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A
adaptation to warmer climates, 160
by climate-proofing cities and infrastructure, 170
drinking water and, 173
for farmers in low-income countries, 29, 35, 165
funding needs for, 169, 174, 229
Africa
energy use in, 4, 6, 67, 68, 73
farming in, 29, 118, 121, 123, 161, 163, 165
fighting poverty and climate change in, 4, 6, 67, 68, 160
agriculture, see farming
air conditioning (A/C) units, 148 and n, 150, 152, 154, 244 and n
see also heating and cooling
airplanes and fuel alternatives, 134, 135, 143 and n, 147
animals as food, 112, 115, 116, 117, 126, 162
B
batteries for storing electricity
with renewables, 75, 79 and n, 91, 93
in vehicles, 135, 137, 140, 141, 142
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, projects of
for adaptation of farming in poor countries, 35, 168
for fighting COVID-19, 12
on global health, 4, 62, 148, 164
biofuels, advanced
research needs for, 139, 147, 192
uncertainties about, 191
for vehicles, 59, 138, 39, 140, 142, 143, 144, 147, 191, 207
Breakthrough Energy Ventures, 11, 54, 55, 82n, 84
breakthrough technologies, see innovations needed
buildings, green, 111, 157, 58, 214, 221
see also heating and cooling
C
CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy), 48, 49
cap-and-trade systems, 186, 206
carbon border adjustments, 215
carbon capture, 127
direct air capture (DAC), 15, 63, 95, 109, 111, 207
from point sources, 94, 107, 108, 109, 111, 207
use of, for production of low-carbon fuel, 110, 135, 137
in making materials, 103, 104, 105, 110
price increase for externalities of, 186, 194, 206, 210, 212, 215, 223
from steel and cement production, 103, 107, 109
in trees and forests, 127
see also greenhouse gas emissions
carbon dioxide equivalents, 22, 41
carbon, price on, 186, 194, 206, 210, 212, 215, 223
cars
alternative fuels for, 137, 40
electric (EV), 135, 146, 147, 221, 242n
fuel efficiency for, 46, 48, 145
slow adoption of new types of, 44, 46, 137, 146
cattle, see cows, raising
cement, production of, 100, 104, 107, 108, 109, 187
CGIAR agricultural research, 166, 68
China, 30
development in, 72, 73, 100, 103, 115, 16, 150
green projects in, 90, 140, 41, 172, 181, 182, 190, 192
city councils, role of, 214
clean electricity, standards for, 207, 210, 212, 213
see also electricity, zero-carbon
climate change
conversations about, 52
COVID-19 and, 3n, 12, 33 and n, 64, 132, 133, 198, 227
moving to consensus on, 14, 49, 195, 225
timeframe for action on, 35, 196, 209, 212, 213
weather patterns and, 24
see also greenhouse gas emissions
climate disaster, avoiding, 8, 16
with adaptation to warmer climates, 35, 160
barriers to, 37
electricity and, 66
government policies as necessary for, 179
growing plants and animals and, 112
heating and cooling and, 148
with individual action, 218
making materials and, 98
rationale for, 18
tips for conversations on, 52
transportation and, 130
see also specific entry for each topic, e.g. electricity, zero-carbon
clouds, brightening of, 177
global electricity from, 71, 70
replacement of jobs in, 188
companies, role of, 16, 202, 222
computer models, predictions with, 20, 24, 82, 171
cooling, 148
see also heating and cooling
see also Paris Agreement
COVID-19, impact of, 3n, 12, 33 and n, 64, 132, 33, 198, 227
cows, raising, 112, 115, 117, 126, 162
D
dams for hydropower, 7n, 58, 69 and n, 70, 85
developing countries and emissions, 40, 43, 72, 73, 101, 102, 115, 116, 133, 150, 151, 163
developing green products
companies and investors for, 189, 191, 204, 223
with consumer access and demand, 186, 203, 220
with early adopters, 202, 203, 224, 225
with government purchasing, 203, 208, 210, 213, 214
infrastructure for, 189, 204, 209, 210
scaling phase for, 205, 210, 213
up-to-date policies for, 48, 90, 157, 187, 190, 205
divestment from fossil fuel companies, 9
E
ecosystems, protection of, 172, 73
electric heat pumps, 60, 153, 154, 156, 221, 244n
electricity, 68
capacity vs. generation in production of, 79
overgeneration and undergeneration of, 77
reliability and availability of, 47, 66, 75
electricity, zero-carbon (green), 66
with carbon capture, 94
demand shifting and reduction for, 95
emissions to be reduced by, 8, 55, 66, 67, 151
future growth in need of, 79, 83, 109, 146
geothermal as, 90
government policies for, 146, 182, 207, 211, 212, 213, 214
Green Premiums for, 72, 79, 81, 83, 106, 194, 221
green pricing programs for, 221
innovations in, 84, 90, 96, 190
intermittency problem with, 8, 57, 75, 77n, 81, 93
demand shifting and reduction for, 84
offshore wind for, 89
solar energy for (see solar energy)
solutions available for, 72, 81, 89, 95, 192, 202, 205
storage options with, 75, 79 and n, 91
wind energy for (see wind energy)
electric vehicles (EVs)
batteries for, 135, 137, 140, 141, 142
cars, 135, 146, 147, 221, 242n
charging stations for, 142, 146, 205, 209, 214
scaling of, 205
electrification, 182
for cooling and heating, 60, 149 and n, 150, 156, 221, 244n
for manufacturing, 106, 109, 111
for transportation (see electric vehicles; electrofuels)
electrofuels
research needed on, 147
for vehicles, 139, 40, 142, 143, 144, 147, 207
see also hydrogen
emissions, see greenhouse gas emissions
energy efficiency, 145, 151, 157, 182
energy policies in U.S., 48, 179, 191, 207
Europe/European Union, 29, 216
emissions in, 41
green initiatives in, 73, 78, 84, 89, 136, 192, 207, 208
external costs of carbon, 186, 194, 206, 210, 212, 215, 223
F
farming
climate change/chaotic weather and, 29, 31, 35, 165
crop yields in, 29, 114, 122, 123, 165
initiatives in poor countries, 35, 118, 121, 23, 161, 163, 165
with zero-carbon goal (see growing plants and animals)
federal government, role of, 183, 188, 190, 203, 210, 214
fertilizer, synthetic, 115, 121
flooding, 167, 168, 171, 172, 73
flow batteries, 92
food production, see farming; growing plants and animals
forests and trees, 113, 126, 172, 73
fossil fuels
cost of, 39, 45, 58, 70, 74, 105, 132, 186, 206
divestment from, 9
for furnaces, 60, 153, 56, 186, 221, 244n
history of use of, 18, 24, 43, 44, 69, 132, 206
in manufacturing, 106
power density of, 58
replacement of jobs and tax base from, 146, 187
retirement of products using, 208
for transportation, 132
see also fuels, clean; gasoline
fuel cell batteries, 93
fuels, clean
for transportation, 137, 40, 142, 143, 44, 147, 191, 207
furnaces, home, 60, 153, 56, 186, 221, 244n
G
gas, natural, see natural gas
gasoline
alternatives to, 137, 40, 144, 146, 191, 192, 242n, 243n
electric alternatives for, 135, 140, 41, 146, 242n
as energy dense and cheap, 130
Gates, Bill, Sr., 112
Gates, Melinda, 4, 8, 12, 62, 117
Gates Foundation projects, see Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
geoengineering, 176
global temperature increase, 20
and cascading effects of climate change
and climate disasters, 24
history and future of, 21, 24, 25
human activity as cause of, 7, 18, 21, 24, 238n
impact of small degree of, 20, 24, 30
regional variations in, 21
government policies, role of, 179, 203, 230
in accounting for carbon costs, 186, 194, 206, 210, 212, 215, 223
for bringing technology to market, 108, 181, 189, 198, 202, 223
for buying green products, 146, 203, 208, 210, 213, 214
for infrastructure, 146, 170, 189, 204, 209, 210
in a just energy transition, 187, 229
at national, state, and local levels, 183, 188, 203, 208
need to update, 48, 90, 157, 187, 190, 205
for R&D funding, 184, 199 (see also R&D funding for innovations)
for scaling new products, 205, 210, 213
see also adaptation to warmer climates
greenhouse gas emissions, 22
capturing, 63, 94, 107, 108, 109, 111
carbon prices as a way to reduce, 186, 194, 206, 210, 212, 215, 223
cost for reduction of, 58 (see also Green Premiums)
COVID-19’s effect on, 3n, 13, 64, 132, 33
and economic development, 40, 43, 72, 73, 101, 102, 115, 116, 133, 150, 151, 163
global temperature increase from, 7, 18, 21, 24, 238n
growth and persistence of, 18, 19, 24, 41, 49
heat-trapping effect of, 18, 22
reduction of (see climate disaster, avoiding; zero, getting to)
in rich vs. developing and poor countries, 40, 43, 162
see also carbon dioxide; methane; nitrous oxide
affordability of, 60, 61, 64, 158, 188, 214
for cooling and heating, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 244n
for electricity, 72, 79, 81, 83, 106, 194, 221
for food production, 119, 120, 125
reduction/elimination of, 186, 204, 206, 209, 216, 223
for transportation, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 242n
Green Revolution, 114, 122, 166
grid-scale electricity storage, 92
growing plants and animals, zero-carbon goal for, 112
deforestation and trees and, 113, 126, 172
emissions to be reduced in, 55, 112, 117, 121, 124, 126, 162
with food need increase, 113, 122, 23, 129, 165
Green Premiums for, 119, 120, 125
innovations for, 118, 125, 127, 165
solutions available for, 118, 165
H
heating and cooling, zero-carbon goal for, 148
with A/C units, 148 and n, 150, 152, 154, 244n
emissions to be reduced in, 55, 151, 152, 153, 157
with furnaces and water heaters, 60, 153, 56, 186, 221, 244n
government policies needed for, 151, 155, 172, 186
Green Premiums for, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 244n
innovations and, 152, 155, 56, 157
solutions available for, 151, 153, 54, 155, 156, 221, 244n
heat pumps, 60, 153, 154, 156, 221, 244n
home emissions, reducing, 187, 221
see also heating and cooling
hydropower, 7n, 58, 69 and n, 70, 85
I
India, 68, 73, 103, 114, 150, 167
infrastructure, building of, 170, 189, 204, 209, 210
innovations needed, technological
for adaptation to warmer climates, 174, 176
carbon capture as, 63, 94, 107, 108, 109, 111, 207
for cooling and heating, 152, 155, 56, 157
as economic opportunity, 35, 61, 185, 216
for electricity production, 84, 90, 96, 190 (see also electrification; electrofuels)
government policy and markets for, 108, 181, 189, 198, 202, 223
for growing food and forests, 118, 125, 127, 165
for manufacturing, 102, 108, 111
priorities for, 61, 189, 199, 200
for transportation, 137, 40, 141, 44, 146
see also R&D funding for innovations
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 7, 24, 28, 29
intermittency of renewable energy, 8, 57, 75, 77n, 81, 93
international cooperation, 152, 201, 214, 227
see also Paris Agreement
ITER nuclear fusion facility, 89
J
Japan, 78 and n, 86, 103, 150, 192, 216
jobs, transition to new, 187, 229
K
L
life cycle of products, 69n, 137, 154, 208
lightbulbs, replacing, 221
liquid metals for batteries, 92
lithium-ion batteries, 92
local government, role of, 183, 188, 203, 209, 213, 219
Low Carbon Fuel Standard, 207
low-income countries
energy use and emissions in, 4, 6, 162, 165, 170, 215, 237n
farming in, 35, 118, 121, 23, 161, 163, 165
fighting both poverty and climate change in, 4, 6, 7, 9, 67, 68, 133, 160, 169, 175
M
maize, drought-tolerant, 166
mangrove trees, 173
manufacturing
with concrete and cement, 98, 100, 104, 107, 108, 109, 187
emissions to be reduced in, 54, 55 and n, 102, 103, 106, 7, 109
innovations for, 102, 108, 111
outsourcing of, 41
with plastics, 100, 104, 107, 110
product standards for, 208
recycling and reusing in, 110
with steel, 100, 102, 107, 108, 109
zero-carbon goal for, 98
meat and alternatives, 112, 115, 16, 117, 126, 129, 222, 241n
methane
short-term impact of, 21, 35, 176
sources of, 19, 21, 69, 113, 117, 118, 121
Mexico, 115, 116, 150, 166, 172
middle-income countries, 35, 64, 65, 133, 169, 199, 209, 216
N
natural defenses, preservation and restoration of, 73
natural fertilizer, 123
natural gas
for cooling and heating, 149n, 154, 155, 156, 244n
global electricity from, 71, 70
history of use and cost of, 44
and job replacements, 188
net-negative emissions, 19, 110
see also zero, getting to
nitrous oxide, 21, 113, 117, 124
nuclear energy
advanced reactors, 8, 86, 89, 190
advantages of, 57, 84, 85, 86, 190
global electricity from, 84, 70
government policies on, 190
innovations in, 8, 86, 93, 190
for manufacturing, 107
power density of, 58
risks and safety of, 47, 86, 87, 190
for ships, 147
nuclear fission, 84
nuclear fusion, 87
O
oil, 39, 43, 44, 70, 71, 87, 156, 191, 192
outsourcing of manufacturing, 41
oxygen, 30, 103, 104, 105, 110
P
palm oil and deforestation, 127
pandemic, impact of, see COVID-19, impact of
Paris Agreement, 10, 11, 12, 50, 212, 213, 215, 237n
permafrost, melting of, 35
policies, see government policies
power grids, decarbonized, 80, 82n, 97, 111, 151, 156
power plants, 57, 66, 67, 73, 80, 85, 87, 95, 190, 197, 208
private-public partnerships, 174, 184, 193, 194, 202, 211, 223
Puerto Rico, 27
pumped hydro and alternatives, 92
R
with industry partnerships, 174, 184, 193, 194, 202, 211, 222
with long-term commitment, 11, 48, 174, 184, 201, 204, 212
need for steep increases in, 189, 200, 212
priorities for, 61, 189, 199, 200
with risk tolerance, 11, 47, 175, 184, 201, 204, 212, 222
radioactive fuel and waste, 87, 88
reducing and reusing as lifestyle, 95, 110, 121, 145
refrigerants, 152
renewable energy
batteries for, 75, 79 and n, 91, 93
government policies for, 90, 192, 207
intermittent generation of, 8, 57, 75, 77n, 81, 93
location and transmission with, 74 and n, 77, 80, 94
potential and limitations with, intro.1 and n, 8, 70, 74, 81, 224, 239n
timing of transition to, 44, 45, 83, 238n
in U.S., 7n, 73, 77n, 84, 89, 192, 193, 207
see also specific renewable sources
Renewable Fuel Standard, 191, 207
renewable portfolio standards, 207
research and development, see innovations needed; R&D funding for innovations
Russia, 190
S
ships and fuel alternatives, 132, 134, 143, 44, 147, 243n
smallholder farms, 161, 163, 166
soil, nitrogen and carbon in, 124, 125
solar energy
initiatives with, 174, 192, 202
intermittent generation of, 57, 75, 81, 86, 93
material use in panels for, 85, 240n
scaling of, 205
solar panels, 46, 80, 85, 157, 192, 240n
state government, role of, 183, 203, 209, 212
steel, 100, 102, 107, 108, 109
storage of electricity, 91
see also batteries
sub-Saharan Africa, 4, 6, 29, 67, 68, 121, 163, 166
synthetic fertilizer, 115, 121
T
temperature, see global temperature increase
TerraPower nuclear reactor, 8, 86, 93, 190
thermal storage, 93
“This Is Water” speech (Wallace), 37, 38 and n
transmission of electricity, regional, 74 and n, 80
transportation, zero-carbon goal for, 130
with electric alternatives (see electric vehicles)
emissions to be reduced in, 54, 55, 131, 132, 33, 134, 135 and n
with fuel alternatives, 137, 40, 142, 143, 44, 147, 191, 207
with fuel efficiency, 46, 48, 145
Green Premiums for, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 242n
innovations for, 137, 40, 141, 44, 146
solutions available for, 135, 140, 41, 145, 205, 207
TransWest Express, 82
trees for carbon capture, 127
trucks and fuel alternatives, 134, 140, 141, 42, 146, 147
2050, getting to zero by, 35, 80, 137, 196, 209, 213, 230
U
underground power lines, 83
United States
electricity in, 69, 72, 80, 90, 182, 207
emissions in, 41, 132, 152, 163
energy policies in, 48, 179, 191, 207
government role in energy innovation, 210
renewables in, 7n, 73, 77n, 84, 89, 192, 193, 207
U.S. Congress, role of, 191, 210
U.S. Department of Energy, 182, 201, 202, 211
utility companies, 96, 207, 208, 213, 221
V
veganism, 118
vehicles, see transportation
W
Wallace, David Foster, 37
warming, global, see adaptation to warmer climates; global temperature increase
waste, reducing, 95, 110, 121, 145
weather patterns, effects on, 24
wind energy
intermittent generation of, 57, 75, 77n, 81, 86
materials used for, 85
offshore (ocean), 89
transmission needs for, 82
Y
Yara fertilizer distribution center, 121, 22
Z
zero, getting to
broad approach to, 7, 10, 17, 198, 227
as economic opportunity, 35, 61, 185, 216
measuring cost of, 58
measuring progress of, 62, 197
necessity of, 3, 6, 13, 18, 226
vs. net-zero emissions, 18
optimism for, 4, 16, 226, 227, 230
timeframe for, 35, 196, 209, 212, 213
see also climate disaster, avoiding