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A
Aachen, 57
Abercorn, 165, 166
Acleah, battle of, 93, 220
Adulf mcEtulf, 361
Æbbe (sister of King Oswald), 117
Æðelbald, king of Mercia, 33, 41, 121, 126
Æðelbald, king of Wessex, 93, 95
Æðelberht, king of Kent and Wessex, 94, 95
Æðelflæd, Lady of the Mercians (Ælfred’s daughter), 273
builds fortress at Bremesburh, 279
plan to conquer Danish Mercia and East Anglia, 161
captures Derby, 287, 299–300
dies at Tamworth, 302
grants land to Ingimund, 239–44
refortifies vill at Kingsholm, 275–76
takes Leicester, 287
marries Ealdorman Æðelred, 187, 239
rules Mercia, 239
acquires Oswald’s relics from Bardney, 274
builds forts at Scergeat and Bridgnorth, 282–84
refounds burh at Worcester, 185
treaty with York, 302
Æðelgifu, 233–34
Æðelheard, archbishop of Canterbury, 10, 34, 35
Æðelnoth, ealdorman of Somerset, 143, 218
Æðelred (d.871), king of Wessex (Ælfred’s brother), 94, 95, 96, 102, 109–10, 112
Æðelred (d.911), ealdorman of Mercia (Ælfred’s godson), 176, 178, 186, 188, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 228
loyalty to Ælfred, 213
submits to Ælfred, 177
control of Cheshire, 190
surrounds Roman fort of Chester, 215
dies, 279–80
campaign against Gwynedd, 177
incapacitated, 240
refortifies vill at Kingsholm, 275–76
marries Æðelflæd, 187, 239
acquires Oswald’s relics from Bardney, 274
Warwickshire Avon and Great Ouse, 189
refounds burh at Worcester, 185
Æðelred II, 198, 436, 449
Æðelstan (Ælfred’s brother), 75, 76, 94, 95
Æðelstan (Ælfred’s grandson),
purchases Amounderness, 362–65
assemblies, 352–54
Brunanburh, battle of, 388, 390, 392, 396, 398–9
treatment of Constantine of Alba, 393
expansion of royal residence of Cheddar, 407
coinage, 405
death, 400
fostered at Æðelred’s court in Mercia, 239, 335
and Hywel Dda, 417
invades Alba, 369–70
and Louis of West Francia, 400
buried at Malmesbury, 400
sends embassy to Óláfr proposing battle, 397
patronage of Oswald cult, 276, 368
enacts ‘peace guild’, 401, 412
recognizes Eadmund cult, 267
Rex Totius Britanniae, 351, 357, 358, 360, 457
nature of rule, 380–81, 400–1
imposes tribute on Welsh kings, 372
becomes king of Wessex and West Mercia, 340–41
holds court at Winchester, 361
visit to York, 377–78, 386
Æðelstan, the ‘half-king’, 420
Æðelstan, see under Guðrum
‘Æðelstan A’ (scribe), 358, 361
Æðelswið (Ælfred’s sister), 93, 102, 103, 125, 139
Æðelweard, king of East Anglia, 94
Æðelweard (tenth-century chronicler), 96, 137, 143, 172, 188, 208, 209, 212, 240, 269, 279, 392, 420
Æðelwold (pretender, son of Ælfred’s brother Æðelred), 233–34, 266, 268–69
Æðelwold (son of Ealdorman Ælfred), 222
Æðelwulf, ealdorman of Berkshire, 109, 110
Æðelwulf, king of Wessex (Ælfred’s father), 40, 56, 75, 91, 120, 301, 355
defeats Norse at Acleah, 93
death, 95
relegated to subordinate throne of Kent and Sussex, 95
marries Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, 94, 97
Æðelwulf, king of Mercia, 272
Æðulfings, 301, 369
Ælfflæd (Eadweard’s second wife), 335
Ælfred the Great, king of Wessex, 9, 88, 94, 102, 103, 118, 159, 163, 231, 443
gives Æðelflæd in marriage to Æðelred of Mercia, 187, 213, 239, 336
endorsement of Æðelred of Mercia, 188
compilation of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 104
battle of Ashdown, 109–11, 120, 127, 149
Asser’s Life of King Ælfred, 95, 104, 107
at Athelney, 142–48, 368
battles with the mycel here (871), 110–13
becomes king of Wessex, 112
birth, 103
burial at Winchester, 232, 277
burhs, construction of in 880s and after, 182–87, 197, 205, 433
legend of the cakes, 146
campaigns of 893–6, 207–219, 268
childhood, 103
Chippenham, 139–41
coinage, 128–9, 188, 228, 243n, 334, 379, 433
appearance of St Cuthbert to Ælfred at Athelney, 145
death, 161, 187, 209n, 232, 266, 335
Edington, battle of, 149–150, 158, 437
and the fyrd, 9, 207
and baptism of Guðrum, 151–2
and Hæsten, 201, 212
health, 183n
refounding of London, 46, 450
journeys to Rome, 94, 103
legacy, 313
makes peace with Host (872), 122
marries Ælswið, 103
naval operations, 137, 181
visit of Ohthere to court of, 223, 224, 225, 449, 455
reforms, 158–59, 181–82, 268, 316, 399
and sacred arm ring, 169n
scholarship and literacy, 117, 223, 226, 362n, 424–5, 428
establishes strategic fleet, 75, 232n
submission of Ealdorman Æðelred of Mercia, 177
submission of Welsh kingdoms, 178
survives older brothers, 95
treaty of Ælfred and Guðrum, 173–6, 190, 267, 325, 404
construction of burh at Wallingford, 184, 232
construction of burh at Wareham, 183, 195
Wedmore, 152
rebuilding of Winchester as burh, 230, 232, 292
Worcester charter 185–6
Ælfred, ealdorman, 220, 211, 222, 274
Ælfred jewel, 226–27
Ælfred, reeve at Bath, 271
Ælfwynn, daughter of Æðelflæd, 239, 303
Ælle, king of Deira, 99, 101, 166, 167
Ælswið (wife of Ælfred of Wessex), 103, 145, 207n
æstels (book pointers), 226, 227
Aidan, bishop of Lindisfarne, 27, 165, 166, 426
Akemennestraete, 44n, 214, 372n, 451
al-Rashid, Harun, 12–14
Alba, 87, 88, 89, 97, 159, 235, 262, 263, 264, 278, 302, 303, 304, 315, 328, 369, 370, 376, 386, 388, 391, 419, 427, 443, 454
Alclud (Dumbarton Rock), 84, 117, 329
Alcuin, 10, 18, 20, 35, 382
education, 101
letter to Lindisfarne, 26–27
Aldwark (Viking camp), 104
Amiens, 98
Amounderness, 362–65, 376, 416
Anarawd ap Rhodri, 177, 218, 239, 240, 332, 374
Andredesweald, 207
Angelcynn (the English), 95, 173, 178, 184, 186, 190, 204, 210, 211, 213, 214, 218, 225, 262, 278, 313, 344, 434, 437, 438
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 104, 204, 227
ASC entries arranged chronologically
Jarrow attacked, 27
port-reeve killed, 23
Beorhtric, king of Wessex, dies, 12, 34
battle between Hwicce and Wiltshire, 12
Iona burned, 12
Ellendun, 40
Ecgberht as Bretwalda, 41
Merfyn Frych acquires crown of Gwynedd, 91
Viking fleet at Sandwich, 75
Sempringham leased, 64
arrival of the Great Heathen Host, 95
civil war in Northumbria, 99
Winchester sacked, 98
Mercians beg Wessex for help, 102
Ælfred defeats seven ships, 137
Hálfdan shared out the lands of the Northumbrians, 132
Host occupies Wessex, 139
Edington, 149
mycel here captures Nottingham, 191
Viking fleet heads for Ghent, 180
field campaigns (893), 236
Host dispersed (896), 218
territories conquered by Eadmund, 288
Eadwine drowned at sea, 359
Brunanburh, 390
Kvaran and Rögnvaldr baptized, 410
Eadmund gains Northumbria, 420
Anglo-Saxons, 6, 12, 41, 89, 223n
fighting ability, 93, 120, 150
gods, 22
See also Angelcynn
Anlaf, king of Northumbria, 403
Annales Cambriae, 92, 238
Annals of St Bertin, 54
Annals of the Four Masters, 87
Annals of Ulster, 24, 82, 87, 91, 117, 236–37
Anund (Norse king), 129
Appledore, see under Great Host
arm rings, 137, 247, 398
Arnulf, king of East Francia, 204
Arrangements for the Building of fortifications at Worcester (charter), 185
Arthal ap Dyfnwal, king of Dumbarton, 117
Ashdown, battle of, 109–11, 120, 127, 149
Ásl (Norse king), 97
Asser (Ælfred’s biographer), 95, 103, 104, 107, 109, 110, 122, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151, 177, 178, 181, 186, 417, 427–29
Athelney, 143–48, 151, 182, 368
Atholl (Pictish kingdom), 29, 32, 52, 84, 87, 329
B
Baile Átha Cliath, 55
Bakewell, 328
Baldred, king of Kent, 40
Bamburgh, house of, 116n, 172, 265, 303, 320, 321, 329, 361, 379, 426, 438, 443
Banwell, 186n, 428
bar-lug ware, 197
Bardney, 272, 274, 411n
Barking, 49, 62
Beaumaris, 238
Bede, 20, 24, 26, 29, 30, 41, 42, 46, 60, 62, 66, 117, 122, 132, 134, 146, 171, 178, 223, 265, 272, 276, 279, 375, 424, 438
Bedford, 288
Benfleet, 211–12, 288
Benllech, 247
Beorhtric, king of Wessex, 12, 34
Beorhtsige, 268
Beorhtwulf, king of Mercia, 93
Beornwulf, king of Mercia, 36–37, 39, 40
Beowulf, 68, 96, 144, 251, 252, 342
Bermondsey minster, 45
Bernicia (northern Northumbria), 85, 101, 133, 162, 164, 170, 172, 240, 265–66, 272, 303, 320, 321, 329, 361, 379, 382
Betuwe (island in Rhine), 98
Blathmac, Abbot, 82–3
Boniface, Saint, 46, 138, 428
bookland, 194, 207, 222, 346, 401, 441
Bourton, 147, 148
Brandon, 105–6, 199, 247, 249, 452
Breedon, 37, 268
Bremesburh, 279
Bretwalda, 41, 276, 314, 351
Bridgnorth, 217, 282
Brittonic, 191, 197, 373, 381, 420, 424n
Bromborough, 388–421
Brough of Birsay, 90, 258–59, 456, 457
Brunanburh, battle of, 265, 315, 388, 390–95, 396, 399, 400, 410, 416, 419
Brut y Tywysogion, 238
Brycheiniog (Welsh kingdom), 32, 178, 216, 285, 361, 375
Buckingham, 189, 284, 362, 370
Buckquoy, 258, 259, 456, 457
Burghal Hidage, 182, 186, 189, 213, 429
Burghead (Pictish fortress), 28, 128–29
Burghred, king of Mercia, 93, 100, 102, 113, 124, 125, 129, 139, 140, 412
Burgundy, 97, 180, 181
burhs (fortified settlements), 33, 161, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 190, 193, 197, 207, 208n, 214, 228, 229, 232, 278, 280, 283, 300, 451
Bakewell, 328
Chester, 244
Chichester, 216
Cricklade, 269, 372, 451
Danish, 298–99
East Mercia, 287
Exeter, 428
Gloucester, 190
Hereford, 372
Leicester, 405
Lincoln, 198
Maldon, 286
Northampton, 403
Stafford, 282
Tamworth, 282, 343–44
Tempsford, 286
Towcester, 286, 451
Wallingford, 182, 232
Wareham, 195, 429
Watling Street, 280
Wessex, 431
Winchester, 230–32
Worcester, 185–87
C
Cadwaladr, king of Gwynedd, 375
Cambridge, 51, 129, 136, 137, 138, 175, 187, 288, 289, 300, 402
Canterbury, 7, 23, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 63, 92, 93, 117, 181, 186, 205, 206, 220, 230, 270, 282, 341, 355, 407, 431, 433, 449
cantref, 89n
Canvey Island, 49, 211
Carhampton, 54, 56
Carlisle, 52, 61, 93n, 165, 167, 348
Carloman (brother of Charlemagne), 180
Carloman II, king of Aquitaine and Burgundy, 180
Cartmel, 62
Ceolnoth, archbishop, 234, 264
Ceolwulf I, king of Mercia, 36, 39n, 62, 128
Ceolwulf II, king of Mercia, 125, 128, 129, 138, 140, 150, 151, 173, 176, 177, 188, 228, 374
Ceolwulf of Northumbria, 62, 166
ceorl (dependent tenant), 13, 58, 66, 121n, 176, 193, 194, 227, 402, 414, 437
Ceredigion, 32, 91n, 117, 177, 218, 332, 374
Charlemagne, 6, 16–17, 19, 56, 57, 94, 97, 104, 158, 180
and Alcuin 26, 382
blockade of trading ports (790s), 47
campaign against Saxons, 16
death, 18, 36
crowned Emperor, 10
and Eardwulf of Northumbria, 23
and Godfrið of Denmark, 17–18
receives elephant from Harun al-Rashid, 12, 13–14
relations with Mercia, 26, 33, 336, 338
relations with Northumbria, 24
relations with Wessex, 24
Charles ‘the Bald’, king of West Francia, 56, 57, 94, 97–99, 180
Charles ‘the Fat’, Carolingian emperor, 180, 181
Charles ‘the Simple’, king of West Francia, 180, 333
Cheddar, 140, 152, 405–7, 408, 412, 413, 428
Chertsey, 49, 450
Chester, 215, 240, 243–44, 276, 277
Chester le Street, 170, 320, 366, 420, 423–25
Chippenham, 139–40
Christ’s Mass, 36
Christianity, 16, 22, 24, 107, 170, 170, 220, 250, 341, 455
Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, 88, 392
Chronicle of Nantes, 377
church, the
as civil service, 20
East Anglian, 137, 431
patronage of by Ælfred, 158
relationship with kings, 7, 20–21, 59, 66, 264, 441
Northumbrian, 164, 165–66, 365, 366, 426
Pictish, 30
relationship with productive sites, 432
relationship with urban development, 432
Welsh, 91
in York, 442
See also minsters; monasteries
Cináed mac Ailpín, 32, 87–89, 162, 235
Cirencester, 172, 370–72, 451
Clofesho, 36
Clyde, River, 52, 84, 85, 89, 97, 234, 330, 427
Codex Aureus, 220–23
Coenwulf, king of Mercia, 34–35, 36, 37, 39, 128
coinage, 33, 58, 270
Ælfred, 128–9, 188, 228, 243n, 334, 379, 433
ALVALDUS, 266
Canterbury, 36, 93, 282, 431
Eadweard, 282
Ecgberht, 40
Grately Code, 354–55
Hywel Dda, 417
Lincoln, 288
London, 93
Northumbrian kings, 334
Norwich, 288
Óláf, 405
REX TOT. BRIT, 356
Rögnvaldr, 305
Rome, 355–56
SCE EADMUND REX, 267–68
Scotland, 89
Sigtryggr, 333
Skye, 355
St Eadmund, 107
Stamford, 288
Wiglaf, 41
York, 101, 288, 431
See also mints
Colchester, 175, 282, 283, 286, 287, 299, 358
Coldingham Abbey, 117
Colm Cille, 12, 24, 28, 29, 30, 82, 88, 91, 97n, 98, 162, 164, 264, 329
common burdens, 121–22, 205, 399, 414
Congresbury, 186n
Constantín, king of Fortriu and Atholl, 87
Constantín mac Áeda, king of Alba, 88, 234, 235, 262–65, 315, 388, 393, 419
Constantín mac Cináed, 117, 132, 262n
Copeland, 242
Corbridge, 52, 303, 305, 318, 320, 329, 375, 424
Cornwall, 138, 196–97, 202, 284, 331, 374, 428, 439
Craig Phadraig, 28, 85
crannog (circular dwelling), 86, 87n, 285, 386
Crayke, 61, 170
Cricklade, 49, 184, 213, 268, 451
Cuðred, king of Kent, 34
Cuerdale hoard, 241, 242, 267, 364
Cura Pastoralis (Pope Gregory), 187
Cuthbert, St, 27, 61–62, 145, 160, 166, 167–69, 240, 265, 421
community lands, 243, 319–23, 416, 422–24
See also Chester le Street; Lindisfarne
Cwenðryð (daughter of Coenwulf), 37–39, 60, 336
Cyfraith Hywel (the Laws of Hywel), 417
Cynehelm (heir of Coenwulf), 39
Cyngen, king of Powys, 94
D
Dál Riata, 7, 32, 75, 83, 84, 87, 88, 91, 122, 264
Danby Dale, 134
Danegeld, 57
Danelaw, 138, 270, 414, 434, 435, 436, 451, 452
Danes, 17, 24, 82, 96, 98, 167, 172 –73, 176, 187, 241, 269, 274, 289, 327, 410, 439
See also Danish Mercia; Deniscan
Danevirke (earthwork), 17, 18
Danish East Anglia, see under East Anglia
Danish Host, see Great Host
Danish Mercia, 159, 161, 189, 210, 215, 278, 287, 289, 291, 294, 299, 301, 303, 315, 326, 341, 347, 361, 362, 398, 399, 403, 405, 406, 410, 414, 433, 439
conquest by Eadmund (942), 313, 409, 419
See also Five Boroughs; Mercia
David, St, 91–92, 278. 374, 375
Dee, River, 52, 240
Deheubarth, 374, 443
Deira (southern Northumbria), 100, 101, 124, 166, 172, 265n, 266, 320, 321, 322, 359, 361, 379, 409
Denewulf, bishop of Winchester, 270
Deniscan (Danes), 96, 211, 213, 313, 434
Denmark, 10, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 24, 43, 44, 46, 57, 66, 69, 70n, 96, 136, 142, 385, 449
Derby, 189, 191, 283, 287, 288, 299, 300, 301, 315, 356, 409
Dere Street, 52, 303, 320, 394, 424
diet, 293, 323
Dollar, battle at, 129, 132
Domburg (trading settlement), 54
Domnall, king of Dál Riata, 87, 94, 262
Dorchester, 49, 230n, 362, 376, 434, 447, 450
Dorestad, 47, 54, 434n
Drogheda, 238
Droitwich, 49, 51, 185, 279n, 282
Dubh Lind (Dublin), 55
Dubhgaill (Dark foreigners), 129
Dublin, 55, 97, 117, 129, 177, 211n, 215, 248, 249, 332, 365, 373, 382, 386, 390, 391, 409, 441, 443
expansion under Guðrøðr, 333, 344, 361
Norse dynasty in, 8, 46–47, 245, 247, 315, 329, 348
as Norse longphort, 55, 238, 246, 247
Sigtryggr re-establishes Norse rule, 305
Vikings expelled, 159, 235, 237–38, 239, 240, 241–42, 250, 263, 303
Dungarth, British king, 197
Dunkeld, 162, 263, 264, 329
Dunottar, 262, 263, 369
Dunsæte Ordinance, 284n, 324–27, 438
Dunstan, St, 407–8, 444, 449
Ðurcytel, Jarl, 284, 326
Dyfed, 32, 159, 177, 332, 374, 375, 421, 427
E
Eadberht Praen, king of Kent, 34, 38
Eadgar, king of England, 192, 359n, 430, 434, 448, 450
Eadgifu (Eadweard’s third wife), 335, 336, 337, 350, 352, 416
Eadgifu (Eadweard’s daughter), 376
Eadhild, Æðelstan’s half sister, 337, 342, 366n
Eadmund, king of East Anglia, 94, 99, 173, 297, 334
fights the mycel here, 106
martyrdom and cult of, 107, 268, 278
Eadmund of Wessex (son of Eadweard), 247, 267, 288, 316, 336, 350, 369, 393, 398, 403, 408, 410, 431
becomes king, 400, 405
fights at Brunanburh, 388, 390
council at Cheddar, 405–7
conquers Danish Mercia, 409, 419
grants estates in Trent valley, 415–16
kills Idwal of Gwynedd, 416
brings Northumbria under his sway, 420
ravages Strathclyde/Cumbria, 421
stabbed to death, 421
treaty with Óláfr, 404
Eadred of Wessex (Eadmund’s brother), 316, 336, 350, 359n, 416,
becomes king, 430, 439
campaigns against Northumbria, 439–41, 447
death, 448
imprisons Archbishop Wulfstan, 444
Eadred, abbot of Carlisle, 167–68, 170, 171
Eadred, son of Ricsige, 320, 321, 322
Eadweard ‘the Elder’ (Ælfred’s son), 141, 161, 182n, 207, 208, 209, 212, 271, 276, 278, 279, 301, 302, 303, 313, 316, 326, 333, 344, 347, 348, 359, 367, 376, 380, 430, 435
accession to throne of Wessex, 232–35, 240
attacked by pretender Æðelwold, 266–69
character, 338
coinage, 282, 334, 379
assault on Colchester, 286
death, 336, 339, 340, 341
Eadgifu (third wife), 337, 350
economic weakness early in reign, 270
expels Appledore Host from Wessex, 210
joint offensive with Æðelflæd (913–15), 283
marriages, 335
occupies London and Oxford, 280
northern raid of 909, 274
takes Nottingham, 327
‘accepted by Scots’, 328
refortifies Towcester, 285
Welsh submit, 331, 332, 375
new minster at Winchester, 276, 277
Eadwine (half-brother of Æðelstan), 359–60, 367, 376
Eamont Bridge, peace treaty, 347, 348, 349, 352, 358, 365, 372
Eardwulf, king of Northumbria, 23
Eardwulf, ‘Prince’, 320, 321
East Anglia, 24, 40, 41, 65, 94, 100, 105, 136–37, 159, 161, 199, 264n, 287, 399, 403, 442
coinage, 297, 334, 355, 358, 453,
cult of St Eadmund in, 431
Danish East Anglia, 172–73, 175, 176, 181, 188, 189, 192, 202, 204, 210, 211, 227, 278, 282, 289, 291, 301, 314, 341, 404, 433, 436, 439,
Danish forces from, 211, 212, 213, 216, 271, 286
Great Host arrives in, 96–97, 99, 107, 112, 122, 427
lack of bishops in, 429
regional identity, 267, 315, 359
towns of, 288
East Saxons, 44, 266–67
Ecgberht, abbot, 285
Ecgberht, king of Bernicia, 124, 167, 234
Ecgberht, king of Wessex (grandfather of Ælfred), 12, 39, 40, 54, 55, 56, 87, 94, 120, 197, 234, 264
Ecgberht, puppet king of Bernicia, 101, 124, 167
Ecgberhtings of Wessex, 97
Ecgberht’s stone, 147, 437
Ecgfrith, king of Mercia, 33
Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria, 62, 167n
Ecgwynn (first wife of Eadweard the Elder), 233, 335
Edwin, king of Northumbria, 99–100, 146
Egil Skallagrímsson, 390, 395–97, 444–47
Eiríkr (‘Blood-axe’), 395, 396
Eiríkr, son of Haraldr, 440–41, 443–48
Elfred, 243, 303, 304
Ellendun, battle of, 39–40
Elmet (Brittonic-speaking kingdom), 381–82
England
and Ælfred, 9, 88, 103, 443
coinage, 356
fault line, 280
idea of England and Englishness, 183–84, 359
unified kingdom of, 178, 264, 313, 345, 350n, 448
Eoforwic (York), 47, 51, 52, 99, 100, 229
Eohric, leader of East Anglian Host, 267
Eowils, Danish king, 279
Ermine Street, 100, 192, 200, 289, 296, 372n
Exeter, 93n, 138, 182, 211, 216, 282, 326, 355, 358, 428, 433, 451
minster, 429
Exeter law code, 326
F
færing (rowing-boat), 70, 74, 448, 449, 450
Farnham, battle of, 208, 209
Findan, St, 76–80, 258
Finngaill (Fair foreigners), 129n, 136
Five Boroughs, 139n, 160, 189, 191, 192, 215, 279n, 287, 288, 289, 314, 326, 355, 356, 358, 362, 402, 409, 410, 436, 441, 442
fleets
Ælfred, 75, 137, 181, 232n
Charlemagne, 14, 18
Danish, 17, 18, 19, 24, 57
Hæsten, 211
Host, 100–101, 137–38, 188, 205, 207–8
Viking, 56, 75, 80, 92, 93, 95, 98, 107, 139, 180, 204–5, 207
Fleet, River, 42
Flegg, 99, 193–94
Flixborough, 51, 198–200, 201, 247, 249, 413, 443
Flores Historiarum (Roger of Wendover), 403
folkland, 194n, 222
Fordwich, 93, 205
Forteviot, 85, 329
Fortriu (Pictish kingdom), 28, 29, 32, 55, 85, 87, 97, 261, 263, 264, 329, 427, 454
Fossdyke, 123, 289, 296
Fosse Way, 139, 172, 214, 372n, 451
Francia, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 19, 38, 44, 56, 97, 98, 210, 392, 449
influence on Mercian and East Anglian pottery, 291
wars of succession, 54, 56, 95, 180
ravages of the Host in, 180
See also Charles ‘the Bald’; Charles ‘the Fat’; Charles ‘the Simple’; Louis ‘the Pious’
freemen, 121n, 244, 414
Fridgegyldum (peace guild), 401, 402, 405, 412, 435, 438
Frisia, 18, 38, 44, 55, 46, 54, 55, 56, 96, 98, 106, 197, 232n, 382
fyrð (Anglo-Saxon levies), 9, 40, 120, 121, 122, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 399, 414
Fyrkat, 142
G
Gaelic kingdoms, 7, 122, 264
Gaelicization, 329
gafol (tax), 414–15
Gauber high pasture, Ribblehead, 193
gebur (unfree), 415
geneat (dependent tenant), 414, 415
German Francia, 181
Gilling, 62
Gipeswic (Ipswich), 51, 65, 229
Gloucester, 49, 51, 139n, 185n, 190, 214, 272, 274, 275, 276, 278, 282, 284, 400, 402, 431, 433, 451
Glywysing (Welsh kingdom), 32, 178, 417
Godfrið, king of Denmark, 10, 14, 17–18
Goltho, 316, 411–13
Gosforth, 383–84
Goltho, 411–12, 443, 455
Govan, 234, 265, 278, 330–31, 427
Grately, 352
Grately Code, 354, 400
Graveney boat, 74–75, 448
Great Glen, 52, 97n
Great Host, 8, 9, 100, 106, 108, 123, 124, 125, 128, 135, 140, 143, 147, 152, 173, 181, 213, 214, 220, 233, 266, 290, 291, 321, 364, 429
in chronological order of events
comes to East Anglia, 95, 96, 97, 106, 107, 430, 431
crosses the Humber, 99
captures York, 100–104
captures Reading, 109, 110
battle of Ashdown, 110
defeats Saxons at Basing, 112
Ælfred makes peace with (872), 122
at Torksey, 123–24
camp at Repton, 124–29
Heath Wood (Viking cremation cemetery), 127–28
Summer Host in Cambridge, 129, 136, 137
under sole command of Guðrum, 138
in Northumbria, 129, 167, 168, 170, 172, 278, 382, 422
rebuilds York, 132, 133
at Wareham, 137–38, 183, 428
occupies Chippenham, 139–40
defeated by Ælfred at Edington, 149–51
imposes Danish rule on East Anglia, 172–73
in Francia, 180
controls London in 880s, 188
veterans settle the Five Boroughs, 189
Appledore Host, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212,
Host commanded by Hæsten, 204, 210, 212, 216
fleet destroyed at Benfleet 212, 215
camp at Chester 215, 243
marches west, 217
dispersed, 218, 236
two hosts come out of East Anglia, 285–87
See also mycel here
Great Ouse, River, 51, 173, 174, 175, 188, 189, 284, 285, 286, 430, 451, 454
Grendel, 144
Grimbald (scholar), 181, 186, 223
Grim’s Ditch, 105, 110
Grimston, 134
hybrids, 133, 383
Guðroðr, Viking king of York, 167, 170n, 172, 176, 177, 211, 218, 234, 239, 240, 320, 322
and St Cuthbert’s community, 169, 318, 320–22
Guðroðr, grandson of Ívarr, 333, 344, 347n, 349, 361, 376
Guðrum, leader of Great Host, 129, 138, 140, 172, 372
baptized as Æðelstan, 151–52, 179
defeated at Edington, 150, 180, 451
death, 202, 204, 210, 361
lands, 188
reign in East Anglia, 173, 189
treaty with Ælfred, 158, 173–76, 187, 188, 208, 271n, 325, 401
veterans, 181, 211
Gwent, 32, 178, 216, 347, 361, 417, 439, 443, 451
Gwgon ap Meurig, king of Ceredigion, 117–18
Gwynedd, 32, 91, 94, 128, 159, 177, 190, 215, 218, 239, 240n, 244, 245, 265, 332, 374, 416, 417, 443
H
Hæsten (leader of Host in 890s), 204, 210–16, 240
Hálfdan, Danish king (leader of Host in 865), 96, 112n, 129, 132, 136, 141, 167, 172
Hallad, 260–61
Hamwic, 47, 56, 65, 229, 232
Haraldr ‘Bluetooth’, king of Denmark, 455
Haraldr ‘Fairhair’, king of Norway, 135, 260, 261, 360, 377, 395, 440, 455
Hartness, 10, 24
Hastings, 388
Heath Wood (Viking cremation cemetery), 127–28
Hebrides, 8, 73, 79–80, 122, 160, 241, 256, 260
Hedeby (trading town), 17, 19, 46, 224
Hemming (nephew of Godfrið), 18
Hengest and Horsa, 241, 373
Heptarchy, 264n
Hertford, 216, 282, 283
Hexham, 165, 166
Hilton of Cadboll, 28
Hincmar, archbishop, 180
Historia de Sancto Cuthberto, 27, 61, 96, 164n, 167, 220, 318, 340, 366, 380, 422–24, 443
Historia Regum, 333, 360, 369, 390, 391, 397, 403
hoards, 117, 159, 219, 253, 334, 356
Bossall/Flaxton, 382
Cuerdale, 15, 241, 242, 267, 364
Flixborough, 199
Harrogate, 379
Orkney, 258, 457
Red Wharf Bay, 247
Rome, 355–56
Skye, 355
Watlington, 128–29
York, 378–79
Holme, battle at, 269
Horik, king of Denmark, 57, 96
Host, see Great Host
hostage stone, 25
Hugh the Great, count of Paris, 337, 342, 366n, 376–77, 400
hundred, 193, 436
hundred-men, 401, 435
Hundred Ordinance, 434–35
Huntingdon, 175, 285, 287, 288, 299, 300
Hwaetmundes stane, 186
Hwicce, 12, 34, 49, 85, 128, 159, 186, 214, 265n, 275, 278, 346, 372, 435
Hywel ap Cadell, see Hywel Dda
Hywel Dda, 91, 250, 361, 374, 416, 417, 439, 443
Laws of Hywel (Cyfraith Hywel ), 417
I
Icknield Way, 52, 108n, 192
Idwal Foel (Welsh king), 303, 361, 370, 374, 375, 396, 416, 443
Inchmarnock, 25
Ingimundr (Norse warlord), 238–45, 250, 276, 365, 455
Ingwar (leader of Host), 107. See also Ívarr
Inis Daimle, 82
Inish Patrick, 24
Iona community, 12, 13, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 82, 88, 162, 219, 258, 264, 272, 330
removes treasures to Kells, Co. Meath, 27, 82
Ipswich (Gipeswic), 51, 65, 220, 268, 288, 289, 290
Ireland
Viking bases in, 55
Viking depredations in, 162
Vikings driven from, 236, 239, 263
Viking houses in, 291
west coast of Britain, Irish Norse arrival on, 245
See also Dublin
Isle of Man, see Man
Ívarr the Boneless, 96–97, 101n, 117, 141, 332, 409, 453
grandsons of, 159, 321, 333, 344, 361, 398, 440
Irish Norse dynasty of, 409, 441
and martyrdom of Eadmund of East Anglia, 107
J
Jarlshof (Shetland), 90, 454
Jarrow, 24, 26, 30, 63, 171, 219, 385, 424, 426, 454
Jorvik , 100, 323
Judith (daughter of Charles the Bald), 94, 95, 97, 336
K
Kells, Co. Meath, 27, 82, 88n
Kingsholm, 275
Kingston upon Thames, 49, 234, 235, 264, 340, 341, 450, 439, 450
kotesetlan (cottar) 415
Kváran, see Óláfr Kváran
L
Lady of the Mercians, see Æðelflæd
Lairn (Pictish longhouses), 86
laws, 20, 21, 23, 79, 434–38
Æðelstan’s fifth law code, 429
Constantín mac Áeda, 315
Domboc, 223
Exeter law code, 326
Fridgegyldum, 401–2, 435
Grately Code, 352
Hundred Ordinance, 434
laws of Hywel Dda (Cyfraith Hywel), 91, 417–19
Ordinance concerning the Dunsæte, 324
Leicester, 139n, 175, 189, 191, 283, 285, 287, 288, 289, 290, 299, 300, 315, 362, 403, 404, 405, 408, 409, 433, 451
Leo III, Pope, 10, 36
Leolin, king of Dyfed, 421
Libellus de Exordio (Symeon), 170, 425
Lichfield, 33, 35
Life of King Ælfred (Asser), 95, 104, 107
Liffey, River, 8, 55, 238
Lincoln, 51, 100, 122, 123, 139, 160, 189, 191, 198, 230, 274, 288, 289, 290, 294–300, 315, 334, 335, 344, 356, 379, 409, 412, 432, 433, 441, 451
Lindholm Høje, 43, 68, 256
Lindisfarne, 26, 27, 29, 30, 61, 62, 117, 132, 165, 166, 170, 272, 349, 367, 408, 422, 426, 454
gospels, 425
relocates to Chester le Street, 170, 172
refounding, 385
Seven Years’ Wandering, 170–72
Viking raid on 24, 164, 320
See also Cuthbert, St
Little Ouse, River, 105, 192
Llanbedrgoch, 247–49
Llanfaes, 238, 245–46
Londinium (old walled city), 48, 113, 184, 191. See also London; Lundenwic
London, 35, 40, 45, 48, 176, 180, 211, 212, 217, 431
coin production in, 93, 129, 188, 190, 270, 282, 355, 433
Danish Host in, 113, 122, 124, 138
occupation and restoration by Ælfred, 187, 228
occupation by Eadweard the Elder, 280
transfer to Mercian control, 239
See also Londinium; Lundenwic
London Ordinance, 401, 402, 435, 450
longhouses (Pictish), 86
longphuirt (Viking bases in Ireland and elsewhere), 8, 55, 80, 96, 194, 238, 246, 247
longships, 74, 260, 267, 395
Klåstad ship, 225
Roskilde collection, 70, 74
Viking longship retrieved from Roskilde Fjord, 15
See also shipbuilding
Lothair, king of Middle Francia, 56, 57
Louis d’Outremer, king of West Francia, 376
Louis III, king of West Francia, 180
Louis ‘the German’, king of East Francia, 56, 97, 180
Louis ‘the Pious’ (son of Charlemagne), 18–19, 47, 54, 55, 56
Louis ‘the Stammerer’, king of West Francia 180
Ludeca, king of Mercia, 39n, 40
Lundenbyrig, 113
Lundenwic (trading settlement on Thames), 7, 12, 24, 33, 36, 39, 48, 49, 56, 94, 113, 229, 449
decline of in 830s and 840s, 107, 188
fire, 34
founded by Wulfhere of Mercia, 43, 64
eighth-century heyday, 44–47
Middle Saxon era, 42, 45
See also London; Londinium; Lundenbyrig
Lyminge, 23
M
machair, 80n, 256
Mael Coluim mac Domnall, 419, 421, 443
Maes Howe, 78
Mag Bile (Co. Down), 82
Magonsæte, 190, 214, 425
malaria, 144
Maldon, 282, 283, 286, 388
Malmesbury, 400
Malmesbury, William of, 39, 147, 335, 337, 339, 340, 341, 347n, 372, 376, 377, 392, 395, 429
Man, 68, 115, 237, 249–57, 305
Manchester (Mamucium), 327
Mawgan Porth, 197–98, 199, 259
Medehamstede (Peterborough), 51, 63–64, 107, 453
Mercia
alliance with Wessex, 158, 159, 161, 187, 210, 213, 219, 234, 239, 300
boundary with East Anglia, 173, 175
Ceolwulf II as Host’s client in Mercia, 128, 173, 188
claim to land of East Saxons, 266
conquered by Host (873), 125
defeated by West Saxons at Ellendun, 40
division into shires, 434–35
hierarchy of lordship in East Mercia, 442
instability and decline (ninth century), 39–40
Lady of the Mercians, see Æðelflæd
mycel here effective kings of East Mercia, 190, 192, 278
offensive against Host at Nottingham (868), 120
peace with Host, 102
and Oswald’s relics, 274, 275, 276, 277, 279
relations with Kent, 35–36
relations with Welsh kingdoms, 32, 177, 178, 218, 240, 284–85
supremacy over southern Britain (eighth century), 33–34
war with Northumbria, 7
weakness of Mercian economy, 270
West Mercia ruled by Ealdorman Æðelred, 176
See also Danish Mercia
Mercian Register, 241, 243, 244, 269, 279, 287, 301, 339
Merfyn Frych, King of Gwynedd, 91, 97, 250
Mersey, River 52, 248, 280, 327, 403
Middle Earth, see Midgard
Midgard (Miðgarðr), 22n
minsters
Bermondsey, 45
Brandon, 106
develop into towns, 431–32
Ely, 429–30
entrepreneurial talents, 425–26
estates, 58–66
Exeter, 428–29
Gloucester, 276
Horningsea, 430–31
Jarrow, 24, 26, 30, 63, 171, 219, 385, 424, 426, 454
kings and minster land, 37–38
and military service, 122
and raiders, 122
Medehamstede (Peterborough), 51, 63, 271, 453
Portmahomack, 28–31, 31–32, 84, 86, 219, 248, 261, 427
absorbed into royal property portfolios, 298
secularization, 194, 229, 290, 428–31
St David’s, 427–28
Whitby, 454
Winchester, 276, 277
Minster-in-Thanet, 38
mints
Canterbury, 270
East Anglia, 107
Guðrum, 167
Lichfield, 33
Lincolnshire, 167
London, 232, 270
Mercia, 190
proliferation, 282, 355, 433
Tamworth, 344
Thetford, 192
West Mercia, 282
Winchester, 270, 282
York, 234, 266
See also coinage
monasteries
effect of raids, 57, 162–72
royal patronage, 20–21
vulnerability, 6
wealth, 38
See also church, the; Iona; Lindisfarne; minsters
monasticism, 26
Pictish, 29
Morgannwg (formerly Glywysing), 417, 451
mycel here (Great Heathen Host), 95, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 110, 113, 116, 118, 119, 122, 123, 126, 127, 129, 134, 135, 138, 140, 158, 172–73, 189, 190, 191, 192, 198, 208, 211, 344, 372, 378, 404, 410
See also Great Host
N
Nantes, Viking raids on, 56
Nechtan mac Dargarto, Pictish king, 30
Newburn, 52, 132, 168, 169n, 234
Niall Glúndub mac Áedo, high king of Ireland, 305
Nigg, 28
Noirmoutier, monastery of, 54, 56
Norðmannia (Denmark), 10
Norðmannum, 96
Norse, 8, 54, 55, 80, 141, 142, 158, 194, 224, 241, 244, 249, 265, 333, 395
attack on Anglesey, 331
fleet, 391, 392
besiege Northampton, 403
burial site at Ballateare, 251
in Ireland, 8, 47, 96–97, 117, 235, 238, 240, 245, 247, 263, 303, 305, 314, 315, 329, 348, 382, 390, 393, 409, 440, 441, 443
gods, 116
influence of Norse rule, 437
in Hebrides, 79
literature, 23, 114
longhouses, 90, 160
in Orkney and Shetland, 73, 253, 258, 259, 455, 457
earls of Orkney, 259–60, 454
place-names, 133, 134, 136, 191, 242, 245, 251, 385, 415
runes, 78, 237, 324
sagas, 83, 377, 383, 396
in Scotland, 87, 88, 89, 159, 262, 304
ship burial, 256
See also Old Norse
North Grimston, 383
Northampton, 452–53
Northumbria
Æðelstan as overlord of, 379, 381, 396
allied to Charlemagne, 24
attacks Danish Host (867), 101
church in, 164, 165–66, 365, 366, 426
conquest of southern Northumbria in 860s and 870s, 162
Danish puppet appointed, 124
Earls of Northumbria, 102
falls to Host, 100, 122, 129, 135
Hálfdan’s arrival in, 129, 172
instability, 94, 99, 177
monasteries in, 63
Mael Coluim mac Domnall, 443
rule of Guðrøðr in southern Northumbria, 167, 169, 170, 177, 240
settlement of mycel here, 135
splits into ancient parts, 101, 265–66
subjected by Eadred, 439, 440, 441, 447
supremacy of, 35
trading ports in, 51
Viking attacks on, 24
war with Mercia, 12
See also Bamburgh, house of; Bernicia; Cuthbert, St; Deira; Lindisfarne
Norway, 6, 20, 66, 135, 136n, 224, 256, 260, 360, 377, 395, 454
Norwich, 56, 268, 288, 289, 356, 433
Nottingham, 102, 121, 123, 137, 138, 175, 182, 189, 191, 288, 289, 292, 303, 315, 327, 362, 368, 409
O
Obodrites (Baltic allies of Charlemagne), 16, 17
Oda, Archbishop of Canterbury, 404
Odo, king of West Francia, 204
Offa, king of Mercia, 33–34, 41, 44, 274
Óláfr, Dublin Norse chief, 97, 117, 129,
Óláfr Guðrøðsson, 386, 390, 393, 400, 403, 404, 408
Óláfr Kváran, 409, 410, 440, 443–44
Óláfr Sigtrygsson, see Óláfr Kváran
Old English, 6n, 15, 119, 133, 136n, 191, 220, 223, 316, 324, 327n, 362, 394, 413, 425
letters and spelling, xiii
mutually intelligible with Old Norse, 193, 316
Old Norse, 22n, 107, 119n, 133, 134, 136, 191, 193, 242, 245, 256, 267, 279, 304, 316, 345, 359n, 364, 385, 405, 414, 436, 450n
conventions, xiii
Onlafbald, 305, 320, 364, 369
Onlafbald, ‘son of a devil’, 305
Orkney, 8, 25, 28, 68, 73, 74, 80, 90, 122, 160, 198, 253, 256, 258, 259, 261, 454–57
earls of Orkney, 259–60, 427, 454
Orkneyinga Saga, 73, 259, 260n, 261n
Orosius, 223, 224, 225
Orwell, River, 51
Osberht, king of Northumbria, 62, 99, 101, 166, 167
Oscytel, 129
Osðryð, queen of Æðelwulf of Mercia, 274
Oswald, king of Northumbria, 27, 61, 117, 146, 166, 272, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 320, 342, 368, 370, 374, 375, 411, 426
Oswestry, 274, 279
Oswulf, lord of Bamburgh, 447
Ohthere (Norwegian traveller), 223–25, 449, 455
Ouse, River (Yorkshire), 101, 377
Outer Hebrides, 73, 256–61
Owain, king of Cumbria/Strathclyde, 331, 347n, 388, 393
Owain, king of Gwent, 437, 439
Oxford, 184, 190, 213, 232, 280, 282, 356, 362, 433, 451
Ashmolean Museum, 226
P
Paris, 56–57, 98, 181
Partick, 427
Paschal I, Pope, 36
Paulinus, Bishop, 35, 146, 296
Pecsætan, 328, 410
Penda, king of Mercia, 272, 276, 279, 394
Peterborough (Medehamstede), 51, 63, 271, 453
Philibert, St, 54
Pictavia, 88, 89, 94, 132, 262, 329,
Picts, 29, 55, 83–91, 117, 129, 132n, 427
Pippin of Aquitaine, 97
Pitcarmick, 86
Pîtres, edicts of, 98, 99
place names, 28n, 46, 119n, 133–34, 136, 159, 190, 197, 198, 208n, 241, 245, 251, 280, 288, 345, 365, 382, 385, 410, 416, 454, 457
Middle Saxon, 59n
See also under Norse
Plegmund, Archbishop of Canterbury, 181, 186, 207, 282
portgerefa (port-reeve), 44, 442, 449, 451
Portmahomack, 28–31, 31–32, 84, 86, 219, 248, 261, 427
pottery, 15, 46, 58, 65, 106, 123, 159, 160, 192, 197, 199, 200, 288, 289, 290, 291, 298, 299, 334, 338, 384, 434, 453
Powys, 32, 91, 93, 94, 177, 214, 239, 332, 417, 443
Q
Q ‘Celtic’, 84
Queenshythe (Æðeredes hyd ), 186
Quentovic (port), 10–12, 47
Viking raids on, 56
R
Rægnald, see Rögnvaldr
Raegnald Guthfrithson, 420
Ragnarök (last battle of the gods), 22, 115–16, 219, 363
Reading, 108, 109, 110, 112, 129, 138, 182, 362, 450
Rechru, 24
Reculver, 38
renders, 20, 38, 58, 64, 89, 108, 194, 228–29
Repton, 124–26, 129, 175, 189, 276, 288
Rhodri Mawr, king of Gwynedd, 91, 94, 128, 159, 177, 250, 332, 374, 443
Ribe (Jutland trading settlement), 19
Ricsige, king of Northumbria, 124, 167, 321
Ripon, 365, 366, 385, 441
Riric (port), 17
Rochester, 181, 182, 188, 205, 212, 355, 431
Roger of Wendover, 124, 175n, 403, 404, 408, 421, 447
Rögnvaldr (Rægnald), Norse warlord, 158, 304, 305, 320, 321, 322, 333, 334, 361, 364, 369, 379, 442,
Rögnvaldr Eysteinsson, ally of Harald ‘Fairhair’, 260, 261
Rosemarkie, 28, 427
Roskilde, 15, 69–70, 72, 74, 449
Rouen, Viking raids, 56
Royal Frankish Annals, 14, 104
runes, 23, 78, 237, 324
S
St Andrews, 329, 454
St David’s, 177, 332, 427
St Paul’s (London), 42, 46
St Peter’s basilica, Rome, 12, 35
St Valery sur Somme, 98
Sarre, 205
Sashes Island, 184, 213, 450
Scandinavians, 17, 22, 25, 96, 118, 135, 193, 226. See also Danes; Denmark; Great Host; mycel here; Norse; Norway, Sweden
Scergeat, 279n, 282
Schola Saxonum (English quarter in Rome), 36, 125
scholarship, see under Ælfred
Scone, 52, 85, 234, 264, 315, 329
Scots Gaelic, 80n, 84, 251, 420
Scotland, 15, 52, 83n, 84, 87, 88, 89, 234, 262, 264, 265, 438. See also Alba; Fortriu; Pictavia
Scula, 320
Second Coronation Ordo, 341
Severn, River, 49, 50–51, 85, 92, 139, 145, 185n, 214, 275, 278, 280, 284, 304, 451
Shandwick, 28
Sheppey, 49, 54, 92, 205
Shetland, 8, 25, 73, 90, 122, 198, 259, 260, 454
shipbuilding, Scandinavian art of, 7, 67, 69, 70
ship burials, 66, 67–74, 257
Lindholm Høje, 43
Manx, 256, 257
Orkney, 90–91
Oseberg, 68
Scar (Sanday), 258
Sworle Bay, 15
Shoeburyness, 49, 212
Sigehelm, Ealdorman, 205–7
Sigered, king of the East Saxons, 266
signal beacons, 208n
Sigtryggr (grandson of Ívarr), 304, 305, 333, 343, 344, 376
Sigurðr (brother of Rögnvaldr Eysteinsson), 260, 262
silver
arm rings, 15, 247
burial, 251
coins, 33, 40, 58, 128, 129, 228, 405, 417, 421
Danegelds, 57
gifts, 366, 369
hoards, 117, 128, 241, 242, 378, 379, 382
loot, 219, 238, 433
smithing, 192, 249, 453
supply, 8, 47, 270, 282, 433, 450
tribute, 18, 122, 181, 301, 372
Skaill, 258
Skuldelev ships, 70–71, 74, 225
sokemen, 121n, 414, 442
Somerset Avon, 139
Southwark, 184, 432, 433, 449
Stamford, 51, 189, 191–92, 288, 290, 298, 302, 409, 433, 435
Stamford Bridge, 388, 448
Stanegate, 52, 414
Stenness, 258
Stephen IV, Pope, 36
Strabo, Walafrid (Carolingian scholar), 82, 83
Strathclyde (British kingdom), 32, 83, 85, 88, 122, 129, 159, 265, 278, 328, 329, 330, 331, 348, 374, 421, 443
Strathearn, 29, 84, 85, 263n, 329
Strathtay, 88, 162, 264, 329
Stromness, 11
subreguli (tributary kings), 361, 373, 399, 407, 416
Suðreyar, see Outer Hebrides
Summer Host, 129, 136–37
Sweden, 6, 20, 66, 70n
T
Tanshelf, 439, 440–41
Tarbat (Inverness), 27–28, 31, 85, 261, 427
Tay, River, 52
Tees, River, 52
Tettenhall, 278–79, 364
Thames, River, 44, 49, 93, 107, 108, 109, 173, 184, 185n, 188, 210, 213, 234, 280, 372
Thanet, 75, 95, 205, 241, 373
thegn, 13n, 58, 66–67, 136, 182, 193, 196, 217, 227, 299, 301, 302, 314, 414
Thelwell, 327
Thetford, 105, 192–93, 268, 288, 289, 290, 433
Thor, 15, 319, 397
Thorney Island, 42, 209
Three Fragmentary Irish Annals, 238–39
Tiddingford, 271, 274, 285n
tide stone (Kingston upon Thames), 235
Tilbury, 49
Torf Einar, 261
Torksey, 122–24, 126, 189, 194, 198, 288, 296, 298
Towcester, 285, 286, 451
travel maps, see under Vikings
treaty of Ælfred and Guðrum, 173–6, 190, 267, 325, 404
Trent, River, 51, 62, 122, 123, 124, 189, 198, 289, 296, 327, 328, 343, 410, 454
Tuathal mac Artgusso, bishop in Fortriu, 427
Tyne, River, 52, 85, 102, 132, 167, 168, 169, 240, 303, 320, 382, 422, 424
Tynemouth, 10, 24
U
Ubba, leader of the Host, 96, 107, 112n, 142
Ulaid (Irish tribal confederation), 82
Ulster, 26, 84. See also Annals of Ulster
Urm (Danish jarl), 359, 404, 405, 410, 412, 416, 435, 439
V
Vikings
Ælfred and the Viking Age, 103
armies, 109, 121
earliest attack on Britain, 23
camps, 104, 126
cemeteries, 68, 128
nature of Viking life, 73
navigation, 72
problematic term, xiii
Viking travel maps, 48–50, 279
See also Danes; Norse; Scandinavians
Völuspá (Norse poem), 115–16
Vortigern, 241, 373
W
Wærburg, 276, 277
Wærferth, bishop of Worcester, 117, 181, 185, 186, 187, 223
Wales, 32, 33, 40, 91, 92, 94, 177, 178, 264, 303. See also Brycheiniog; Ceredigion; Dyfed; Glywysing; Gwent; Gwynedd; Powys
Wallingford, 182, 202, 213, 232, 362, 451
Wantage
Ælfred born in, 103, 163
Wantage Code of Æðelred II, 436
Wareham, 80, 137, 182, 183, 184, 195, 282, 355, 372, 428, 429
Warkworth, 62
Warwick, 182n, 189, 283
Warwickshire Avon, 51, 85, 189
Wash, the, 51, 64, 144, 280, 289, 296, 453
Watling Street, 160–61, 173, 174, 175, 188, 190, 215, 280, 285n, 286, 343, 404, 448, 451
Wayland the Smith, 384
Wear, River, 52, 160, 169, 320, 366
Wearmouth, 26
Wendun, see Brunanburh
Wessex
Æðelstan inaugurated as king, 341
Æðelwold’s campaign against, 266, 268, 269
Ælfred becomes king, 112
Ælfred builds trading and military strongholds, 187
Ælfred’s fightback (878), 147–52
alliance with Mercia, 158, 159, 161, 187, 210, 213, 219, 234, 239, 300
Appledore Host expelled from, 210
Danish assault (877), 139–41
Ecgberht (grandfather of Ælfred) becomes king, 12
Guðrum agrees to leave Wessex for good, 150
Eadweard becomes king, 232
invasion of Great Host (871), 107–13, 138
rise of, 7, 40
unification with West Mercia, 313
weakness of economy, 270
Wharram Percy, 194, 196
Whitby, 454
Whithorn, 29, 165, 166, 170, 249, 278
Wigingamere, 279n, 285–86
Wiglaf, king of Mercia, 39n, 40, 41
Wiltshire Avon, 112, 149
Winchcombe, 38, 39, 182
Winchester, 94, 98, 182, 229–32, 234, 270, 282
Ælfred’s burial at, 232, 277
Eadweard’s new minster at, 276, 277
rebuilding as burh, 230, 232, 292
Wircesforda, 132–33
Wisbech, 453
Witan orWitangemot, 140, 354, 359
women, 9, 411, 418. See also Æbbe; Æðelflæd; Æðelswið; Ælfwynn; Eadgifu; Eadhild; Judith
Worcester, 182n, 185, 186, 187, 189, 214, 244, 402, 431
Worcester version of Chronicle, 343, 344, 347, 440
Wrocansaete, 190, 214, 435
Wulfhere, Archbishop, 124, 167, 380
Wulfhere, ealdorman of Wiltshire, 141
Wulfhere, king of Mercia, 43, 64
Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury, 35–36, 39
Wulfstan, archbishop of York, 363, 368, 376, 380, 404, 420, 439, 440, 441, 444, 447
Wulfstan (traveller), 223, 225
Wye, River, 51, 92, 325, 374
Wylye, River, 112
Y
Yggdrasil, 384
York
Æðelstan’s visit, 377–78, 386
archbishops of, 35, 166, 297, 315, 334, 380, 231
church in, 442
Coppergate dig, 191 293–94, 323, 324n
development of Scandinavian York, 160, 266
Eiríkr, 440, 443, 444, 445,
expulsion of last Norse king (954), 316, 448
Guðrøðr’s attempted coup, 344
Host settles in York, 133
impact of Viking raids, 47
Jorvik, 100, 323
nature of kingship in, 441
mint, 356
mycel here captures, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105
Óláfr Guðrøðsson comes to, 403, 408
Óláfr Kváran, 440–41, 443
peace negotiated with Æðelflæd (918)
relationship of Scandinavian York with community of Cuthbert, 265–66
Rögnvaldr’s conquest of (918), 305
Yorkshire Ouse, 51