roads, 2004).