References

Introduction: the Greek way

Glashow, Sheldon, and Leon Lederman. ‘The SSC: A Machine for the Nineties’. Physics Today 38/3 (1985), 28–37.

Chapter 1: Invention in antiquity

‘the source or cause’: Aristotle, Phys., 192b22. In The Works of Aristotle Translated into English. Ed. W. D. Ross. 12 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1910–52.

‘Of all who have discussed’: Aristotle, Metaphys., 988a. In Works, ed. Ross.

‘rule [that] applies’: Aristotle, Phys., 198a18. In Works, ed. Ross.

‘Same stuff’: Aristotle, Meteor., 370a25–6. In Works, ed. Ross.

‘It is fitting’: Francis M. Cornford, Plato’s Cosmology: The Timaeus of Plato. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, n.d. (The Library of Liberal Arts, 101.), quoting Timaeus, 29D.

‘The great world’s origin’: Ovid, Metamorphoses. Tr. A. D. Melville. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 366.

‘Many philosophical lineages’: Seneca, Natural Questions. Tr. Harry M. Hine. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2010, p. 135.

‘[T]he rapidity of its motion’ and ‘the position of earth’: Plutarch, De facie quae in orbe lunae apparet. Ed. Harold Cherniss. In Plutarch Moralia, XII. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995, pp. 59, 75.

‘mere accessories’ and ‘every act’: quoted in G. E. R. Lloyd, Ancient Culture and Society. 2 vols. Cambridge: Chatto & Windus, 1970–3, 2, pp. 92, 94.

‘corruptors and destroyers’: quoted in Lloyd, Ancient Culture and Society, 2, p. 94.

‘courteous, just, and honest,’ ‘principles of physics,’ and ‘dig down’: Vitruvius, The Ten Books on Architecture. Tr. Morris Hicky Morgan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914, p. 21.

‘strange and wonderful’: pseudo-Aristotle, Mech., 855b25–30. In Aristotle, Works, ed. Ross.

‘There was never any’: Pliny the Elder, The Historie of the World: Commonly Called the Naturall Historie. Tr. Philemon Holland. 2 vols. London: A. Islip, 1635, 2, p. 586.

‘disengaged from’: Macrobius, Commentary on the Dream of Scipio. Tr. W. H. Stahl. New York: Columbia University Press, 1952, p. 171.

‘circling by their own surging’: W. H. Stahl, Richard Johnson, and E. L. Burge, Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts. 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971–7, 1, pp. 176–7, 2, pp. 317–19.

Chapter 2: Selection in Islam

Muhammad Ibn Tufayl. The History of Hai Eb’n Yockdan, an Indian Prince: or, the Self-taught Philosopher. London: R. Chiswell, 1686.

‘I evermore’: Omar Khayyam, Rubáiát, verse 27. Tr. Edward Fitzgerald. Ed. Daniel Karlin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 29.

‘observation of the stars’: Régis Morelon, ‘Panorama général de l’histoire de l’astronomie arabe’. In Rashdi Rashed, ed., Histoire des sciences arabes. 3 vols. Paris: Seuil, 1997, 1, p. 30.

‘like snow upon the desert’: Khayyam, Rubáiát, verse 14. Ed. Karlin, p. 23.

The Qur’an. Tr. M. A. S. Abdel Haleem. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

‘their instruments were more precise’: Hakim Mohammed Said and Ansar Zahid Khan, Al Bīrunī: His Times, Life, and Works. Karachi: Hamdard Foundation, 1981, p. 70.

‘the most important document’: Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan and Donald R. Hill, Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History. Paris: UNESCO, 1986, pp. 58–9.

Chapter 3: Domestication in Europe

Paul Tannery. ‘Une correspondance d’écolatres du xi. siècle’. In Tannery. Mémoires scientifiques. 17 vols. Toulose: E. Privat, 1912–50, 5, pp. 103–11.

‘the ocean tide’: quoted from Pierre Duhem, Le système du monde: histoire des doctrines cosmologiques de Platon à Copernic. 10 vols. Paris: Hermann, 1954–9, 3, pp. 16–20; ‘in 800 years’: C. C. Gillispie et al., eds., Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 18 vols. New York: Scribners, 1970–81, 1, p. 565.

‘the Arabic pomposity’: Dorothea Metlitzki, The Matter of Araby in Medieval England. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977, p. 5, quoting the Bishop of Cordoba.

‘our civilization’: Metlitzki, The Matter of Araby in Medieval England, p. 11, quoting Robert of Morley.

‘knowing nothing’: ‘Epistola Pharamellae,’ in Roger de Hoveden, Chronica. Ed. William Stubbs. 4 vols. London: Longman et al., 1868–71, 2, pp. 296–8.

‘wholly unknown’: quoted from Bacon’s Opus maius by A. C. Crombie and John North, in Gillispie et al., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1, p. 380.

‘It shall come to pass’: Genesis, 8: 13, 14, 16.

‘no less than’ and ‘angelic art’: quoted from Noel Swerdlow, ‘Science and Humanism in the Renaissance: Regiomontanus’ Oration on the Dignity and Utility of the Mathematical Sciences’. In Paul Harwich, ed., World Changes: Thomas Kuhn and the Nature of Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993, pp. 133, 165.

‘man is a magnum miraculum’: quoted from Frances A. Yates, Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1964, p. 35.

‘intoxicated, crazy’: William Gilbert, De magnete. Tr. P. M. Mottelay. New York: Dover, 1958, pp. xlviii, xlix.

Chapter 4: Second creation

‘New philosophy calls all in doubt’: Donne, quoted from Marjorie Nicholson, Science and Imagination. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1956, p. 53.

Francis Bacon. The Major Works. Ed. Brian Vickers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

René Descartes. Discourse on Method, Optics, Geometry, and Meteorology. Tr. Paul J. Olscamp. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965. (Library of Liberal Arts, 211.)

‘oddest …detection’: Newton to Oldenburg, 18 January 1671–2, in Isaac Newton, The Correspondence of Isaac Newton. Ed. H. W. Turnbull et al. 7 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959–77, 1, pp. 82–3.

‘from the counsel,’ ‘I frame no hypothesis,’ and ‘[T]o us it is enough’: Isaac Newton, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Tr. Andrew Motte (1729), revised Florian Cajori. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1934, pp. 544–7.

‘in every special doctrine’ and ‘Chemistry can become nothing’: Immanuel Kant, Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science. Tr. James W. Ellington. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1970, pp. 6, 7.

‘thermometer of public prosperity’: Karin Johannison, ‘Society in Numbers: The Debate Over Quantification in 18th-century Political Economy’. In Tore Frängsmyr, J. L. Heilbron, and Robin E. Rider, eds., The Quantifying Spirit in the 18th Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 358, quoting Anon., Recherches …sur la population de la France (1778).

‘Experiment, research’: J. L. Heilbron, ‘The measure of Enlightenment’. In Frängsmyr, Heilbron, and Rider, eds., The Quantifying Spirit in the 18th Century, pp. 10–11, quoting Lavoisier.

Chapter 5: Classical physics and its cure

Henri Poincaré. ‘Relations entre la physique expérimentale et la physique mathématique’. In Congrès international de physique réuni à Paris en 1900. Rapports et travaux. 4 vols. Paris: Gautier-Villars, 1900–1, 1, pp. 1–29.

William Thomson and Baron Kelvin. ‘Nineteenth Century Clouds over the Dynamical Theory of Heat and Light’ (1900). In Thomson, Baltimore Lectures on Molecular Dynamics and the Wave Theory of Light. London: C.J. Clay, 1904, pp. 486–527.

‘who, during the preceding year’: Nobel Foundation, Directory. Stockholm: Nobel Foundation, annual, p. 5.

‘Science has reached a point’: ‘Denkschrift …an den Kaiser,’ in Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft, 50 Jahre Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft und Max-Planck-Gesellschaft: Beiträge und Dokumente. Göttingen: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1961, p. 90.

Chapter 6: From old world to new

‘the elements originated’: quoted in Helge Kragh, Cosmology and Controversy: The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996, p. 105.

Chapter 7: The quintessential

‘tranquilizing philosophy’: Einstein to Schrödinger, May 31, 1928, in Albert Einstein, et al., Letters on Wave Mechanics. New York: Philosophical Library, 1967, p. 31.

‘The more we know’ and ‘The effort to understand’: Steven Weinberg, The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe. 2nd edn. New York: Basic Books, 1993, pp. 154–5.

‘can we actually say’ and ‘we really do not understand’: David Gross, ‘The Major Unknowns in Particle Physics and Cosmology’. In R. Y. Chiao et al., eds., Visions of Discovery: New Light on Physics, Cosmology, and Consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 153, 165.

Further reading

General

Bearman, Peri J. et al., eds. The Encyclopedia of Islam. Leyden: Brill, 2000–. Multivolume electronic resource.

Boyer, Carl B. The Rainbow: From Myth to Mathematics. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987.

Buchwald, Jed, and Robert Fox, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Physics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Bush, Steven. A History of Modern Planetary Physics. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Darrigol, Olivier. A History of Optics from Greek Antiquity to the 19th Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Dijksterhuis, E. J. The Mechanization of the World Picture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961.

Frisinger, H. Howard. The History of Meteorology to 1800. New York: Science History Publications, 1977.

Gillispie, C. C. et al., eds. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 18 vols. New York: Scribners, 1970–81; continued by Noretta Koertge, ed., New DSB, 8 vols, 2008.

Heilbron, J. L., ed. The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Kragh, Helge. Conceptions of Cosmos: From Myths to the Accelerating Universe. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Kragh, Helge. Higher Speculations: Grand Theories and Failed Revolutions in Physics and Cosmology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Lindberg, D. C., and R. L. Numbers et al., eds. The Cambridge History of Science. 6 vols (of 8). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003–.

North, John. Cosmos: An Illustrated History of Astronomy and Cosmology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.

Petruccioli, Sandro et al., eds. Storia della scienza. 10 vols. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 2001–4.

Rossi, Paolo et al., eds. Storia della scienza moderna e contemporanea. 6 vols. Milan: TEA, 2000.

The (US) History of Science Society publishes an indispensable guide to literature in the history of science, now available online at <IsisCB.org>.

Chapter 1: Invention in antiquity

Cohen, Morris R., and I. E. Drabkin, eds. A Source Book in Greek Science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958.

Lucretius. On the Nature of Things. Tr. Ronald Melville. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Ptolemy. Tetrabiblos. Tr. F. E. Robbins. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964.

Stahl, William H. Roman Science: Origins, Development and Influence to the Later Middle Ages. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1962.

Taub, Liba. Ancient Meteorology. London: Routledge, 2003.

Chapter 2: Selection in Islam

Bloom, Jonathan M. Paper before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.

Ihsanoglu, Ekmeleddin. Science, Technology and Learning in the Ottoman Empire. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004.

Makdisi, George. The Rise of Colleges: Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981.

Makdisi, George. The Rise of Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West: With Special Reference to Scholasticism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press 1990.

Masood, Ehsan. Science and Islam: A History. London: Icon, 2009.

Nasr, Sayyid Hussein. Islamic Science: An Illustrated Survey. World of Islam, 1976.

Peters, F. E. Aristotle and the Arabs. New York: New York University Press, 1968.

Rashed, Rashdi, ed. Histoire des sciences arabes. 3 vols. Paris: Seuil, 1997.

Saliba, George. Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007.

Sayili, Aydin. The Observatory in Islam. New York: Arno, 1981.

Turner, Howard R. Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997.

Chapter 3: Domestication in Europe

Clagett, Marshall. The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959.

Copernicus, Nicolas. On the Revolutions. Tr. Edward Rosen. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.

Dante Alighieri. The Divine Comedy. Ed. Charles Singleton. 6 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970–5.

Maier, Annaliese. Studien zur Naturphilosophie der Spätscholastik. 5 vols. Rome: Storia e letteratura, 1949–58.

Yates, Frances A. Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.

Chapter 4: Second creation

Frängsmyr, Tore, J. L. Heilbron, and Robin E. Rider, eds. The Quantifying Spirit in the 18th Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

Friedman, Michael. Kant and the Exact Sciences. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.

Heilbron, J. L. Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study in Early Modern Science. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.

Taton, René, ed. Enseignement et diffusion des sciences en France au xviiie siècle. Paris: Hermann, 1964.

Chapter 5: Classical physics and its cure

Buchwald, Jed. From Maxwell to Microphysics: Aspects of Electromagnetic Theory in the Last Quarter of the 19th Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.

Buchwald, Jed. The Rise of the Wave Theory of Light: Optical Theory and Experiment in the Early 19th Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.

Congrès international de physique réuni à Paris en 1900. Rapports et travaux. 4 vols. Paris: Gautier-Villars, 1900–1.

Darrigol, Olivier. Electrodynamics from Ampère to Einstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Forman, Paul, J. L. Heilbron, and Spencer Weart. Physics circa 1900. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975. (Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, vol. 5.)

Chapter 6: From old world to new

Dahl, Per F. Superconductivity: Its Historical Roots and Development from Mercury to the Ceramic Oxides. New York: American Institute of Physics, 1992.

Fleming, James Rodger, ed. Historical Essays on Meteorology, 1919–1995. Boston: American Meteorological Society, 1996.

Forman, Paul. National Military Establishments and the Advancement of Science and Technology: Studies in 20th Century History. Ed. J. M. Sanchez Ron. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1996.

Forman, Paul. Weimar Culture and Quantum Mechanics: Selected Papers. Ed. Cathryn Carson et al. London: Imperial College Press, 2011.

Glen, William. The Road to Jaramillo: Critical Years of the Revolution in Earth Science. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982.

Heilbron, J. L., and Robert W. Seidel. Lawrence and his Laboratory. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.

Krige, John. American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.

Krige, John, and Dominique Pestre, eds. Science in the Twentieth Century. Amsterdam: Harwood, 1997.

Mendelssohn, Kurt. The Quest for Absolute Zero. London: Taylor & Francis, 1977.