Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.
AA. See Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
AACI. See American Association for the Cure of Inebriety (AACI)
AA Grapevine (newsletter), 198, 199, 214, 227
abstinence: and AA, 273; and alcohol bans, 118; and Catholics, 38; as goal of alcoholics, 9, 26, 34, 47, 48, 50, 64, 66 –67, 118, 125, 126, 141, 255, 266, 270, 278; and “hard” vs. “soft” liquor, 27, 117; vs. limiting consumption (“controlled” or “safe” drinking), 117, 267–70, 278; pledges of, 2, 3, 24 –25, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35–41, 45–48, 51, 77, 88, 93–96, 98–99, 117–18, 154; vs. resuming drinking (“normal” drinking), 266, 267, 278; as treatment, 264, 267–69, 273, 278. See also Moderation Management
ACA. See Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)
Adams, Abigail, 1
Adams, Charles, 1, 3
Adams, John, 1, 3, 62
Adams, Thomas, 2
Addams, Jane, 77
addiction, 48, 56, 59, 216, 240, 252, 272–73; broadening definition of, 256–57; criminalization of, 265; fight against, 3, 97, 232, 252; theories of, 270–71, 274–75, 277–78, 284; within medical profession, 275–76; as moral problem, 264; to multiple substances, 252, 253; neurobiological treatment of, 250–51, 271–73; “phases of,” 227–28; physiology of, 270–71, 278; among prisoners, 258; punishment of, 3, 260; recovery from (see recovery); relapse, 275, 277; shame of, 239; as social problem, 275; women and, 252. See also alcoholism: as disease; delirium tremens (DTs); drugs/drug abuse; treatment
Adult Children of Alcoholics (support group), 257
Adult Children of Alcoholics (Woititz), 256
Advocacy with Anonymity (pamphlet), 283–84
African Americans, 39, 49, 253, 258
“Against Spirituous Liquors” (Rush), 58
Al-Anon, 256, 283
Alateen, 256
alcohol: as addictive drug, 227; as barter, 12–13; consumption of, 2; as “slavery,” 24, 35; as escape, 10–12, 56–57, 151; fear of, 8–9, 14; health risks of, 58–60; to impair judgment, 10; to induce euphoria, 10; as “medicine,” 8; positive view of, 2; prohibitions against, 11. See also distilled liquor; prohibitionism
“Alcohol and Public Opinion” (Anderson), 209–10
Alcoholic Foundation, 194–96, 199, 201, 202
alcoholics/drunks: confinement of, 62, 79, 154, 230; families of, 1–2, 13, 35, 39, 40, 217, 250; “hitting bottom,” 144, 156, 159, 230–31, 246–47; medical treatment of, 2, 3, 174, 189, 204, 210, 213, 215–18, 220–21, 226; as morally weak, 60–61, 92; prejudice/discrimination against, 174, 204, 206, 209, 212, 234, 280; in prison, 51, 86, 217, 249; punishment of, 2, 17, 34, 50–51, 62–63, 80, 116, 135, 217, 249; recognizing one’s alcoholism, 246–48, 273; recovery of, 69, 126, 266, 273, 277; reeducation of, 129, 137–38; reform of, 24, 26, 32–33, 35–40, 43, 45; relapsing, 66, 251–52, 272–73, 277; and religion, 3, 39, 44, 48, 68, 85–86, 130, 157, 182, 185–86, 232; and shame of, 29–30, 32, 61, 76, 96, 125, 178, 181, 213, 285; “sober drunks,” 24, 46, 48–50, 76, 145, 168, 171, 181, 205, 209, 219, 223; sober alcoholics as counselors, 171, 219, 222, 240, 243–44, 246, 251–52, 265, 276; as threat to society, 135; women, 77, 144, 182, 194, 206, 219, 252, 254. See also Alcoholics Anonymous (AA); alcoholism; recovery; recovery movement
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 2, 3, 51, 174–202; African Americans in, 253; anonymous nature of, 199, 279, 283; among armed forces members, 223–24; conflict within organization, 200–202; criticism of, 269; diversity of, 252–53, 254; and drug addicts, 252–54, 256, 287; fund-raising for, 194, 199; generational disputes within, 253–54; Grapevine newsletter, 197–98, 214; growth of, 191–92, 194, 196, 197, 199, 214, 225; ; and Hazelden, 242; helping illiterate alcoholics, 254; hospitalization campaign, 217–19; LGBT people in, 254; and “mass production of sobriety,” 191; in Minneapolis, 241; Native Americans in, 253; and nonbelievers, 255; organization of, 194–96, 199; origin of, 168; vs. Oxford Group, 188–89; press coverage of, 190, 192, 193–94, 195, 197; problems with expansion of, 253–54; relationship with NCEA, 215; and religion, 176, 185–86, 190, 197; search for institutional base in Cleveland, 189; success rate, 263; support of Hughes bill, 235; threats to, 196–97; twelve-step program of (see twelve-step program); “twelve traditions,” 198–99; welcoming to non–Protestant faiths, 188–89, 190; women in, 252. See also Alcoholic Foundation; twelve-step program
Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism (Wilson), 176, 195, 215, 240, 256, 257, 273; as the “Big Book,” 187; creation of, 182–87; popularity of, 194–95, 197; promotion of peer counseling, 220; religion in, 184–86; sales of, 252; the twelve steps in, 184–85, 186–87; criticism of, 185–86
Alcoholics Anonymous for Atheists and Agnostics (Quad A), 255
“An Alcoholics Anonymous Tradition of Relations—Twelve Points to Assure Our Future” (Wilson), 198
alcoholism/drunkenness: among African Americans, 253; Colonial views of, 10–12, 50; curing, 54, 61, 65, 99, 121, 132, 210, 276; death from, 14, 61, 125, 148, 158, 217, 221, 251, 264; as disease, 2, 51, 60, 72, 77, 81–82, 210, 212, 226, 229, 262, 271–72, 274–75, 277, 286; education about, 50, 212, 214, 218, 226, 248, 249; as economic problem, 221; gold to treat, 3, 99–102, 112; as grounds for job dismissal, 220; as hereditary, 61, 262; hypnotism to treat, 124; as incurable, 66, 144, 166, 170, 190, 209, 215; media coverage of, 58, 103, 190, 192, 193–94, 195, 197, 204, 225, 230, 261, 282; medications to treat, 112, 224, 271–72; and mental illness, 134; as weakness, 60, 62, 66, 77, 78, 119, 134; opposition to disease theory of, 260–62, 264–65, 266, 272; peyote to treat, 139, 140–41; “phases of,” 227–28; physiological roots of, 54, 66, 114, 211, 270–71; placebo effect to cure, 123; vs. problem drinking, 277; psychoanalysis to treat, 122–23, 132, 133; psychological roots of, 128, 131; as public health problem, 135, 205, 231, 264; and public relations, 209–10; punishment vs. treatment for, 5, 62, 72, 111, 118, 134–35, 137, 217; religion to treat, 39, 68, 82, 88, 121, 126; role of government in treating (see governments, federal and local); scientific research on, 206, 209, 211, 226, 229, 232, 262, 263; as sin, 2, 82, 218; as social problem, 133–34, 137, 275; stigma of, 174, 209, 213, 217; as subject for reform movements, 121; as suicide, 148; therapeutic goals for, 65–66, 72, 77, 137; among women, 37, 48, 144, 182, 194, 219, 252 Alcoholism and Treatment (report). See RAND Report
Alexander, Jack, 193, 194, 197, 212
Allen, Virginia, 48
Allinson, William, 22
American Association for the Cure of Inebriety (AACI), 77, 80–82, 83, 85, 99, 112, 213, 276, 286
American Civil Liberties Union, 233
American Hospital Association, 229
American Medical Association (AMA), 112, 226, 229–30. See also Journal of the American Medical Association
American Society for the Promotion of Temperance, 27
American Temperance Society, 27
American Temperance Union, 25, 38, 119
Anderson, Daniel J., 242, 243–44, 245, 246, 247, 248, 259
Anderson, Dwight, 127, 209–10, 211, 212, 213, 216
Anderson, “Happy Charlie,” 91
Anonymous People (documentary), 284
Antabuse (disulfiram), 224, 298n29
Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1986), 258
Anti-Saloon League, 148
Appleton Temporary Home (Boston), 83
asylums: for alcoholics, 3, 55–56, 64, 71–77, 80–81, 83, 134; for the mentally ill, 2, 54, 64, 77, 121, 135, 196, 230. See also hospitals; institutions for alcoholics
Autobiography (Franklin), 15–16
Bacon, Selden, 205, 222, 229, 230
Bangs, Grace Allen, 208, 211, 214
Banner of Gold (newspaper), 111, 113
Baylor, Courtenay, 127–30, 149, 286
Beattie, Melody, 257
Beecher, Lyman, 118
Bellevue Hospital (New York City), 133–34, 144,145, 147, 205
Benedict, Pat, 238
Betty Ford Center, Rancho Mirage, California, 252
Betty Ford Hazelden Foundation, 285
Bi-Chloride of Gold Club, 110
Big Book. See Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism (Wilson)
Block, Marvin, 229, 230
blue ribbon movement, 98, 99–100
Booth, Evangeline, 146,147
Booth, William, 142
Botticelli, Michael, 282
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, 11
Brackett, Charles, 203, 204
Bradley, Nelson, 242–45
Bradshaw, John, 257
Bradshaw On: The Family (TV series), 257
brain disease theory, 271–73
Briggs, George, 43, 44
Brown, Willard, 113
Buchman, Frank, 176–78, 180. See also Oxford Group
Bullard, Dexter M., 216
Bush, George W., administration of, 281
business and industry: and AA, 220; employers’ treatment of alcoholic employees, 220, 222, 225, 250; employment assistance programs, 222, 223, 276; employment of alcoholics, 220, 250; loss of productivity to alcoholism, 221
Butler, Patrick, 245–46
Calvary Episcopal Church (New York City), mission of, 157, 160, 181
Calvin, D. Leigh (Mrs.), 212
Campbell, Helen Stuart, 91
Campbell, John P., 100, 101
Carroll, Lynn, 241–42, 245–46
Catholics, 38–39, 117, 182, 187, 190
Cayuga, 10
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 278–79
Center of Alcohol Studies, Yale University, 205, 206, 211–12, 213, 221, 226, 229
Chambers, Julius, 88
Charles B. Towns Hospital for the Treatment of Drug and Alcoholic Addictions (New York City), 154–55, 156, 158, 159, 160, 168, 169, 175, 179, 235
Cheyne, George, 56–57
Choctaws, 14
Christianity, 15, 18, 39, 61, 82, 185; and AA, 185, 253; embracing, as cure for alcoholism, 11, 82, 96, 185; vs. Native American religions, 8, 12, 17–19, 21; and Oxford Group, 176–77, 188. See also religion
Christian Science, 123, 130
Christopher, James, 255
Christopher D. Smithers Foundation, 269
Clark, C. S., 106, 107–8
Cline, William B., 209
Clinton, Bill, administration of, 281
Cocaine Anonymous, 256
codependency, concept of, 257, 261
Codependent No More (Beattie), 257
Co-Dependents Anonymous, 257
cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), 274
Comanche Nation, 139, 140
Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act (CARA) (2016), 285–86
Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation Act (1970), 233
Connecticut Community for Addiction Recovery (CCAR), 280–81
Conoy Nation, 14
Coriat, Isador H., 122
Cornplanter, 5, 7, 9, 20
Council of the Six Nations, 22
Cronin, Pat, 240–41
Crosby, Nathan, 81–82
Crow, Sheryl, 284
Cruse, Joseph, 237, 238
Crystal Fount and Rechabite Recorder (newspaper), 44, 47
Curtis, Nathaniel, 50
Danckaerts, Jasper, 12–13
Dashaways, 70
Daughters of Samaria, 49
Davies, D. L., 266–67
Davis, Elrick B., 189–90, 195
Davis, LaSchell, 266, 268
Davis, Richard, 266, 268
Day, Albert, 64–70, 74, 80, 83, 100, 130, 272, 286; vs. Turner, 71–72. See also Washingtonian Homes
Deaconess Hospital (Cleveland), working with Alcoholics Anonymous, 189, 217
Debs, Eugene, 109
Defending the Disease: From Facts to Fingarette (Madsen), 263
Delaware Nation, 14, 16–17
delirium tremens (DTs), 6, 65, 68, 94, 144, 167, 203, 215
DeLuca, Alexander, 269
Dia Linn, 246
The Disease Concept of Alcoholism (Jellinek), 228–29
distilled liquor, 10, 26–27, 30, 58, 59; abstinence from, only, 117; as cause of alcoholism, 66; taxes on, 60; vs. wine/beer, 10, 27, 59–60, 66, 87, 117, 118
Dix, Dorothea, 26, 210
Dow, Neal, 119
“Dr. Bob.” See Smith, Bob
drinking establishments (taverns, bars, saloons), 31, 34, 40, 44, 46, 50, 100, 115–16, 120; opposed to temperance, 84–85, 97, 134; proliferation of, 119; as recovery centers, 31, 88, 92. See also liquor industry
drugs/drug abuse, 155, 232, 257–58, 270–72, 282–83; cocaine, 256, 258; cure for, 112, 124, 299n39; opioids, 272, 275, 282, 286; opium, 106; prescription drugs, 238, 252; US drug policy, 282. See also “war on drugs” (1980s)
drunk driving, 249, 253, 266, 282
DuPont, 221
Edwards, Justin, 27
Eiden, Fred, 243–44
Eighteenth Amendment. See Prohibition (Eighteenth Amendment)
Ellskwata (Tenskwata), 17, 23
Emmanuel Church (Boston), mission of, 121–22, 124, 127, 211
Emmanuel movement, 126, 130–31
Empire Institute, 112
An Enquiry into the Effects of Spirituous Liquors on the Human Body (Rush), 59, 60
eugenics, 135–36
Eustis, William H., 111
Faces & Voices of Recovery, 279–81, 283
Facing Addiction, 284
Finan, Christopher M., personal story of recovery, 288–89
Fingarette, Herbert, 261–63, 270, 274
Firestone, Harvey, 178
Firestone, Russell, 178
First Industrial Conference on Alcoholism, 221
Folks, Homer, 134
Ford, Betty, 236–39, 249, 252
Ford, Gerald R., 236, 237, 238
Ford, Jack, 236
Ford, Susan, 236–37
Fox, Ruth, 211
Franklin, Benjamin, 15–16
Franklin Reformatory Home for Inebriates (Philadelphia), 83
Freud, Sigmund, 124, 131–32, 133, 201
Gardner, Orville, 86
Gardner, Yvelin, 224
Gatlin Institute, 112
Gehrmann, George H., 221, 222
Gibson, Robert, 113
Gloyd, Charles, 115–16
Gold as a Cure for Drunkenness (Hargreaves), 99, 102
Good Templars’ Asylum (Quincy, Massachusetts), 71
Gough, John B., 43
governments, federal and local: alcoholics in city workhouses, 51, 64, 134–35; drug czar, 284; funding institutions and programs for alcoholics, 81, 111, 117–18, 121, 134–37, 227, 231, 232–33, 243, 250, 278–80, 281, 286; opposition to public funding, 148–49, 212; poisoning of alcohol, 148; research into alcoholism, 271; taxes for sobriety programs, 62, 134. See also laws and legislation; Prohibition (Eighteenth Amendment); prisons/jails; “war on drugs” (1980s)
Grapevine. See AA Grapevine (newsletter)
Griffith, Fayette, 151, 152
Handbook on the Treatment of Alcoholism (Bradley), 243
Handsome Lake, 3, 5–9, 16, 17, 18, 22–23, 139, 159, 286, 289; Gaiwiio (Good Word), 9, 48, 286, 292n1 (ch. 1); rejection of alcohol, 20–22, 26, 159; relationship with whites, 18–19
Hargreaves, Frederick B., 99–103, 108, 298n29
Harris, Robert, 103, 104
Harrison, Ray, 233
Harrison, William Henry, 16, 33
Harrisson, David, Jr., 65, 67–68, 70
Hartford Insurance Group, 251
Harvard Medical School, 263, 273
Havens, F. M., 103–4
Hawkins, Ann, 29, 30
Hawkins, Hannah, 29–30
Hawkins, John H. W., 24–25, 28–37, 39, 40, 50–53, 119, 159
Hawkins, William George, 25, 39
Hayden, Carl M., 141; Hayden bill, 141, 142
Hazard, Rowland, 157
Hazelden rehabilitation facility (Center City, Minnesota), 239, 240–42, 245–46, 248, 250, 257, 259
Heath, John R., 113–14
Heavy Drinking: The Myth of Alcoholism as a Disease (Fingarette), 261–62
Hegner, George H., 113, 114
Hemsley, Rollie, 192–93
Henderson, Ralph McComb “Lefty,” 215, 221–22
Home for the Fallen (Boston), 63–64
Hospital for Dipsomaniacs and Inebriates (Foxborough, Massachusetts), 137–39, 148, 245. See also Norfolk State Hospital (Massachusetts)
hospitals: and AA, 175, 215, 217–19, 264; alcoholics in mental institutions, 154, 156, 242–43; alcoholism wards in, 134, 135, 205, 258; conducting research on alcoholism, 248–49; denial of treatment to alcoholics, 2, 174–75, 215–18, 223; development of, to treat alcoholism, 54, 62, 63, 72; and managed care, 259–60; profits vs. treatment, 259; during Prohibition, 147–48; sober alcoholics as staff, 219, 278; state-run, 136–37, 147, 148; treating alcoholics, 63, 83, 108, 111, 133, 135, 138, 155, 215–20, 221, 229, 262, 266, 267, 278. See also specific hospitals
Hudson, Henry, 10
Hughes, Harold E., 230–35, 250, 278
Hughes bill, 233–35, 250, 278
Hull, Charles, 77
Hull House, 77
Hutt, Peter, 233
hypnotism/hypnotic suggestion, as therapy for alcoholism, 122, 124–25, 129, 131
I Am Not Anonymous (IANA), 284
Illinois State Temperance League, 100, 102
I’m Dysfunctional, You’re Dysfunctional: The Recovery Movement and Other Self-Help Fashions (Kaminer), 261
Independent Order of Good Samaritans, 49
Independent Order of Good Templars, 49–50, 70–71
“Indian,” use of term, 292n2 (ch. 1)
Indian nations: and AA, 253; and abuse of alcohol, 7–8, 11–13; colonists/settlers’ use of alcohol as weapon against, 15–17, 140; devastated by alcohol, 13–14, 15–16, 140; and laws against sale of alcohol, 14–16, 21, 140; and peyote use, 139, 140–42; rejection of alcohol, 14, 15, 17–18, 20–22. See also specific individuals and nations
An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits (Rush), 61, 62
institutions for alcoholics: farms, 135, 148; homes, 3, 71, 76, 149, 217, 278. See also asylums
insurance coverage: of addiction treatment, 280–81; denial of, to alcoholics, 250–51, 276, 280; and managed care, 260; provided to alcoholics, 251; from temperance societies, 49, 50
Iowa Comprehensive Alcoholism Program, 231
Ireland, temperance movement in, 38
Iroquois Confederacy, and alcohol abuse, 3, 5, 10, 13, 15, 21, 22, 26, 48, 286; encounters with whites, 19, 22, 139–40
“Is This Why You Drink?” (article), 132–33
Jackson, Andrew, 25–26, 46
Jackson, Charles, 203, 204–5
Jacoby, Ernest, 126, 127
Jacoby Club, 126, 127, 149
James, William, 159
Jefferson, Thomas, 16
Jeffersonian Home (Philadelphia), 77
Jellinek, E. M., 211–12, 221, 222, 226, 227–29, 230, 267, 270
Jesuits, 10, 12
Jewell, Dick, 225
John Barleycorn (London), 120
Johnson, Lyndon, 232, 235, 257
Johnson, Vernon, 248–50, 279
Johnson, William, 15
Johnson Institute, 248, 249–50; Johnson Institute Foundation, 279
Josselyn, John, 14
Journal of the American Medical Association, 230, 275
Journal of the American Temperance Union, 44, 45
Kaminer, Wendy, 260–61
Kanigut, Aucus al, 15
Keeley, Leslie E., 99, 100–106, 108–10, 111–12, 124, 286, 298n29
Keeley Cure (gold cure/double chloride of gold), 100, 101–6, 108–9, 111, 123, 124, 286, 299n39
Keeley Institute, 100–101, 103, 104–5, 109–14, 123, 149
Keeley League, 110–12, 113, 123, 174
Keller, John, 244
Kemp, Jimmy, 143
Kemper, James S., Jr., 235, 251
Kemper Insurance Company, 251
Kendall, Don, 235
Kennedy, Josiah F., 136
Kings County Home (Brooklyn, New York), 77
Kiowa, 140
Kirkpatrick, Jean, 254
Kishline, Audrey, 266, 268–70
Knickerbocker Hospital (New York City), 218–19
Koob, George, 271, 272
Kurtz, Ernest, 269
Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, rehabilitation program, 224–25
Lady Mount Vernon Temperance Benevolent Society, 37
LaFlesche, Francis, 141
Law, Robert A., 70
laws and legislation: to aid substance abusers (parity bills), 258, 280, 281; in Canada, 12; against drinking, 10–12; among Indian nations, 14–15; in Kansas, 116; law enforcement against alcoholics, 65, 258; in Massachusetts, 12, 50–51; in New Netherlands, 12; against sale of alcohol, 119, 146. See also alcoholics: punishment of; Prohibition (Eighteenth Amendment); specific legislation
Lawson, John, 14
Leshner, Allan I., 271
Lincoln, Abraham, 40–43
liquor industry, 40, 97, 116, 203; bans or curbs on sale of, 104, 119, 163–64; illegal sale of alcohol, 140, 147; taxes on sale of alcohol, 55, 60, 134. See also Prohibition (Eighteenth Amendment)
Little, Henry, 88
London, Charmian, 120
London, Jack, 120
The Lost Weekend (Jackson novel), 203, 204–5
The Lost Weekend (film), 203–5
Madsen, William, 263
Maine Law, 119–20. See also Prohibition
“Manhattan,” meaning of word, 10
Mann, Marty, 206–9, 210–11, 212–16, 217, 219, 224, 225–26, 233, 299
Manual on Alcoholism (AMA publication), 230
Marsh, John, 25, 38, 44, 46
Marsh, William, 103
Marshall, Thomas F., 118–19
Martha Washington Home, 77
Martha Washington societies (Marthas), 37–38, 48
Massachusetts Bureau of Substance Abuse Services, 282
Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, 26
Mather, Increase, 2
Matthew, Theobald, 38
McAuley, Jerry, 84–92, 98, 159, 286
McCambridge, Mercedes, 232
McCarthy, Ray, 211
McLellan, A. Thomas, 275, 276–78, 282
McComb, Samuel, 121
Medill, Joseph, 104–5, 107
Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (2008 legislation), 281
Men Who Have Won (Jacoby Club report), 127
Methodists, 61, 117
Methomania (Day), 66
Miamis, 13, 16
Milans, Henry F., 144–45
military, and alcoholism, 223–25, 239, 253
Milland, Ray, 204
Mines, John Flavel, 108
Mingoes, 14
Minnesota Hospital Farm for Inebriates (Willmar), 135, 148, 242–48
Minnesota Inebriate Asylum (Rochester), 134
“Minnesota model,” 246, 252, 259, 274. See also Hazelden rehabilitation facility (Center City, Minnesota)
Mitchell, William K., 31, 43, 44, 118
Moderation Management, 266, 269–70; vs. AA, 269
Molloy, Paul, 278
Mooney, James, 141
Moore, Harold H., 209
Morton, Thomas, 11
motivational enhancement therapy (MET), 274
Mount Pleasant State Hospital (Iowa), 136
Moyers, William Cope, 285
Munsee, 10
Murphy, Francis, 97–99, 174
Narcotics Anonymous (NA), 256
Narcotics Anonymous (publication), 256
Nation, Carry, 115–17, 120, 263
Nation, David, 116
National Committee for Education on Alcoholism (NCEA), 205–6, 210, 212–15, 216–17, 219, 220, 221–22, 224, 225–26, 229. See also Mann, Marty
National Committee on Alcoholism. See National Council on Alcoholism (NCA)
National Council on Alcoholism (NCA), 226, 268, 278
National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD), 268, 269
National Institute of Mental Health, 234, 250
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 233, 234, 250, 267, 273–74
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 271
The Natural History of Alcoholism (Vaillant), 273
Neal Institute, 112
Neff, Irwin H., 137–39, 148
Neolin, 17
New Thought, 123, 124
New York City Board of Inebriety, 134–35, 139
New York Organ (newspaper), 49
New York State Inebriate Asylum, 55–56, 71–76, 77, 83, 134
New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services, 282
NIAAA. See National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
Nixon, Richard, 232, 235
Norfolk State Hospital (Massachusetts), 148
Norris, Charles, 148
Norwich State Hospital and Farm (Connecticut), 135, 148
Obama, Barack, administration of, 281–82
O’Brien, Charles P., 275
Office of National Drug Control Policy. See White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)
Oliver, Isaac, 49
Oliver, John, 49
Ollapod Club, 75–76
Olson, Nancy, 234, 235
Oneida, 21
Onondagas, 9, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23
Oppenheimer Institute, 112
opioid addiction, 272, 275, 282, 286
Ottawas, 11, 18
Oxford Group, 157–58, 160, 162, 163, 168, 169, 171, 176–78; alcoholics vs. nonalcoholics in, 180–81; Catholics in, 182; disagreement with Clevelanders, 182, 188; four spiritual practices of, as seed of AA, 183; religious nature of, 168, 176–77, 179–80, 182. See also Calvary Episcopal Church (New York City)
Oxford House, 278
Pace, Nicholas A., 268
Paine, Thomas, 58
Palmer, John W., 71, 74–76
Paramount Pictures, 203
Parker, Arthur C., 292n1 (ch. 1)
Parker, Cynthia, 139
Parker, Dorothy, 206
Parker, Quanah, 139, 140–41
Parker, Willard, 73–74, 77–78, 80
Parkhurst, Henry, 185, 186, 187, 188
Parrish, Joseph, 77–81, 82, 83, 216
Partnership for Drug-Free Kids, 282
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) (2010 legislation), 281
Peabody, Richard, 211
Peart, William, 145–46
Peele, Stanton, 269
peer counseling, 160–61, 244
Pelosi, Nancy, 281
Penn, William, 14
Pennsylvania Sanitarium for Inebriates, 77, 79
peyote, as cure for alcoholism, 139–42
“Phases of Alcohol Addiction” (Jellinek), 227, 230
physicians, 59, 78, 211, 216–17, 229, 260, 275, 276. See also American Medical Association (AMA); hospitals
Pickford, Mary, 206
Pike, Thomas P., 235
Pills Anonymous, 256
Pitcairne, Archibald, 56
“Plan for an Asylum for Drunkards to be called Sober House” (Rush), 61
Pollock, Henry M., 135
Pontiac, 15, 17
Post, Sara, 217
Post-Shaker Sanitarium (East Cleveland), 217
Potsmokers Anonymous, 256
Potter, Milton G., 229
prisons/jails, 3, 34–35, 51, 63–64, 86, 92, 111, 134–35, 258, 286. See also alcoholism: punishment vs. treatment; asylums; drunk driving; government, federal and local; laws and legislation
Progressive Era, 121, 134
Prohibition (Eighteenth Amendment), 2, 92, 117, 119, 146–49, 154, 162, 192, 204, 206, 208–9, 286
prohibitionism, 41, 45, 49–51, 77, 80, 82, 92, 96, 97, 104, 116–20. See also laws and legislation; Maine law; Nation, Carry; Prohibition (Eighteenth Amendment); temperance movement; Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
Project MATCH, 273, 274
Prudential Insurance Company, 251
psychology/psychiatry, 122–23, 124, 128, 130–31, 133–34, 186, 187, 209, 216, 243, 245; confinement of alcoholics, 260; effectiveness of, to treat alcoholism, 213, 241, 263–64, 274; psychological problems of alcoholics, 130, 132–33, 209, 211; rejection of alcoholics as patients, 2, 216; sober alcoholics as counselors, 243, 244; to treat alcoholism, 65, 77, 132, 137–38, 207, 217; view of alcoholism as illness, 121–22, 216, 226, 228, 243; view of alcoholism as incurable, 216, 266–67. See also alcoholism: as disease
Puritans, 2, 11
Pursch, Joseph, 237, 238, 239
Quakers, 6, 9, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 61
Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 211, 220
Quarterly Journal of Inebriety, 83, 211
Quimby, Phineas Parkhurst, 122, 124
Rand, Thomas, 138–39
RAND Corporation, 267
RAND Report, 267; criticism of, 267–68
Rational Recovery, 255
Rechabites, 49
recovery, 79, 82, 91, 183, 187, 216, 247, 276, 287; acceptance of addiction as necessary for, 273; desire to become sober and, 124, 245; humanitarian attitude, 3, 51, 121, 252; and peer support, 91, 175, 211, 244; as process, 272–73, 277–78; rates of, 283; and religion, 85, 166, 169, 286; use of medication, 224. See also Alcoholics Anonymous (AA); hospitals; recovery movement; twelve-step programs
recovery movement, 82, 254–56, 261, 264, 265, 266–67, 269–70, 278–82, 283–86, 287. See also self-help movement; specific groups
Red Jacket, 20, 22
Red Ribbon Club, 96–97, 98
religion: and recovery, 3, 26, 48, 68, 85, 86, 88–92, 130–31, 157–59, 169–70, 230, 286; in alcoholics’ groups, 39, 67, 121, 176, 178, 182, 197; atheist/agnostic addiction groups, 255; among Native Americans, 21, 48, 139–41, 292n1 (ch. 1); opposition to, for recovery, 44, 185–86; religious restrictions in alcoholics’ groups, 39, 182. See also Alcoholics Anonymous (AA); Christianity; Oxford Group
Religion and Medicine (Worcester), 130–31
Remaking a Man: One Successful Method of Mental Retrofitting (Baylor), 128–30
Research Council on Problems of Alcohol (RCPA), 208–9, 210, 211
Reynolds, Henry A., 93–97, 174
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., endorsement of AA, 192, 193
Roosevelt, Theodore, 121
Rush, Benjamin, 57–63, 65, 66, 117, 209, 213
Safford, William E., 142
Salvation Army, 142–46, 147, 231, 286, 305n32; industrial homes, 143, 144, 147
Salvation Nell (film), 305n32
Samaritans. See Independent Order of Good Samaritans
San Francisco Home for the Care of Inebriates, 70
Secular Organizations for Sobriety— Save Our Selves (SOS), 255
self-help movement, 257, 260–61. See also recovery movement
Seneca (philosopher), 2
Seneca Nation, 5–9, 18, 20–22, 48
Shawnee Nation, 14–15, 17
Seiberling, Henrietta, 162–63, 165, 171, 178–79, 180, 188
Shoemaker, Sam, 181
Silkworth, William D., 155–56, 158, 159, 160, 161, 166
Simmons, Henry, 6, 9, 20
Sister Ignatia, 218
Sisters of Charity, 218
Slaying the Dragon: The History of Addiction Treatment and Recovery (White), 264
Sloane, Thomas L., 141–42
SMART Recovery, 255–56
Smith, Anne, 162, 163, 165–68, 170–73, 178, 201
Smith, Bernard, 201
Smith, Bob, 162–82, 187–88, 189, 193, 200–202, 206; and AA, 168, 186–95, 197, 200–202, 206; beginning a recovery group, 168–69, 173, 174–76, 179, 181, 187; and book on alcoholism (Big Book), 175, 182–83, 186–87, 197; as doctor, 165, 167–68, 175, 179, 191, 217–18; early years of, 163; and Marty Mann, 208, 215; and Oxford Group, 169–70, 176, 178, 180, 182, 187–88; during Prohibition, 146, 147, 149, 165; and religion, 169–70, 174, 176, 178–79, 182, 187; and Bill Wilson, 162–63, 165–73, 174–76, 179, 182, 191, 192, 194–95, 197, 200. See also Alcoholics Anonymous (AA); Wilson, William Griffith (Bill)
Smith, Gerritt, 27
Smith, John, 10
Smithers, R. Brinkley, 235
Smithers Addiction Treatment and Research Center (New York), 269
Snyder, Clarence, 179, 181–82, 187–89, 190–91, 195, 217
Snyder, Dorothy, 181, 189, 191
Sobell, Mark and Linda, 267–68
Sober House, 61–62
Society for Americans in Recovery, 278
Sons of Temperance, 49, 50, 69
Spears, Charles (Mrs.), 63
Special Brother(s), 126–27. See also Jacoby Club
Special Subcommittee on Alcoholism and Narcotics, 232
State Hospital for Inebriates (Knoxville, Iowa), 136, 148
The Story of the Lonesome Man (Jacoby Club report), 127
St. Thomas Hospital (Akron, Ohio), 218
Study of Adult Development (Harvard Medical School), 273
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 279, 282, 284
Swegan, William, 223–25, 253
Taylor, Jacob, 22
temperance movement, 24–33, 39–50, 163; and African Americans, 39, 49; belief in abstinence, 66, 117–18; belief in disease theory of alcoholism, 80–81; among Irish immigrants, 38; and laws and legislation, 119–20; opposition to, 105; physicians in, 63; and politicians, 46; and prohibitionism, 92, 96, 104; relation to other social movements, 26; and religion, 92–93, 98, 100, 117; and slavery disputes, 43; societies and clubs, 2, 24, 38, 49–50, 96–99; in Vermont, 163–64; wary of alcoholics, 24, 41; women in, 36–37, 39, 48, 50, 89–91, 92–93, 96, 116–17, 120. See also Keeley League; Prohibition; Washingtonians; specific societies and clubs
Tenskwata, 17–18, 23
Thacher, Ebby, 156
Thirteen Statements of Acceptance, 254
Tiebout, Harry, 215–16, 226
The Times of My Life (Ford), 239
Towns, Charles, 155, 175
treatment programs, 250–51, 258–60, 262–63; coercion in, 249; for drug abuse, 256; effectiveness of, 262–63, 264, 265, 274, 275; ethical problems within treatment industry, 258–59; for-profit, 258; high costs of, 259; as humanitarian effort, 252; and managed care, 259–60; medications used in, 224; professionalization of treatment industry, 264–65; public vs. private facilities, 134, 242, 250; sober alcoholics as counselors in, 251–52, 265
The Trial of John Barleycorn (play), 144
Tunks, Walter, 162
Turner, J. Edward, 54–56, 71–74, 77, 83, 286
Tuscarora Nation, 15
twelve-step program(s), 240, 241, 245, 261, 274, 276, 279, 283; of AA, 183–87, 194, 208, 240, 241, 245, 246, 252, 253, 255, 256–57, 304n22; for addictions other than alcohol, 256; for families of alcoholics, 256; opposition to, 261
Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions (Wilson), 246
twelve traditions, of AA, 198–99, 201, 246, 304n22
Tyler, Steven, 284
United Order of Ex-Boozers, 145
United States Inebriate Asylum. See New York State Inebriate Asylum
Unite to Face Addiction (2015), 284–85
US Department of Defense, 250
US Department of Justice, 250
US Naval Hospital, Long Beach, California, 237, 238, 239
US Veterans Administration, 223, 250, 261
Vaillant, George E., 263–64, 272, 273
Vance, Chuck, 236
Varieties of Religious Experience (James), 159
A Voice from the Washingtonian Home (Harrisson), 69
Volkow, Nora D., 271, 272
Walnut Lodge Hospital for Inebriates (Hartford, Connecticut), 83
Walsh, Joe, 284
“war on drugs” (1980s), 257, 282
Washington, George, 58
Washingtonian Home for the Cure of Inebriates (Chicago), 70–71
Washingtonian Homes, 63, 64–65, 67–70, 72, 74, 77, 110, 130, 245, 272; refusal to admit women, 77
Washingtonians, 3, 24–25, 27, 31–48, 49, 51, 54, 121; abstinence as goal, 118; and African Americans, 39; alcoholics vs. nonalcoholics in, 45–46, 49; caring for alcoholics, 63; and Catholics, 38–39; challenging prejudice against alcoholics, 174; demise of, 45–48, 52, 286; and election of 1844, 46–47; impact of, 39, 48, 53, 64, 118; lack of central organization, 47; and Lincoln, 41–43; and religion, 39, 44–45, 82; search for sobriety, 45–46, 286, 289; support of alcohol ban, 119; vs. temperance societies of old, 41–42; women’s involvement in, 37 (see also Martha Washington societies)
Washington Temperance Society, 3, 24–25, 30, 31, 40
Water Street Mission, New York City, 84, 85, 88–89, 92, 139
Watts, Jack, 64
Webster (“whiskey seller”), 9, 21
Weiser, Conrad, 14
Wellstone, Paul, 281
“wheelbarrow cure,” 137, 148
Wheeler, Wayne, 148
White, William L., 251, 259, 264–65, 276–78
White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), 282
Wilder, Billy, 203–4
Willard, Frances, 97, 120
Williams, Roger, 12
Williams, T. Henry, 188; hosting alcoholics’ meeting with wife, Clarace, 171, 178, 180, 181–82
Willmar (Minnesota) state mental hospital. See Minnesota Hospital Farm for Inebriates (Willmar)
Wilson, Dorothy, 152
Wilson, Emily (Griffith), 151–52
Wilson, Gilman, 151
Wilson, Lois (Burnham), 150–56, 158–60, 161–62, 170–71, 185, 193, 256
Wilson, William Griffith (Bill), 150–58, 164, 171–72, 196, 233, 246–47; and AA, 168, 188, 191–95, 197, 198, 200–202, 206; ambition to help alcoholics, 159; beginning a recovery group, 169, 170, 172–73, 174–76, 179, 181–82; belief that alcoholism is incurable, 170; early years of, 150–53; and Marty Mann, 207–8, 210–11, 212, 215; and religion, 168, 169–70, 176, 179, 182, 184–86; and Bob Smith, 162–63, 165–73, 174–76, 179, 182, 191, 192, 194–95, 197, 200; spiritual awakening of, 158–59; and twelve steps, 183–87; and twelve traditions, 198, 201, 202; and writing Big Book, 182–87. See also Alcoholics Anonymous (AA); Smith, Bob
Woititz, Judith, 256
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 92–93, 97, 116, 120, 212
Woman’s Crusade for Temperance, 92, 93, 96
women: as alcoholics, 144, 182, 194, 219, 252; in AA, 252; alcoholics judged more harshly than men, 206; alcoholics seen as prostitutes, 206; barred from recovery groups, 182, 196; as leaders of recovery groups, 206, 213–14; in own recovery groups, 254; prescription-drug abuse, 252; separated from men in treatment centers, 246; in temperance movement, 36–37, 39, 48, 50, 89–91, 92–93, 96, 116–17, 120. See also Mann, Marty
Women for Sobriety, 254–55
Wood, Henry, 123–24
Woodman, Charles T., 118
Woodward, Samuel B., 62, 63
Worcester, Elwood, 121–22, 125–26, 127, 130, 131, 149, 286. See also Emmanuel movement
Worcester State Lunatic Hospital (Worcester, Massachusetts), 63
World Health Organization (WHO), classification of alcohol as addictive drug, 227
Wright, William E., 32, 36
Yale Center of Alcohol Studies, 206, 211, 212, 213, 221, 226, 229; Yale Plan Clinics, 211
Yale Plan for Business and Industry, 222
Yale Summer School of Alcohol Studies, 212, 224, 240, 245
Young Men’s Christian Association, 78
Young Men’s Crusade Club, 95
Zug, John, 31–32
Zuska, Joseph J., 225