Index

A

  • adjustable triangles
  • aerial view
  • altitude
  • analytical drawing
  • angles, drawing
  • angle of view
  • arcs, drawing
  • architect's scales
  • architectural drafting. See drafting
  • architectural drawing systems. See drawing systems
  • architectural presentations. See also presentation drawings
  • arrows
  • assumed north
  • atmospheric perspective
  • axial lines
  • axis of symmetry
  • axonometric projections
  • azimuth

B

  • background
    • for building elevations
    • and cone of vision
    • for freehand drawing
    • and landscaping elements
  • base drawings
  • bearing
  • Bézier, Pierre
  • Bézier curves
  • BIM (building information modeling)
  • binocular vision
  • blur, perspective
  • boxes, presentation drawing
  • break lines
  • broken lines
  • brushes, drafting
  • building elevations
    • in architectural presentations
    • arrangement and orientation
    • defined
    • materials, representing
    • scale and detail
    • spatial depth cues
    • tonal values in
    • trees in
  • building information modeling (BIM)
  • building materials, representing
  • building sections. See also section drawings

C

  • C (center of vision)
  • CAD. See computer-aided design/drafting
  • cars
  • CAV (central axis of vision)
  • ceiling plans
  • centerlines
  • center of vision (C)
  • central axis of vision (CAV)
  • charcoal pencils
  • circles
    • in paraline drawings
    • in perspective drawings
    • shadows cast by
    • tangent
  • circle templates
  • circulation diagrams
  • clarity, in architectural presentations
  • clipping planes
    • in floor plan
    • for section drawings
  • coldpress illustration boards
  • color. See tonal values
  • columns
  • compasses
  • composition (freehand drawing)
  • computer-aided design/drafting (CAD). See also digital drawing
    • analytical drawing
    • Bézier curves
    • for communicating design ideas
    • defined
    • for design drawings
    • digital layers
    • digital line weights
    • digital templates
    • floor plans
    • furniture element libraries
    • line weights
    • manipulating perspective views with
    • paraline views with
    • poché with
    • projection systems
    • 3D site models
    • wireframe model
  • concept diagrams
  • condensed typefaces
  • Condominium Unit No. 5, Sea Ranch, California
  • cone of vision
  • construction drawings
  • construction sections
  • context
    • buildings in
    • furniture in
    • landscaping in
    • people in
    • reflections in
    • in section drawings
    • vehicles in
  • continuity, in architectural presentations
  • continuity of outline
  • contour drawing
  • contour interval
  • contour line
  • convergence
  • crosshatching
  • cubes
  • curved lines
  • curved surfaces
  • curvilinear shapes
  • cutaway views
  • cut elements

D

  • dashed lines
    • in floor plans
    • for phantom views
    • for section cuts
    • in site plans
  • depth. See spatial depth
  • design drawings
  • design sections
  • detail
    • in architectural drawings
    • in building elevations
    • in building sections
    • in digital drawings
    • in expanded views
    • in floor plans
    • in freehand drawings
    • for interior elevations
    • with vehicles
  • diagonal point (DP)
  • diagonal point method
  • diagonals, method of
  • diagramming
    • design issues addressed by
    • elements of
    • in freehand drawing
    • and parti
    • principles of
    • relationships
  • digital drawing. See also computer-aided design/drafting (CAD)
    • colors and tonal values
    • detail
    • diagramming
    • experimentation with
    • floor plans
    • guides
    • layers
    • lighting
    • lines
    • line quality
    • line weights
    • measurements with
    • multiplication
    • paraline views
    • presentation drawings
    • scale
    • shade and shadows
    • shapes
    • stylus for
    • subdivision
    • templates
    • tonal values
    • transformations
  • digital images
    • figures
    • furniture elements
    • trees
  • digital presentations
  • digital stylus
  • digital templates
  • digital typography
  • digital viewpoints
  • digital walk-through
  • dimetric projection
  • dimetric view
  • distorted perspective views
  • distortion
    • and cone of vision
    • in elevation obliques
    • and perspective variables
  • doors
  • dots
  • DP (diagonal point)
  • drafting
    • general principles for
    • techniques (See drafting techniques)
  • drafting brushes
  • drafting film
  • drafting powder
  • drafting tape
  • drafting techniques
    • analytical drawings
    • angles
    • Bézier curves
    • crosshatching
    • curved lines
    • digital multiplication
    • digital shapes
    • digital subdivision
    • digital transformations
    • drawing lines
    • general principles
    • hatching
    • modeling
    • parallel lines
    • pencil technique
    • perpendicular lines
    • scribbling
    • shapes
    • stippling
    • subdivisions
    • tonal values
  • drafting triangles. See triangles
  • drawing from observation
  • drawing guides
  • drawing ink
  • drawing leads. See leads, drawing
  • drawing programs. See computer-aided design/drafting (CAD); digital drawing
  • drawing surfaces
  • drawing systems
    • and communication of design ideas
    • multiview drawings
    • paraline drawings
    • perspective drawings
    • pictorial systems
    • projection drawing
    • scale and detail in
  • drawing tools and materials
    • aids, drawing
    • guides, drawing
    • leads
    • pencils
    • pens
    • scales, drawing
    • surfaces, drawing

E

  • edges, modeling
  • efficiency, in architectural presentations
  • elevations
    • building, (See also building elevations)
    • defined
    • interior
  • elevation obliques
    • characteristics of
    • creating
    • defined
    • orientation of
    • for paraline drawings
  • elevation view
  • ellipse
  • engineer's scales
  • erasers
  • erasing shields
  • expanded views
  • experiential view
  • exploded views
  • exterior perspectives

F

  • Falling Water (Frank Lloyd Wright)
  • figures, human. See people, drawings of
  • fill, digital shape
  • film, drafting
  • floor plans
    • in architectural presentations
    • CAD
    • characteristics
    • digital plans
    • doors in
    • drawing
    • plan cut for
    • and plan obliques
    • poché
    • scale and detail
    • section drawings vs.
    • and site plans
    • spatial depth
    • stairs in
    • tonal values with
    • trees in
    • windows in
  • fly-through, digital
  • foreground
    • for building elevations
    • and cone of vision
    • in freehand drawing
    • and interior perspectives
    • and landscaping elements
  • foreshortening
    • and axonometric projections
    • in paraline drawings
    • in perspective drawings
  • formal diagrams
  • fountain pens
  • four-center method, paraline circle drawings
  • framing
  • free-form shapes
  • freehand drawing
    • analytical approach to
    • and building a drawing
    • composition in
    • contour drawing
    • diagramming in
    • from observation
    • parti in
    • subjects for
    • travel sketching
  • French curves
  • “front and back” clipping planes
  • front view, orthographic projection
  • furniture

G

  • gel pens
  • geometric shapes, analytical drawing
  • GL (ground line)
  • global illumination
  • GP (ground plane)
  • grades, graphite lead
  • graphic images
  • graphic primitives
  • graphic scales
  • graphic symbols
  • graphite leads
  • grid lines
  • grids (presentation drawings)
  • ground line (GL)
  • ground plane (GP)
  • guides, drawing

H

  • hand drawing, digital drawing vs.
  • hand lettering
  • hatching
  • head, human
  • highlights
  • “hither and yon” clipping planes
  • horizon line (HL)
  • horizontal cut
  • horizontal limit, freehand drawing
  • horizontal plane
  • hotpress illustration boards
  • human figures. See people, drawings of

I

  • illumination
  • illustration boards
  • image-processing software
  • inclined lines
  • ink
  • interior elevations
  • interior perspectives
  • interior spaces
  • International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
  • isometric drawings
  • isometric projection
  • isometric view

K

  • Klee, Paul

L

  • landscaping
  • law of simultaneous contrast
  • leads, drawing
    • for compasses
    • for hatching
    • and line weights
    • taper of point
    • types and grades
  • lead holder pencils
  • lettering, presentation drawing
  • light
  • light rays, paraline views
  • light values
  • lines
    • in analytical drawing
    • Bézier curves
    • curved
    • in diagramming
    • drawing
    • drawing leads and
    • in freehand sketches
    • in orthographic projection
    • parallel/perpendicular (See also parallel lines)
    • in presentation drawings
    • quality of
    • technical pens and
    • types of
    • weights
  • line-and-tone technique
  • linear perspective
    • in freehand drawing
    • shadows in
  • line quality
  • line weights
    • for building elevations
    • defining plan cut with
    • defining section cut with
    • digital
    • for digital floor plans
    • drawing lead choices for
    • in floor plans
    • and limitations of CAD/BIM technologies
    • in section drawings
    • for spatial depth cues
  • local illumination
  • lowercase lettering

M

  • masking tape, drafting tape vs.
  • materials
    • building (See building materials)
    • drawing (See drawing tools and materials)
  • measuring line (ML)
  • measuring point (MP)
  • mechanical pencils. See also pencils
  • method of diagonals
  • method of triangles
  • metric scales
  • middle ground
    • for building elevations
    • and cone of vision
    • for freehand drawing
    • and landscaping elements
  • ML (measuring line)
  • modeling
  • monocular vision
  • Moore, Lyndon, Turnbull, Whitaker (MLTW)
  • MP (measuring point)
  • multiplication, digital
  • multiview drawings
    • axonometric projection vs.
    • ceiling plans
    • elements of
    • elevations
    • floor plans
    • perspective drawings vs.
    • plans (in general)
    • point of view in
    • sections
    • shade and shadows in

N

  • negative shapes
  • nibs, fountain pen
  • nonaxial lines
  • nonphoto blue leads
  • north, assumed
  • north arrows

O

  • objective view
  • objects, buildings as
  • oblique projection. See also elevation obliques; plan obliques
    • defined
    • orientation of
    • perspective projection vs.
  • observation, drawing from. See also freehand drawing
  • one-point perspective
    • characteristics of
    • grid construction
    • perspective variables with
  • orientation
    • of building elevations
    • of interior elevations
    • in site plans
  • orthographic projection
    • axonometric projection vs.
    • defined
    • elevations (See elevations)
    • interior elevations
    • for multiview drawings, (See also multiview drawings)
    • people in
    • sections
    • spatial depth cues in
    • of straight line
  • outline, continuity of
  • overlap

P

  • page layout programs
  • paraline drawings
    • in architectural presentations
    • circles and freeform shapes in
    • constructing
    • cutaway views
    • digital views
    • elements of
    • elevation obliques
    • expanded views
    • experiential vs. objective views
    • isometric
    • people in
    • perspective drawings vs.
    • phantom views
    • pictorial characteristics
    • plan obliques
    • point of view in
    • sequential views
    • shade and shadows in
    • small-scale objects in
    • spatial depth cues in
    • tonal values in
    • trees in
    • types of
    • views in
  • parallel lines
    • and convergence
    • for crosshatching
    • drawing
    • in drawing programs
    • for hatching
    • inclined
    • and lines oblique to picture plane
    • in oblique projection
    • in paraline drawings
    • in perspective drawings
    • and perspective measurements
    • in reflections
    • shadows cast by
    • and two-point perspective
  • parallel rules
  • parti
  • pens
    • for contour drawing
    • for freehand drawing
    • gauging line lengths/angles with
    • hand technique for
    • hatching with
    • stippling with
  • pencils
    • for contour drawing
    • for freehand drawing
    • gauging line lengths/angles with
    • and gray scale
    • hand technique for
    • leads for
    • taper of point
  • pencil sharpeners
  • people, drawings of
    • activity
    • in architectural presentations
    • in building sections
    • digital figures
    • in freehand drawing
    • furniture with
    • proportion
    • in section drawings
    • size
    • spatial depth
    • vehicles with
  • perspective blur
  • perspective drawings
    • in architectural presentations
    • CAD
    • circles in
    • digital viewpoints
    • elements in
    • elements of
    • inclined lines in
    • linear perspective in
    • measurements in
    • multiview drawings vs.
    • one-point perspective in
    • people in
    • pictorial characteristics
    • pictorial effects
    • point of view in
    • projection in
    • reflections in
    • section perspective in
    • shade and shadows in
    • stairs in
    • tonal values in
    • two-point perspective in
    • types of perspective in
    • variables in
  • perspective-plan view
  • perspective projection
    • defined
    • and inclined lines
    • for perspective drawings
  • perspective view
  • phantom line
  • phantom views
  • photographs
  • photorealism, drawbacks of
  • Piazza San Marco (Venice)
  • pictorial zones
  • picture plane (PP)
  • placement, graphic symbols
  • plans
  • planar corners
  • plan cut
  • plane figures, shadows cast by
  • planes
    • and angle of view
    • and building elevations
    • in elevation obliques
    • in orthographic projection
    • in paraline drawings
    • in plan obliques
    • and reflections
    • of section cuts
  • plan obliques
    • characteristics of
    • for circles and freeform shapes
    • creating
    • defined
    • isometric drawings vs.
    • orientation
    • for paraline drawings
  • plan view
    • furniture in
    • and orthographic projections
    • shade and shadows in
  • plastic leads
  • plotters
  • poché
    • digital
    • for digital floor plans
    • in section drawings
  • point of view (architectural presentations)
  • point of view (observer's)
    • in digital views
    • and measuring point method for two-point perspective
    • multiview drawings
    • and one-point perspective grid construction
    • paraline drawings
    • perspective drawings
    • in perspective drawings
    • and two-point perspective drawings
    • and two-point perspective grid
  • polygonal figures, shadows cast by
  • positive shapes
  • posts
  • pounce powder
  • powder, drafting
  • PP (picture plane)
  • presentation drawings
    • drawing relationships in
    • elements of
    • formats for
    • graphic symbols in
    • lettering in
    • visual sets in
  • presentation software
  • printers
  • profile, shadow's
  • programmatic diagrams
  • projection systems
  • project titles
  • property lines
  • proportion, human figures
  • protractors
  • pure-tone drawings

Q

  • quality, line

R

  • ray casting
  • ray tracing
  • rectangles, subdividing
  • rectilinear objects
  • reflected ceiling plans
  • reflections
  • regulating lines
  • relative proximity
  • relative size
  • rendering context. See context
  • rendering tonal values. See tonal values
  • roof plans
  • rule of thirds

S

  • sandpaper, as pencil sharpener
  • sans-serif typefaces
  • scale
    • for architectural drawings
    • for building elevations
    • for building sections
    • for digital drawings
    • for expanded views
    • for floor plans
    • graphic
    • for interior elevations
    • landscaping to establish
    • for multiview drawings
    • and one-point perspective grid construction
  • scales, drawing
  • scribbling
  • section arrows
  • section cuts
    • and building elevations
    • for complex and irregular forms
    • defining
    • digital
  • section drawings
    • building
    • defined
    • digital poché
    • digital sections
    • with graphics software
    • poché
    • scale and detail in
    • section cuts
    • site sections
    • spatial depth
    • tonal values in
    • trees in
  • section lines
  • section perspective
  • sequence of subject matter, architectural presentations
  • sequential views
  • serial vision
  • serif typefaces
  • shade and shadows
    • defined
    • digital
    • in freehand drawings
    • in multiview drawings
    • in paraline views
    • in perspective views
    • plan vs. elevation views of
    • in site plans
    • as spatial depth cue
  • shade line
  • shadow line
  • shadow plane
  • shapes, drawing
  • side view, orthographic projection
  • sight lines
    • and cone of vision
    • defined
    • in linear perspective
    • and perspective projection
    • and perspective view of circles
    • and reflections
  • simultaneous contrast, law of
  • single-view drawings. See also paraline drawings
  • site diagrams
  • site plans
    • drawings
    • scale and orientation in
    • shade and shadows in
    • topography in
  • site sections
  • size, projected
  • sizing (freehand drawing)
  • sketch-grade tracing papers
  • sketching. See freehand drawing
  • slide shows
  • smart guides
  • solids, shadows cast by
  • solid lines
  • SP (station point)
  • spatial depth
    • in building elevations
    • in elevations
    • extending
    • in floor plans
    • and one-point perspective
    • in orthographic projection
    • in paraline drawings
    • in section drawings
    • subdividing
    • tonal values to enhance
  • spatial edges
  • squares
    • and perspective view of circle
    • and shadow of circle
    • subdividing
  • stairs
  • station point (SP)
  • stippling
  • straight line, shadow cast by
  • stroke, digital shape
  • stylus, digital
  • sun angle
  • sunlight
  • surface lines
  • surfaces, drawing
  • system diagrams

T

  • tangents
  • tape, drafting
  • technical pens
  • techniques. See drafting techniques
  • templates
  • text, on presentation drawings. See also lettering
  • texture
  • texture perspective
  • 3D CAD programs
    • analytical model
    • digital layers
    • modeling of solids
    • paraline views
    • perspective views
    • projection systems
    • site models
    • wireframe model
  • 3D modeling programs
    • analytical model
    • colors and tonal values
    • digital layers
    • floor plans
    • lines
    • paraline views
    • perspective measurements
    • projection systems
    • section drawings
    • serial vision
    • shade and shadows
    • site models
    • wireframe model
  • three-point perspectives
  • titles
  • tonal values
    • in architectural drawings
    • in building elevations
    • conveying light with
    • creating
    • for floor plans
    • in freehand drawings
    • of landscape elements
    • and modeling
    • in presentation drawings
    • in section drawings
    • shade and shadows (See shade and shadows)
    • in site plans
    • and texture
    • value scale
  • tools. See drawing tools and materials
  • tooth
  • topography
  • top view, orthographic projection
  • tracing paper
  • transformations
  • travel sketching
  • trees
  • trial layouts
  • triangles (drawing guide)
    • for drawing angles
    • for drawing shadows in perspective views
    • for elevation obliques
    • for hand lettering
    • for lettering
    • for parallel/perpendicular lines
    • for plan obliques
  • trimetric projection
  • trimetric view
  • trucks
  • T-squares
  • 2D CAD programs
  • 2D drawing programs
    • colors and tonal values with
    • digital templates in
    • paraline views with
  • 2D vector-based drawing programs
  • two-point perspectives
    • characteristics of
    • grid construction for
    • measuring point method for
    • perspective variables with
    • shade and shadows in
  • typefaces

U

  • unity, in architectural presentations
  • urban spaces
  • utility lines

V

  • vanishing point (VP)
  • vanishing point for an inclined set of lines (VPi)
  • vanishing trace (VT)
  • Vanna Venturi House, Philadelphia
  • vector-based drawing programs
  • vector drawings
  • vector images
  • vehicles, drawings of
  • vellum
  • Venturi, Robert
  • vertical limit, freehand drawing
  • vertical measuring line (VML)
  • views (in paraline drawings)
    • cutaway
    • digital
    • expanded
    • phantom
    • sequential
  • vision
  • visual weight, graphic symbols
  • VML (vertical measuring line)
  • VP (vanishing point)
  • VPi (vanishing point for an inclined set of lines)
  • VT (vanishing trace)

W

  • walk-through, digital
  • walls
    • edge view
    • in floor plans
    • in interior elevations
  • water
  • white space
  • windows
  • window sills
  • wooden drawing pencils
  • worm's-eye view
  • Wright, Frank Lloyd