Gypsies and the British imagination, 1807

authors: ambiguous position of; condescension of; conservatism of; detachment of; disapproval of Gypsies by; Gypsies as surrogate self for; idealization of Gypsies by; identification of, with Gypsies; as mediators; moralizing tone of; noble vocation of; as observers; and productivity; as wanderers. See also nostalgia

Aylwin (Watts-Dunton)

Berners, Isopel (Lavengro)

Bertram, Harry (Guy Mannering); disinheritance of

Bible in Spain, The (Borrow)

biological metaphors

Birrell, Augustine: Res Judicate

Blackwood’s (magazine)

bohemianism; attributed to Borrow; “Open Road,”; urban. See also Gypsy lorists

Book of Boswell, The (Boswell)

Book of Gypsy Folktales (Yates)

Borrow, George; ambivalence of; anti-Catholicism of; The Bible in Spain; bohemianism attributed to; gentility, view of; identification of, with Gypsies; and ideology; influence of, on Gypsy lorists; interpretations of; linguistic skills of; popularity of; time spent among Gypsies by; Wild Wales; The Zincali. See also Lavengro; Romany Rye, The

Boswell, Silvester Gordon; The Book of Boswell

Boswell, Silvester (Wester)

Brantlinger, Patrick

Breitmann, Hans. See Leland, Charles

British and Foreign Bible Society

Brontë, Charlotte: Jane Eyre

Brontë, Emily: Wuthering Heights

Brooke, Dorothea (Middlemarch)

Bulwer-Lytton, Edward George: Leila, or, The Siege of Granada

Carlyle, Thomas: Sartor Resartus

“Case of the Missing Hand, The” (Morrison)

Cato Street Conspiracy

Cervantes, Miguel de: La Gitanilla

Chiaroscuro (John)

Clare, John; “The Gipsies Evening Blaze,”; “The Gipsy Camp,”; identification of, with Gypsies; Shepherd’s Calendar, “October” section; time spent among Gypsies by

clearances. See also enclosure movement

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor

Coming of Love, The (Watts-Dunton)

community: imagined; knowable

Conan Doyle, Arthur: “The Adventure of the Speckled Band,”

Confessions of an English Opium Eater (De Quincey)

Corinne, or Italy (Stäel)

Crofton, Henry T.; The Dialect of the English Gypsies

cultural anxieties. See also difference; kidnapping themes; origins, of Gypsies; physical difference; skin color

cultural uniformity, theories of

David Copperfield (Dickens)

De Quincey, Thomas: Confessions of an English Opium Eater

Defoe, Daniel: Moll Flanders; Robinson Crusoe

Deronda, Daniel (Daniel Deronda); and family romance; identity of, development of; as marked by race

Dialect of the English Gypsies, The (Smart and Crofton)

Dialect of the Gypsies of Wales, The (Sampson)

Dickens, Charles: David Copperfield; Little Dorrit; Oliver Twist

difference: cultural anxieties about; historical, Gypsies and Jews compared; and other within; and outsiders; and separated individual. See also physical difference

Dillman, Alfred: Zegeuner-Buch

disinheritance; in Guy Mannering; and separated individual

Disraeli, Benjamin; Tancred, or the New Crusade

Dissertation on the Gipseys (Grellman)

Eliot, George; Adam Bede; family romance in works of; heroes of; heroines of, as exiles; heroines of, as imprisoned; Impressions of Theophrastus Such; “Janet’s Repentance,”; Middlemarch; “The Modern Hep! Hep! Hep!”; nationalism, interest in; Silas Marner. See also Daniel Deronda; Mill on the Floss, The; Spanish Gypsy, The

Ellangowan, laird of (Guy Mannering)

enclosure movement. See also clearances

English Gypsies and Their Language, The (Leland)

exile: and Eliot’s heroines; of Gypsies and Jews compared; scholar-gypsy as; of separated individual. See also imagined community; knowable community

extinction, rhetoric of

Fedalma (The Spanish Gypsy); celibacy required of; choice of identity of, precluded; and family romance; and identity of difference; as leader; as marked by race and gender

folklore movement; women in. See also Gypsy Lore Society; Gypsy lorists

Folk-Lore Society. See also Gypsy Lore Society

fortune-telling, Gypsies associated with

foundling/bastard plots

Frazer, James: The Golden Bough

gender: Gypsy male as feminized; heterodoxy; physical difference as feminized; as physical marker. See also masculinity

“Gipsies Evening Blaze, The” (Clare)

“Gipsy Camp, The” (Clare)

“Gipsy Encampment on Putney Common, A” (von Herkomer)

“Gipsy’s Malison, The” (Lamb)

Gitanilla, La (Cervantes)

Glanvill, Joseph; The Vanity of Dogmatizing

Golden Bough, The (Frazer)

Gomme, George Lawrence

Grahame, Kenneth: The Wind in the Willows

Greek civilization, rejection of

Grellman, Heinrich; Dissertation on the Gipseys

Groome, Esmeralda Lock

Groome, Francis Hindes; “colporteur” theory of; Gypsy Folk-Tales; In Gipsy Tents

Guy Mannering, or, The Astrologer (Scott); clearances in; curse of Meg Merrilies in; deception in; disinheritance in; fortune-telling in; Gypsies as mingled race in; identity in; imperialism in; India in; kidnapping trope in; Lang’s introduction to; memory in; middle way in; observation in; social and economic changes in. See also Merrilies, Meg

Gypsies (Romany): Abraham as possible ancestor of; American (Romanichals); anglicized; as archetypes; authors’ identification with; British (Romanichals); condescension toward; Continental; definitions and terms; eastern European (Rom/Roma); economic and social realities of; equated with animals; “ethnic/cultural” school of origins of; “ethnic/racial” school of origins of; French (bohémiens, manouches); French interest in; German (Sinti); Greek; Hagar as possible ancestor of; and history, exclusion of Gypsies from; and history, inclusion of Gypsies in; as homogenous; Ishmael as possible ancestor of; and Jews, differences from; and Jews, parallels with; literacy of; male, as feminized; as models for human endurance; nostalgia of; as objects of nostalgia; origin of, in Egypt; origin of, in India; as other within; as pastoral figures; as peripheral; political identity of; as remnants of ten lost tribes of Israel; Romanian; Russian; and Schmul and Rom-Schmul story; as semihuman; sexuality of; as victims; Welsh; writings by. See also Holocaust; literary representation of Gypsies; origins, of Gypsies; Scottish Gypsies

Gypsies, characteristics attributed to: arcane knowledge; begging; changelessness; contaminating influence; criminality; cyclical movement; detachment; fortune-telling; freedom from restrictions; gender heterodoxy; homelessness; immorality; innocence; lack of productivity; primitiveness; sexual difference; vagrancy; wandering. See also kidnapping themes; literary representation of Gypsies

“Gypsies” (Wordsworth); Arnold’s allusions to; disapproval of Gypsies in

Gypsies, The (Leland)

Gypsy Folk-Tales (Groome)

Gypsy Information Agency

Gypsy Lore Society; ideology of; as semiprofessional; theatricality of. See also Gypsy lorists; Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society

Gypsy lorists: as anti-assimilationists; caravaning of; collection and interpretation of folktales by; contradictions in research of; diffusionists among; empiricism of; evolutionists among; extinction, rhetoric of; influences on; intermarriage research by; nostalgia of; purity, search for; racism of, alleged; scholar-gypsy as prototype for; sexuality of; women researchers among. See also Gypsy Lore Society

Heathcliff (Wuthering Heights)

Helsinger, Elizabeth

Herbert, Christopher

Herne, Mrs. (Lavengro)

heroines: choice of identity of, precluded; as exiles; as imprisoned; light and dark tradition of

Historical Survey of the Customs, Habits, & Present State of the Gypsies, A (Hoyland)

history: exclusion of Gypsies from; inclusion of Gypsies in; Jews tied to; Romani as key to

homecoming/return theme

Hoyland, John; A Historical Survey of the Customs, Habits, & Present State of the Gypsies

identification with Gypsies; as projection; as self-referential

identity; alternative; choice of, precluded; group; in Guy Mannering; and Jews. See also family romance

immortality. See also Gypsies, characteristics attributed to: changelessness

In Gipsy Tents (Groome)

“In Praise of Gypsies” (Symons)

India, in Guy Mannering

individual, separated; exile of; as pariah

intermarriage; in Boswell family; Gypsy lorists’ research on; theories of

Italy, unification of

Jews; circumcision of; and gentility; and Gypsies, differences from; and Gypsies, parallels with; homeland for; and loss of identity

John, Augustus; Chiaroscuro; Lyric Fantasy (Blue Lake); on Nazis; romantic involvements of

Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society

kidnapping themes; in Guy Mannering; revision of

Knapp, William Ireland

Lady Chatterley’s Lover (Lawrence)

Lamb, Charles: “The Gipsy’s Malison,”

language: as agent of intimacy; Anglo-Romani; and Indian origin hypothesis; as key to history; in Lavengro; and Oedipal struggle; and origin of Gypsies; Romani; in The Romany Rye; and spiritual meaning; ur-Romani

Lavengro (Borrow); as anti-bildung; boxing imagery in; language in; man in black in; masculinity and ambition in; as mock memoir; nostalgia in; Oedipal struggle in; self-critique in; setting of

Lavengro (Lavengro; The Romany Rye); emerging sense of self of; and family romance; on intermarriage; as linguist; and Petulengro; poisoning of; romantic relationship of

Lawrence, D. H.: Lady Chatterley’s Lover; The Virgin and the Gypsy

Leila, or, The Siege of Granada (Bulwer-Lytton)

Leland, Charles; The English Gypsies and Their Language; The Gypsies; Memoirs

literary representation of Gypsies; dissociation in; revision of. See also Gypsies, characteristics attributed to

Little Dorrit (Dickens)

Lock, Esmeralda. See Groome, Esmeralda Lock

Lyric Fantasy (Blue Lake) (John)

male, feminized: Gypsy; and physical difference

Mannering, Guy (Guy Mannering)

Mannering, Julia (Guy Mannering)

Mansfield Park (Austen)

Marner, Silas (Silas Marner)

masculinity; Gypsy male as feminized. See also gender

Mayall, David; on racial purity theories

“Meg Merrilies” (Keats)

memory; and group identity; primal; in “The Scholar-Gipsy,”

Merrilies, Meg (Guy Mannering); archetypal role of; Bertram’s reunion with; curse of; heterodox gender identity of; and memory; as model for other works; in popular culture; precursors of

Middlemarch (Eliot)

Mill on the Floss, The (Eliot); family romance in; gender heterodoxy in

Mitford, Mary Russell; Our Village

modern life; contamination by; dissent against; and extinction, threat of; and Greek civilization, rejection of; Gypsy as focus for; Gypsy view of; as oppressive; and passage of time. See also enclosure movement

Moll Flanders (Defoe)

monogenesis, theory of

Mordecai (Daniel Deronda)

Morrison, Arthur: “The Case of the Missing Hand,”

motherhood: portrayals of, by Gypsy lorists; symbolic. See also Merrilies, Meg

My Gypsy Days (Yates)

nostalgia: of Arnold; and Borrow’s reception history; of Gypsies; Gypsies as objects of; of Gypsy lorists; in Lavengro

Oedipal struggle; and language

Oliver Twist (Dickens)

“Open Road” bohemianism

origins, of Gypsies; and ancestral associations; Egyptian hypothesis of; and extinction, rhetoric of; and fantasy of escape; Indian hypothesis of; and language; mystery of; schools of thought on; and written record

Our Village (Mitford)

Petulengro, Jasper (Lavengro)

physical difference; of deformed body; as feminized; and hereditary conditions; invisible; of light and dark heroines; as metaphor for unconventionality; of racially marked body. See also difference

picaresque tradition

picturesque, aesthetic of

Pott, August Friedrich: Die Zigeuner in Europe und Asien

primitive, Gypsies associated with

racially marked body

racism, alleged of Gypsy lorists

“Raggle Taggle Gypsy, The,”

Rebecca (Ivanhoe); as model for other heroines

representation. See literary representation of Gypsies

Res Judicate (Birrell)

“Resignation (To Fausta)” (Arnold)

Robinson Crusoe (Defoe)

Rochester, Edward (Jane Eyre)

Romani (language); dictionaries of

Romani Archives and Documentation Center

Romany. See Gypsies

Romany Rye, The (Borrow); Abraham story in; anti-Catholicism in; as anti-pastoral; influence of, on Gypsy lorists; language in; man in black in; as mock memoir; origins in; romantic desire in; Sampson’s introduction to

Romany ryes; Borrow’s invention of. See also Gypsy lorists; scholar-gypsy

Rossetti, Dante Gabriel

Sampson, John; as auto-didact; caravaning by; The Dialect of the Gypsies of Wales; funeral of; introduction to The Romany Rye by; The Wind on the Heath; Yates’s research for

Sartor Resartus (Carlyle)

“Scholar-Gipsy, The” (Arnold); gender in; Gypsies as mythic beings in; kidnapping plot in; memory in; observation in

scholar-gypsy; as feminized; susceptibility of, to change. See also Romany ryes

scholar-gypsy (“The Scholar-Gipsy”); as exile; as feminized; as prototype for Gypsy lorist

Scott, Walter; ancestry of; conservatism of; Ivanhoe; Waverly. See also Guy Mannering, or, The Astrologer

Scott Macfie Collection of Books on Gypsy Lore

Scottish Gypsies: as hybrid and ancestral people; inclusion of, in history

sexuality: exotic; expressed through language; passive; promiscuous, attributed to Gypsies

Shepherd’s Calendar, The (“October” section) (Clare)

Silas Marner (Eliot)

skin color. See also physical difference

Smart, B. C.: The Dialect of the English Gypsies

Smith, Adam; referred to in Guy Mannering

Smith, Harriet (Emma)

Spanish Gypsy, The (Eliot); ambivalence of; family romance in; homeland for Gypsies in; inadequacy of Gypsy to purposes of; individual liberty vs. general good in; nationalist project in; research notes for

Stäel, Madame de: Corinne, or Italy

Stocking, George W., Jr.

Stoker, Bram: Dracula

Symons, Arthur; “In Praise of Gypsies,”

“Thyrsis” (Arnold)

Trollope, Anthony: The Way We Live Now

Tulliver, Maggie (The Mill on the Floss); and family romance

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

university, escape from

Vale of Cedars, The (Aguilar)

Vanity of Dogmatizing, The (Glanvill)

Victoria (queen of England)

Virgin and the Gypsy, The (Lawrence)

von Herkomer, Hubert: “A Gipsy Encampment on Putney Common,”

Watts-Dunton, Theodore; Aylwin; The Coming of Love

Way We Live Now, The (Trollope)

Wild Wales (Borrow)

Williams, Ralph Vaughan

Wind in the Willows, The (Grahame)

Wind on the Heath, The (Sampson)

Wordsworth, William; ambivalence of, toward Gypsies; “Beggars,”; disapproval of Gypsies; “Now We Are Seven,”; “Resolution and Independence,”; “Sequel to ‘Beggars’ Composed Many Years After,”; “Tintern Abbey,”. See also “Gypsies”