Footnotes

*1. No recognized medical use and high potential for abuse.

*2. Johann Hari, Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs (New York: Bloomsbury USA, 2015).

*3. Sidney Cohen, “Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Side Effects and Complications,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 130 (January 1960): 30–40.

*4. Maia Szalavitz, Time.com, October 6, 2011, http://healthland.time.com/2011/10/06/jobs-had-lsd-we-have-the-iphone/ (accessed April 30, 2017).

*5. R. R. Griffiths et al., “Psilocybin Occasioned Mystical-type Experiences: Immediate and Persisting Dose-related Effects,” Psychopharmacology 218, no. 4 (2011): 649–65. (See chapter 3.)

*6. No recognized medical use and high potential for abuse.

*7. Greg Miller, “A Psychedelic-Science Advocate Takes His Case to the Pentagon,” WIRED.com, May 2013, https://www.wired.com/2013/05/doblin/  (accessed April 30, 2017).

*8. NYU Psilocybin Cancer Anxiety Study (this study is no longer accepting participants).

*9. For information about completed, ongoing, and planned studies using MDMA, visit the MAPS “MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy” page at www.maps.org/research/mdma.

*10. C. S. Grob, R. E. Poland, L. Chang, and T. Ernst. “Psychobiologic Effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Humans: Methodological Considerations and Preliminary Data,” Behavioural Brain Research 73 (1996): 103–7.

*11. Phillip S. Smith, “Newsbrief: Ecstasy Scandal Grows as Second Study Retracted,” Drug War Chronicle 303 (September 19, 2013).

*12. For more information on interactions between MDMA and erectile-dysfunction drugs see “Sildenafil (Viagra) & MDMA (Ecstasy),” Erowid.org, v1.1, March 29, 2012, https://erowid.org/chemicals/mdma/mdma_health7.shtml (accessed April 30, 2017).

*13. No recognized medical use and high potential for abuse.

*14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom, quoting from Paul Stamets, Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World (Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1996), 11; and Albert Hofmann, “The Mexican Relatives of LSD,” LSD: My Problem Child (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980), 49–71.

*15. Griffiths et al., “Psilocybin Can Occasion Mystical-type Experiences Having Substantial and Sustained Personal Meaning and Spiritual Significance,” Psychopharmacology 187 (2006): 268–83.

*16. James MacKillop, and Harriet de Wit (editors), The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Addiction Psychopharmacology (West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2013).

*17. K. A. MacLean, M. W. Johnson, and R. R. Griffiths, “Mystical Experiences Occasioned by the Hallucinogen Psilocybin Lead to Increases in the Personality Domain of Openness,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 25, no. 11 (2011): 1453–61.

*18. Operationalization is a scientific term meaning the exact manner in which a variable is measured. It identifies one or more specific, observable events or conditions such that any other researcher can independently measure and/or test for them.

*19. An instrument is a tool used for measurement, in this case the survey.

*20. “The Johns Hopkins Psilocybin Research Project study team is pleased to report that enrollment for this study has now been completed. We are optimistic about initiating a follow-up study in cancer patients in 2017.”

*21. Steven J. Novak, “LSD before Leary: Sidney Cohen’s Critique of 1950s Psychedelic Drug Research,” Isis 88, no. 1 (March 1997): 87–110.

*22. This dose represents less than half of the dose that occasioned fearful responses in many subjects in Griffiths and MacLean’s work.

*23. No recognized medical use and high potential for abuse.

*24. Decoction is a method of extraction by boiling herbal or plant material—including stems, roots, bark, and rhizomes—to dissolve the chemicals from the plant.

*25. In 2009 Santo Daime won the legal right in Oregon to conduct their ceremonies—a decision that was upheld in 2012.

*26. Arran Frood, “Ayahuasca Psychedelic Tested for Depression: A Pilot Study with the Shamanic Brew Hints at Its Therapeutic Potential,” ScientificAmerican.com, April 8, 2016, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ayahuasca-psychedelic-tested-for-depression/ (accessed April 30, 2017).

*27. D. J. McKenna, G. H. N. Towers, and F. S. Abbott, “Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in South American Hallucinogenic Plants: Tryptamine and ß-carboline Constituents of Ayahuasca,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 10, no. 2 (1984): 195–223.

*28. McKenna notes, “Since I gave this interview in 2011 I had that experience once and it was quite transformative.”

*29. “The Ayahuasca Dialogues Report: Preliminary Research and Prospects for Safer and More Sustainable Ayahuasca,” with a foreword by Dennis McKenna, Ethnobotanical Stewardship Council (ESC), November 2014, www.ethnobotanicalcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/ESC_AyaDialogues-Report_Nov2014_eng1.pdf  (accessed April 30, 2017).

*30. Michael Posner, “B.C. Doctor Agrees to Stop Using Amazonian Plant to Treat Addictions,” GlobeandMail.com, November 2011, www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/bc-doctor-agrees-to-stop-using-amazonian-plant-to-treat-addictions/article4250579/ (accessed April 30, 2017).

*31. Rick Strassman, DMT: The Spirit Molecule: A Doctor’s Revolutionary Research into the Biology of Near-Death and Mystical Experiences (Rochester, VT: Park Street Press, 2000).

*32. Jordi Riba, and Manel J. Barbanoj, “A Pharmacological Study of Ayahuasca in Healthy Volunteers,” Bulletin of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies 8, no. 3 (Autumn 1998): 12–15.

*33. Patients experienced lessening of symptoms.

*34. A particular use for a medication.

*35. The purpose of the End of Phase II meeting is to “facilitate interaction between the FDA and sponsors who seek guidance related to clinical trial design . . . for better dose response estimation and dose selection, and other related issues.” From U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Federal Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, “Guidance for Industry: End of Phase 2A Meetings,” September 2009, 4; www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/.../Guidances/ucm079690.pdf (accessed June 5, 2017).

†1. 1/1,000,000 of a gram.

†2. Johns Hopkins Psilocybin Cancer Project (www.bpru.org/cancer-studies; note on website: The Johns Hopkins Psilocybin Research Project study team is pleased to report that enrollment for this study has now been completed).

†3. Kelley McMillan, “Is Ecstasy the Key to Treating Women with PTSD?” MarieClaire .com, August 17, 2015, www.marieclaire.com/health-fitness/news/a15553/mdma-ecstasy-drug-ptsd-treatment/ (accessed April 30, 2017).

†4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom.

†5. E. Brande, “Mr. E. Brande, on a poisonous species of Agaric,” The Medical and Physical Journal 3 (1799): 41–44.

†6. Walter Pahnke designed the 1962 Marsh Chapel Experiment, also called the “Good Friday Experiment,” investigating the effects of psilocybin on religiously predisposed subjects.

†7. J. Riba and M. J. Barbanoj, “Bringing Ayahuasca to the Clinical Research Laboratory,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 37, no. 2 (2005): 219–30.

‡1. R. Gordon Wasson, “Seeking the Magic Mushroom,” Life (May 13, 1957): 100–120. Available online at http://goo.gl/1Cfhnr.