1 “When I was at boarding school”: Oliver Sacks, On the Move (New York: Knopf, 2015), 1.
2 I Am Adam Lanza’s Mother: Liza Long, “I Am Adam Lanza’s Mother,” Blue Review, Boise State University School of Public Service, December 15, 2012, http://thebluereview.org/i-am-adam-lanzas-mother.
3 umbrella term intended to cover: Merle McPherson et al., “A New Definition of Children with Special Health Care Needs,” Pediatrics 102, no. 1 (1998): 137–139; Paul W. Newacheck et al., “An Epidemiologic Profile of Children with Special Health Care Needs,” Pediatrics 102, no. 1 (1998): 117–123.
4 Such conditions most commonly include: See also National Alliance on Mental Illness, North Carolina, “Understanding Serious Emotional Disorders in Children,” accessed February 14, 2016, http://naminc.org/nn/publications/SED.pdf.
5 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs: Christina D. Bethell et al., “What Is the Prevalence of Children with Special Health Care Needs? Toward an Understanding of Variations in Findings and Methods Across Three National Surveys,” Maternal and Child Health Journal 12, no. 1 (2008): 1–14; Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, “Who Are Children with Special Health Care Needs?” accessed February 14, 2016, http://www.cahmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/CSHCNS-whoarecshcn_revised_07b-pdf.pdf; US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, “Children with Special Health Care Needs in Context: A Portrait of States and the Nation 2007,” accessed February 14, 2016, http://www.mchb.hrsa.gov/nsch/07cshcn/moreinfo/pdf/cshcn11.pdf; US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, “The National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs Chartbook 2005–2006,” accessed February 14, 2016, http://mchb.hrsa.gov/cshcn05.
6 now are more likely to live at home: Bruce E. Compas et al., “Coping with Chronic Illness in Childhood and Adolescence,” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 8 (2012): 455–480; Neal Halfon and Paul W. Newacheck, “Evolving Notions of Childhood Chronic Illness,” Journal of the American Medical Association 303, no. 7 (2010): 665–666; Lidwine B. Mokkink et al., “Defining Chronic Diseases and Health Conditions in Childhood (0–18 Years of Age): National Consensus in the Netherlands,” European Journal of Pediatrics 167, no. 12 (2008): 1441–1447.
7 conditions that greatly affect their day-to-day lives: US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, “The National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs Chartbook 2005–2006,” accessed February 14, 2016, http://mchb.hrsa.gov/cshcn05.
8 stretch far into their adult years: “Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000, Public Law 106–402,” 106th US Congress, October 30, 2000, accessed February 14, 2016, http://www.acl.gov/Programs/AIDD/DDA_BOR_ACT_2000/docs/dd_act.pdf.
9 “supersiblings”: See Karen Olsson, “Her Autistic Brothers,” New York Times Magazine, February 18, 2007, accessed February 14, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/magazine/18autistic.t.html; “Supersiblings: Empowering and Supporting Siblings of People with Autism,” accessed February 14, 2016, http://www.supersiblings.org.
10 siblings of special-needs children are a special population: Don Meyer and Patricia F. Vadasy, Sibshops: Workshops for Siblings of Children with Special Needs (Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing, 2007).
11 Jordan Spieth: Scott Michaux, “Star of Spieth Family Is Ellie,” Augusta Chronicle, March 20, 2016, accessed January 23, 2017, http://www.augusta.com/masters/story/news/star-spieth-family-ellie.
12 about half struggle with their own problems: Gregory Jurkovic, Lost Childhoods: The Plight of the Parentified Child (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1997); Suzanne Lamorey, “Parentification of Siblings of Children with Disability or Chronic Disease,” in Burdened Children: Theory, Research, and Treatment of Parentification, ed. Nancy Chase (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1999), 75–91.
13 “I set up my own [science] lab in the house”: Uncle Tungsten, quoted in Oliver Sacks, On the Move (New York: Knopf, 2015), 57–58.
14 “partly to get away”: Oliver Sacks, On the Move (New York: Knopf, 2015), 65.
15 “I could, I should, have been”: Oliver Sacks, On the Move (New York: Knopf, 2015), 63–64.
16 Winfrey described as “the speech of a lifetime”: Oprah Winfrey, What I Know for Sure (New York: Flatiron Books, 2014), 201.
17 “Lord yes, she had the stuff from the beginning”: Evelyn C. White, Alice Walker: A Life (New York: Norton, 2004), 15.
18 “Abe made books tell him more”: Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years (New York: Harcourt, 1954), 14.
19 “The teachers liked me”: Victor Bokris, Warhol: The Biography (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003), 37.
20 ability to control themselves: Zhe Wang and Kirby Deater-Deckard, “Resilience in Gene-Environment Transactions,” in Handbook of Resilience in Children, eds. Sam Goldstein and Robert B. Brooks (New York: Springer, 2012), 57–72.
21 ability to direct one’s own thoughts, feelings, and behavior: Roy F. Baumeister, Todd F. Heatherton, and Dianne M. Tice, Losing Control: How and Why People Fail at Self-Regulation (San Diego: Academic Press, 1994); Fred Rothbaum, John R. Weisz, and Samuel S. Snyder, “Changing the World and Changing the Self: A Two-Process Model of Perceived Control,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42, no. 1 (1982): 5–37.
22 A sort of catchall word: Timothy A. Judge et al., “Are Measures of Self-Esteem, Neuroticism, Locus of Control, and Generalized Self-Efficacy Indicators of a Common Core Construct?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83, no. 3 (2002): 693–710.
23 one of the hallmarks of civilization: Sigmund Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle (London: Hogarth, 1922).
24 it comes from the prefrontal cortex: See, for review, B. J. Casey et al., “A Developmental Functional MRI Study of Prefrontal Activation During Performance of a Go-No-Go Task,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, no. 6 (1997): 835–847; Todd A. Hare, Colin F. Camerer, and Antonio Rangel, “Self-Control in Decision-Making Involves Modulation of the vmPFC Valuation System,” Science 324, no. 5927 (2009): 646–648.
25 “top-down” regulation: Andre Fischer and Li-Huei Tsai, “Counteracting Molecular Pathways Regulating the Reduction of Fear: Implications for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders,” in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic Science and Clinical Practice, eds. Joseph E. LeDoux, Terrence Keane, and Peter Shiromani (New York: Humana, 2009), 79–104.
26 where the executive functions reside, self-control being chief: Russell A. Barkley, “The Executive Functions and Self-Regulation: An Evolutionary Neuropsychological Perspective,” Neuropsychology Review 11, no. 1 (2001): 1–29; Adele Diamond, “Executive Functions,” Annual Review of Psychology 64 (2013): 135–168.
27 “Marshmallow Test”: Harriet Nerlove Mischel and Walter Mischel, “The Development of Children’s Knowledge of Self-Control Strategies,” Child Development 54, no. 3 (1983): 603–619; Walter Mischel and Nancy Baker, “Cognitive Appraisals and Transformations in Delay Behavior,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31, no. 2 (1975): 254–261; Walter Mischel, Ebbe B. Ebbesen, and Antonette Raskoff Zeiss, “Cognitive and Attentional Mechanisms in Delay of Gratification,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 21, no. 2 (1972): 204–218; Walter Mischel, Yuichi Shoda, and Monica I. Rodriguez, “Delay of Gratification in Children,” Science 244, no. 4907 (1989): 933–938.
28 preschoolers who had enough self-control to wait: See, for review, Walter Mischel et al., “ ‘Willpower’ Over the Life Span: Decomposing Self-Regulation,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 6, no. 2 (2011): 252–256.
29 pretty much all upside: June P. Tangney, Roy F. Baumeister, and Angie Luzio Boone, “High Self-Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success,” Journal of Personality 72, no. 2 (2004): 271–324.
30 better outcomes in school, work, love, and health: Denise de Ridder et al., “Taking Stock of Self-Control: A Meta-Analysis of How Trait Self-Control Relates to a Wide Range of Behaviors,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 16, no. 1 (2012): 76–99.
31 better predictor of academic success than IQ: Angela L. Duckworth and Martin Seligman, “Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents,” Psychological Science 16, no. 12 (2005): 939–944; Raymond N. Wolfe and Scott D. Johnson, “Personality as a Predictor of College Performance,” Educational and Psychological Measurement 55 (1995): 177–185.
32 better relationships and tend to be popular: Richard A. Fabes et al., “Regulation, Emotionality, and Preschoolers’ Socially Competent Peer Interactions,” Child Development 70, no. 2 (1999): 432–442; Patricia Maszk, Nancy Eisenberg, and Ivanna K. Guthrie, “Relations of Children’s Social Status to Their Emotionality and Regulation: A Short-Term Longitudinal Study,” Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 45, no. 3 (1999): 468–492; Harriet Nerlove Mischel and Walter Mischel, “The Development of Children’s Knowledge of Self-Control Strategies,” Child Development 54, no. 3 (1983): 603–619; Walter Mischel, Yuichi Shoda, and Philip K. Peake, “The Nature of Adolescent Competencies Predicted by Preschool Delay of Gratification,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, no. 4 (1988): 687–696; Yuichi Shoda, Walter Mischel, and Phillip K. Peake, “Predicting Adolescent Cognitive and Self-Regulatory Competencies from Preschool Delay of Gratification: Identifying Diagnostic Conditions,” Developmental Psychology 26, no. 6 (1990): 978–986.
33 good at overriding their own desires: Eli J. Finkel and W. Keith Campbell, “Ego Depletion and Accommodation in Romantic Relationships” (poster presented at the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Nashville, TN, February 2000).
34 better performance in sports: Jed Jacobson and Leland Matthaeus, “Athletics and Executive Functioning: How Athletic Participation and Sport Type Correlate with Cognitive Performance,” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 15, no. 5 (2014): 521–527; Chun-Hao Wang et al., “Open vs. Closed Skill Sports and the Modulation of Inhibitory Control,” PLOS One 8, no. 2 (2013): e55773; Torbjörn Vestberg et al., “Executive Functions Predict the Success of Top-Soccer Players,” PLOS One 7, no. 4 (2012): e34731.
35 less likely to struggle with impulse-control problems: R. Engels, C. Finkenauer, and Blokland Den Exter, “Parental Influences on Self-Control and Juvenile Delinquency,” manuscript in preparation, Utrecht University, Netherlands (2000), in June P. Tangney, Roy F. Baumeister, and Angie Luzio Boone, “High Self-Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success,” Journal of Personality 72, no. 2 (2004): 271–324; James McGuire and Darice Broomfield, “Violent Offenses and Capacity for Self-Control,” Psychology Crime and Law 2 (1994): 117–123; Terrie E. Moffitt et al., “A Gradient of Childhood Self-Control Predicts Health, Wealth, and Public Safety,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 7 (2011): 2693–2698; see also David M. Fergusson, Joseph M. Boden, and L. John Horwood, “Childhood Self-Control and Adult Outcomes: Results from a 30-Year Longitudinal Study,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 52, no. 7 (2013): 709–717.
36 less activity and connectivity in the prefrontal cortex: Lisa M. Shin, “The Amygdala in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,” in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic Science and Clinical Practice, eds. Joseph E. LeDoux, Terrence Keane, and Peter Shiromani (New York: Humana, 2009), 319–336.
37 inadequate “top-down” control: Israel Liberzon and Sarah N. Garfinkel, “Functional Neuroimaging in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,” in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic Science and Clinical Practice, eds. Joseph E. LeDoux, Terrence Keane, and Peter Shiromani (New York: Humana, 2009), 297–318; Rajnish P. Rao et al., “PTSD: From Neurons to Networks,” in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic Science and Clinical Practice, eds. Joseph E. LeDoux, Terrence Keane, and Peter Shiromani (New York: Humana, 2009), 151–186; Scott L. Rauch, Lisa M. Shin, and Elizabeth A. Phelps, “Neurocircuitry Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Extinction: Human Neuroimaging Research—Past, Present, and Future,” Biological Psychiatry 60, no. 4 (2006): 376–382; Lisa M. Shin, “The Amygdala in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,” in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic Science and Clinical Practice, eds. Joseph E. LeDoux, Terrence Keane, and Peter Shiromani (New York: Humana, 2009), 319–336.
38 comparable to that of intelligence and socioeconomic status: Angela L. Duckworth, “The Significance of Self-Control,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 7 (2011): 2639–2640.
39 not the same as either of these: Angela L. Duckworth and Martin Seligman, “Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents,” Psychological Science 16, no. 12 (2005): 939–944; T. Rohde, “Cross-Validation of Measures of Self-Control and Behavioral Inhibition in Young Adults” (2000), unpublished thesis in June P. Tangney, Roy F. Baumeister, and Angie Luzio Boone, “High Self-Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success,” Journal of Personality 72, no. 2 (2004): 271–324.
40 will likely do better in life: Kevin M. Beaver et al., “Genetic Influences on the Stability of Low Self-Control: Results from a Longitudinal Sample of Twins,” Journal of Criminal Justice 36, no. 6 (2008): 478–485; see also Terrie E. Moffitt et al., “A Gradient of Childhood Self-Control Predicts Health, Wealth, and Public Safety,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 7 (2011): 2693–2698.
41 built through practice and challenge: Adele Diamond, “Activities and Programs That Improve Children’s Executive Functions,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 21, no. 5 (2012): 335–341; Adele Diamond and Kathleen Lee, “Interventions Shown to Aid Executive Function Development in Children 4 to 12 Years Old,” Science 333, no. 6045 (2011): 959–964.
42 through self-control and self-direction: Thomas S. Bateman and Christine Porath, “Transcendent Behavior,” in Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline, eds. Kim Cameron, Jane Dutton, and Robert Quinn (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2003), 122–137.
43 Kauai Longitudinal Study: See Emmy E. Werner, “Risk, Resilience, and Recovery: Perspectives from the Kauai Longitudinal Study,” Development and Psychopathology 5, no. 4 (1993): 503–515.
44 believed in their own effectiveness: Emmy Werner and Ruth S. Smith, Overcoming the Odds: High Risk Children from Birth to Adulthood (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992).
45 felt in control of themselves and their lives: Benjamin A. Shaw et al., “Emotional Support from Parents Early in Life, Aging, and Health,” Psychology and Aging 19, no. 1 (2004): 4–12.
46 put those raw materials to work: Phillip L. Ackerman, “Nonsense, Common Sense, and Science of Expert Performance: Talent and Individual Differences,” Intelligence 45, no. 1 (2014): 6–17.
47 “dealing but not feeling”: Bessel A. van der Kolk, The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma (New York: Penguin, 2014), 116.
48 Guilt is a social, moral feeling: Roy F. Baumeister, Arlene M. Stillwell, and Todd F. Heatherton, “Guilt: An Interpersonal Approach,” Psychological Bulletin 115, no. 2 (1994): 243–267.
49 closely related to self-control: Ullrich Wagner et al., “Guilt-Specific Processing in the Prefrontal Cortex,” Cerebral Cortex 21, no. 11 (2011): 2461–2470.
50 feeling responsible for events one cannot control: Sangmoon Kim, Ryan Thibodeau, and Randall S. Jorgensen, “Shame, Guilt, and Depressive Symptoms: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Psychological Bulletin 137, no. 1 (2011): 68–96.
1 “It must be pure bliss to arrange the furniture just as one likes”: Edith Wharton, The House of Mirth (New York: Vintage, 2012), 7.
2 One in nine children: Kate Stern, Jessica Malkin, and Arielle Densen, “Groundbreaking Survey of Childhood Loss Finds,” Comfort Zone Camps, March 22, 2010, http://www.hellogrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/General-Population-Release-Revised1.pdf.
3 accomplishments merited at least one column: J. Marvin Eisenstadt, “Parental Loss and Genius,” American Psychologist 33, no. 3 (1978): 211–223.
4 say they are more resilient: Kate Stern, Jessica Malkin, and Arielle Densen, “Groundbreaking Survey of Childhood Loss Finds,” Comfort Zone Camps, March 22, 2010, http://www.hellogrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/General-Population-Release-Revised1.pdf.
5 “Sonia, you have to be a big girl now”: Sonia Sotomayor, My Beloved World (New York: Vintage, 2014), 51.
6 “My father left me with the feeling”: Bill Clinton, My Life (New York: Vintage, 2005), 8.
7 take something bad and turn it into something good: Lawrence J. Walker, Jeremy A. Frimer, and William L. Dunlop, “Varieties of Moral Personality: Beyond the Banality of Heroism,” Journal of Personality 78, no. 3 (2010): 907–942.
8 “much better” had they not: Kate Stern, Jessica Malkin, and Arielle Densen, “Groundbreaking Survey of Childhood Loss Finds,” Comfort Zone Camps, March 22, 2010, http://www.hellogrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/General-Population-Release-Revised1.pdf.
9 would trade a year of their life for one more day: Kate Stern, Jessica Malkin, and Arielle Densen, “Groundbreaking Survey of Childhood Loss Finds,” Comfort Zone Camps, March 22, 2010, http://www.hellogrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/General-Population-Release-Revised1.pdf.
10 “I love the thing”: Joel Lovell, “The Late, Great Stephen Colbert: Stephen Colbert on Making The Late Show His Own,” GQ, August 17, 2015, accessed January 23, 2017, http://www.gq.com/story/stephen-colbert-gq-cover-story.
11 “I am a more sensitive person”: Harold S. Kushner, When Bad Things Happen to Good People (New York: Schocken, 2001), xiii.
12 “The Painted Guinea Pig”: Eugene Mahon and Dawn Simpson, “The Painted Guinea Pig,” The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 32 (1976): 283–303.
13 “Children mourn on a skateboard”: Eugene Mahon and Dawn Simpson, “The Painted Guinea Pig,” The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 32 (1976): 283–303.
14 Continuity is incredibly important: James William Worden, Children and Grief: When a Parent Dies (New York: Guilford, 1996).
15 US Citizenship and Immigration Services: “Orphan,” US Citizenship and Immigration Services, accessed June 21, 2016, https://www.uscis.gov/tools/glossary/orphan.
16 United Nations goes further still: “Orphans,” UNICEF, last modified June 15, 2015, http://www.unicef.org/media/media_45279.html.
17 live with surviving parents, grandparents, or other relatives: “Orphans,” UNICEF, last modified June 15, 2015, http://www.unicef.org/media/media_45279.html.
18 “the effects should be more prominent”: J. Marvin Eisenstadt, “Parental Loss and Genius,” American Psychologist 33, no. 3 (1978): 211–223.
19 disenfranchised grief: Kenneth J. Doka, Disenfranchised Grief: New Directions, Challenges, and Strategies for Practice (Champaign, IL: Research Press, 2002); Kenneth J. Doka, Disenfranchised Grief: Recognizing Hidden Sorrow (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1989).
20 “I found the mirror between the two stories”: Shawn Carter, Jay-Z Decoded (New York: Spiegel and Grau, 2010), 240.
21 Lillian Rubin: Lillian B. Rubin, The Transcendent Child: Tales of Triumph Over the Past (New York: Basic Books, 1996); Paul Vitello, “Lillian B. Rubin, 90, Is Dead; Wrote of Crippling Effects of Gender and Class Norms,” New York Times, July 1, 2014.
22 good adjustment after adversity: Ann S. Masten, “Ordinary Magic: Resilience Processes in Development,” American Psychologist 56, no. 3 (2001): 227–238; Emmy Werner, “Resilience and Recovery: Findings from the Kauai Longitudinal Study,” Focal Point Research, Policy, and Practice in Children’s Mental Health 19, no. 1 (2005): 11–14.
23 “recruiting relationships”: Stuart T. Hauser and Joseph P. Allen, “Overcoming Adversity in Adolescence: Narratives of Resilience,” Psychoanalytic Inquiry 26, no. 4 (2007): 549–576; Stuart T. Hauser, Joseph P. Allen, and Eve Golden, Out of the Woods: Tales of Resilient Teens (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).
24 elicited positive attention: Emmy E. Werner and Ruth S. Smith, Overcoming the Odds: High Risk Children from Birth to Adulthood (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 56.
25 number of adults with whom the child liked to associate: Emmy E. Werner and Ruth S. Smith, Overcoming the Odds: High Risk Children from Birth to Adulthood (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 57, 178.
26 those who hide their distress: Judith Herman, Trauma and Recovery (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 42–43, 100; Stephen P. Hinshaw, “Parental Mental Disorder and Children’s Functioning: Silence and Communication, Stigma and Resilience,” Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 33, no. 2 (2004): 400–411; Diane T. Marsh and Rex M. Dickens, Troubled Journey: Coming to Terms with the Mental Illness of a Sibling or Parent (New York: Tarcher/Penguin, 1997); Ronald Seifer, “Young Children with Mentally Ill Parents: Resilient Developmental Systems,” in Resilience and Vulnerability: Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities, ed. Suniya Luthar (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 29–49; Rebecca L. Shiner, Ann S. Masten, and Jennifer M. Roberts, “Childhood Personality Foreshadows Adult Personality and Life Outcomes Two Decades Later,” Journal of Personality 71, no. 6 (2003): 1145–1170; Zhe Wang and Kirby Deater-Deckard, “Resilience in Gene-Environment Transactions,” in Handbook of Resilience in Children, eds. Sam Goldstein and Robert B. Brooks (New York: Springer, 2012), 57–72.
27 “Sylvia is an exceptionally fine girl”: Paul Alexander, Rough Magic: A Biography of Sylvia Plath (New York: Da Capo Press, 2003), 94.
28 “What is the normal child like?”: Donald W. Winnicott, “Some Psychological Aspects of Juvenile Delinquency,” Deprivation and Delinquency (1946): 115.
29 they are her mom and dad: Joyce Chen and Cara Sprunk, “Simone Biles Responds to NBC Sportscaster’s Comment About Her Parents,” US Weekly, August 10, 2016, accessed January 23, 2017, http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/simone-biles-responds-to-nbc-commentators-parents-comment-w433788; Juliet Macur, “Simone Biles Calms Her Mother, Then Sends Crowd into Frenzy,” New York Times, August 11, 2016, accessed January 23, 2017, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/12/sports/olympics/gymnastics-simone-biles-shines-brightest.html?_r=0.
30 “It’s like a hotel”: Paula McLain, Like Family: Growing Up in Other People’s Houses, A Memoir (New York: Back Bay, 2004), 4.
31 “Home is the place where”: Robert Frost, “The Death of a Hired Man,” in The Poetry of Robert Frost: The Collected Poems, Complete and Unabridged, ed. Edward Connery Lathem (New York: Henry Holt, 1969), 34.
32 “Orphans always make the best recruits”: Skyfall, directed by Sam Mendes (2012; Los Angeles: Twentieth Century Fox, 2014), DVD.
33 “recruiting relationships”: Stuart T. Hauser and Joseph P. Allen, “Overcoming Adversity in Adolescence: Narratives of Resilience,” Psychoanalytic Inquiry 26, no. 4 (2007): 549–576; Stuart T. Hauser, Joseph P. Allen, and Eve Golden, Out of the Woods: Tales of Resilient Teens (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).
34 help or harm ourselves or others: For a review, see Dacher Keltner, Deborah H. Gruenfeld, and Cameron Anderson, “Power, Approach, and Inhibition,” Psychological Review 110, no. 2 (2003): 265–284.
35 correlation between their smiles and how they really feel: Dacher Keltner, Deborah H. Gruenfeld, and Cameron Anderson, “Power, Approach, and Inhibition,” Psychological Review 110, no. 2 (2003): 265–284; Dacher Keltner et al., “Teasing in Hierarchical and Intimate Relations,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75, no. 5 (1998): 1231–1247; Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen, “Felt, False, and Miserable Smiles,” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 6, no. 4 (1982): 238–252; Marvin A. Hecht and Marianne LaFrance, “License or Obligation to Smile: The Effect of Power and Sex on Amount and Type of Smiling,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24, no. 12 (1998): 1332–1342.
36 “The girls were now their mother’s ‘little women’”: Nancy Milford, Savage Beauty: The Life of Edna St. Vincent Millay (New York: Random House, 2002), 29.
37 the less powerful are most mindful of punishments: Dacher Keltner, Deborah H. Gruenfeld, and Cameron Anderson, “Power, Approach, and Inhibition,” Psychological Review 110, no. 2 (2003): 265–284.
38 “The families with whom I lived”: Marilyn Monroe and Ben Hecht, My Story (Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade, 2007), 36.
39 “a sort of stray ornament”: Marilyn Monroe and Ben Hecht, My Story (Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade, 2007), 159.
1 “The persona is a kind of mask”: Carl Jung, Two Essays on Analytical Psychology, 2nd ed., trans. Richard F. C. Hull (London: Routledge, 1990), 192.
2 “Nobody knows Johnny”: Marjorie Rosen, “Behind the Laughter: Numbed by Grief, Johnny Carson Reveals a Long-Hidden Side,” People Magazine 36, no. 6, August 19, 1991, accessed January 24, 2017, http://www.people.com/people/archive/article /0,,20115734,00.html.
3 “you get the impression”: Marjorie Rosen, “Behind the Laughter: Numbed by Grief, Johnny Carson Reveals a Long-Hidden Side,” People Magazine 36, no. 6, August 19, 1991, accessed January 24, 2017, http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20115734,00.html.
4 “was comfortable in front of ”: Henry Bushkin, Johnny Carson (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013), 13.
5 through the medium and to the extent of his choosing: W. R. D. Fairbairn, Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality (New York: Routledge, 1994).
6 “What surprised me”: National Public Radio, “Johnny Carson: ‘King of Late Night,’ A Man Unknown,” All Things Considered, May 13, 2012, accessed January 24, 2017, http://www.npr.org/2012/05/13/152496256/johnny-carson-king-of-late-night-a-man-unknown.
7 “the precursor of the mirror is the mother’s face”: Donald W. Winnicott, “Mirror-Role of Mother and Family in Child Development,” in Playing and Reality (New York: Routledge, 2005), 149.
8 three to five million children are referred: US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau, “Child Maltreatment 2013,” January 15, 2015, accessed January 24, 2017, https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cm2013.pdf.
9 estimated 85 percent of cases being unreported: Valerie J. Edwards et al., “Relationship Between Multiple Forms of Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Mental Health in Community Respondents: Results from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study,” American Journal of Psychiatry 160, no. 8 (2003): 1453–1460.
10 Fathers tend to be the offenders in the severest forms: Neil B. Guterman and Yookyong Lee, “The Role of Fathers in Risk for Physical Child Abuse and Neglect: Possible Pathways and Unanswered Questions,” Child Maltreatment 10, no. 2 (2005): 136–149.
11 most common perpetrators of child abuse: US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau, “Child Maltreatment 2009,” December 31, 2009, accessed January 24, 2017, https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cm2009.pdf.
12 experience of being physically hurt by a parent is the same: Luisa Sugaya et al., “Child Physical Abuse and Adult Mental Health: A National Study,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 25, no. 4 (2012): 384–392.
13 heightening their risk for stress-related illnesses: Kristen W. Springer et al., “Long-Term Physical and Mental Health Consequences of Childhood Physical Abuse: Results from a Large Population-Based Sample of Men and Women,” Child Abuse and Neglect 31, no. 5 (2007): 517–530.
14 emotional abuse is an assault on a child’s mind: Douglas J. Besharov, Recognizing Child Abuse: A Guide for the Concerned (New York: Free Press, 1990); Danya Glaser, “Emotional Abuse and Neglect (Psychological Maltreatment): A Conceptual Framework,” Child Abuse and Neglect 26, no. 6 (2002): 697–714.
15 some of the most poignant studies in the field: Robert Karen, Becoming Attached: Unfolding the Mystery of the Infant–Mother Bond and Its Impact on Later Life (New York: Warner Books, 1994); Leonard Shengold, Soul Murder: The Effects of Childhood Abuse and Deprivation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989).
16 “Give mother back to baby”: René Spitz, Grief: A Peril in Infancy [film] (New York: New York University Film Library, 1947).
17 craving comfort above all else: Harry F. Harlow, “Love in Infant Monkeys,” Scientific American 200, no. 6 (1959): 68–74.
18 single greatest protective factor: Bekh Bradley et al., “Family Environment and Adult Resilience: Contributions of Positive Parenting and the Oxytocin Receptor Gene,” European Journal of Psychotraumatology 18, no. 4 (2013): 21659, accessed January 24, 2017, doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.21659.
19 emotional abuse is more likely than other adversities: Daniel P. Chapman et al., “Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Depressive Disorders in Adulthood,” Journal of Affective Disorders 82, no. 2 (2004): 217–225; Angelika H. Claussen and Patricia M. Crittenden, “Physical and Psychological Maltreatment: Relations Among Types of Maltreatment,” Child Abuse and Neglect 15, no. 1–2 (1991): 5–18; Valerie J. Edwards et al., “Relationship Between Multiple Forms of Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Mental Health in Community Respondents: Results from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study,” American Journal of Psychiatry 160, no. 8 (2003): 1453–1460; Linda G. Russek and Gary E. Schwartz. “Feelings of Parental Caring Predict Health Status in Midlife: A 35-Year Follow-Up of the Harvard Mastery of Stress Study,” Journal of Behavioral Medicine 20, no. 1 (1997): 1–13; Linda G. Russek and Gary E. Schwartz, “Narrative Descriptions of Parental Love and Caring Predict Health Status in Midlife: A 35-Year Follow-Up of the Harvard Mastery of Stress Study,” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 2, no. 6 (1996): 55–62; Martin H. Teicher et al., “Sticks, Stones, and Hurtful Words: Relative Effects of Various Forms of Childhood Maltreatment,” American Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 6 (2006): 993–1000; David D. Vachon et al., “Assessment of the Harmful Psychiatric and Behavioral Effects of Different Forms of Child Maltreatment,” JAMA Psychiatry 72, no. 11 (2015): 1135–1142.
20 “soul murder”: Leonard Shengold, “Assault on a Child’s Individuality: A Kind of Soul Murder,” Psychoanalytic Quarterly 47, no. 3 (1978): 419–424; Leonard Shengold, “Child Abuse and Deprivation: Soul Murder,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 27, no. 3 (1979): 533–559; Leonard Shengold, Soul Murder: The Effects of Childhood Abuse and Deprivation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989).
21 “There is no such thing as a baby”: Donald W. Winnicott, The Child, the Family, and the Outside World (Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 1987), 88.
22 “The good-enough mother”: Donald Winnicott, “Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena: A Study of the First Not-Me Possession,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis 34 (1953): 89–97.
23 becomes gifted at responding to them: Alice Miller, The Drama of the Gifted Child: The Search for the True Self (New York: Basic, 1997).
24 “I figured out by age ten”: James Rhodes, Instrumental: A Memoir of Madness, Medication, and Music (Edinburgh: Canongate, 2015), 50.
25 cognitively and emotionally flexible: Lea K. Hildebrandt et al., “Cognitive Flexibility, Heart Rate Variability, and Resilience Predict Fine-Grained Regulation of Arousal During Prolonged Threat,” Psychophysiology 53, no. 6 (2016): 880–890; Christian E. Waugh, Renee J. Thompson, and Ian H Gotlib, “Flexible Emotional Responsiveness in Trait Resilience,” Emotion 11, no. 5 (2011): 1059–1067.
26 a way of life: Donald W. Winnicott, “Ego Distortion in Terms of True and False Self (1960),” in The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment (London, Hogarth Press, 1965), 140–152.
27 “Never mind that I”: Andre Agassi, Open (New York: Vintage, 2010), 29.
28 “I hate tennis”: Andre Agassi, Open (New York: Vintage, 2010), 27.
29 “being alone while someone else is present”: Donald W. Winnicott, “The Capacity to Be Alone (1958),” in The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment (London, Hogarth Press, 1965), 30.
30 “going on being”: Steven Tuber, Attachment, Play and Authenticity: A Winnicott Primer (Lanham, MD: Jason Aronson, 2008), 141.
31 spontaneity is not safe: Donald W. Winnicott, “Ego Distortion in Terms of True and False Self (1960),” in The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment (London, Hogarth Press, 1965), 140–152.
32 false self: Donald W. Winnicott, “Ego Distortion in Terms of True and False Self (1960),” in The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment (London, Hogarth Press, 1965), 140–152.
33 allowing the true self only a half-life: Donald W. Winnicott, “Ego Distortion in Terms of True and False Self (1960),” in The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment (London, Hogarth Press, 1965), 143.
34 “To the casual observer”: Andre Agassi, Open (New York: Vintage, 2010), 57.
35 feel like a sham: Judith Herman, Trauma and Recovery (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 100.
36 “as-if personalities”: Helene Deutsch, “Some Forms of Emotional Disturbance and Their Relation to Schizophrenia,” Psychoanalytic Quarterly 11 (1942): 301–321; for more discussion of the as-if concept, see Helene Deutsch, “The Impostor: Contribution to Ego Psychology of a Type of Psychopath,” Psychoanalytic Quarterly 24 (1955): 483–505; Ludwig Eidelberg, “Pseudo-Identification,” International Journal of Psychoanalytics 19 (1938): 321–330; Phyllis Greenacre, “The Impostor,” Psychoanalytic Quarterly 27, no. 3 (1958): 359–382; Phyllis Greenacre, “The Relation of the Impostor to the Artist,” Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 13 (1958): 521–540; Ralph R. Greenson, “On Screen Defenses, Screen Hunger and Screen Identity,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 6, no. 2 (1958): 242–262; Nathaniel Ross, “The ‘As If’ Concept,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 15, no. 1 (1967): 59–82.
37 “like the performance of an actor”: Helene Deutsch, “Some Forms of Emotional Disturbance and Their Relation to Schizophrenia,” Psychoanalytic Quarterly 11 (1942): 303.
38 appear entirely genuine: Donald W. Winnicott, “Ego Distortion in Terms of True and False Self (1960),” in The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment (London, Hogarth Press, 1965), 140–152.
39 true self is not even on stage: W. R. D. Fairbairn, Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality (New York: Routledge, 1994).
40 “He had not ‘reached me’ at all”: Tobias Wolff, This Boy’s Life: A Memoir (New York: Grove, 1989), 252.
41 “If you cannot get rid of the family skeleton”: Pearson Hesketh, G.B.S.: A Full Length Portrait (New York: Harper, 1942), 6.
42 “It has not been pleasant”: Alan Cumming, Not My Father’s Son: A Family Memoir (Edinburgh: Canongate, 2014), 4.
43 “In regard to actors”: Donald W. Winnicott, “Ego Distortion in Terms of True and False Self (1960),” in The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment (London, Hogarth Press, 1965), 145.
44 “Jane says”: Eric Adam Avery, Perry Farrell, David Navarro, and Stephen Perkins, Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC, Universal Music Publishing Group, 1988, accessed January 24, 2017, https://genius.com/Janes-addiction-jane-says-lyrics.
45 “going on being”: Steven Tuber, Attachment, Play and Authenticity: A Winnicott Primer (Lanham, MD: Jason Aronson, 2008), 141.
46 “Thou sayest”: Nick Madigan, “Abducted Girl’s Relatives Say Her Captors Brainwashed Her,” New York Times, March 17, 2003, accessed January 24, 2017, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/17/national/17UTAH.html.
47 she did not know what they were anymore: Henry Krystal and John H. Krystal, Integration and Self-Healing: Affect, Trauma, Alexithymia (Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 1988).
1 “Nobody realizes that some people”: Albert Camus, “Notebook IV,” in Notebooks: 1942–1951 (New York: Knopf, 1965), 80.
y2 low blood pressure: Bjørn Hildrum et al., “Effect of Anxiety and Depression on Blood Pressure: 11-Year Longitudinal Population Study,” British Journal of Psychiatry 193, no. 2 (2008): 108–113; Bjørn Hildrum et al., “Association of Low Blood Pressure with Anxiety and Depression: The Nord-Tröndelag Health Study,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 61, no. 1 (2007): 53–58.
3 sexual assault against our most vulnerable: See, for a review, Howard N. Snyder, “Sexual Assault of Young Children as Reported to Law Enforcement: Victim, Incident, and Offender Characteristics,” Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice (Washington, DC, 2000), 1–17, accessed August 27, 2016, http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/saycrle.pdf.
4 8 percent of boys and 25 percent of girls: Rebecca M. Bolen and Maria Scannapieco, “Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse: A Corrective Meta-Analysis,” Social Service Review 73, no. 3 (1999): 281–313; David Finkelhor, “The International Epidemiology of Child Sexual Abuse,” Child Abuse and Neglect, 18, no. 5 (1994): 409–417; Noemí Pereda et al., “The Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse in Community and Student Samples: A Meta-Analysis,” Clinical Psychology Review 29, no. 4 (2009): 328–338.
5 people whom children know: Howard N. Snyder, “Sexual Assault of Young Children as Reported to Law Enforcement: Victim, Incident, and Offender Characteristics,” Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice (Washington, DC, 2000), 1–17, accessed August 27, 2016, http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/saycrle.pdf.
6 betrayal is just as real: Sandra Louise Kirby, Lorraine Greaves, and Olena Hankivsky, The Dome of Silence: Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Sport (Halifax: Fernwood, 2000); Roberto Maniglio, “The Impact of Child Sexual Abuse on Health: A Systematic Review of Reviews,” Clinical Psychology Review 29, no. 7 (2009): 647–657; Elizabeth Oddone Paolucci, Mark L. Genuis, and Claudio Violato, “A Meta-Analysis of the Published Research on the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse,” Journal of Psychology 135, no. 1 (2001): 17–36.
7 “virtual incest”: Celia Brackenridge, “ ‘He Owned Me Basically . . .’: Women’s Experience of Sexual Abuse in Sport,” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 32, no. 2 (1997): 118.
8 “I consider it incest”: Survivor quoted in Celia Brackenridge, “ ‘He Owned Me Basically . . .’: Women’s Experience of Sexual Abuse in Sport,” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 32, no. 2 (1997): 118.
9 “compliant victims”: Kenneth V. Lanning, “A Law Enforcement Perspective on the Compliant Child Victim,” APSAC Advisor 14, no. 2 (2002): 4–9.
10 can never be consensual: The age of consent is different around the world, and in the United States it varies from state to state, being either sixteen, seventeen, or eighteen years of age.
11 swimming: Rachel Sturtz, “The Sex Abuse Scandal Plaguing USA Swimming,” Outside Online, accessed January 24, 2017, https://www.outsideonline.com/o/outdoor-adventure/water-activities/swimming/The-Sex-Abuse-Scandal-Plaguing-USA-Swimming.html.
12 bicycling: A. C. Shilton, “National Champion Missy Erickson Speaks Out About Her Sexual Abuse,” Bicycling, January 4, 2017, accessed January 24, 2017, http://www.bicycling.com/racing/people/national-champion-missy-erickson-speaks-out-about-her-sexual-abuse.
13 soccer: Katrin Bennhold, “Child Sexual Abuse Scandal Rocks UK Soccer,” New York Times, December 13, 2016, accessed January 24, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/13/world/europe/soccer-uk-sexual-abuse-andy-woodward.html.
14 gymnastics: Tim Evans, Mark Alesia, and Marisa Kwiatkowski, “20-Year Toll: 368 Gymnasts Allege Sexual Exploitation,” Indianapolis Star, December 15, 2016, accessed January 24, 2017, http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2016/12/15/20-year-toll-368-gymnasts-allege-sexual-exploitation/95198724/; Brit McCandless, “On 60 Minutes, Former Gymnasts Allege Sexual Abuse,” CBS News, February 19, 2017, accessed February 26, 2017, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/on-60-minutes-former-gymnasts-allege-sexual-abuse.
15 “near absolute power”: Katrin Bennhold, “Child Sexual Abuse Scandal Rocks UK Soccer,” New York Times, December 13, 2016, accessed January 24, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/13/world/europe/soccer-uk-sexual-abuse-andy-woodward.html.
16 “gatekeepers of dreams”: Katrin Bennhold, “Child Sexual Abuse Scandal Rocks UK Soccer,” New York Times, December 13, 2016, accessed January 24, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/13/world/europe/soccer-uk-sexual-abuse-andy-woodward.html.
17 “I was totally dependent on him”: Survivor quoted in Celia Brackenridge, “ ‘He Owned Me Basically . . .’: Women’s Experience of Sexual Abuse in Sport,” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 32, no. 2 (1997): 123.
18 “cover stories”: Bessel A. van der Kolk, The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma (New York: Penguin, 2014), 43.
19 how supernormals may feel: Adapted from S. Rodgers, “Guilty Knowledge: The Sports Consultant’s Perspective” (paper presented at Workshop on Guilty Knowledge, Cheltenham and Gloucester College of Higher Education, 1996), quoted in Celia Brackenridge, “ ‘He Owned Me Basically . . .’: Women’s Experience of Sexual Abuse in Sport,” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 32, no. 2 (1997): 115–130.
20 “not only unhappy, but also ashamed of being unhappy”: Viktor Frankl, afterword to Edith Weisskopf-Joelson, Father, Have I Kept My Promise? Madness as Seen from Within (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1988), 137.
21 half of Americans: Ronald C. Kessler et al., “Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication,” Archives of General Psychiatry 62, no. 6 (2005): 593–602.
22 “adapt well after an adversity”: American Psychological Association, “The Road to Resilience,” accessed January 25, 2017, http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience.aspx.
23 “the road to resilience”: American Psychological Association, “The Road to Resilience,” accessed January 25, 2017, http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience.aspx.
24 any experience that is perceived as a potential danger: Elaine Fox, Laura Griggs, and Elias Mouchlianitis, “The Detection of Fear-Relevant Stimuli: Are Guns Noticed as Quickly as Snakes?” Emotion 7, no. 4 (2007): 691–696.
25 lifesaving adaptations can make us sick: Bruce S. McEwen, “Stressed or Stressed Out: What Is the Difference?” Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 30, no. 5 (2005): 315–318.
26 “may be the leading cause of poor health”: “Breaking the Silence on Child Abuse: Protection, Prevention, Intervention, and Deterrence,” Testimony of Robert W. Block on Behalf of the American Academy of Pediatrics Before the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee Hearing, December 13, 2011, accessed September 2, 2016, http://www.help.senate.gov/hearings/breaking-the-silence-on-child-abuse-protection-prevention-intervention-and-deterrence.
27 Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study: Vincent J. Felitti et al., “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (1998): 245–258.
28 dose-dependent, generally linear relationship: There may also be a “ceiling effect,” such that after a certain point additional adversities increase risk but at a decreasing rate. See Corina Benjet, Guilherme Borges, and Maria Elizabeth Medina-Mora, “Chronic Childhood Adversity and Onset of Psychopathology During Three Life Stages: Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 44, no. 11 (2010): 732–740.
29 fatigue or ulcers or arthritis to the leading causes of death: Vincent J. Felitti et al., “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (1998): 245–258.
30 “sleeper effects”: Margaret O’Dougherty Wright, Ann S. Masten, and Angela J. Narayan, “Resilience Processes in Development: Four Waves of Research on Positive Adaptations in the Context of Adversity,” in Handbook of Resilience in Children, eds. Sam Goldstein and Robert B. Brooks (New York: Springer, 2012), 26; Harvey Peskin, “Uses of the Past in Adult Psychological Health: Objective, Historical, and Narrative Realities,” in Handbook of Aging and Mental Health, ed. Jacob Lomranz (New York: Springer, 1998), 297–318.
31 health data from adults dating to 1900: Shanta R. Dube et al., “The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Health Problems: Evidence from Four Birth Cohorts Dating Back to 1900,” Preventive Medicine 37, no. 3 (2003): 268–277.
32 stressed children show signs of chronic inflammation: Andrea Danese et al., “Childhood Maltreatment Predicts Adult Inflammation in a Life-Course Study,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 4 (2007): 1319–1324; Gregory E. Miller and Steve W. Cole, “Clustering of Depression and Inflammation in Adolescents Previously Exposed to Childhood Adversity,” Biological Psychiatry 72, no. 1 (2012): 34–40; Gregory Miller, Edith Chen, and Steve W. Cole, “Health Psychology: Developing Biologically Plausible Models Linking the Social World and Physical Health,” Annual Review of Psychology 60 (2009): 501–524; Natalie Slopen et al., “Childhood Adversity and Inflammatory Processes in Youth: A Prospective Study,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 38, no. 2 (2013): 188–200.
33 shorter telomeres: Stacy S. Drury et al., “Telomere Length and Early Severe Social Deprivation: Linking Early Adversity and Cellular Aging,” Molecular Psychiatry 17, no. 7 (2012): 719–727; Laura Kananen et al., “Childhood Adversities Are Associated with Shorter Telomere Length at Adult Age Both in Individuals with an Anxiety Disorder and Controls,” PLOS One 5, no. 5 (2010): e10826; Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser et al., “Childhood Adversity Heightens the Impact of Later-Life Caregiving Stress on Telomere Length and Inflammation,” Psychosomatic Medicine 73, no. 1 (2011): 16–22; Audrey R. Tyrka, “Childhood Maltreatment and Telomere Shortening: Preliminary Support for an Effect of Early Stress on Cellular Aging,” Biological Psychiatry 67, no. 6 (2010): 531–534.
34 shorten the life span by up to twenty years: David W. Brown et al., “Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Premature Mortality,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 37, no. 5 (2009): 389–396.
35 greatest when it comes to the most complex organ: Paula S. Nurius, Edwina Uehara, and Douglas F. Zatzick, “Intersection of Stress, Social Disadvantage, and Life Course Processes: Reframing Trauma and Mental Health,” American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation 16, no. 2 (2013): 91–114; Sharon Schwartz and Cheryl Corcoran, “Theories of Psychiatric Disorders: A Sociological Analysis,” in A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health: Social Contexts, Theories and Systems, 2nd ed., eds. Teresa L. Scheid and Tony N. Brown (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 64–88; Jack P. Shonkoff et al., “The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress,” Pediatrics 129, no. 1 (2012): e232–e246.
36 wired into who we are: Michael D. De Bellis et al., “Brain Structures in Pediatric Maltreatment-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Sociodemographically Matched Study,” Biological Psychiatry 52, no. 11 (2002): 1066–1078; Michael D. De Bellis et al., “Developmental Traumatology Part II: Brain Development,” Biological Psychiatry 45 (1999): 1271–1284; Victor C. Carrion et al., “Attenuation of Frontal Asymmetry in Pediatric Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,” Biological Psychiatry 50, no. 12 (2001): 943–951; Danya Glaser, “Child Abuse and Neglect and the Brain: A Review,” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41, no. 1 (2000): 97–116; Christine Heim and Charles B. Nemeroff, “The Role of Childhood Trauma in the Neurobiology of Mood and Anxiety Disorders: Preclinical and Clinical Studies,” Biological Psychiatry 49, no. 12 (2001): 1023–1039; Joan Kaufman and Dennis Charney, “Effects of Early Stress on Brain Structure and Function: Implications for Understanding the Relationship Between Child Maltreatment and Depression,” Development and Psychopathology 13, no. 3 (2001): 451–471; Joan Kaufman et al., “Effects of Early Adverse Experiences on Brain Structure and Function: Clinical Implications,” Biological Psychiatry 48, no. 8 (2000): 778–790; Sonia J. Lupien et al., “Effects of Stress Throughout the Lifespan on the Brain, Behaviour and Cognition,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10, no. 6 (2009): 434–445; Jack P. Shonkoff et al., “The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress,” Pediatrics 129, no. 1 (2012): e232–e246; Martin H. Teicher, Carl M. Anderson, and Ann Polcari, “Childhood Maltreatment Is Associated with Reduced Volume in the Hippocampal Subfields CA3, Dentate Gyrus, and Subiculum,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 9 (2012): E563–E572; Martin H. Teicher, Akemi Tomoda, and Susan L. Andersen, “Neurobiological Consequences of Early Stress and Childhood Maltreatment: Are Results from Human and Animal Studies Comparable?” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1071, no. 1 (2006): 313–323; Martin H. Teicher et al., “Childhood Neglect Is Associated with Reduced Corpus Callosum Area,” Biological Psychiatry 56, no. 2 (2004): 80–85.
37 “brain health”: For a summary of Dr. Block’s views, see the transcript of his talk at the 2015 meeting of the American Pediatric Surgical Association in the following paper: Robert W. Block, “All Adults Once Were Children,” Journal of Pediatric Surgery 51, no. 1 (2016): 23–27; this term on p. 25.
38 connection between early adversity and brain health: Robert F. Anda et al., “The Enduring Effects of Abuse and Related Adverse Experiences in Childhood,” European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 256, no. 3 (2006): 174–186; Oscar A. Cabrera et al., “Childhood Adversity and Combat as Predictors of Depression and Post-Traumatic Stress in Deployed Troops,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 33, no. 2 (2007): 77–82; Daniel P. Chapman, Shanta R. Dube, and Robert F. Anda, “Adverse Childhood Events as Risk Factors for Negative Mental Health Outcomes,” Psychiatric Annals 37, no. 5 (2007): 359–364; Daniel P. Chapman et al., “Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Depressive Disorders in Adulthood,” Journal of Affective Disorders 82, no. 2 (2004): 217–225; Mariette J. Chartier, John R. Walker, and Barbara Naimark, “Separate and Cumulative Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Predicting Adult Health and Health Care Utilization,” Child Abuse and Neglect 34, no. 6 (2010): 454–464; Ronald A. Cohen et al., “Early Life Stress and Adult Emotional Experience: An International Perspective,” International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 36, no. 1 (2006): 35–52; Brian Draper et al., “Long Term Effects of Childhood Abuse on the Quality of Life and Health of Older People: Results from the Depression and Early Prevention of Suicide in General Practice Project,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 56, no. 2 (2008): 262–271; Shanta R. Dube, Michelle L. Cook, and Valerie J. Edwards, “Health-Related Outcomes of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Texas, 2002,” Preventing Chronic Disease 7, no. 3 (2010), A52; Valerie J. Edwards et al., “Relationship Between Multiple Forms of Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Mental Health in Community Respondents: Results from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study,” American Journal of Psychiatry 160, no. 8 (2003): 1453–1460; Jennifer Greif Green et al., “Childhood Adversities and Adult Psychiatric Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication I: Associations with First Onset of DSM-IV Disorders,” Archives of General Psychiatry 67, no. 2 (2010): 113–123; Christine Heim et al., “The Link Between Childhood Trauma and Depression: Insights from HPA Axis Studies in Humans,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 33, no. 6 (2008): 693–710; Carole Hooven et al., “Childhood Violence Exposure: Cumulative and Specific Effects on Adult Mental Health,” Journal of Family Violence 27, no. 6 (2012): 511–522; Jeffrey G. Johnson et al., “Childhood Adversities Associated with Risk for Eating Disorders or Weight Problems During Adolescence or Early Adulthood,” American Journal of Psychiatry 159, no. 3 (2002): 394–400; Ronald C. Kessler, Christopher G. Davis, and Kenneth S. Kendler, “Childhood Adversity and Adult Psychiatric Disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey,” Psychological Medicine 27, no. 5 (1997): 1101–1119; Weili Lu et al., “Correlates of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Adults with Severe Mood Disorders,” Psychiatric Services 59, no. 9 (2008): 1018–1026; Katie A. McLaughlin et al., “Childhood Adversities and Adult Psychiatric Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication II: Associations with Persistence of DSM-IV Disorders,” Archives of General Psychiatry 67, no. 2 (2010): 124–132; Joshua P. Mersky, James Topitzes, and Arthur J. Reynolds, “Impacts of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Health, Mental Health, and Substance Use in Early Adulthood: A Cohort Study of an Urban, Minority Sample in the US,” Child Abuse and Neglect 37, no. 11 (2013): 917–925; Elizabeth A. Schilling, Robert H. Aseltine, and Susan Gore, “Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health in Young Adults: A Longitudinal Survey,” BMC Public Health 7, no. 1 (2007): 30; Elizabeth A. Schilling, Robert H. Aseltine, and Susan Gore, “The Impact of Cumulative Childhood Adversity on Young Adult Mental Health: Measures, Models, and Interpretations,” Social Science and Medicine, 66, no. 5 (2008), 1140–1151; R. Jay Turner and Donald A. Lloyd, “Lifetime Traumas and Mental Health: The Significance of Cumulative Adversity,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 36, no. 4 (1995): 360–376; Charles L. Whitfield et al., “Adverse Childhood Experiences and Hallucinations,” Child Abuse and Neglect 29, no. 7 (2005): 797–810.
39 Other disorders can be the result of stress, too: Corina Benjet, Guilherme Borges, and María Elena Medina-Mora, “Chronic Childhood Adversity and Onset of Psychopathology During Three Life Stages: Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood,” Journal of Psychiatry Research 44, no. 11 (2010): 732–740; Jennifer Greif Green et al., “Childhood Adversities and Adult Psychiatric Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication I: Associations with First Onset of DSM-IV Disorders,” Archives of General Psychiatry 67, no. 2 (2010): 113–123.
40 trauma spectrum disorders: J. Douglas Bremner, Does Stress Damage the Brain?: Understanding Trauma-Related Disorders from a Mind-Body Perspective (New York: Norton, 2002); Christine J. Heim, Douglas Bremner, and Charles B. Nemeroff, “Trauma Spectrum Disorders,” in Principles of Molecular Medicine, eds. Marschall S. Runge and Cam Patterson (Totowa, NJ: Humana, 2006), 1203–1210; Maryhelen Kreidler and Colleen Kurzawa, “Trauma Spectrum Disorders,” Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 47, no. 11 (2009): 26–33.
41 “child sexual abuse syndrome”: David Finkelhor, “Early and Long-Term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse: An Update,” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 21, no. 5 (1990): 325–330; David Finkelhor and Angela Browne, “Assessing the Long Term Impact of Child Sexual Abuse: A Review and Conceptualization,” in Family Abuse and Its Consequences: New Directions in Research, eds. Gerald T. Hotaling et al. (Newburg Park, CA: Sage, 1988); Kathleen A. Kendall-Tackett, Linda M. Williams, and David Finkelhor, “Impact of Sexual Abuse on Children: A Review and Synthesis of Recent Empirical Studies,” Psychological Bulletin 113, no. 1 (1993): 164–180; Alfred Lange et al., “Long-Term Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Objective and Subjective Characteristics of the Abuse and Psychopathology in Later Life,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 187, no. 3 (1999): 150–158; Roberto Maniglio, “The Impact of Child Sexual Abuse on Health: A Systematic Review of Reviews,” Clinical Psychology Review 29, no. 7 (2009): 647–657; Elliot C. Nelson et al., “Association Between Self-Reported Childhood Sexual Abuse and Adverse Psychosocial Outcomes: Results from a Twin Study,” Archives of General Psychiatry 59, no. 2 (2002): 139–145; Elizabeth Oddone Paolucci, Mark L. Genuis, and Claudio Violato, “A Meta-Analysis of the Published Research on the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse,” Journal of Psychology 135, no. 1 (2001): 17–36.
42 nor is there any one way we would expect: Jennifer Greif Green et al., “Childhood Adversities and Adult Psychiatric Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication I: Associations with First Onset of DSM-IV Disorders,” Archives of General Psychiatry 67, no. 2 (2010): 113–123.
43 the amount of unmitigated stress over time: Corina Benjet, Guilherme Borges, and María Elena Medina-Mora, “Chronic Childhood Adversity and Onset of Psychopathology During Three Life Stages: Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood,” Journal of Psychiatry Research 44, no. 11 (2010): 732–740; Valerie J. Edwards et al., “Relationship Between Multiple Forms of Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Mental Health in Community Respondents: Results from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study,” American Journal of Psychiatry 160, no. 8 (2003): 1453–1460; Jennifer Greif Green et al., “Childhood Adversities and Adult Psychiatric Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication I: Associations with First Onset of DSM-IV Disorders,” Archives of General Psychiatry 67, no. 2 (2010): 113–123; James Scott, Daniel Varghese, and John McGrath, “As the Twig Is Bent, the Tree Inclines: Adult Mental Health Consequences of Childhood Adversity,” Archives of General Psychiatry 67, no. 2 (2010): 111–112.
44 between nature and nurture that takes place over time: Ronald C. Kessler et al., “Childhood Adversity and Adult Psychopathology,” in Stress and Adversity Over the Life Course: Trajectories and Turning Points, eds. Ian H. Gotlib and Blair Wheaton (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 29–49; Arnold Sameroff, “A Unified Theory of Development: A Dialectic Integration of Nature and Nurture,” Child Development 81, no. 1 (2010): 6–22.
45 Genetics, stress, and support: Adriana Feder, Eric J. Nestler, and Dennis S. Charney, “Psychobiology and Molecular Genetics of Resilience,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10, no. 6 (2009): 446–457; Charles F. Gillespie et al., “Risk and Resilience: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Development of the Stress Response,” Depression and Anxiety 26, no. 11 (2009): 984–992; Joan Kaufman et al., “Social Supports and Serotonin Transporter Gene Moderate Depression in Maltreated Children,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, no. 49 (2004): 17316–17321.
46 “The research on the most effective treatments”: Bruce Perry, The Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 80.
47 as has some research: Bonnie Carlson, “Sibling Incest: Adjustment in Adult Women Survivors,” Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 92, no. 1 (2011): 77–83.
48 “Being a stand-up, productive, normalised”: James Rhodes, Instrumental: A Memoir of Madness, Medication, and Music (Edinburgh: Canongate, 2015), 76.
49 Freud himself said that normality was an “ideal fiction”: Sigmund Freud, “Analysis Terminable and Interminable,” International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 18 (1937): 373–405; quote on pp. 388–389.
50 “There’s a notion I’d like to see buried”: Alan Moore, Watchmen (New York: DC Comics, 1987), 9.
51 “Life itself ”: Karen Horney, Our Inner Conflicts: A Constructive Theory of Neurosis (New York: Norton, 1992), 240.
1 “[Frankenstein was] made up of bad parts”: Johnny Cash, quoted in Robert Hilburn, Johnny Cash: The Life (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2013), 17.
2 when he drew the very first Spider-Man: Laurence Maslon and Michael Kantor, Superheroes!: Capes, Cowls, and the Creation of Comic Book Culture (New York: Crown Archetype, 2013), 142–146.
3 “Clark Kent was a disguise”: Laurence Maslon and Michael Kantor. Superheroes!: Capes, Cowls, and the Creation of Comic Book Culture (New York: Crown Archetype, 2013), 143.
4 first antiheroic superhero: Laurence Maslon and Michael Kantor, Superheroes!: Capes, Cowls, and the Creation of Comic Book Culture (New York: Crown Archetype, 2013), 129–146; also note that the Incredible Hulk briefly preceded Spider-Man in comic-book history and mirrored aspects of Frankenstein, as well as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
5 brooding manner and revenge as his raison d’être: Michael Spivey and Steven Knowlton, “Anti-Heroism in the Continuum of Good and Evil,” in The Psychology of Superheroes: An Unauthorized Exploration, eds. Robin S. Rosenberg and Jennifer Canzoneri (Dallas: BenBella Books, 2008), 51–64; Chuck Tate, “An Appetite for Destruction: Aggression and the Batman,” in The Psychology of Superheroes: An Unauthorized Exploration, eds. Robin S. Rosenberg and Jennifer Canzoneri (Dallas: BenBella Books, 2008), 135–146.
6 “You can’t have those characters”: Laurence Maslon and Michael Kantor, Superheroes!: Capes, Cowls, and the Creation of Comic Book Culture (New York: Crown Archetype, 2013), 137.
7 eclipsed Superman as the country’s most popular: Laurence Maslon and Michael Kantor, Superheroes!: Capes, Cowls, and the Creation of Comic Book Culture (New York: Crown Archetype, 2013), 213.
8 “I was always into the Spider-Man/Batman model”: Laurence Maslon and Michael Kantor, Superheroes!: Capes, Cowls, and the Creation of Comic Book Culture (New York: Crown Archetype, 2013), 291.
9 more complicated than just good versus evil: Laurence Maslon and Michael Kantor, Superheroes!: Capes, Cowls, and the Creation of Comic Book Culture (New York: Crown Archetype, 2013), 232.
10 too good to be villains but too bad to get to feel like heroes: Michael Spivey and Steven Knowlton, “Anti-Heroism in the Continuum of Good and Evil,” in The Psychology of Superheroes: An Unauthorized Exploration, eds. Robin S. Rosenberg and Jennifer Canzoneri (Dallas: BenBella Books, 2008), 52.
11 two million children live with a parent who abuses drugs: US Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau, “Parental Drug Use as Child Abuse,” Washington, DC, Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2016, accessed January 29, 2017, https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/systemwide/laws-policies/statutes/drugexposed.
12 significantly increased risk for mistreatment: Neil McKeganey, Marina Barnard, and James McIntosh, “Paying the Price for Their Parents’ Addiction: Meeting the Needs of the Children of Drug-Using Parents,” Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 9, no. 3 (2002): 233–246; Christine Walsh, Harriet L. MacMillan, and Ellen Jamieson, “The Relationship Between Parental Substance Abuse and Child Maltreatment: Findings from the Ontario Health Supplement,” Child Abuse and Neglect 27, no. 12 (2003): 1409–1425.
13 mother who abuses substances: Howard Dubowitz et al., “Identifying Children at High Risk for a Child Maltreatment Report,” Child Abuse and Neglect 35, no. 2 (2011): 96–104.
14 neglect is the most common problem: Marina Barnard and Neil McKeganey, “The Impact of Parental Problem Drug Use on Children: What Is the Problem and What Can Be Done to Help?” Addiction 99, no. 5 (2004): 552–559; Paula Kienberger Jaudes, Edem Ekwo, and John Van Voorhis, “Association of Drug Abuse and Child Abuse,” Child Abuse and Neglect 19, no. 9 (1995): 1065–1075.
15 least amount of attention from professionals: Ruth Gilbert et al., “Burden and Consequences of Child Maltreatment in High-Income Countries,” Lancet 373, no. 9657 (2009): 68–81.
16 “It’s not bad people that become addicts”: Marina Barnard, “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Role of Relatives in Protecting Children from the Effects of Parental Drug Problems,” Child and Family Social Work 8, no. 4 (2003): 291–299.
17 in the face of family disadvantage: David Autor et al., “Family Disadvantage and the Gender Gap in Behavioral and Educational Outcomes,” National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016, accessed January 25, 2017, doi: 10.3386/w22267.
18 perhaps girls are less negatively impacted: Michael Baker and Kevin Milligan, “Boy-Girl Differences in Parental Time Investments: Evidence from Three Countries (Working Paper No. 18893),” National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2013, accessed January 29, 2017, http://www.nber.org/papers/w18893.pdf.
19 less rowdy temperaments, and they are likely to act “in”: Angela Lee Duckworth and Martin Seligman, “Self-Discipline Gives Girls the Edge: Gender in Self-Discipline, Grades, and Achievement Test Scores,” Journal of Educational Psychology 98, no. 1 (2006): 198–208; Irwin W. Silverman, “Gender Differences in Delay of Gratification: A Meta-Analysis,” Sex Roles 49 (2003): 451–463.
20 less affected by the quality of their neighborhoods: Raj Chetty and Nathan Hendren, “The Impacts of Neighborhoods on Intergenerational Mobility: Childhood Exposure Effects and County-Level Estimates,” May 2015, accessed January 29, 2017, http://cms.leoncountyfl.gov/coadmin/agenda/attach/150609/A0905.pdf.
21 by the kind of parenting they receive: David Autor, “Skills, Education, and the Rise of Earnings Inequality Among the ‘Other 99 Percent,’” Science 344, no. 6186 (2014): 843–851; David Autor and Melanie Wasserman, “Wayward Sons: The Emerging Gender Gap in Education and Labor Markets,” Third Way, Washington, DC, 2013, http://economics.mit.edu/files/8754; Marianne Bertrand and Jessica Pan, “The Trouble with Boys: Social Influences and the Gender Gap in Disruptive Behavior,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5, no. 1 (2013): 32–64.
22 streak of rule-breaking or “delinquency” along the way: Consider the data from the Kauai Longitudinal Study of at-risk youth: Although these were children who were born into families who struggled with significant disadvantages, the majority went on to be competent and law-abiding citizens; even among the teenagers who had criminal records as juveniles, 75 percent of the males and 90 percent of the females went on to have no such problems in adulthood; Emmy Werner, “Resilience and Recovery: Findings from the Kauai Longitudinal Study,” Focal Point Research, Policy, and Practice in Children’s Mental Health 19, no. 1 (2005): 11–14; Emmy E. Werner and Ruth S. Smith, Overcoming the Odds: High Risk Children from Birth to Adulthood (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 119.
23 squandered potential and unfulfilled promise: Donald W. Winnicott, “Ego Distortion in Terms of True and False Self (1960),” in The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment (London: Hogarth Press, 1965), 140–152.
24 “Delinquency as a Sign of Hope”: Donald W. Winnicott, “Delinquency as a Sign of Hope: A Talk Given to the Borstal Assistant Governors’ Conference, King Alfred’s College, Winchester (April 1967),” in Home Is Where We Start From: Essays by a Psychoanalyst, eds. Clare Winnicott, Ray Shepherd, and Madeleine Davis (New York: Norton, 1990), 90–100; see also Steven Tuber, Attachment, Play and Authenticity: A Winnicott Primer (Lanham, MD: Jason Aronson, 2008), 15; Donald W. Winnicott, “Some Aspects of Juvenile Delinquency,” in The Child, the Family, and the Outside World (Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 1987), 229.
25 at risk for similar troubles: Joseph Biederman et al., “Patterns of Alcohol and Drug Use in Adolescents Can Be Predicted by Parental Substance Use Disorders,” Pediatrics 106, no. 4 (2000): 792–797; Mary Jeanne Kreek et al., “Genetic Influences on Impulsivity, Risk Taking, Stress Responsivity and Vulnerability to Drug Abuse and Addiction,” Nature Neuroscience 8, no. 11 (2005): 1450–1457; Suniya S. Luthar et al., “Multiple Jeopardy: Risk and Protective Factors Among Addicted Mothers’ Offspring,” Development and Psychopathology 10, no. 1 (1998): 117–136; Matt McGue, Irene Elkins, and William G. Iacono, “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Adolescent Substance Use and Abuse,” American Journal of Medical Genetics 96, no. 5 (2000): 671–677; Ming T. Tsuang et al., “The Harvard Twin Study of Substance Abuse: What We Have Learned,” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 9, no. 6 (2001): 267–279; Myrna M. Weissman et al., “Risk/Protective Factors Among Addicted Mothers’ Offspring: A Replication Study,” American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 25, no. 4 (1999): 661–679.
26 regardless of whether or not one’s parents were: Robert F. Anda et al., “Adverse Childhood Experiences, Alcoholic Parents, and Later Risk of Alcoholism and Depression,” Psychiatric Services 53, no. 8 (2002): 1001–1009; Robert F. Anda et al., “Adverse Childhood Experiences and Smoking During Adolescence and Adulthood,” Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 17 (1999): 1652–1658; Robert F. Anda et al., “The Enduring Effects of Abuse and Related Adverse Experiences in Childhood,” European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 256, no. 3 (2006): 174–186; Shanta R. Dube et al., “Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Association with Ever Using Alcohol and Initiating Alcohol Use During Adolescence,” Journal of Adolescent Health 38, no. 4 (2006): 444.e1–444.e10; Shanta R. Dube et al., “Adverse Childhood Experiences and Personal Alcohol Abuse as an Adult,” Addictive Behaviors 27, no. 5 (2002): 713–725; Brian M. Hicks et al., “Environmental Adversity and Increasing Genetic Risk for Externalizing Disorders,” Archives of General Psychiatry 66, no. 6 (2009): 640–648; Susan D. Hillis et al., “Adverse Childhood Experiences and Sexual Risk Behaviors in Women: A Retrospective Cohort Study,” Family Planning Perspectives 33, no. 5 (2001): 206–211; Ronald C. Kessler et al., “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey,” Archives of General Psychiatry 52, no. 12 (1995): 1048–1060; Elizabeth A. Schilling, Robert H. Aseltine, and Susan Gore, “Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health in Young Adults: A Longitudinal Survey,” BMC Public Health 7, no. 1 (2007): 30.
27 more likely to use and abuse substances as an adult: Corina Benjet, Guilherme Borges, and María Elena Medina-Mora, “Chronic Childhood Adversity and Onset of Psychopathology During Three Life Stages: Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 44, no. 11 (2010): 732–740; Rosana E. Norman et al., “The Long-Term Health Consequences of Child Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse, and Neglect: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” PLOS Medicine 9, no. 11 (2012): e1001349; Emily F. Rothman et al., “Adverse Childhood Experiences Predict Earlier Age of Drinking Onset: Results from a Representative US Sample of Current or Former Drinkers,” Pediatrics 122, no. 2 (2008): e298–e304; Cathy Spatz Widom, “Childhood Victimization: Risk Factor for Delinquency,” in Adolescent Stress: Causes and Consequences, eds. Mary Ellen Colten and Susan Gore (Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, 1991), 201–221.
28 holds across four generations dating back to 1900: Shanta R. Dube et al., “Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction and the Risk of Illicit Drug Use: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study,” Pediatrics 111, no. 3 (2003): 564–572.
29 opt to drink more alcohol when given access: J. Dee Higley et al., “Nonhuman Primate Model of Alcohol Abuse: Effects of Early Experience, Personality, and Stress on Alcohol Consumption,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88, no. 16 (1991): 7261–7265.
30 one-half to two-thirds of serious problems with substance use: Shanta R. Dube et al., “Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction and the Risk of Illicit Drug Use: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study,” Pediatrics 111, no. 3 (2003): 564–572.
31 must include self-medication: For reviews, see Susan L. Andersen and Martin H. Teicher, “Desperately Driven and No Brakes: Developmental Stress Exposure and Subsequent Risk for Substance Abuse,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 33, no. 4 (2009): 516–524; Edward J. Khantzian, “The Self-Medication Hypothesis of Substance Use Disorders: A Reconsideration and Recent Applications,” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 4, no. 5 (1997): 231–244; Edward J. Khantzian, Treating Addiction as a Human Process (Lanham, MD: Jason Aronson, 2007); Edward J. Khantzian, “Understanding Addictive Vulnerability: An Evolving Psychodynamic Perspective,” Neuropsychoanalysis 5, no. 1 (2003): 5–21.
32 chronic use of substances can be one way to cope: Vincent J. Felitti et al., “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (1998): 245–258.
33 “special adaptation”: Edward J. Khantzian, “Understanding Addictive Vulnerability: An Evolving Psychodynamic Perspective,” Neuropsychoanalysis 5, no. 1 (2003): 5–21.
34 shown to be neuroregulators: Robert F. Anda et al., “Depression and the Dynamics of Smoking. A National Perspective,” Journal of the American Medical Association 264, no. 12 (1990): 1541–1545; Timothy P. Carmody, “Affect Regulation, Nicotine Addiction, and Smoking Cessation,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 21, no. 3 (1989): 331–342; Vincent J. Felitti et al., “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (1998): 245–258; Alexander H. Glassman et al., “Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Major Depression,” Journal of the American Medical Association 264, no. 12 (1990): 1546–1549; Ovide F. Pomerlau and Cynthia S. Pomerlau, “Neuroregulators and the Reinforcement of Smoking (Towards a Biobehavioral Explanation),” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 8, no. 4 (1984): 503–513; Tara W. Strine et al., “Associations Between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Psychological Distress, and Adult Alcohol Problems,” American Journal of Health Behavior 36, no. 3 (2012): 408–423.
35 “These magical cylinders”: James Rhodes, Instrumental: A Memoir of Madness, Medication, and Music (Edinburgh: Canongate, 2015), 44.
36 “If this bottle would just hold out ’til tomorrow”: Dwight Yoakam, “It Won’t Hurt,” Reprise Records, 1986, accessed January 25, 2017, https://genius.com/Dwight-yoakam-it-wont-hurt-lyrics; see also National Public Radio, “Dwight Yoakam Says New Album Was Inspired by Coal Mining and Mountain Music,” Fresh Air, December 6, 2016, accessed January 25, 2017, http://www.npr.org/2016/12/06/504543479/dwight-yoakam-says-new-album-was-inspired-by-coal-mining-and-mountain-music.
37 The Short and Tragic Life of Robert Peace: Jeff Hobbs, The Short and Tragic Life of Robert Peace: A Brilliant Young Man Who Left Newark for the Ivy League (New York: Scribner, 2014).
38 try to be self-sufficient: Henry Krystal and John H. Krystal, Integration and Self-Healing: Affect, Trauma, Alexithymia (Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 1988).
39 right their emotions through the use of substances: Henry Krystal, “Adolescence and the Tendencies to Develop Substance Dependence,” Psychoanalytic Inquiry 2, no. 4 (1982): 581–617.
40 cannot lean on others, so some may use substances: Herbert Wieder and Eugene Kaplan, “Drug Use in Adolescents: Psychodynamic Meaning and Pharmacogenic Effect,” Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 24 (1969): 399–431.
41 two-thirds of suicide attempts: Shanta R. Dube et al., “Childhood Abuse, Household Dysfunction, and the Risk of Attempted Suicide Throughout the Life Span: Findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study,” Journal of the American Medical Association 286, no. 24 (2001): 3089–3096.
42 admired for bravery or great achievements or good qualities: “Definition of ‘Hero’—English Dictionary,” Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, accessed January 25, 2017, http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/hero.
43 Stories of Resilience in Childhood: Daniel D. Challener, Stories of Resilience in Childhood: The Narratives of Maya Angelou, Maxine Hong Kingston, Richard Rodrigues, John Edgar Wideman, and Tobias Wolff (New York: Garland, 1997).
44 the working title: Daniel D. Challener, Stories of Resilience in Childhood: The Narratives of Maya Angelou, Maxine Hong Kingston, Richard Rodrigues, John Edgar Wideman, and Tobias Wolff (New York: Garland, 1997), 183.
45 obtained by any means necessary: Michael Spivey and Steven Knowlton, “Anti-Heroism in the Continuum of Good and Evil,” in The Psychology of Superheroes: An Unauthorized Exploration, eds. Robin S. Rosenberg and Jennifer Canzoneri (Dallas: BenBella Books, 2008), 51–64.
46 “the golden child”: Robert Hilburn, Johnny Cash: The Life (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2013), 13.
47 “Too bad it wasn’t you instead of Jack”: Robert Hilburn, Johnny Cash: The Life (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2013), 20.
48 saw the rest of his years as a battle between lightness and dark: Robert Hilburn, Johnny Cash: The Life (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2013), 16.
49 change from feeling bad to feeling good: Johnny Cash, Cash: The Autobiography of Johnny Cash (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 141.
50 “it felt barely human”: Johnny Cash, Cash: The Autobiography of Johnny Cash (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 169.
51 accuracy of this story has been disputed: Robert Hilburn, Johnny Cash: The Life (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2013), 321.
52 one he chose to tell in his autobiography: This story is told in Johnny Cash, Cash: The Autobiography of Johnny Cash (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 170–171.
53 “The truth is always more heroic than the hype”: “Misleading Information from the Battlefield,” Hearing Before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives, 110th Congress, First Session, April 24, 2007, http://democrats.oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/20071114152054.pdf, 23.
54 “On the average, only those prisoners”: Viktor E. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy (Boston: Beacon, 2006), 5–6.
1 “I come from nowhere”: Andy Warhol, quoted in Victor Bockris, Warhol: The Biography (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003), 15.
2 Wonder Woman is probably the earliest well-known example: For a summary of rebooting, see Laurence Maslon and Michael Kantor, Superheroes!: Capes, Cowls, and the Creation of Comic Book Culture (New York: Crown Archetype, 2013), 270–271.
3 Created in the 1940s by William Moulton Marston: For the definitive history of Wonder Woman, see Jill Lepore, The Secret History of Wonder Woman (New York: Vintage, 2015).
4 new writers gave Wonder Woman a new story: For a detailed summary of Wonder Woman’s 1960s and 1970s reboots, see Jill Lepore, The Secret History of Wonder Woman (New York: Vintage, 2015).
5 “The world doesn’t usually think about bank robbers”: Richard Ford, Canada (New York: Ecco, 2012), 285–289.
6 over 50 percent are parents: Lauren E. Glaze and Laura M. Maruschak, “Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children: Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report,” US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Washington, DC, August 2008, accessed January 26, 2017, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pptmc.pdf.
7 thirty years ago, it was 1 in every 125: Pew Charitable Trusts, “Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility,” Washington, DC, 2010, accessed January 26, 2017, http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/pcs_assets/2010/collateralcosts1pdf.pdf.
8 serving sentences for nonviolent crimes: Pew Charitable Trusts, “Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility,” Washington, DC, 2010, accessed January 26, 2017, http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/pcs_assets/2010/collateralcosts1pdf.pdf.
9 left with less money, food, structure, supervision, and security: Yiyoon Chung, “The Effects of Paternal Imprisonment on Children’s Economic Well-Being,” Social Service Review 86, no. 3 (2012): 455–486; Kristin Turney, “Paternal Incarceration and Children’s Food Insecurity: A Consideration of Variation and Mechanisms,” Social Service Review 89, no. 2 (2015): 335–367; Christopher Uggen and Suzy McElrath, “Parental Incarceration: What We Know and Where We Need to Go,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 104, no. 3 (2014): 597–604.
10 more likely to drop out of school and to break the law: Joseph Murray, David P. Farrington, and Ivana Sekol, “Children’s Antisocial Behavior, Mental Health, Drug Use, and Educational Performance After Parental Incarceration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Psychological Bulletin 138, no. 2 (2012): 175–210; Emily Bever Nichols and Ann Booker Loper, “Incarceration in the Household: Academic Outcomes of Adolescents with an Incarcerated Household Member,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 41, no. 11 (2012): 1455–1471; Jeremy Travis, Elizabeth McBride, and Amy Solomon, “Families Left Behind: The Hidden Costs of Incarceration and Reentry,” Urban Institute, Washington, DC, 2006, accessed January 26, 2017, http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/310882_families_left_behind.pdf.
11 In the body and the mind, there is more stress: Kristin Turney, “Stress Proliferation Across Generations? Examining the Relationship Between Parental Incarceration and Childhood Health,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 55, no. 3 (2014): 302–319.
12 Sesame Street took up the topic: See Sesame Workshop, “Little Children, Big Challenges: Incarceration,” Sesame Street, 2013, accessed January 26, 2017, http://www.sesameworkshop.org/incarceration; “Little Children, Big Challenges: Incarceration,” Sesame Street, 2013, accessed January 26, 2017, http://www.sesamestreet.org/toolkits/incarceration.
13 orphans of justice: Roger Shaw, “Imprisoned Fathers and the Orphans of Justice,” in Prisoners’ Children: What Are the Issues? (London: Routledge, 1992), 41–49.
14 the children who are left behind: Elizabeth I. Johnson and Beth A. Easterling, “Understanding Unique Effects of Parental Incarceration on Children: Challenges, Progress, and Recommendations,” Journal of Marriage and Family 74, no. 2 (2012): 342–356; for an example of one of the few comprehensive programs for children of incarcerated parents, see: http://www.cpnyc.org.
15 “one of the signature social changes”: Daniel P. Mears and Sonja E. Siennick, “Young Adult Outcomes and the Life-Course Penalties of Parental Incarceration,” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 53, no. 1 (2016): 24.
16 adult children of incarcerated parents: Rosalyn D. Lee, Xiangming Fang, and Feijun Luo, “The Impact of Parental Incarceration on the Physical and Mental Health of Young Adults,” Pediatrics 131, no. 4 (2013): e1188–e1191; Daniel P. Mears and Sonja E. Siennick, “Young Adult Outcomes and the Life-Course Penalties of Parental Incarceration,” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 53, no. 1 (2016): 3–35; Joseph Murray, Rolf Loeber, and Dustin Pardini, “Parental Involvement in the Criminal Justice System and the Development of Youth Theft, Marijuana Use, Depression, and Poor Academic Performance,” Criminology 50, no. 1 (2012): 255–302; Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub, “A Life-Course View of the Development of Crime,” Annals 602, no. 1 (2005): 12–45; Sara Wakefield and Christopher Wildeman, Children of the Prison Boom: Mass Incarceration and the Future of American Inequality (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014); Christopher Wildeman, “Parental Imprisonment, the Prison Boom, and the Concentration of Childhood Disadvantage,” Demography 46, no. 2 (2009): 265–280.
17 “I hadn’t done anything personally”: Richard Ford, Canada (New York: Ecco, 2012), 167.
18 “second-chance opportunities”: Emmy Werner, “Resilience and Recovery: Findings from the Kauai Longitudinal Study,” Focal Point Research, Policy, and Practice in Children’s Mental Health 19, no. 1 (2005): 11–14.
19 left without even the few benefits they had before: D. Wayne Osgood et al., “Introduction: Why Focus on the Transition to Adulthood for Vulnerable Populations,” in On Your Own Without a Net: The Transition to Adulthood for Vulnerable Populations, eds. D. Wayne Osgood et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 1–26.
20 Cumulative disadvantage: Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub, “A Life-Course Theory of Cumulative Disadvantage and the Stability of Delinquency,” in Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquency: Advances in Criminological Theory, vol. 7, ed. Terence P. Thornberry (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1997), 133–161; Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub, “A Life-Course View of the Development of Crime,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 602 (2005): 12–45.
21 Adulthood is when stress-related mental health problems: John E. Schulenberg, Arnold J. Sameroff, and Dante Cicchetti, “The Transition to Adulthood as a Critical Juncture in the Course of Psychopathology and Mental Health,” Development and Psychopathology 16, no. 4 (2004): 799–806.
22 Young adulthood is, therefore, an inflection point: Ann S. Masten et al., “Resources and Resilience in the Transition to Adulthood: Continuity and Change,” Development and Psychopathology 16, no. 4 (2004): 1071–1094; Michael Rutter, “Transitions and Turning Points in Developmental Psychopathology: As Applied to the Age Span Between Childhood and Mid-Adulthood,” International Journal of Behavioral Development 19, no. 3 (1996): 603–626; John E. Schulenberg, Arnold J. Sameroff, and Dante Cicchetti, “The Transition to Adulthood as a Critical Juncture in the Course of Psychopathology and Mental Health,” Development and Psychopathology 16, no. 4 (2004): 799–806.
23 able to see and to seize a second chance at life: John A. Clausen, American Lives: Looking Back at the Children of the Great Depression (New York: Free Press, 1993); W. Andrew Collins, “More than Myth: The Developmental Significance of Romantic Relationships During Adolescence,” Journal of Research on Adolescence 13, no. 1 (2003): 1–24; Glen H. Elder, “Military Times and Turning Points in Men’s Lives,” Developmental Psychology 22, no. 2 (1986): 233–245; J. Kirk Felsman and George E. Vaillant, “Resilient Children as Adults: A 40-Year Study,” in The Invulnerable Child, eds. Elwyn James Anthony and Bertram J. Cohler (New York: Guilford, 1987), 289–314; Frank F. Furstenberg Jr., Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and S. Philip Morgan, Adolescent Mothers in Later Life (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Susan Gore et al., “Life After High School: Development, Stress, and Well-Being,” in Stress and Adversity Over the Life Course: Trajectories and Turning Points, eds. Ian H. Gotlib and Blair Wheaton (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 197–214; Alice M. Hines, Joan Merdinger, and Paige Wyatt, “Former Foster Youth Attending College: Resilience and the Transition to Young Adulthood,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 75, no. 3 (2005): 381–394; Ann S. Masten et al., “Resources and Resilience in the Transition to Adulthood: Continuity and Change,” Development and Psychopathology 16, no. 4 (2004): 1071–1094; Terrie E. Moffitt et al., “Males on the Life-Course-Persistent and Adolescence-Limited Antisocial Pathways: Follow-Up at Age 26 Years,” Development and Psychopathology 14, no. 1 (2002): 179–207; Glenn I. Roisman, Benjamin Aguilar, and Byron Egeland, “Antisocial Behavior in the Transition to Adulthood: The Independent and Interactive Roles of Developmental History and Emerging Developmental Tasks,” Development and Psychopathology 16, no. 4 (2004): 857–871; Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub, “A Life-Course Theory of Cumulative Disadvantage and the Stability of Delinquency,” in Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquency: Advances in Criminological Theory, vol. 7, ed. Terence P. Thornberry (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1997), 133–161; Elizabeth A. Schilling, Robert H. Aseltine, and Susan Gore, “Young Women’s Social and Occupational Development and Mental Health in the Aftermath of Child Sexual Abuse,” American Journal of Community Psychology 40, no. 1–2 (2007): 109–124; George E. Vaillant, “The Study of Adult Development,” in Looking at Lives: American Longitudinal Studies of the Twentieth Century, eds. Erin Phelps, Frank F. Furstenberg, and Anne Colby (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002), 116–132; Emmy Werner, “Resilience and Recovery: Findings from the Kauai Longitudinal Study,” Focal Point Research, Policy, and Practice in Children’s Mental Health 19, no. 1 (2005): 11–14; Emmy E. Werner, “Resilience in Development,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 4, no. 3 (1995): 81–85; Emmy E. Werner and Ruth S. Smith, Journeys from Childhood to Midlife: Risk, Resilience, and Recovery (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001); Emmy E. Werner and Ruth S. Smith, Overcoming the Odds: High Risk Children from Birth to Adulthood (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992); Emmy E. Werner and Ruth S. Smith, Vulnerable but Invincible: A Study of Resilient Children and Youth (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982).
24 “Marriage to Jim brought me escape”: George Barris, Marilyn: Her Life in Her Own Words: Marilyn Monroe’s Revealing Last Words and Photographs (New York: Citadel, 1995), 42.
25 enlist in the armed forces: John R. Blosnich et al., “Disparities in Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Individuals with a History of Military Service,” JAMA Psychiatry 71, no. 9 (2014): 1041–1048; Jodie G. Katon et al., “Adverse Childhood Experiences, Military Service, and Adult Health,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 49, no. 4 (2015): 573–582.
26 hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex work together to evaluate: Raffael Kalisch et al., “Context-Dependent Human Extinction Memory Is Mediated by a Ventromedial Prefrontal and Hippocampal Network,” Journal of Neuroscience 26, no. 37 (2006): 9503–9511; Mohammed R. Milad et al., “Thickness of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Humans Is Correlated with Extinction Memory,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 30 (2005): 10706–10711; Scott L. Rauch, Lisa M. Shin, and Elizabeth A. Phelps, “Neurocircuitry Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Extinction: Human Neuroimaging Research—Past, Present, and Future,” Biological Psychiatry 60, no. 4 (2006): 376–382.
27 hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex may become overloaded: Roee Admon et al., “Stress-Induced Reduction in Hippocampal Volume and Connectivity with the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Are Related to Maladaptive Responses to Stressful Military Service,” Human Brain Mapping 34, no. 11 (2013): 2808–2816; Karestan C. Koenen et al., “Measures of Prefrontal System Dysfunction in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Brain and Cognition 45, no. 1 (2001): 64–78; Bruce S. McEwen, “Stress and Hippocampal Plasticity,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 22 (1999): 105–122; Fu Lye Woon, Shabnam Sood, and Dawson W. Hedges, “Hippocampal Volume Deficits Associated with Exposure to Psychological Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults: A Meta-Analysis,” Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 34, no. 7 (2010): 1181–1188.
28 brain remembers best in context: Mark E. Bouton, “Context, Ambiguity, and Unlearning: Sources of Relapse After Behavioral Extinction,” Biological Psychiatry 52, no. 10 (2002): 976–986; Susan Engel, Context Is Everything: The Nature of Memory (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1999); Joseph E. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 250; Mohammed R. Milad et al., “Context Modulation of Memory for Fear Extinction in Humans,” Psychophysiology 42, no. 4 (2005): 456–464; Steven M. Smith, “Remembering In and Out of Context,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 5, no. 5 (1979): 460–471; Debora Vansteenwegen et al., “Return of Fear in Human Differential Conditioning Paradigm Caused by a Return to the Original Acquisition Context,” Behavior Research and Therapy 43, no. 3 (2005): 323–336.
29 classic experiment conducted in the United Kingdom in the 1970s: Duncan R. Godden and Alan D. Baddeley, “Context-Dependent Memory in Two Natural Environments: On Land and Underwater,” British Journal of Psychology 66, no. 3 (1975): 325–331.
30 “Emotional memories may be forever”: Joseph E. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 145.
31 never really forget or “unlearn” them: Joseph E. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 251; Mohammed R. Milad et al., “Context Modulation of Memory for Fear Extinction in Humans,” Psychophysiology 42, no. 4 (2005): 456–464.
32 scarcely has time to think about its old ones: Laurence Gonzales, Surviving Survival: The Art and Science of Resilience (New York: Norton, 2012), 149–152.
33 “Memory lane was a sucker punch”: Paula McLain, Like Family: Growing Up in Other People’s Houses, A Memoir (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2009).
34 “Erik, son of himself”: Erik H. Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis (New York: Norton, 1994).
35 “I had to get born. And this time better than before”: Marilyn Monroe and Ben Hecht, My Story (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006), 65.
36 Warhol changed his name, too: This summary of Andy Warhol’s life is taken from: Victor Bokris, Warhol: The Biography (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003).
37 “The way he fought out of his background”: Victor Bokris, Warhol: The Biography (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003), 52.
38 “compulsively, constantly, and amazingly”: Victor Bokris, Warhol: The Biography (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003), 52.
39 “He never forgot what he saw”: Victor Bokris, Warhol: The Biography (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003), 50.
40 “Never take Andy at face value”: Victor Bokris, Warhol: The Biography (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003), 543.
41 thirty-two paintings of Campbell’s Soup cans: Andy Warhol. Campbell’s Soup Cans. 1962, Museum of Modern Art, New York, accessed February 26, 2017, https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/andy-warhol-campbells-soup-cans-1962.
42 “Sometimes I wish I could reboot”: Alex Scarrow, TimeRiders: The Pirate Kings (New York: Penguin, 2013).
43 Freedom: My Book of Firsts: Jaycee Dugard, Freedom: My Book of Firsts (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2016).
44 “It is a quick, easy read and perhaps a little boring”: Customer review, Amazon.com, accessed January 26, 2015, https://www.amazon.com/Freedom-Book-Firsts-Jaycee-Dugard/dp/1501147625.
1 “I was determined to get away”: Nella Larsen, Passing (New York: Penguin, 1997), 26.
2 Some Freaks: David Mamet, Some Freaks (New York: Viking, 1989).
3 Superman is a sham: David Mamet, “Kryptonite,” in Some Freaks (New York: Viking, 1989), 175–180.
4 “Superman is the most vulnerable of beings”: David Mamet, Some Freaks (New York: Viking, 1989), 179.
5 “Kryptonite is all that remains of his childhood home”: David Mamet, “Kryptonite: A Psychological Appreciation,” in Some Freaks (New York: Penguin Books, 1989), 178.
6 “no hope for him but constant hiding”: David Mamet, “Kryptonite: A Psychological Appreciation,” in Some Freaks (New York: Penguin Books, 1989), 180.
7 “adulation without intimacy”: David Mamet, “Kryptonite: A Psychological Appreciation,” in Some Freaks (New York: Penguin Books, 1989), 178.
8 “a chosen exile”: Allyson Hobbs, A Chosen Exile: A History of Racial Passing in American Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014).
9 the management of a dangerous identity: Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009).
10 “Because of the great rewards”: Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), 74.
11 unsure of how to talk about what they had endured: Arlene Stein, “As Far as They Knew I Came from France: Stigma, Passing, and Not Speaking About the Holocaust,” Symbolic Interaction 32, no. 1 (2009): 44–60.
12 “As far as they knew I came from France”: Arlene Stein, “As Far as They Knew I Came from France: Stigma, Passing, and Not Speaking About the Holocaust,” Symbolic Interaction 32, no. 1 (2009): 44–60.
13 it was her phone number: Arlene Stein, “As Far as They Knew I Came from France: Stigma, Passing, and Not Speaking About the Holocaust,” Symbolic Interaction 32, no. 1 (2009): 44–60.
14 “Nobody talked about it”: Arlene Stein, “As Far as They Knew I Came from France: Stigma, Passing, and Not Speaking About the Holocaust,” Symbolic Interaction 32, no. 1 (2009): 45.
15 “like chalk from a blackboard”: Ruth Klüger, Still Alive: A Holocaust Girlhood Remembered (New York: Feminist Press at CUNY, 2003), 176.
16 “The survivors kept silent. They passed for normal”: Eva Hoffman, After Such Knowledge: Memory, History, and the Legacy of the Holocaust (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), 46.
17 “on the one side, a subject who doesn’t tell”: Kimberlyn Leary, “Passing, Posing, and ‘Keeping it Real,’” in Relational Psychoanalysis. Vol. 4, Expansion of Theory, eds. Lewis Aron and Adrienne Harris (New York: Routledge, 2010), 32.
18 “no one ever asked if [they] were black”: Allyson Hobbs, A Chosen Exile: A History of Racial Passing in American Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), 135.
19 “I now inhabit a life I don’t deserve”: David Carr, The Night of the Gun: A Reporter Investigates the Darkest Story of His Life, His Own (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008), 382.
20 “perils, not known, or imagined”: Nella Larsen, Passing (New York: Dover, 2004), 48.
21 may be out of sight but it often is not be out of mind: Judith A. Clair, Joy E. Beatty, and Tammy L. MacLean, “Out of Sight but Not Out of Mind: Managing Invisible Social Identities in the Workplace,” Academy of Management Review 30, no. 1 (2005): 78–95; Laura Smart and Daniel M. Wegner, “The Hidden Costs of Hidden Stigma,” in The Social Psychology of Stigma, eds. Todd Heatherton et al. (New York: Guilford, 2000), 220–242.
22 keeping secrets requires a great deal of mental work: Julie D. Lane and Daniel M. Wegner, “The Cognitive Consequences of Secrecy,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69, no. 2 (1995): 237–253.
23 “must be alive to the social situation”: Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), 88.
24 “to display or not display”: Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), 42.
25 Keeping secrets is cognitively and even physically taxing: John E. Pachankis, “The Psychological Implications of Concealing a Stigma: A Cognitive-Affective-Behavioral Model,” Psychological Bulletin 133, no. 2 (2007): 328–345.
26 double, even triple, lives, with disconnects: Rich DeJordy, “Just Passing Through: Stigma, Passing, and Identity Decoupling in the Work Place,” Group and Organization Management 33, no. 5 (2008): 504–531; Belle Rose Ragins, “Disclosure Disconnects: Antecedents and Consequences of Disclosing Invisible Stigmas Across Life Domains,” Academy of Management Review 33, no. 1 (2008): 194–215.
27 “every personal secret has the effect of sin or guilt”: Carl Jung, Modern Man in Search of a Soul (New York: Harvest Books, 1955), 33.
28 required to conceal the information felt worse: Michael J. Fishbein and James D. Laird, “Concealment and Disclosure: Some Effects of Information Control on the Person Who Controls,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 15, no. 2 (1979): 114–121.
29 “It is not that he must face prejudice against himself ”: Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), 42.
30 “I am solitary”: Carl Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (New York: Vintage, 1989), 42.
31 perhaps passing’s greatest burden of all: isolation: Allyson Hobbs, A Chosen Exile: A History of Racial Passing in American Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014); John E. Pachankis, “The Psychological Implications of Concealing a Stigma: A Cognitive-Affective-Behavioral Model,” Psychological Bulletin 133, no. 2 (2007): 328–345; Arlene Stein, “As Far as They Knew I Came from France: Stigma, Passing, and Not Speaking About the Holocaust,” Symbolic Interaction 32, no. 1 (2009): 44–60.
32 “Not close to a single soul”: Nella Larsen, Passing (New York: Dover, 2004), 52.
33 Secrets separated him from everyone around: Joseph Stokes, “The Relation of Loneliness and Self-Disclosure,” in Self-Disclosure: Theory, Research, and Therapy, eds. Valerian Derlega and John Berg (New York: Springer Science and Business Media, 1987), 175–201.
34 “adulation without intimacy”: David Mamet, “Kryptonite: A Psychological Appreciation,” in Some Freaks (New York: Penguin Books, 1989), 178.
35 “Fortress of Solitude, like Superman’s retreat”: Charles Blow, Fire Shut Up in My Bones: A Memoir (New York: First Mariner, 2015), 94.
36 “the safest place I knew”: Barack Obama, Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance (New York: Three Rivers, 2004), 4.
37 loneliness and isolation have their own ways of putting us at risk: Louise C. Hawkley and John T. Cacioppo, “Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 40, no. 2 (2010): 218–227.
38 social isolation in early life was associated with poor health: Avshalom Caspi et al., “Socially Isolated Children 20 Years Later: Risk of Cardiovascular Disease,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 160, no. 8 (2006): 805–811.
39 one that can raise blood pressure: Louise C. Hawkley et al., “Loneliness Is a Unique Predictor of Age-Related Differences in Systolic Blood Pressure,” Psychology and Aging 21, no. 1 (2006): 152–164.
40 elevate levels of stress hormones: Emma Adam et al., “Day-to-Day Dynamics of Experience-Cortisol Associations in a Population-Based Sample of Older Adults,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 45 (2006): 17058–17063.
41 increase symptoms of depression and thoughts of suicide: Liesl Heinrich and Eleonora Gullone, “The Clinical Significance of Loneliness: A Literature Review,” Clinical Psychology Review 26, no. 6 (2006): 695–718.
42 compromise the immune system: John Cacioppo, Louise Hawkley, and Gary Berntson, “The Anatomy of Loneliness,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 12, no. 3 (2003): 71–74.
43loneliness as a major risk factor for ill health and even death: Beverly H. Brummett et al., “Characteristics of Socially Isolated Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Who Are at Elevated Risk for Mortality,” Psychosomatic Medicine 63, no. 2 (2001): 267–272; James S. House, Karl R. Landis, and Debra Umberson, “Social Relationships and Health,” Science 241, no. 4865 (1988): 540–545.
44 more harmful to our well-being than many well-known risk factors: Erika Friedmann et al., “Relationship of Depression, Anxiety, and Social Isolation to Chronic Heart Failure Outpatient Mortality,” American Heart Journal 152, no. 5 (2006): 940.e1–940.e8; Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Timothy B. Smith, and J. Bradley Layton, “Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-Analytic Review,” PLOS Medicine 7, no. 7 (2010): e1000316; James S. House, Karl R. Landis, and Debra Umberson, “Social Relationships and Health,” Science 241, no. 4865 (1988): 540–545.
45 “One of the greatest diseases”: Quoted in Louis Cozolino, The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain (New York: Norton, 2014), 398.
46 seeming unavailability of others, rather than objective: Sheldon Cohen, “Social Relationships and Health,” American Psychologist 59, no. 8 (2004): 676–684; Louise C. Hawkley and John T. Cacioppo, “Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 40, no. 2 (2010): 218–227; Robert S. Weiss, Loneliness: The Experience of Emotional and Social Isolation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1973).
47 “What I felt at almost every stage of my development”: Oprah Winfrey, What I Know for Sure (New York: Flatiron Books, 2014), 32.
48 “I went back to school and told no one”: Oprah Winfrey, What I Know for Sure (New York: Flatiron Books, 2014), 36.
1 “Like burglars who secretly wish to be caught”: Ross Macdonald, quoted in Albin Krebs, “Ross Macdonald, Novelist, Dies at 67,” New York Times, July 13, 1983, accessed February 27, 2017, http://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/13/obituaries/ross-macdonald-novelist-dies-at-67.html.
2 “What the detective story is about”: P. D. James, quoted in interview, Face Magazine 80, December 1986.
3 About half of adolescents who sexually assault another: Natasha E. Latzman et al., “Sexual Offending in Adolescence: A Comparison of Sibling Offenders and Nonsibling Offenders Across Domains of Risk and Treatment Need,” Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 20, no. 3 (2011): 245–263.
4 goes beyond age-appropriate curiosity: John V. Caffaro and Allison Conn-Caffaro, “Treating Sibling Abuse Families,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 10, no. 5 (2005): 604–623; Jessie L. Krienert and Jeffrey A. Walsh, “Sibling Sexual Abuse: An Empirical Analysis of Offender, Victim, and Event Characteristics in National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Data, 2000–2007,” Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 20, no. 4 (2011): 353–372.
5 tends to be more physically intrusive: Mireille Cyr et al., “Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse: Brother–Sister Incest Does Not Differ from Father–Daughter and Stepfather–Stepdaughter Incest,” Child Abuse and Neglect 26, no. 9 (2002): 957–973; Mary Jo McVeigh, “ ‘But She Didn’t Say No’: An Exploration of Sibling Sexual Abuse,” Australian Social Work 56, no. 2 (2003): 116–126; Inga Tidefors et al., “Sibling Incest: A Literature Review and A Clinical Study,” Journal of Sexual Aggression 16, no. 3 (2010): 347–360.
6 The more intrusive and frequent sibling sexual abuse is: Margaret W. Ballantine, “Sibling Incest Dynamics: Therapeutic Themes and Clinical Challenges,” Clinical Social Work Journal 40, no. 1 (2012): 56–65; Bronwyn Watson and W. Kim Halford, “Classes of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Women’s Adult Couple Relationships,” Violence and Victims 25, no. 4 (2010): 518–535.
7 can be as damaging to a developing child as intercourse: Mark S. Kiselica and Mandy Morrill Richards, “Sibling Maltreatment: The Forgotten Abuse,” Journal of Counseling and Development 85, no. 2 (2007): 148–160; Kacie M. Thompson, “Sibling Incest: A Model for Group Practice with Adult Female Victims of Brother–Sister Incest,” Journal of Family Violence 24, no. 7 (2009): 531–537.
8 beliefs one held about the sexual experiences: Bonnie Carlson, “Sibling Incest: Adjustment in Adult Women Survivors,” Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 92, no. 1 (2011): 77–83.
9 dangerous to let others get close, or that a normal life is not possible: Bonnie Carlson, “Sibling Incest: Adjustment in Adult Women Survivors,” Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 92, no. 1 (2011): 77–83.
10 among the most unreported of all sex crimes: John V. Caffaro and Allison Conn-Caffaro, “Treating Sibling Abuse Families,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 10, no. 5 (2005): 604–623.
11 for a multitude of reasons, victims rarely tell others: Bonnie E. Carlson, Katherine Maciol, and Joanne Schneider, “Sibling Incest: Reports from Forty-One Survivors,” Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 15, no. 4 (2006): 19–34.
12 may worry about stressing their families even more: Inga Tidefors et al., “Sibling Incest: A Literature Review and a Clinical Study,” Journal of Sexual Aggression 16, no. 3 (2010): 347–360.
13 responses they receive can be as hurtful and as harmful: Margaret Rowntree, “Responses to Sibling Sexual Abuse: Are They as Harmful as the Abuse?” Australian Social Work 60, no. 3 (2007): 347–361.
14 typical turns for abused and abusive siblings as they age: Kathleen Monahan, “Themes of Adult Sibling Sexual Abuse Survivors in Later Life: An Initial Exploration,” Clinical Social Work Journal 38, no. 4 (2010): 361–369.
15 do not tell others about their experiences until many years after: Ramona Alaggia, “Disclosing the Trauma of Child Sexual Abuse: A Gender Analysis,” Journal of Loss and Trauma 10, no. 5 (2005): 453–470; Steven Kogan, “Disclosing Unwanted Sexual Experiences: Results from a National Sample of Adolescent Women,” Child Abuse and Neglect 28, no. 2 (2004): 147–165; Daniel W. Smith et al., “Delay in Disclosure of Childhood Rape: Results from a National Survey,” Child Abuse and Neglect 24, no. 2 (2000): 273–287.
16 the relationship between opening up and health: For a summary, see James W. Pennebaker, Opening Up: The Healing Power of Expressing Emotions (New York: Guilford, 1997).
17 one early and revealing study: James W. Pennebaker and Joan R. Susman, “Disclosure of Traumas and Psychosomatic Processes,” Social Science and Medicine 26, no. 3 (1988): 327–332.
18 “the act of not discussing or confiding”: James W. Pennebaker, “Traumatic Experience and Psychosomatic Disease: Exploring the Roles of Behavioural Inhibition, Obsession, and Confiding,” Canadian Psychology 26, no. 2 (1985): 82.
19 relief can come from talking about our darkest days: James Pennebaker is actually best known for his work not with those who spoke about life’s most difficult moments but for his work with those who wrote about them; for summaries, see James W. Pennebaker, Opening Up: The Healing Power of Expressing Emotions (New York: Guilford, 1997); James W. Pennebaker, “Putting Stress into Words: Health, Linguistic, and Therapeutic Implications,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 31, no. 6 (1993): 539–548; James W. Pennebaker, “Writing About Emotional Experiences as a Therapeutic Process,” Psychological Science 8, no. 3 (1997): 162–166; James W. Pennebaker and Janel D. Seagal, “Forming a Story: The Health Benefits of Narrative,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 55, no. 10 (1999): 1243–1254.
20 he interviewed Holocaust survivors: James W. Pennebaker, Steven D. Barger, and John Tiebout, “Disclosure of Traumas and Health Among Holocaust Survivors,” Psychosomatic Medicine 51, no. 5 (1989): 577–589.
21 survivors who were willing and able to talk about the Holocaust: Laura E. Finkelstein and Becca R. Levy, “Disclosure of Holocaust Experiences: Reasons, Attributions, and Health Implications,” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 25, no. 1 (2006): 117–140.
22 confession in Christianity, and it is the foundation of psychotherapy: For a genealogy of confession, see Chloe Taylor, The Culture of Confession from Augustine to Foucault: A Genealogy of the ‘Confessing Animal’ (New York: Routledge, 2009).
23 “talking cure”: Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, Studies in Hysteria (New York: Basic, 2000), 30.
24 psychotherapies are more alike than they are different: Stanley B. Messer and Bruce E. Wampold, “Let’s Face Facts: Common Factors Are More Potent than Specific Therapy Ingredients,” Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 9, no. 1 (2002): 21–25; Bruce E. Wampold, “Absolute Efficacy: The Benefits of Psychotherapy Established by Meta-Analysis,” in The Great Psychotherapy Debate: Models, Methods, and Findings, vol. 9 (New York: Routledge, 2013), 58–71; Bruce E. Wampold, “Relative Efficacy: The Dodo Bird Was Smarter than We Have Been Led to Believe,” in The Great Psychotherapy Debate: Models, Methods, and Findings, vol. 9 (New York: Routledge, 2013), 72–118; Bruce E. Wampold et al., “A Meta-Analysis of Outcome Studies Comparing Bona Fide Psychotherapies: Empiricially, ‘All Must Have Prizes,’” Psychological Bulletin 122, no. 3 (1997): 203–215.
25 concluded that self-disclosure is beneficial: Joanne Frattaroli, “Experimental Disclosure and Its Moderators: A Meta-Analysis,” Psychological Bulletin 132, no. 6 (2006): 823–865.
26 still no one knows exactly why: Joanne Frattaroli, “Experimental Disclosure and Its Moderators: A Meta-Analysis,” Psychological Bulletin 132, no. 6 (2006): 823–865; for theories as to why writing is good for us, see also Laura A. King, “Gain Without Pain? Expressive Writing and Self-Regulation,” in The Writing Cure: How Expressive Writing Promotes Health and Emotional Well-Being , eds. Stephen J. Lepore and Joshua M. Smyth (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2002), 119–134; Denise M. Sloan and Brian P. Marx, “Taking Pen to Hand: Evaluating Theories Underlying the Written Disclosure Paradigm,” Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 11, no. 2 (2004): 121–137; Joshua M. Smyth and James W. Pennebaker, “Exploring the Boundary Conditions of Expressive Writing: In Search of the Right Recipe,” British Journal of Health Psychology 13, no. 1 (2008): 1–7.
27 putting our experiences into words helps: Anita E. Kelly et al., “What Is It About Revealing Secrets That Is Beneficial?” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27, no. 6 (2001): 651–665; James W. Pennebaker, “Putting Stress into Words: Health, Linguistic, and Therapeutic Implications,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 31, no. 6 (1993): 539–548.
28 prefrontal cortex went up, while activity in the amygdala went down: Ahmad R. Hariri, Susan Y. Bookheimer, and John C. Mazziotta, “Modulating Emotional Responses: Effects of a Neocortical Network on the Limbic System,” Neuroreport 11, no. 1 (2000): 43–48.
29 less activity in the amygdala and more in the prefrontal cortex: Ahmad R. Hariri et al., “Neocortical Modulation of the Amygdala Response to Fearful Stimuli,” Biological Psychiatry 53, no. 6 (2003): 494–501; see also Stephan F. Taylor et al., “Subjective Rating of Emotionally Salient Stimuli Modulates Neural Activity,” Neuroimage 18, no. 3 (2003): 650–659.
30 words force a shift from the amygdala to the prefrontal cortex: Louis Cozolino, The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy: Building and Rebuilding the Human Brain (New York: Norton, 2010), 155.
31 “A concept without a name”: Ruth Klüger and Lore Segal, Still Alive: A Holocaust Girl Remembered (New York: Feminist Press, 2003), 180.
32 “Perhaps the narrative”: Annie Ernaux, Shame (Paris: Gallimard, 1997), 16–17, quoted in Chloe Taylor, The Culture of Confession from Augustine to Foucault: A Genealogy of the ‘Confessing Animal’ (New York: Routledge, 2009), 111.
33 words and sentences have the potential to create order: Crystal L. Park, “Making Sense of the Meaning Literature: An Integrative Review of Meaning Making and Its Effects on Adjustment to Stressful Life Events,” Psychological Bulletin 136, no. 2 (2010): 257–301; Laura Jacobsen Wrenn, “Trauma: Conscious and Unconscious Meaning,” Clinical Social Work Journal 31, no. 2 (2003): 123–137.
34 telling study about the relationship between secrets and community: Deborrah Frable, Linda Platt, and Steve Hoey, “Concealable Stigmas and Positive Self-Perceptions: Feeling Better Around Similar Others,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, no. 4 (1998): 909–922.
35 social support is crucial: Sheldon Cohen, “Social Relationships and Health,” American Psychologist 59, no. 8 (2004): 676–684; Bert N. Uchino, “Social Support and Health: A Review of Physiological Processes Potentially Underlying Links to Disease Outcomes,” Journal of Behavioral Medicine 29, no. 4 (2006): 377–387; Debra Umberson and Jennifer Karas Montez, “Social Relationships and Health: A Flashpoint for Health Policy,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51, no. 1 (2010): S54–S66.
36 key difference between those who are and are not happy: Ed Diener and Martin E. P. Seligman, “Very Happy People,” Psychological Science 13, no. 1 (2002): 81–84.
37 less likely to struggle with anxiety and depression: Paula S. Nurius, Patricia Logan-Greene, and Sara Green, “ACEs Within a Social Disadvantage Framework: Distinguishing Unique, Cumulative, and Moderated Contributions to Adult Mental Health,” Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community 40, no. 4 (2012): 278–290.
38 not the severity of the event but how alone one feels afterward: Chris R. Brewin, Bernice Andrews, and John D. Valentine, “Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Trauma-Exposed Adults,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68, no. 5 (2000): 748–766; Lori Davis and Lawrence J. Siegel, “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Review and Analysis,” Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 3, no. 3 (2000): 135–154; Emily J. Ozer et al., “Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Symptoms in Adults: A Meta-Analysis,” Psychological Bulletin 129 (2003): 52–73; Daniel S. Pine and Judith A. Cohen, “Trauma in Children and Adolescents: Risk and Treatment of Psychiatric Sequelae,” Biological Psychiatry 51 (2002): 519–531; David Trickey et al., “A Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents,” Clinical Psychology Review 32, no. 2 (2012): 122–138; Ana-Maria Vranceanu, Stevan E. Hobfoll, and Robert J. Johnson, “Child Multi-Type Maltreatment and Associated Depression and PTSD Symptoms: The Role of Social Support and Stress,” Child Abuse and Neglect 31, no. 1 (2007): 71–84.
39 sharing our secrets and having people in our lives who support us: Kim M. Anderson and Catherine Hiersteiner, “Recovering from Childhood Sexual Abuse: Is a ‘Storybook Ending’ Possible?” American Journal of Family Therapy 36, no. 5 (2008): 413–424.
40 a person who can be discreet, and who can be trusted not to judge: Anita E. Kelly and Kevin J. McKillop, “Consequences of Revealing Personal Secrets,” Psychological Bulletin 120, no. 3 (1996): 450–465.
41 allow each group member to see that he or she is not the only one: Kim M. Anderson and Catherine Hiersteiner, “Recovering from Childhood Sexual Abuse: Is a ‘Storybook Ending’ Possible?” American Journal of Family Therapy 36, no. 5 (2008): 413–424; Carolyn Knight, “Groups for Individuals with Traumatic Histories: Practice Considerations for Social Workers,” Social Work 51, no. 1 (2006): 20–30; see also Janel D. Seagal and James W. Pennebaker, “Expressive Writing and Social Stigma: Benefits from Writing About Being a Group Member” (unpublished manuscript, University of Texas–Austin, 1997), described in James W. Pennebaker and Janel D. Seagal, “Forming a Story: The Health Benefits of Narrative,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 55, no. 10 (1999): 1243–1254.
42 tend to be caring friends or supportive partners: Emmy E. Werner and Ruth S. Smith, Overcoming the Odds: High Risk Children from Birth to Adulthood (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 195.
43 roughly 20 percent of children who had been sexually assaulted: Noemí Pereda et al., “The Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse in Community and Student Samples: A Meta-Analysis,” Clinical Psychology Review 29, no. 4 (2009): 328–338.
44 there are risks in telling them: Stephenie R. Chaudoir and Jeffrey D. Fisher, “The Disclosure Processes Model: Understanding Disclosure Decision Making and Postdisclosure Outcomes Among People Living with a Concealable Stigmatized Identity,” Psychological Bulletin 136, no. 2 (2010): 236–256; Anita E. Kelly and Kevin J. McKillop, “Consequences of Revealing Personal Secrets,” Psychological Bulletin 120, no. 3 (1996): 450–465; Julia Omarzu, “A Disclosure Decision Model: Determining How and When Individuals Will Self-Disclose,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 4, no. 2 (2000): 174–185.
45 “cruel paradox”: Kent D. Harber and James W. Pennebaker, “Overcoming Traumatic Memories,” in The Handbook of Emotion and Memory, ed. Sven-Ake Christiansen (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992), 359–387; see also Dan Coates and Tina Winston, “The Dilemma of Distress Disclosure,” in Self-Disclosure: Theory, Research, and Therapy, eds. Valerian J. Derlega and John H. Berg (New York: Springer Science Business Media, 1987), 229–255.
46 more likely to suffer from depression and PTSD: Matthew D. Jeffreys et al., “Trauma Disclosure to Health Care Professionals by Veterans: Clinical Implications,” Military Medicine 175, no. 10 (2010): 719–724; Ruth Q. Leibowitz et al., “Veterans’ Disclosure of Trauma to Healthcare Providers,” General Hospital Psychiatry 30, no. 2 (2008): 100–103; Norman Solkoff, Philip Gray, and Stuart Keill, “Which Vietnam Veterans Develop Posttraumatic Stress Disorders?” Journal of Clinical Psychology 42, no. 5 (1986): 687–698.
47 only insofar as their social groups were supportive: Valerian J. Derlega et al., “Reasons for HIV Disclosure/Nondisclosure in Close Relationships: Testing a Model of HIV–Disclosure Decision Making,” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 23, no. 6 (2004): 747–767; Philip M. Ulrich, Susan K. Lutgendorf, and Jack T. Stapleton, “Concealment of Homosexual Identity, Social Support, and CD4 Cell Count Among HIV-Seropositive Gay Men,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 54, no. 3 (2003): 205–212.
48 full support of those they told, were less likely to become depressed: Brenda Major et al., “Mixed Messages: Implications of Social Conflict and Social Support Within Close Relationships for Adjustment to a Stressful Life Event,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72, no. 6 (1997): 1349–1363.
49 women struggling with infertility: Mariana V. Martins et al., “Interactive Effects of Social Support and Disclosure on Fertility-Related Stress,” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 30, no. 4 (2013): 371–388.
50 only if they felt understood by others: Kristin P. Beals, Letitia Anne Peplau, and Shelly L. Gable, “Stigma Management and Well-Being: The Role of Perceived Social Support, Emotional Processing, and Suppression,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35, no. 7 (2009): 867–879.
51 how others handled their disclosures: Elisa E. Bolton et al., “The Relationship Between Self-Disclosure and Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Peacekeepers Deployed to Somalia,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 16, no. 3 (2003): 203–210.
52 negative reactions of others were more predictive of PTSD: Bernice Andrews, Chris R. Brewin, and Suzanna Rose, “Gender, Social Support, and PTSD in Victims of Violent Crime,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 16, no. 4 (2003): 421–427; Rebecca Campbell et al., “Social Reactions to Rape Victims: Healing and Hurtful Effects on Psychological and Physical Health Outcomes,” Violence and Victims 16, no. 3 (2001): 287–302; Myriam S. Denov, “To a Safer Place? Victims of Sexual Abuse by Females and Their Disclosures to Professionals,” Child Abuse and Neglect 27, no. 1 (2003): 47–61; Sarah E. Ullman et al., “Psychosocial Correlates of PTSD Symptom Severity in Sexual Assault Survivors,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 20, no. 5 (2007): 821–831.
53 hurt and even devastated by negative comments and attacks: Katelyn Y. A. McKenna and John A. Bargh, “Coming Out in the Age of the Internet: Identity ‘Demarginalization’ Through Virtual Group Participation,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75, no. 3 (1998): 681–694.
54 often determine whether or when one might open up again: Courtney E. Ahrens, “Being Silenced: The Impact of Negative Social Reactions on the Disclosure of Rape,” American Journal of Community Psychology 38, no. 3–4 (2006): 263–274; Courtney E. Ahrens et al., “Deciding Whom to Tell: Expectations and Outcomes of Rape Survivors’ First Disclosures,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 31, no. 1 (2007): 38–49; Stephenie R. Chaudoir and Diane M. Quinn, “Revealing Concealable Stigmatized Identities: The Impact of Disclosure Motivations and Positive First-Disclosure Experiences on Fear of Disclosure and Well-Being,” Journal of Social Issues 66, no. 3 (2010): 570–584.
55 “A man who tells secrets or stories”: John Steinbeck, The Winter of Our Discontent (New York: Penguin, 2001), 70.
56 “culture of confession”: Chloe Taylor, The Culture of Confession from Augustine to Foucault: A Genealogy of the ‘Confessing Animal’ (New York: Routledge, 2009).
57 it does not follow: Leigh Gilmore, The Limits of Autobiography: Trauma and Testimony (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001).
58 “champion of sincerity”: Quoted in Chloe Taylor, The Culture of Confession from Augustine to Foucault: A Genealogy of the ‘Confessing Animal’ (New York: Routledge, 2009), 174–187; see also Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness (New York: Gallimard, 1984), 107–109.
59 Judith Butler: Judith Butler, On Giving an Account of Oneself (New York: Fordham University Press, 2005).
60 “You don’t know me, anonymity insists”: Leigh Gilmore, The Limits of Autobiography: Trauma and Testimony (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001), 144.
61 “define ourselves by the best that is in us”: Quoted in Lorraine A. DarConte, ed., Pride Matters: Quotes to Inspire Your Personal Best (Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2001), 176.
62 “There are two types of people on planet Earth”: David Wong, This Book Is Full of Spiders: Seriously, Dude, Don’t Touch It (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2012), 52.
63 supernormals may leave clues: Ramona Alaggia, “Many Ways of Telling: Expanding Conceptualizations of Child Sexual Abuse Disclosure,” Child Abuse and Neglect 28, no. 11 (2004): 1213–1227.
64 what friends and acquaintances do and do not say: Dorothy Miell and Steve Duck, “Strategies in Developing Friendships,” in Friendship and Social Interaction, eds. Valerian J. Derlega and Barbara A. Winstead (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986), 129–143.
65 “it takes one to know one”: Amy Robinson, “It Takes One to Know One: Passing and Communities of Common Interest,” Critical Inquiry 20, no. 4 (1994): 715–736.
66 to disrupt our most meaningful bonds but also to create them: Kai Erikson, “Notes on Trauma and Community,” in Trauma: Explorations in Memory, ed. C. Caruth (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 183–199.
1 “The world is a dangerous place to live”: Albert Einstein, quoted in Robert I. Fitzhenry, ed., The Harper Book of Quotations, 3rd ed. (New York: Collins Reference, 1993), 356.
2 “With great power”: Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, Spider-Man!: Amazing Fantasy #15 (New York: Marvel Comics, August 1962); Laurence Maslon and Michael Kantor, Superheroes!: Capes, Cowls, and the Creation of Comic Book Culture (New York: Crown Archetype, 2013), 144.
3 “Where there is great power”: Winston Churchill, The Parliamentary Debates (Authorized Edition), Fourth Series, First Session of the Twenty-Eighth Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 152, February 28, 1906 (London: Wyman and Sons), 1239.
4 “Great power involves”: Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Undelivered Address Prepared for Jefferson Day,” April 13, 1945, online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, accessed July 31, 2016, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16602.
5 nearly 20 percent of adults suffer from depression: Referring here to unipolar depression; DSM-5 diagnostic criteria: A. Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present most of the day, nearly every day during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; (1) Depressed mood; (2) Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities; (3) Significant change in weight and/or appetite; (4) Insomnia or hypersomnia; (5) Psychomotor agitation or retardation; (6) Fatigue or loss of energy; (7) Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; (8) Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness; (9) Recurrent thoughts of death; B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning; C. The episode is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or to another medical condition.
6 most prevalent mental health disorder in the United States: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, “Behavioral Health Trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health,” HHS Publication No. SMA 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50, 2015, accessed July 21, 2016, http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FRR1-2014/NSDUH-FRR1-2014.pdf; Ronald C. Kessler et al., “Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication,” Archives of General Psychiatry 62, no. 6 (2005): 617–627.
7 many do not recognize its invisible burden: Christopher J. L. Murray and Alan D. Lopez, eds., The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020 (Geneva, Switzerland: Harvard University Press, 1996).
8 shorten not our life span but our “health span”: Christopher J. L Murray and Alan D. Lopez, eds., The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020 (Geneva, Switzerland: Harvard University Press, 1996), 22.
9 second leading cause of years lived with a disability: Alize J. Ferrari et al., “Burden of Depressive Disorders by Country, Sex, Age, and Year: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010,” PLOS Medicine 10, no. 11 (2013): e1001547; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), GBD Compare, Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2015, accessed July 21, 2016, http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare; Harvey A. Whiteford et al., “Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Mental and Substance Use Disorders: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010,” Lancet 382, no. 9904 (2013): 1575–1586.
10 not only of parents but also of their children: For a summary, see Sherryl H. Goodman, “Depression in Mothers,” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 3 (2007): 107–135.
11 equally impacted by their parents’ poor mental health: William R. Beardslee et al., “Children of Parents with a Major Affective Disorder: A Review,” American Journal of Psychiatry 140, no. 7 (1983): 825–832; Geraldine Downey and James C. Coyne, “Children of Depressed Parents: An Integrative Review,” Psychological Bulletin 108, no. 1 (1990): 50–76.
12 Parenting is one of the greatest challenges: Geraldine Downey and James C. Coyne, “Children of Depressed Parents: An Integrative Review,” Psychological Bulletin 108, no. 1 (1990): 50–76; Brenda M. Gladstone et al., “Children’s Experiences of Parental Mental Illness: A Literature Review,” Early Intervention in Psychiatry 5, no. 4 (2011): 271–289; Constance Hammen, “Risk and Protective Factors for Children of Depressed Parents,” in Resilience and Vulnerability: Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities, ed. Suniya S. Luthar (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 51–75; Sydney L. Hans, “Mothering and Depression,” in Women’s Mental Health, eds. Sarah E. Romans and Mary V. Seeman (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wikins, 2006), 311–320; M. Christine Lovejoy et al., “Maternal Depression and Parenting Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Clinical Psychology Review 20, no. 5 (2000): 561–592.
13 the inability to experience positive emotions: David Watson and Auke Tellegen, “Toward a Consensual Structure of Mood,” Psychological Bulletin 98, no. 2 (1985): 219–235.
14 As adults, many children of depressed parents do fare well: Hsing-Jung Chen and Pamela Kovacs, “Working with Families in Which a Parent Has Depression: A Resilience Perspective,” Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 94, no. 2 (2013): 114–120; Constance Hammen, “Risk and Protective Factors for Children of Depressed Parents,” in Resilience and Vulnerability: Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities, ed. Suniya S. Luthar (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 51–75; Rebecca Pargas et al., “Resilience to Maternal Depression in Young Adulthood,” Developmental Psychology 46, no. 4 (2010): 805–814.
15 longest-running such study to date: Myrna M. Weissman et al., “Offspring of Depressed Parents: 20 Years Later,” American Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 6 (2006): 1001–1008; for a four-year longitudinal study with similar findings, see also Roselind Lieb et al., “Parental Major Depression and the Risk of Depression and Other Mental Disorders in Offspring: A Prospective-Longitudinal Community Study,” Archives of General Psychiatry 59, no. 4 (2002): 365–374.
16 first proposed by Sharon Wegscheider-Cruse: Sharon Wegscheider-Cruse, Another Chance: Hope and Health for the Alcoholic Family (Palo Alto, CA: Science Behavior Books, 1989); see also Geraldine J. Glover, “The Hero Child in the Alcoholic Home: Recommendations for Counselors,” School Counselor 41, no. 3 (1994): 185–190; Barbara L. Wood, Children of Alcoholism: The Struggle for Self and Intimacy in Adult Life (New York: New York University Press, 1987); Peter M. Vernig, “Family Roles in Homes with Alcohol-Dependent Parents: An Evidence-Based Review,” Substance Use and Misuse 46, no. 4 (2011): 535–542.
17 “The hero is helpful inside the family circle”: Sharon Wegscheider-Cruse, Another Chance: Hope and Health for the Alcoholic Family (Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books, 1989), 104.
18 family heroes may look more like parents than children: Hanita Zimrin, “A Profile of Survival,” Child Abuse and Neglect 10, no. 3 (1986): 339–349.
19 two-thirds functioned as the family heroes: Bruce Lackie, “Family Correlates of Career Achievement in Social Work” (doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University, 1982); Bruce Lackie, “The Families of Origin of Social Workers,” Clinical Social Work Journal 11, no. 4 (1983): 309–322.
20 choose professions that are an extension of that role: Sharon Wegscheider-Cruse, Another Chance: Hope and Health for the Alcoholic Family (Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books, 1989).
21 “When the Family Hero Turns Pro”: Barbara L. Wood, Children of Alcoholism: The Struggle for Self and Intimacy in Adult Life (New York: New York University Press, 1987), 144–157.
22 80 percent of social work students: Sara Rae Marsh, “Antecedents to Choice of a Helping Career: Social Work vs. Business Majors,” Smith College Studies in Social Work 58, no. 2 (1988): 85–100.
23 nearly half of students of social work: Robin Russel et al., “Dysfunction in the Family of Origin of MSW and Other Graduate Students,” Journal of Social Work Education 29, no. 1 (1993): 121–129.
24 common in the histories of social work, guidance, and counseling: Phyllis Black, Dorothy Jeffreys, and Elizabeth Kennedy Hartley, “Personal History of Psychosocial Trauma in the Early Life of Social Work and Business Students,” Journal of Social Work Education 29, no. 2 (1993): 171–180; Catherine A. Hawkins and Raymond C. Hawkins, “Alcoholism in the Families of Origin of MSW Students: Estimating the Prevalence of Mental Health Problems Using Standardized Measures,” Journal of Social Work Education 32, no. 1 (1996): 127–134; Elizabeth Lewis Rompf and David Royse, “Choice of Social Work as a Career: Possible Influences,” Journal of Social Work Education 30, no. 2 (1994): 163–171; Robin Russel et al., “Dysfunction in the Family of Origin of MSW and Other Graduate Students,” Journal of Social Work Education 29, no. 1 (1993): 121–129.
25 early adversities did indeed influence their vocational choice: Marilyn Barnett, “What Brings You Here? An Exploration of the Unconscious Motivations of Those Who Choose to Train and Work as Psychotherapists and Counselors,” Psychodynamic Practice 13, no. 3 (2007): 257–274; Kara Coombes and Ruth Anderson, “The Impact of Family of Origin on Social Workers from Alcoholic Families,” Clinical Social Work Journal 28, no. 3 (2000): 281–302; Barry A. Farber et al., “Choosing Psychotherapy as a Career: Why Did We Cross That Road?” Journal of Clinical Psychology 61, no. 8 (2005): 1009–1031; Hallie Frank and Joel Paris, “Psychological Factors in the Choice of Psychiatry as a Career,” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 2 (1987): 118–122; Stephen P. Hinshaw, Breaking the Silence: Mental Health Professionals Disclose Their Personal and Family Experiences of Mental Illness (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008); Thomas Maeder, “Wounded Healers,” Atlantic Monthly 263, no. 1 (1989): 37–47; Robert A. Murphy and Richard P. Halgin, “Influences on the Career Choice of Psychotherapists,” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 26, no. 4 (1995): 422–426; Sherrill L. Sellers and Andrea G. Hunter, “Private Pains, Public Choices: Influence of Problems in the Family Origin on Career Choices Among a Cohort of MSW Students,” Social Work Education 24, no. 8 (2005): 869–881.
26 moving, and rare, qualitative study: L. Knutsson-Medin, Birgitta Edlund, and Mia Ramklint, “Experiences in a Group of Grown-Up Children of Mentally Ill Parents,” Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 14, no. 8 (2007): 744–752.
27 “heroic helpers”: Ervin Staub, “The Psychology of Bystanders, Perpetrators, and Heroic Helpers,” in Understanding Genocide: The Social Psychology of the Holocaust, eds. Leonard S. Newman and Ralph Erber (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002): 11–42.
28 “The opposite of a hero isn’t a villain; it’s a bystander”: Quoted in Aditya Chakrabortty, “The Psychology of Heroism: How Can Normal People Be Made to Act Heroically?” Guardian, March 8, 2010, accessed February 26, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/mar/09/brain-food-psychology-heroism.
29 to do what you are good at, and to do what moves you: Frank Parsons, Choosing a Vocation (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1909).
30 story of Howard Schultz: Howard Schultz and Dori Jones Yang, Pour Your Heart into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time (New York: Hachette, 1999).
31 “I knew in my heart”: Howard Schultz and Dori Jones Yang, Pour Your Heart into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time (New York: Hachette, 1999), 4.
32 “Although I didn’t consciously plan it that way”: Howard Schultz and Dori Jones Yang, Pour Your Heart into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time (New York: Hachette, 1999), 7.
33 there are a lot of ways to help people, to be a hero: Alice H. Eagly, “The His and Hers of Prosocial Behavior: An Examination of the Social Psychology of Gender,” American Psychologist 64, no. 8 (2009): 644–658; Zeno E. Franco, Kathy Blau, and Philip G. Zimbardo, “Heroism: A Conceptual Analysis and Differentiation Between Heroic Action and Altruism,” Review of General Psychology 15, no. 2 (2011): 99–113; Sara Staats et al., “The Hero Concept: Self, Family, and Friends Who Are Brave, Honest, and Hopeful,” Psychological Reports 104, no. 3 (2009): 820–832.
34 “altruism born of suffering”: Ervin Staub, “The Roots of Goodness: The Fulfillment of Basic Human Needs and the Development of Caring, Helping and Nonaggression, Inclusive Caring, Moral Courage, Active Bystandership, and Altruism Born of Suffering,” in Moral Motivation Through the Life Span: Theory, Research, Applications, eds. Gustavo Carlo and Carolyn Edwards (Lincoln: Nebraska University Press, 2005), 33–72; Ervin Staub and Johanna Vollhardt, “Altruism Born of Suffering: The Roots of Caring and Helping After Victimization and Other Trauma,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 78, no. 3 (2008): 267–280.
35 Raoul Wallenberg: “Raoul Wallenberg and the Rescue of the Jews in Budapest,” US Holocaust Museum, Washington, DC, last modified July 2, 2016, accessed February 26, 2017, https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005211.
36 reportedly died later in a Soviet prison: Sewell Chan, “71 Years After He Vanished, Raoul Wallenberg Is Declared Dead,” New York Times, October 31, 2016, accessed January 29, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/01/world/europe/71-years-after-he-vanished-raoul-wallenberg-is-declared-dead.html?_r=0.
37 grow up too fast or carry far too heavy a load: Nancy Chase, Burdened Children: Theory, Research, and Treatment of Parentification (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1999); David Elkind, The Hurried Child: Growing Up Too Fast Too Soon (Boston, MA: Da Capo Press, 1981); Gregory J. Jurkovic, Lost Childhoods: The Plight of the Parentified Child (New York: Routledge, 1997); Bruce Lackie, “The Families of Origin of Social Workers,” Clinical Social Work Journal 11, no. 4 (1983): 309–322.
38 pathways to compassion and competence: Jo Aldridge and Saul Becker, Children Caring for Parents with Mental Illness: Perspectives of Young Carers, Parents and Professionals (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003); Kara Coombes and Ruth Anderson. “The Impact of Family of Origin on Social Workers from Alcoholic Families,” Clinical Social Work Journal 28, no. 3 (2000): 281–302; Brenda M. Gladstone, Katherine M. Boydell, and Patricia McKeever, “Recasting Research into Children’s Experiences of Parental Mental Illness: Beyond Risk and Resilience,” Social Science and Medicine 62, no. 10 (2006): 2540–2550; Brenda M. Gladstone et al., “Children’s Experiences of Parental Mental Illness: A Literature Review,” Early Intervention in Psychiatry 5, no. 4 (2011): 271–289.
39 more likely to help others: Ervin Staub and Johanna Vollhardt, “Altruism Born of Suffering: The Roots of Caring and Helping After Victimization and Other Trauma,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 78, no. 3 (2008): 267–280.
40 “survivor mission”: Judith Herman, Trauma and Recovery (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 201.
41 “The great illusion of leadership”: Henri J. M. Nouwen, The Wounded Healer: Ministry in Contemporary Society (New York: Image, 1979), 72.
42 “The doctor is effective”: Carl Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (New York: Vintage, 1989), 134.
43 linked to improved health and well-being: See, for review, Stephen G. Post, ed., Altruism and Health: Perspectives from Empirical Research (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007); see also Carolyn Schwartz et al., “Altruistic Social Interest Behaviors Are Associated with Better Mental Health,” Psychosomatic Medicine 65, no. 5 (2003): 778–785.
44 higher levels of happiness and satisfaction, and lower mortality rates: Gian V. Caprara and Patrizia Steca, “Self–Efficacy Beliefs as Determinants of Prosocial Behavior Conducive to Life Satisfaction Across Ages,” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 24, no. 2 (2005): 191–217; P. L. Dulin and R. D. Hill, “Relationships Between Altruistic Activity and Positive and Negative Affect Among Low-Income Older Adult Service Providers,” Aging and Mental Health 7, no. 4 (2003): 294–299; Robert Grimm, Kimberly Spring, and Nathan Dietz, “The Health Benefits of Volunteering: A Review of Recent Research,” Corporation for National and Community Service, Office of Research and Policy Development, Washington, DC, 2007, http://www.nationalservice.gov/pdf/07_0506_hbr.pdf; Nancy Morrow-Howell, Song-Iee Hong, and Fengyan Tang, “Who Benefits from Volunteering? Variations in Perceived Benefits,” Gerontologist 49, no. 1 (2009): 91–102; Nancy Morrow-Howell et al., “Effects of Volunteering on the Well-Being of Older Adults,” Journals of Gerontology Series B 58, no. 3 (2003): S137–S145; Marc A. Musick and John Wilson, “Volunteering and Depression: The Role of Psychological and Social Resources in Different Age Groups,” Social Science and Medicine 56, no. 2 (2003): 259–269; Doug Oman, Carl E. Thoresen, and Kay McMahon, “Volunteerism and Mortality Among the Community-Dwelling Elderly,” Journal of Health Psychology 4, no. 3 (1999): 301–316; Marieke Van Willigen, “Differential Benefits of Volunteering Across the Life Course,” Journals of Gerontology 55, no. 5 (2000): S308–S318.
45 shown to reduce one’s heart rate and blood pressure: Stephanie L. Brown, R. Michael Brown, and Ashley Schiavone, “Close Relationships and Health Through the Lens of Selective Investment Theory,” in Altruism and Health: Perspectives from Empirical Research, ed. Stephen G. Post (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
46 key predictor of physical health and emotional health: Aaron M. Eakman, “A Prospective Longitudinal Study Testing Relationships Between Meaningful Activities, Basic Psychological Needs Fulfillment, and Meaning in Life,” OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health 34, no. 2 (2014): 93–105; Aaron M. Eakman, “Relationships Between Meaningful Activity, Basic Psychological Needs, and Meaning in Life: Test of the Meaningful Activity and Life Meaning model,” OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health 33, no. 2 (2013): 100–109; Aaron M. Eakman and Mona Eklund, “The Relative Impact of Personality Traits, Meaningful Occupation and Occupational Value on Meaning in Life and Life Satisfaction,” Journal of Occupational Science 19, no. 2 (2012): 165–177; Ann Marie Roepke, Eranda Jayawickreme, and Olivia M. Riffle, “Meaning and Health: A Systematic Review,” Applied Research in Quality of Life 9, no. 4 (2014): 1055–1079.
47 lead to more positive feelings for the caregiver: Michael J. Poulin et al., “Does a Helping Hand Mean a Heavy Heart? Helping Behavior and Well-Being Among Spouse Caregivers,” Psychology and Aging 25, no. 1 (2010): 108–117.
48 reduce one’s own risk of death: Stephanie L. Brown et al., “Caregiving Behavior Is Associated with Decreased Mortality Risk,” Psychological Science 20, no. 4 (2009): 488–494.
49 recover from grief and depression faster: Stephanie L. Brown et al., “Coping with Spousal Loss: Potential Buffering Effects of Self-Reported Helping Behavior,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34, no. 6 (2008): 849–861.
50 Cardiac patients who help new patients learn about and cope: Gwynn B. Sullivan and Martin J. Sullivan, “Promoting Wellness in Cardiac Rehabilitation: Exploring the Role of Altruism,” Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 11, no. 3 (1997): 43–52.
51 associated with longer survival with HIV: Gail Ironson et al., “Spirituality and Religiousness Are Associated with Long Survival, Health Behaviors, Less Distress, and Lower Cortisol in People Living with HIV/AIDS: The IWORSHIP Scale, Its Validity and Reliability,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 24, no. 1 (2002): 34–48.
52 participating in a research study can help us feel better: Beth J. Seelig and William H. Dobelle, “Altruism and the Volunteer: Psychological Benefits from Participating as a Research Subject,” ASAIO Journal 47, no. 1 (2001): 3–5; see also Natalie McClain and Angela Frederick Amar, “Female Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse: Finding Voice Through Research Participation,” Issues in Mental Health Nursing 34, no. 7 (2013): 482–487.
53 “it’s good to be good”: Stephen G. Post, “Altruism, Happiness, and Health: It’s Good to Be Good,” International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 12, no. 2 (2005): 66–77.
54 may even outweigh that of receiving help: Stephanie L. Brown et al., “Providing Social Support May Be More Beneficial than Receiving It: Results from a Prospective Study of Mortality,” Psychological Science 14, no. 4 (2003): 320–327; Jersey Liang, Neal M. Krause, and Joan M. Bennett, “Social Exchange and Well-Being: Is Giving Better than Receiving?” Psychology and Aging 16, no. 3 (2001): 511–523.
55 patients with multiple sclerosis provided social support to others: Carolyn E. Schwartz and Rabbi Meir Sendor, “Helping Others Helps Oneself: Response Shift Effects in Peer Support,” Social Science and Medicine 48, no. 11 (1999): 1563–1575.
56 a similar study of more than one thousand churchgoers: Carolyn Schwartz et al., “Altruistic Social Interest Behaviors Are Associated with Better Mental Health,” Psychosomatic Medicine 65, no. 5 (2003): 778–785.
57 found to reduce the risk of death: Stephanie L. Brown et al., “Providing Social Support May Be More Beneficial than Receiving It: Results from a Prospective Study of Mortality,” Psychological Science 14, no. 4 (2003): 320–327.
58 we forget for a time about our own problems: George Vaillant, “Adaptive Mental Mechanisms: Their Role in a Positive Psychology,” American Psychologist 55, no. 1 (2000): 89–98.
59 we even feel happier, too: Barbara L. Fredrickson, “The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology: The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions,” American Psychologist 56, no. 3 (2001): 218–226; Barbara L. Fredrickson et al., “The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions,” Motivation and Emotion 24, no. 4 (2000): 237–258; Andrea H. Marques and Esther M. Sternberg, “The Biology of Positive Emotions and Health,” in Altruism and Health: Perspectives from Empirical Research, ed. Stephen G. Post (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 149–188; Michele M. Tugade and Barbara L. Fredrickson, “Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back from Negative Emotional Experiences,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86, no. 2 (2004): 320–333.
60 hang up the cape on a regular basis and save themselves: Elaine Mordoch and Wendy A. Hall, “Children’s Perceptions of Living with a Parent with a Mental Illness: Finding the Rhythm and Maintaining the Frame,” Qualitative Health Research 18, no. 8 (2008): 1127–1144; David Sloan Wilson and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, “Health and the Ecology of Altruism,” in Altruism and Health: Perspectives from Empirical Research, ed. Stephen G. Post (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 314–331.
61 feels freely chosen is more likely to be effective: Kyle D. Killian, “Helping Till It Hurts? A Multimethod Study of Compassion Fatigue, Burnout, and Self-Care in Clinicians Working with Trauma Survivors,” Traumatology 14, no. 2 (2008): 32–44; Wilmar B. Schaufeli and Bram P. Buunk, “Burnout: An Overview of 25 Years of Research and Theorizing” in The Handbook of Work and Health Psychology, 2nd ed., eds. Marc J. Schabracq, Jacques A. M. Winnubst, and Cary L. Cooper (West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons, 2003), 383–428; Netta Weinstein and Richard M. Ryan, “When Helping Helps: Autonomous Motivation for Prosocial Behavior and Its Influence on Well-Being for the Helper and Recipient,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 98, no. 2 (2010): 222–244.
62 addicted to stress: Louis Cozolino, The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy: Building and Rebuilding the Human Brain (New York: Norton, 2010), 279.
63 “Part of the art of being a hero”: Alan Moore, Watchmen (New York: DC Comics, 1987), 101.
1 “The best revenge is to be unlike him who”: Although the exact source of this quote is unclear, it is widely attributed to Marcus Aurelius.
2 children are like little scientists: Deborah Byrd, “Neil deGrasse Tyson: Learning How to Think Is Empowerment,” Human World, December 15, 2011, http://earthsky.org/human-world/neil-degrasse-tyson; “Neil deGrasse Tyson: Kids Are Born Scientists,” Youtube video, 2:14, November 22, 2012, accessed January 29, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bvFOeysaNAY; Alison Gopnik, Andrew N. Meltzoff, and Patricia K. Kuhl, The Scientist in the Crib: Minds, Brains, and How Children Learn (New York: Perennial, 2001).
3 “I’d not only never been in love”: Marilyn Monroe and Ben Hecht, My Story (Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade, 2007), 88.
4 “I couldn’t help but stare at them”: Elizabeth Smart with Chris Stewart, My Story (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2013), 210-211.
5 from an evolutionary perspective, positive emotions such as love: Michael A. Cohn and Barbara L. Fredrickson, “Beyond the Moment, Beyond the Self: Shared Ground Between Selective Investment Theory and the Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions,” Psychological Inquiry 17, no. 1 (2006): 39–44.
6 most often they come home alone: Stephanie R. deLuse, “Coping with Stress… The Superhero Way,” in The Psychology of Superheroes: An Unauthorized Exploration, ed. Robin S. Rosenberg (Dallas: Benbella Books, 2008), 196.
7 “superheroes are anything but super in these terms”: Christopher Peterson and Nansook Park, “The Positive Psychology of Superheroes,” in The Psychology of Superheroes: An Unauthorized Exploration, ed. Robin S. Rosenberg (Dallas: Benbella Books, 2008), 11.
8 the leading cause of injury to women: Patricia A. Barrier, “Domestic Violence,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 73, no. 3 (1998): 271-274; Jennifer L. Truman and Rachel E. Morgan, “Nonfatal Domestic Violence, 2003-2012,” Journal of Current Issues in Crime, Law, and Law Enforcement 8, no. 4 (2015).
9 killed by their husbands than troops were killed by war: Mansur Gidfar, “Don’t Believe in a War on Women? Would a Body Count Change Your Mind?” Upworthy, June 19, 2012, accessed January 29, 2017, http://www.upworthy.com/dont-believe-in-the-war-on-women-would-a-body-count-change-your-mind.
10 women with disabilities: Douglas A. Brownridge, “Partner Violence Against Women with Disabilities,” Violence Against Women 12, no. 9 (2006): 805–822; Sandra L. Martin et al., “Physical and Sexual Assault of Women with Disabilities,” Violence Against Women 12, no. 9 (2006): 823–837; Diane L. Smith, “Disability, Gender and Intimate Partner Violence: Relationships from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System,” Sexuality and Disability 26, no. 1 (2008): 15–28.
11 because of money: Kim Pentico, “What Is Financial Abuse and How Can We Help Victims?” National Network to End Domestic Violence, November 11, 2015, accessed February 26, 2017, http://nnedv.org/news/4583-what-is-financial-abuse-how-can-we-help victims.html.
12 about 20 percent of youth: Sherry Hamby et al., “Children’s Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and Other Family Violence: Nationally Representative Rates Among US Youth,” Office of Justice and Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Juvenile Justice Bulletin NCJ 232272 (2011): 1–11, accessed January 29, 2017, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/232272.pdf; Alice Kramer, Darcy Lorenzon, and George Mueller, “Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence and Health Implications for Women Using Emergency Departments and Primary Care Clinics,” Women’s Health Issues 14, no. 1 (2004): 19–29; Renee McDonald et al., “Estimating the Number of American Children Living in Partner-Violent Families,” Journal of Family Psychology 20, no. 1 (2006): 137–142.
13 mean number of incidents is eleven: Sherry Hamby et al., “Children’s Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and Other Family Violence: Nationally Representative Rates Among US Youth,” Office of Justice and Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Juvenile Justice Bulletin NCJ 232272 (2011): 1–11, accessed January 29, 2017, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/232272.pdf.
14 Children may be exposed to partner violence: Stephanie Holt, Helen Buckley, and Sadhbh Whelan, “The Impact of Exposure to Domestic Violence on Children and Young People: A Review of the Literature,” Child Abuse and Neglect 32, no. 8 (2008): 797–810.
15 directly witnessed one adult physically hurting another: Sherry Hamby et al., “Children’s Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and Other Family Violence: Nationally Representative Rates Among US Youth,” Office of Justice and Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Juvenile Justice Bulletin NCJ 232272 (2011): 1–11, accessed January 29, 2017, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/232272.pdf.
16 silent witnesses: Jennifer E. McIntosh, “Children Living with Domestic Violence: Research Foundations for Early Intervention,” Journal of Family Studies 9, no. 2 (2003): 219–234.
17 yelling at one of the adults involved in the hope of making it stop: Sherry Hamby et al., “Children’s Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and Other Family Violence: Nationally Representative Rates Among US Youth,” Office of Justice and Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Juvenile Justice Bulletin NCJ 232272 (2011): 1–11, accessed January 29, 2017, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/232272.pdf.
18 similar developmental consequences as being the victim: Katherine M. Kitzmann et al., “Child Witnesses to Domestic Violence: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71, no. 2 (2003): 339–352; David A. Wolfe et al., “The Effects of Children’s Exposure to Domestic Violence: A Meta-Analysis and Critique,” Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 6, no. 3 (2003): 171–187.
19 more likely than their peers to suffer from stress-related illnesses: Valerie J. Edwards et al., “Relationship Between Multiple Forms of Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Mental Health in Community Respondents: Results from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study,” American Journal of Psychiatry 160, no. 8 (2003): 1453–1460; Sarah E. Evans, Corrie Davies, and David DiLillo, “Exposure to Domestic Violence: A Meta-Analysis of Child and Adolescent Outcomes,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 13, no. 2 (2008): 131–140; Stephanie Holt, Helen Buckley, and Sadhbh Whelan, “The Impact of Exposure to Domestic Violence on Children and Young People: A Review of the Literature,” Child Abuse and Neglect 32, no. 8 (2008): 797–810; Dean G. Kilpatrick et al., “Violence and Risk of PTSD, Major Depression, Substance Abuse/Dependence, and Cormorbidity: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71, no. 4 (2003): 692–700; Beatriz Olaya et al., “Mental Health Needs of Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence Seeking Help from Mental Health Services,” Children and Youth Services Review 32, no. 7 (2010): 1004–1011; Joy D. Osofsky, “The Impact of Violence on Children,” The Future of Children 9, no. 3 (1999): 33–49.
20 children learn by observing others: Albert Bandura, Social Learning Theory (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1977).
21 groundbreaking experiments by Albert Bandura: Albert Bandura, Dorothea Ross, and Sheila A. Ross, “Transmission of Aggression Through Imitation of Aggressive Models,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 63, no. 3 (1961): 575–582.
22 “cycle of violence”: Cathy S. Widom, “The Cycle of Violence,” Science 244, no. 4901 (1989): 160–166.
23 evidence for the cycle of violence is rather sparse: Ilgi Ozturk Ertem, John M. Leventhal, and Sara Dobbs, “Intergenerational Continuity of Child Physical Abuse: How Good Is the Evidence?” Lancet 356, no. 9232 (2000): 814–819; Cathy S. Widom, “Does Violence Beget Violence? A Critical Examination of the Literature,” Psychological Bulletin 106, no. 1 (1989): 3–28.
24 evidence for the cycle of violence was inconsistent at best: Ilgi Ozturk Ertem, John M. Leventhal, and Sara Dobbs, “Intergenerational Continuity of Child Physical Abuse: How Good Is the Evidence?” Lancet 356, no. 9232 (2000): 814–819.
25 family history of violence had only a small to moderate effect: Sandra M. Stith et al., “The Intergenerational Transmission of Spouse Abuse: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Marriage and Family 62, no. 3 (2000): 640–654; see also Miriam K. Ehrensaft et al., “Intergenerational Transmission of Partner Violence: A 20-Year Prospective Study,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71, no. 4 (2003): 741–753.
26 Further studies conducted since the year 2000: David M. Fergusson, Joseph M. Boden, and L. John Horwood, “Examining the Intergenerational Transmission of Violence in a New Zealand Birth Cohort,” Child Abuse and Neglect 30, no. 2 (2006): 89–108.
27 except in the severest of cases: Timothy O. Ireland and Carolyn A. Smith, “Living in Partner-Violent Families: Developmental Links to Antisocial Behavior and Relationship Violence,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 38, no. 3 (2009): 323–339.
28 will not themselves become involved in violent relationships: Cathy S. Widom, “Does Violence Beget Violence? A Critical Examination of the Literature,” Psychological Bulletin 106, no. 1 (1989): 3–28.
29 most will not: Ashley F. Jespersen, Martin L. Lalumière, and Michael C. Seto, “Sexual Abuse History Among Adult Sex Offenders and Non-Sex Offenders: A Meta-Analysis,” Child Abuse and Neglect 33, no. 3 (2009): 179–192; Ian Lambie et al., “Resiliency in the Victim–Offender Cycle in Male Sexual Abuse,” Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 14, no. 1 (2002): 31–48; Daniel Salter et al., “Development of Sexually Abusive Behaviour in Sexually Victimised Males: A Longitudinal Study,” Lancet 361, no. 9356 (2003): 471–476.
30 Parenting style has not been shown to be passed cleanly: Marinus H. van IJzendoorn, “Adult Attachment Representations, Parental Responsiveness, and Infant Attachment: A Meta-Analysis on the Predictive Validity of the Adult Attachment Interview,” Psychological Bulletin 117, no. 3 (1995): 387–403; Marinus H. van IJzendoorn, “Intergenerational Transmission of Parenting: A Review of Studies in Nonclinical Populations,” Developmental Review 12, no. 1 (1992): 76–99.
31 neither has divorce: Jaap Dronkers and Juho Härkönen, “The Intergenerational Transmission of Divorce in Cross-National Perspective: Results from the Fertility and Family Surveys,” Population Studies 62, no. 3 (2008): 273–288.
32 such as depression: Falk W. Lohoff, “Overview of the Genetics of Major Depressive Disorder,” Current Psychiatry Reports 12, no. 6 (2010): 539–546.
33 and alcoholism: Justine M. Campbell and Tian P. Oei, “A Cognitive Model for the Intergenerational Transference of Alcohol Use Behavior,” Addictive Behaviors 35, no. 2 (2010): 73–83; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, “Genetics of Alcohol Use Disorder,” National Institutes of Health, accessed January 29, 2017, http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-use-disorders/genetics-alcohol-use-disorders.
34 a risk for such problems: Cathy S. Widom, “Does Violence Beget Violence? A Critical Examination of the Literature,” Psychological Bulletin 106, no. 1 (1989): 3–28.
35 a parable that a minister shared with me: My thanks to the Reverend Chip Edens of Christ Church in Charlotte, North Carolina, for sharing this story with me.
36 follow-up study to his famous Bobo doll experiment: Albert Bandura, Dorothea Ross, and Sheila A. Ross, “Vicarious Reinforcement and Imitative Learning,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67, no. 6 (1963): 601–607.
37 “A wise man learns from the mistakes”: Although the exact source of this quote is unclear, it is widely attributed to Otto von Bismarck.
38 We watch them go down paths that we decidedly do not follow: Javier C. Hernandez, “From His Father’s Decline, de Blasio ‘Learned What Not to Do,’” New York Times, October 13, 2013, accessed January 29, 2017, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/14/nyregion/from-his-fathers-decline-de-blasio-learned-what-not-to-do.html; Steven M. Southwick and Dennis S. Charney, Resilience: The Science of Mastering Life’s Greatest Challenges (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 121.
39 In one qualitative study of youth who had been exposed: Hadass Goldblatt, “Strategies of Coping Among Adolescents Experiencing Interparental Violence,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 18, no. 5 (2003): 532–552.
40 “To see the parent is not to be the parent”: Leonard Shengold, Soul Murder: The Effects of Childhood Abuse and Deprivation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989), 315.
41 “very, very powerful personal lessons in terms of how to live life”: Ana Sale, “Exclusive: Bill de Blasio Speaks with WNYC About His Father’s Suicide,” WNYC, September 30, 2013, accessed January 29, 2017, http://www.wnyc.org/story/exclusive-bill-de-blasio-speaks-wnyc-about-his-fathers-suicide.
42 “I learned what not to do”: Javier C. Hernandez, “From His Father’s Decline, de Blasio ‘Learned What Not to Do,’” New York Times, October 13, 2013, accessed January 29, 2017, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/14/nyregion/from-his-fathers-decline-de-blasio-learned-what-not-to-do.html.
43 “Whenever people ask me about having children”: Mitch Albom, Tuesdays with Morrie: An Old Man, a Young Man, and Life’s Greatest Lesson (New York: Broadway Books, 1997), 93.
44 “a stand-up, productive, normalised member of society”: James Rhodes, Instrumental: A Memior of Madness, Medication, and Music (Edinburgh: Canongate, 2015), 88–92.
45 “my son being born was the beginning”: James Rhodes, Instrumental: A Memior of Madness, Medication, and Music (Edinburgh: Canongate, 2015), 92.
46 interview on National Public Radio: National Public Radio, “Jonathan Safran Foer on Marriage, Religion and Universal Balances,” Fresh Air, October 11, 2016, accessed January 29, 2017, http://www.npr.org/2016/10/11/497515290/jonathan-safran-foer-on-marriage-religion-and-universal-balances.
47 ordinary experiences make us happier as we age: Amit Bhattacharjee and Cassie Mogilner, “Happiness from Ordinary and Extraordinary Experiences,” Journal of Consumer Research 41, no. 1 (2014): 1–17.
48 hardly unusual: Roy F. Baumeister et al., “Some Key Differences Between a Happy Life and a Meaningful Life,” Journal of Positive Psychology 8, no. 6 (2013): 505–516; S. Katherine Nelson et al., “In Defense of Parenthood: Children Are Associated with More Joy than Misery,” Psychological Science 24, no. 1 (2013): 3–10; see also Angus Deaton and Arthur A. Stone, “Evaluative and Hedonic Wellbeing Among Those With and Without Children at Home,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 4 (2014): 1328–1333; S. Katherine Nelson, Kostadin Kushlev, and Sonja Lyubomirsky, “The Pains and Pleasures of Parenting: When, Why, and How Is Parenthood Associated with More or Less Well-Being?” Psychological Bulletin 140, no. 3 (2014): 846–895; Debra Umberson and Walter R. Gove, “Parenthood and Psychological Well-Being Theory, Measurement, and Stage in the Family Life Course,” Journal of Family Issues 10, no. 4 (1989): 440–462.
1 “Love is the prerogative of the brave”: Although the exact source of this quote is unclear, it is widely attributed to Gandhi.
2 longest-running study of well-being in history: See, for summary, George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 54–107.
3 intellectually, physically, and emotionally sound: George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 38.
4 opened his memoir with his experience of being a subject: Ben Bradlee, A Good Life: Newspapering and Other Adventures (New York: Touchstone, 1996), 15–16.
5 President John F. Kennedy was revealed: Joshua Wolf Shenk, “What Makes Us Happy,” The Atlantic, June 2009, accessed January 7, 2017, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/what-makes-us-happy/307439.
6 “one of Harvard’s most important contributions”: Dan H. Fann, “Grant Study Analyzes ‘Normal’ Individuals,” Harvard Crimson, May 13, 1942, accessed January 7, 2017, http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1942/5/13/grant-study-analyzes-normal-individuals-pin; quoted in George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 56.
7 “superachievers”: George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 61.
8 “hanging length of [the] scrotum”: George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 72; see also Scott Stossel, “What Makes Us Happy, Revisited: A New Look at the Famous Harvard Study of What Makes People Thrive,” The Atlantic, May 2013, accessed January 7, 2017, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/05/thanks-mom/309287.
9 Triumphs of Experience: George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012).
10 “They were normal when I picked them”: Quoted in Joshua Wolf Shenk, “What Makes Us Happy,” The Atlantic, June 2009, accessed January 7, 2017, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/what-makes-us-happy/307439.
11 one the study’s founders had really never considered at all: George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 52.
12 “psychologists not only show no interest in the origin”: Harry F. Harlow, “The Nature of Love,” American Psychologist 13, no. 12 (1958): 673–685; also quoted in George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 64.
13 took the form of a good childhood: George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 112–113.
14 life-altering warmth and care: See also L. Alan Sroufe, “Attachment and Development: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study from Birth to Adulthood,” Attachment and Human Development 7, no. 4 (2005): 349–367; L. Alan Sroufe et al., The Development of the Person: The Minnesota Study of Risk and Adaptation from Birth to Adulthood (New York: Guilford, 2005).
15 close to a brother or a sister: Joshua Wolf Shenk, “What Makes Us Happy,” The Atlantic, June 2009, accessed January 7, 2017, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/what-makes-us-happy/307439.
16 children: George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 48.
17 “You know what I learned from my children?”: George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 48.
18 “love is love”: George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 48.
19 “The follow-up is the great exposer of truth”: Quoted in Donald W. Goodwin, Samuel B. Guze, and Eli Robins, “Follow-Up Studies in Obsessional Neurosis,” Archives of General Psychiatry 20, no 2 (1969): 182.
20 “Happiness is love. Full stop.”: George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 52.
21 most important source of meaning in our lives: See, for review, Harry T. Reis and Shelly L. Gable, “Toward a Positive Psychology of Relationships,” in Flourishing: The Positive Person and the Good Life, eds. Corey L. M. Keyes and Jonathan Haidt (Washington, DC: APA, 2003), 129–159.
22 love emerges as a powerful force for good: See, for summary, Margaret O’Dougherty Wright, Ann S. Masten, and Angela J. Narayan, “Resilience Processes in Development: Four Waves of Research on Positive Adaptations in the Context of Adversity,” in Handbook of Resilience in Children, eds. Sam Goldstein and Robert B. Brooks (New York: Springer, 2012), 25.
23 feeling connected to a parent or a teacher or a mentor: Michael D. Resnick et al., “Protecting Adolescents from Harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health,” Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 10 (1997): 823–832.
24 “lifelines”: Robert B. Cairns and Beverley D. Cairns, Lifelines and Risks: Passages of Youth in Our Time (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
25 tracing the lives of three hundred teenage mothers: Frank F. Furstenberg Jr., Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and S. Philip Morgan, Adolescent Mothers in Later Life (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Frank F. Furstenberg Jr. et al., Managing to Make It: Urban Families and Adolescent Success (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
26 those who felt connected to work and love in adulthood: John H. Laub and Robert J. Sampson, “Turning Points in the Life Course: Why Change Matters to the Study of Crime,” Criminology 31, no. 3 (1993): 301–325.
27 only one in six of the struggling teens became struggling adults: Emmy E. Werner and Ruth S. Smith, Overcoming the Odds: High Risk Children from Birth to Adulthood (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992).
28 one of the most pivotal “second-chance opportunities”: See, for summary, Emmy Werner, “Resilience and Recovery: Findings from the Kauai Longitudinal Study,” Research, Policy, and Practice in Children’s Mental Health 19, no. 1 (2005): 11–14, accessed January 29, 2017, https://www.pathwaysrtc.pdx.edu/pdf/fpS0504.pdf; Emmy Werner, “What Can We Learn About Resilience from Large-Scale Longitudinal Studies?” in Handbook of Resilience in Children, eds. Sam Goldstein and Robert B. Brooks (New York: Springer, 2012), 91–106.
29 one of the most consistent findings in social science research: Louis Cozolino, The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain, 2nd ed. (New York: Norton, 2014), 244.
30 “The Nature of the Child’s Tie to His Mother”: John Bowlby, “The Nature of the Child’s Tie to His Mother,” International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 39 (1958): 350–373.
31 According to Bowlby: For a full treatment of Bowlby’s work on attachment, see John Bowlby, Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1, Attachment (New York: Basic, 1969); John Bowlby, Attachment and Loss. Vol. 2, Separation (New York: Basic, 1973); John Bowlby, Attachment and Loss. Vol. 3, Loss, Sadness, and Depression (New York: Basic, 1980).
32 “All of us, from cradle to grave”: John Bowlby, The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds (London: Tavistock, 1979), 129; see also Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver, “Romantic Love Conceptualized as an Attachment Process,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52, no. 3 (1987): 511–524; for a summary, see R. Chris Fraley and Phillip R. Shaver, “Adult Romantic Attachment: Theoretical Developments, Emerging Controversies, and Unanswered Questions,” Review of General Psychology 4, no. 2 (2000): 132–154.
33 “I consider myself a hero”: John Lahr, “Viola Davis’s Call to Adventure: How the Star of ‘Fences’ and ‘How to Get Away with Murder’ Got Away from Her Difficult Past,” New Yorker, December 19 and 26, 2016, accessed January 8, 2017, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/12/19/viola-davis-call-to-adventure.
34 “the sum of all of the moments of our lives”: Thomas Wolfe, Look Homeward, Angel (New York: Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1995), xv.
35 amygdalae are quieted and our stress hormone levels are lowered: Louis Cozolino, The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy: Building and Rebuilding the Human Brain (New York: Norton, 2010), 225–226; Louis Cozolino, The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain, 2nd ed. (New York: Norton, 2014), 243.
36 Physical intimacy: Beate Ditzen, Christiane Hoppmann, and Petra Klumb, “Positive Couple Interactions and Daily Cortisol: On the Stress-Protecting Role of Intimacy,” Psychosomatic Medicine 70, no. 8 (2008): 883–889; Beate Ditzen et al., “Effects of Different Kinds of Couple Interaction on Cortisol and Heart Rate Responses to Stress in Women,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 32, no. 5 (2007): 565–574.
37 boosts our levels of oxytocin and vasopressin: James A. Coan, Hillary S. Schaefer, and Richard J. Davidson, “Lending a Hand: Social Regulation of the Neural Response to Threat,” Psychological Science 17, no. 12 (2006): 1032–1039; Sheldon Cohen et al., “Does Hugging Provide Stress-Buffering Social Support? A Study of Susceptibility to Upper Respiratory Infection and Illness,” Psychological Science 26, no. 2 (2015): 135–147; Beate Ditzen and Markus Heinrichs, “Psychobiology of Social Support: The Social Dimension of Stress Buffering,” Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 32, no. 1 (2014): 149–162; Megan Galbally et al., “The Role of Oxytocin in Mother-Infant Relations: A Systematic Review of Human Studies,” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 19, no. 1 (2011): 1–14; Karen M. Grewen et al., “Effects of Partner Support on Resting Oxytocin, Cortisol, Norepinephrine, and Blood Pressure Before and After Warm Partner Contact,” Psychosomatic Medicine 67, no. 4 (2005): 531–538; Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Wendy A. Birmingham, and Kathleen C. Light, “Influence of a ‘Warm Touch’ Support Enhancement Intervention Among Married Couples on Ambulatory Blood Pressure, Oxytocin, Alpha Amylase, and Cortisol,” Psychosomatic Medicine 70 no. 9 (2008): 976–985; Kathleen C. Light, Karen M. Grewen, and Janet A. Amico, “More Frequent Partner Hugs and Higher Oxytocin Levels Are Linked to Lower Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Premenopausal Women,” Biological Psychology 69, no. 1 (2005): 5–21.
38 seeing photos of our loved ones: Andreas Bartels and Semir Zeki, “The Neural Basis of Romantic Love,” Neuroreport 11, no. 17 (2000): 3829–3834; Sarah L. Master et al., “A Picture’s Worth: Partner Photographs Reduce Experimentally Induced Pain,” Psychological Science 20, no. 11 (2009): 1316–1318.
39 love quiets the amygdala and reduces stress hormones: Andreas Bartels and Semir Zeki, “The Neural Correlates of Maternal and Romantic Love,” Neuroimage 21, no. 3 (2004): 1155–1166; A. De Boer, E. M. Van Buel, and G. J. Ter Horst, “Love Is More than Just a Kiss: A Neurobiological Perspective on Love and Affection,” Neuroscience 201, no. 10 (2012): 114–124.
40 more open to newer, more expansive learning: Louis Cozolino and Susan Sprokay, “Neuroscience and Adult Learning,” New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 2006, no. 110 (2006): 11–19.
41 “the greatest contributor to [neuroplasticity] is love”: Louis Cozolino and Susan Sprokay, “Neuroscience and Adult Learning,” New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 2006, no. 110 (2006): 11–19; italics in this quote are mine.
42 birds learn their songs more quickly from other birds: Louis Cozolino and Susan Sprokay, “Neuroscience and Adult Learning,” New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 2006, no. 110 (2006): 11–19.
43 children learn better from interactions with others than from videos: Sarah Roseberry, Kathy Hirsh Pasek, and Roberta M. Golinkoff, “Skype Me!: Socially Contingent Interactions Help Toddlers Learn Language,” Child Development 85, no. 3 (2014): 956–970; Sarah Roseberry et al., “Live Action: Can Young Children Learn Verbs from Video?” Child Development 80, no. 5 (2009): 1360–1375.
44 host of benefits for the body and the brain: Louis Cozolino, The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain, 2nd ed. (New York: Norton, 2014), 245; A. De Boer, E. M. Van Buel, and G. J. Ter Horst, “Love Is More than Just a Kiss: A Neurobiological Perspective on Love and Affection,” Neuroscience 201, no. 10 (2012): 114–124; Barbara L. Fredrickson, “The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1449 (2004): 1367–1378; Barbara L. Fredrickson, “Positive Emotions Broaden and Build,” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 47 (2013): 1–53; Barbara L. Fredrickson, “The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology: The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions,” American Psychologist 56, no. 3 (2001): 218–226; Alice M. Isen, “Positive Affect, Cognitive Processes, and Social Behavior,” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 20 (1987): 203–253.
45 “may be the leading cause of poor health”: “Breaking the Silence on Child Abuse: Protection, Prevention, Intervention, and Deterrence,” Testimony of Robert W. Block on Behalf of the American Academy of Pediatrics Before the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee Hearing, December 13, 2011, accessed September 2, 2016, http://www.help.senate.gov/hearings/breaking-the-silence-on-child-abuse-protection-prevention-intervention-and-deterrence.
46 “undoing effect”: Barbara L. Fredrickson, “The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology: The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions,” American Psychologist 56, no. 3 (2001): 218–226; Barbara L. Fredrickson et al., “The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions,” Motivation and Emotion 24, no. 4 (2000): 237–258; Andrea H. Marques and Esther M. Sternberg, “The Biology of Positive Emotions and Health,” in Altruism and Health: Perspectives from Empirical Research, ed. Stephen G. Post (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 149–188; Michele M. Tugade and Barbara L. Fredrickson, “Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back from Negative Emotional Experiences,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86, no. 2 (2004): 320–333.
47 an umbrella term for the good feelings we experience: Barbara L. Fredrickson, “Positive Emotions Broaden and Build,” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 47 (2013): 1–53; see also Carroll E. Izard, Human Emotions (New York: Springer, 1977).
48 “bad emotions, bad parents, and bad feedback”: Roy F. Baumeister et al., “Bad Is Stronger than Good,” Review of General Psychology 5, no. 4 (2001): 323–370.
49 “as much about remembering”: Bessel A. van der Kolk, The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma (New York: Penguin, 2014), 213.
50 reparative relationship is first found in therapy: Louis Cozolino, The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain, 2nd ed. (New York: Norton, 2014); Linda A. Travis, Nancy G. Bliwise, Jeffrey L. Binder, and H. Lynn Horne-Moyer, “Changes in Clients’ Attachment Styles Over the Course of Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy,” Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 38, no. 2 (2001): 149–159.
51 “Psychoanalysis is in essence a cure through love”: Sigmund Freud in a letter to Carl Jung (1906), as quoted in Bruno Bettelheim, Freud and Man’s Soul (New York: Vintage Books, 1984).
52 “Love is love”: George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 48.
53 “I had a weak father, domineering mother”: Quoted in Glenn I. Roisman et al., “Earned–Secure Attachment Status in Retrospect and Prospect,” Child Development 73, no. 4 (2002): 1204–1219.
54 what goes right matters more than what goes wrong: George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 141–142.
55 poor predictors of the future: George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 52.
56 death of a parent foretold little: George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 140.
57 successes, and not their failures, that most influenced their lives: George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 141–142.
58 Learning (or relearning) to love and be loved in adulthood is possible: Mark W. Baldwin and Beverley Fehr, “On the Instability of Attachment Style Ratings,” Personal Relationships 2, no. 3 (1995): 247–261; Joanne Davila, Dorli Burge, and Constance Hammen, “Why Does Attachment Style Change?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73, no. 4 (1997): 826–838; Joanne Davila and Rebecca J. Cobb, “Predictors of Change in Attachment Security During Adulthood,” in Adult Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Implications, eds. W. Steven Rholes and Jeffry A. Simpson (New York: Guilford, 2004), 133–156; Louis Cozolino, The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain, 2nd ed. (New York: Norton, 2014), 155.
59 find their way into stable, satisfying relationships in adulthood: Jay Belsky and Jude Cassidy, “Attachment: Theory and Evidence,” in Development Through Life: A Handbook for Clinicians, eds. Michael J. Rutter and Dale F. Hay (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994), 373–402; Jami Grich, “Earned Secure Attachment in Young Adulthood: Adjustment and Relationship Satisfaction,” Dissertation Abstracts International: The Sciences and Engineering, 62, no. 7-B (2002): 3419; Blair Paley et al., “Attachment and Marital Functioning: Comparison of Spouses with Continuous-Secure, Earned-Secure, Dismissing, and Preoccupied Attachment Stances,” Journal of Family Psychology 13, no. 4 (1999): 580–597; Glenn I. Roisman et al., “Earned–Secure Attachment Status in Retrospect and Prospect,” Child Development 73, no. 4 (2002): 1204–1219.
60 positive sleeper effects as well: Louis Cozolino and Susan Sprokay, “Neuroscience and Adult Learning,” New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 2006, no. 110 (2006): 11–19; George Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012), 108–109.
61 “positivity effect”: Laura L. Carstensen, Helene H. Fung, and Susan T. Charles, “Socioemotional Selectivity Theory and the Regulation of Emotion in the Second Half of Life,” Motivation and Emotion 27, no. 2 (2003): 103–123; Susan Charles and Laura L. Carstensen, “Social and Emotional Aging,” Annual Review of Psychology 61 (2010): 383–409; Mara Mather and Laura L. Carstensen, “Aging and Motivated Cognition: The Positivity Effect in Attention and Memory,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9, no. 10 (2005): 496–502; Andrew E. Reed, Larry Chan, and Joseph A. Mikels, “Meta-Analysis of the Age-Related Positivity Effect: Age Differences in Preferences for Positive Over Negative Information,” Psychology and Aging 29, no. 1 (2014): 1–15.
62 faith in others tends to become stronger: Judith A. Crowell, Dominique Treboux, and Everett Waters, “Stability of Attachment Representations: The Transition to Marriage,” Developmental Psychology 38, no. 4 (2002): 467–479; Tamara L. Fuller and Frank D. Fincham, “Attachment Style in Married Couples: Relation to Current Marital Functioning, Stability Over Time, and Method of Assessment,” Personal Relationships 2, no. 1 (1995): 17–34; Fang Zhang and Gisela Labouvie-Vief, “Stability and Fluctuation in Adult Attachment Style Over a 6-Year Period,” Attachment and Human Development 6, no. 4 (2004): 419–437.
63 arc of history bends toward justice: See the quote, “The arc of the moral universe is long but it bends toward justice,” by Martin Luther King Jr., “Sermon at Temple Israel of Hollywood,” delivered February 26, 1965, American Rhetoric Online Speech Bank, accessed January 29, 2017, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlktempleisraelhollywood.htm.
1 “Real life is messy, inconsistent”: Alan Moore, quoted in Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons, Watchmen (New York: DC Comics, 1987), 99.
2 Superheroes: A Never-Ending Battle: Superheroes: A Never-Ending Battle, documentary, Public Broadcasting Service, accessed February 26, 2017, http://www.pbs.org/show/superheroes-neverending-story.
3 fighting a hard battle: The sentiment probably originated with Ian Maclaren; “Ian Maclaren,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, accessed February 26, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Maclaren.