1 Sakharov, Memoirs, pp. 51–2.
2 Ibid.
3 Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, pp. 31, 109–10.
4 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 136.
5 Taugar, ‘Stalin, Soviet agriculture, and collectivisation’, pp. 110–11.
6 Ibid., p. 130.
7 Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, pp. 163–4, 181.
8 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 18, Case 344, pp. 5–6.
9 Ibid.
10 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 15, Case 305, pp. 23–4.
11 Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, pp. 180–81.
12 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 15, Case 305, p. 48.
13 Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, p. 182.
14 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, p. 6.
15 Bordiugov, ‘The popular mood’, p. 59.
16 Volin, A Century, p. 281.
17 Ibid., p. 275; Dunn, The Soviet Economy, p. 43. The Germans occupied about 40 per cent of crop land, 84 per cent of sugar-producing land, and captured about 40 per cent of beef and dairy cattle, and 60 per cent of the Soviet Union’s pigs.
18 Volin, A Century, pp. 276–9; Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, pp. 187–8.
19 Miller, ‘Impact and aftermath of World War II’, p. 286.
20 Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, p. 286.
21 Nove, ‘Soviet peasantry in World War II’, pp. 82–3.
22 In comparison women made up 40 per cent of the agricultural labour force in 1940. Erickson, ‘Soviet women at war’, p. 56; Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, p. 149.
23 Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 382.
24 Volin, A Century, p. 288.
25 Ibid., p. 285.
26 Nove, ‘Soviet peasantry in World War II’, pp. 82–3.
27 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 118.
28 Ibid., p. 126.
29 Braithwaite, Moscow 1941, pp. 123–4.
30 Volin, A Century, p. 285; Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, p. 102.
31 Dunn, The Soviet Economy, p. 43.
32 Linz, ‘World War II and Soviet economic growth’, p. 21; Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, p. 80.
33 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 10.
34 Ibid.
35 Medvedev, Soviet Agriculture, p. 135.
36 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 15, Case 305, p. 17.
37 Sakharov, Memoirs, p. 57.
38 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, pp. 85–6.
39 Ibid., pp. 83–4.
40 14 October 1944, J. A. Alexander Papers 1892–1983, NLA, MS2389.
41 Nove, ‘Soviet peasantry in World War II’, p. 85.
42 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, pp. 101, 178.
43 Tuyll, Feeding the Bear, p. 138.
44 Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, p. 276.
1 Talib, ‘Memory and its historical context’, p. 131.
2 Dower, Embracing Defeat, p. 91.
3 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, pp. 43, 87.
4 Ibid., p. 47; Dower, Embracing Defeat, p. 91.
5 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, pp. 42, 89, 160–62.
6 Morris-Suzuki, Showa, pp. 40–41.
7 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, pp. 129–30.
8 Ibid., p. 135.
9 Ibid., p. 169.
10 Ibid., pp. 140, 152; Cwiertka, ‘Popularizing a military diet’, pp. 7, 14–15; Cwiertka, Modern Japanese Cuisine, pp. 77, 129.
11 Onn, Malaya Upside Down, p. 175.
12 Milward, War, Economy and Society, pp. 258–9.
13 Soviak, A Diary of Darkness, p. 202.
14 Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, pp. 189–90.
15 Partner, ‘Daily life’, p. 154.
16 Dore, Shinohata, p. 54.
17 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, pp. 98–101.
18 Cook and Cook, Japan at War, p. 188.
19 Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, p. 190.
20 Ibid., pp. 185, 191.
21 Lamer, The World Fertilizer Economy, pp. 547–54; Milward, War, Economy and Society, p. 277.
22 Frank, Downfall, p. 81.
23 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, p. 109.
24 Ibid., p. 126.
25 Dore, Shinohata, p. 54.
26 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, pp. 126–7.
27 Havens, Valley of Darkness, pp. 100–101.
28 Ibid.
29 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, p. 123.
30 Havens, Valley of Darkness, pp. 99–100.
31 Soviak, Diary of Darkness, p. 338.
32 Johnston states that rice yields fell by only 4 per cent but Martin, the more modern scholar, gives figures of total production in millions of metric tons of rice falling between 1939 and 1945 from 11.5 to 6.6, wheat from 1.7 to 0.9 and barley from 0.8 to 0.5. Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, p. 192; Johnston, Japanese Food Management, p. 128.
33 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, p. 137.
34 Kratoska, ‘The impact of the Second World War’, p. 9.
35 Ibid., p. 18.
36 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, pp. 135, 137.
37 Scott, ‘The problems of food supply’, pp. 270–71.
38 Peattie, ‘Nanshin’, pp. 239–40.
39 Kratoska, ‘The impact of the Second World War’, p. 9.
40 Scott, ‘The problems of food supply’, p. 275.
41 Kheng, ‘Memory as history’, p. 32.
42 Akashi, ‘Japanese policy towards the Malayan Chinese’, pp. 66–7.
43 Ibid., pp. 67–9.
44 Kheng, ‘Memory as history’, p. 33; Duus, ‘Introduction. Japan’s wartime empire’, pp. xxv–vi.
45 Akashi, ‘Japanese policy towards the Malayan Chinese’, p. 71.
46 Frank, Downfall, p. 161.
47 Kratoska, ‘The impact of the Second World War’, pp. 18, 22.
48 Kurasawa, ‘Transportation and rice distribution’, p. 33.
49 Kratoska, ‘The impact of the Second World War’, p. 22.
50 Scott, ‘The problems of food supply’, p. 280.
51 Kurasawa, ‘Transportation and rice distribution’, p. 33.
52 Ahmad, ‘The Malay community’, p. 70.
53 Ibid., p. 78.
54 Ibid., p. 73.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid., pp. 48–9, 51.
57 Ibid., pp. 60–61.
58 Onn, Malaya Upside Down, p. 46.
59 Kratoska, The Japanese Occupation, pp. 265–6.
60 Onn, Malaya Upside Down, p. 44.
61 Ibid., p. 35.
62 Ibid., p. 44; Scott, ‘The problems of food supply’, p. 275.
63 Onn, Malaya Upside Down, pp. 35, 44; Kratoska, ‘Introduction’, p. 6.
64 Ahmad, ‘The Malay community’, p. 49.
65 Onn, Malaya Upside Down, pp. 48–9.
66 Harper, The End of Empire, p. 43.
67 Kratoska, The Japanese Occupation, p. 262.
68 Ibid., p. 255.
69 Onn, Malaya Upside Down, pp. 176–7.
70 Kratoska, ‘Malayan food shortages’, p. 109.
71 Dung, ‘Japan’s role in the Vietnamese starvation’, p. 587.
72 Ibid., pp. 589–92.
73 Scott, ‘The problems of food supply’, p. 280.
74 Dung, ‘Japan’s role in the Vietnamese starvation’, p. 607.
75 Ibid., p. 575.
76 Bose, ‘Starvation amidst plenty’, p. 724.
77 Dung, ‘Japan’s role in the Vietnamese starvation’, p. 576.
78 Furuta, ‘A survey of village conditions’, p. 237.
79 Dung, ‘Japan’s role in the Vietnamese starvation’, pp. 613–14.
80 Kratoska, ‘The impact of the Second World War’, p. 24.
81 Anh, ‘Japanese food policies’, p. 223.
82 Parillo, The Japanese Merchant Marine, p. 204.
83 Martin, ‘Japans Kriegswirtschaft’, pp. 261–2.
84 Martin, Japan and Germany, pp. 143–4.
85 Parillo, The Japanese Merchant Marine, pp. 9–10.
86 Ibid., p. 15.
87 Ibid., p. 166.
88 Ibid., pp. 88, 204.
89 Ibid., p. 111.
90 Jose, ‘Food production’, p. 75.
91 Kerkvliet, ‘Withdrawal and resistance’, p. 303.
92 Jose, ‘Food production’, pp. 75, 90.
93 Kerkvliet, ‘Withdrawal and resistance’, p. 311.
94 Ibid., p. 308.
95 Ibid., p. 313.
96 Ibid., p. 311.
97 Sato, ‘Oppression and romanticism’, p. 177.
98 Kurasawa, ‘Transportation and rice’, p. 34.
99 Reid, ‘Indonesia’, p. 20; Sato, ‘Oppression and romanticism’, p. 168.
100 Kennett, G.I., p. 187.
101 Jessup, Changi Diary, NLA, MS 3924, p. 52.
102 Frank, Downfall, p. 160.
103 Jessup, Changi Diary, NLA, MS 3924, p. 35.
104 Ibid., p. 51.
105 Ibid., p. 54.
106 Ibid., p. 67.
107 Ibid., pp. 86, 91.
108 Teruko Blair, interviewed March 2006.
109 Shin’ichi, Manchuria, pp. 204–5.
110 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, p. 145.
111 Japanese Pamphlet No. 19, AWM 54 423/5/22 Air Dept. Wellington N.Z. Japanese Pamphlets.
112 Ibid.
113 Ibid.
114 Shin’ichi, Manchuria, p. 205.
115 Ibid.
1 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, p. 72.
2 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 2.
3 Ibid., p. 295.
4 Mitter, Modern China, pp. 38–9.
5 Ibid., p. 44.
6 Ibid.
7 Ven, War and Nationalism, pp. 15–16.
8 Wang, ‘Urban life in China’s wars’, p. 95.
9 Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’, p. 158.
10 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, pp. 60–61.
11 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 275.
12 Shen, ‘Food production’, p. 168; MacKinnon, ‘Refugee flight’, p. 122.
13 Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’, p. 159.
14 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 295.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid., pp. 256–7; Ellis, The World War II Databook, p. 229.
17 Shen, ‘Food production’, p. 176; Ven, War and Nationalism, pp. 260–61.
18 Ven, War and Nationalism, pp. 260, 268.
19 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, pp. 74–5.
20 Bayly and Harper, Forgotten Armies, pp. 3, 89.
21 US Army Air Forces Statistical Digest, World War II, Table 211 – ATC Operations from Assam, India, to China (over the Hump): Jan 1943 to Aug 1945, http://www.usaaf.net/digest/t211.htm.
22 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 269.
23 Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’, p. 159.
24 Shen, ‘Food production’, p. 182.
25 Eastman, ‘Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese war’, pp. 154–5.
26 Ronning, A Memoir, p. 146.
27 Wang, ‘Urban life in China’s wars’, p. 104.
28 Eastman, ‘Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese war’, pp. 155–6.
29 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 276.
30 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, p. 71.
31 Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’, p. 166.
32 Shen, ‘Food production’, pp. 187–8.
33 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, p. 74.
34 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 272.
35 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, pp. 73–4.
36 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 272.
37 Ibid., p. 278.
38 Eastman, ‘Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese war’, pp. 173–4.
39 Eastman, Seeds of Destruction, p. 67; Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’,p. 167.
40 Ibid., p. 158.
41 Eastman, Seeds of Destruction, p. 68.
42 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 284.
43 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, pp. 166–7.
44 Rummel, China’s Bloody Century, p. 117.
45 Eastman, Seeds of Destruction, p. 69.
46 Xinran, China Witness, pp. 339–40.
47 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, p. 164.
48 Eastman, Seeds of Destruction, p. 69.
49 Rummel, China’s Bloody Century, p. 116.
50 Ibid., p. 113.
51 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 273.
52 Rummel, China’s Bloody Century, p. 113.
53 Ibid., p. 118.
54 Eastman, ‘Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese war’, p. 174; White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, p. 170.
55 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 17.
56 Smith, The War’s Long Shadow, p. 48.
57 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, p. 169.
58 Ch’en, ‘The communist movement’, p. 114; Slyke, ‘The Chinese Communist movement’, p. 200.
59 Tiedemann, ‘Wartime guerrilla economy’, p. 18; Slyke, ‘The Chinese Communist movement’, p. 200.
60 Levich, The Kwangsi Way, p. 227; Chen, Making Revolution, pp. 219–20.
61 Tiedemann, ‘Wartime guerrilla economy’, pp. 19–20.
62 Gatu, Toward Revolution, pp. 219–20.
63 Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’, pp. 158–9.
64 Gatu, Toward Revolution, p. 217; Hongmin, ‘Traditional responses to modern war’, pp. 195–6.
65 Ibid., p. 196.
66 Ibid., pp. 197–8.
67 Xinran, China Witness, p. 245.
68 Hongmin, ‘Traditional responses to modern war’, p. 198.
69 Ibid., pp. 197, 199.
70 Slyke, ‘The Chinese Communist movement’, p. 222.
71 Gatu, Toward Revolution, pp. 218–19.
72 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 283.
73 Eastman, Seeds of Destruction, p. 88.
74 Mitter, Modern China, p. 48.
75 Xinran, China Witness, p. 276.
76 Mitter, Modern China, p. 54.
77 Ibid., p. 48; Mitter, Bitter Revolution, p. 184.
78 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 296; Gordon, ‘The China–Japan war’, p. 162.
79 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 296.
80 Ibid., p. 5.
81 Mitter, Bitter Revolution, p. 183.
82 Milward, War, Economy and Society, p. 289.
83 Magaeva, ‘Physiological and psychosomatic prerequisites for survival’, p. 131.
84 Ibid., pp. 141–2.
85 Ibid., p. 141.
86 Macintyre, ‘Famine and the female mortality advantage’, p. 254; Cherepenina, ‘Assessing the scale of famine and death’, p. 39.
87 Myron Winick, ‘Hunger disease: studies by the Jewish physicians in the Warsaw ghetto, their historical importance and their relevance today’, 27 October 2005, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/epic/pdf/winick_lecture, pp. 2–3; Fliederbaum, ‘Metabolic changes’, pp. 69–124; Apfelbaum, ‘Pathophysiology of the circulatory system’, pp. 125–60.
88 Brown et al., ‘Increased risk of affective disorders in males’, pp. 601–6.
89 Lumley, ‘Reproductive outcomes’, pp. 129–35.
90 Barker, ‘Fetal origins’, pp. 171–4.
91 Stanner et al., ‘Does malnutrition in utero determine diabetes?’, pp. 1342–9; Joseph and Kramer, ‘Review of the evidence’, pp. 158–74.
92 Duigan and Gann, The Rebirth, p. 2.
93 Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes, p. 290.
94 Short et al., ‘“The front line of freedom”’, p. 15.
95 Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, p. 203.
96 Milward, ‘Long-term change in world agriculture’, p. 6.
97 Ibid., p. 12.
98 Kershaw, Fateful Choices, p. 128.
1 Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 417.
2 Mayhew, ‘The 1930s nutrition controversy’, p. 447.
3 Overy, Russia’s War, p. 327; Hastings, Das Reich, pp. 2–3.
4 Crew, ‘General introduction’, p. 8.
5 Harris, ‘Great Britain’, p. 241.
6 Drea, In the Service of the Emperor, pp. 66–7.
7 Baer, One Hundred Years, p. 201.
8 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 86.
9 Ibid., p. 62.
10 Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, p. 42.
11 Cited in ibid., pp. 165–6.
12 Edgerton, Warriors of the Rising Sun, p. 235.
13 Imamura, ‘Extracts from the tenor of my life’, NLA, mfm PMB 569, III,p. 151.
1 Cook and Cook, Japan at War, pp. 278–80.
2 Kershaw, Fateful Choices, p. 331.
3 Morris, Traveller from Tokyo, p. 121.
4 Research Report No. 122, ‘Antagonism between officers and men in the Japanese armed forces’, AWM 55 12/94, p. 6.
5 Drea, In the Service of the Emperor, p. 72.
6 Harries and Harries, Soldiers of the Sun, p. 351.
7 Soviak, A Diary of Darkness, p. 285.
8 Imamura, ‘Extracts from the tenor of my life’, NLA, mfm PMB 569, III, p. 151.
9 Cwiertka, ‘Popularizing a military diet in wartime Japan and postwar Japan’, IIAS Newsletter, 38, http://www.iias.nl/iias/show/id=51553, p. 10.
10 Cwiertka, Modern Japanese Cuisine, p. 77.
11 Ibid., pp. 78–9; Cwiertka, ‘Popularizing a military diet in wartime Japan and postwar Japan’, IIAS Newsletter, 38, http://www.iias.nl/iias/show/id=51553, pp. 8–10.
12 Ibid., p. 11.
13 Cwiertka, Modern Japanese Cuisine, p. 81.
14 Ibid., p. 84.
15 Ibid.; Cwiertka, ‘Popularizing a military diet in wartime Japan and postwar Japan’, IIAS Newsletter, 38, http://www.iias.nl/iias/show/id=51553 p. 13.
16 Ibid., p. 16.
17 Ibid., p. 19.
18 Cwiertka, Modern Japanese Cuisine, pp. 117, 119.
19 Pauer, ‘Neighbourhood associations’, p. 222.
20 Tomita, Dear Miye, p. 56.
21 Pauer, ‘Neighbourhood associations’, p. 222; Cwiertka, Modern Japanese Cuisine, p. 130.
22 Tomita, Dear Miye, p. 97.
23 Ibid., p. 113.
24 Pauer, ‘Neighbourhood associations’, p. 237.
25 Morris, Traveller from Tokyo, p. 123.
26 Author in conversation with Katarzyna Cwiertka.
27 Morris, Traveller from Tokyo, pp. 121–2.
28 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, p. 150.
29 Ibid., p. 151.
30 Senoh, A Boy Called H, p. 170.
31 Havens, Valley of Darkness, p. 77; Pauer, ‘Neighbourhood associations’, p. 240.
32 Ibid., p. 231.
33 Havens, Valley of Darkness, p. 86; Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, p. 197.
34 Cwiertka, Modern Japanese Cuisine, p. 82.
35 Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, p. 193.
36 Milward, War, Economy and Society, p. 288.
37 Katarzyna Cwiertka, ‘Feeding the troops in the Pacific and the Korean War’, talk given to the East Asian Studies seminar, Cambridge, 10 November 2008.
38 Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, p. 168.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid., p. 17; Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 63.
41 Harries and Harries, Soldiers of the Sun, p. 286.
42 Drea, In the Service of the Emperor, p. 65; Calvocoressi and Wint, Total War, pp. 270–73.
43 Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, pp. 165–6.
44 Ibid., p. 166.
45 Calvocoressi and Wint, Total War, p. 727.
46 Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, p. 166.
47 Tamayama and Nunneley, Tales by Japanese Soldiers, pp. 37–8.
48 Ibid., pp. 29–30.
49 Ibid., p. 60.
50 Ibid., p. 108.
51 Soviak, A Diary of Darkness, p. 14.
52 Onn, Malaya Upside Down, p. 47.
53 Cook and Cook, Japan at War, p. 100.
54 Tamayama and Nunneley, Tales by Japanese Soldiers, pp. 101–2.
55 Drea, In the Service of the Emperor, p. 35.
56 ‘Ration supply and ration scale of Japanese land forces in SWPA’, 6 Feb 1944, AWM 55 12/47 (69), p. 1.
57 Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, p. 145.
58 Keegan, The Second World War, p. 104.
59 (1.1 million tons) between December 1941 and April 1943. Johnston, Japanese Food Management, pp. 140–41.
60 Ibid., p. 152.
61 Ibid., p. 192.
62 Pauer, ‘Neighbourhood associations’, pp. 226–7.
63 Senoh, A Boy Called H, p. 290.
64 Japanese Pamphlet no. 9, AWM 54 423/5/22 Air Dept. Wellington N.Z. Japanese Pamphlets, p. 7.
65 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, p. 162.
66 Morris-Suzuki, Showa, p. 161.
67 Cook and Cook, Japan at War, pp. 177–8.
68 Ibid., pp. 179–80.
69 Ibid., p. 180.
70 Morris-Suzuki, Showa, pp. 161–2.
71 Havens, Valley of Darkness, p. 94.
72 Pauer, ‘Neighbourhood associations’, p. 227.
73 Soviak, A Diary of Darkness, p. 115.
74 Ibid., p. 170.
75 Ibid., p. 143.
76 Japanese Pamphlet no. 9, AWM 54 423/5/22 Air Dept. Wellington N.Z. Japanese Pamphlets.
77 Soviak, A Diary of Darkness, p. 170.
78 ‘Ration supply and ration scale of Japanese land forces in SWPA’, 6 Feb 1944, AWM 55 12/47 (69), p. 2.
79 Japanese Pamphlet no. 27, 30 December 1943, Air Dept. Wellington N.Z., AWM 54 423/5/22.
80 ‘Ration supply and ration scale of Japanese land forces in SWPA’, 6 Feb 1944, AWM 55 12/47 (69), p. 5.
81 Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, p. 167.
82 ‘Ration supply and ration scale of Japanese land forces in SWPA’, 6 Feb 1944, AWM 55 12/47 (69), p. 8.
83 Japanese Pamphlet no. 27, 30 December 1943, Air Dept. Wellington N.Z., AWM 54 423/5/22.
84 Imamura, ‘Extracts from the tenor of my life’, NLA, mfm PMB 569, III, pp. 153–4.
85 ‘Ration supply and ration scale of Japanese land forces in SWPA’, 6 Feb 1944, AWM 55 12/47 (69), p. 5.
86 Japanese Pamphlet no. 27, 30 December 1943, Air Dept. Wellington N.Z., AWM 54 423/5/22.
87 ‘Ration supply and ration scale of Japanese land forces in SWPA’, 6 Feb 1944, AWM 55 12/47 (69), p. 34.
88 Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, pp. 151–2.
89 Harries and Harries, Soldiers of the Sun, p. 340.
90 Ibid., p. 341.
91 Imamura, ‘Extracts from the tenor of my life’, NLA, mfm PMB 569, III, pp. 141–2.
92 Harries and Harries, Soldiers of the Sun, p. 341.
93 Imamura, ‘Extracts from the tenor of my life’, NLA, mfm PMB 569, III, pp. 145–6.
94 Harries and Harries, Soldiers of the Sun, p. 342. The Japanese routinely underestimated the numbers of Japanese soldiers killed in combat. Harries and Harries suggest that the Japanese lost 25,000 men on Guadalcanal, 10,000 of whom succumbed to disease and starvation. Most probably 40,000 Japanese soldiers were sent to Guadalcanal and somewhere close to one half of those 25,000 who died starved to death, or about 12,500.
95 Imamura, ‘Extracts from the tenor of my life’, NLA, mfm PMB 569, III, p. 151.
96 Beaumont, ‘Australia’s war: Asia and the Pacific’, p. 38.
97 Ibid.
98 Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, p. 204.
99 Ibid., p. 171.
100 Harries and Harries, Soldiers of the Sun, p. 343.
101 Dornan, The Silent Men, p. 146.
102 Harries and Harries, Soldiers of the Sun, p. 343.
103 Bullard, ‘“The great enemy”’, pp. 215–16.
104 Ibid., p. 212.
105 Drea, In the Service of the Emperor, p. 70.
106 Bullard, ‘“The great enemy”’, p. 215.
107 Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, p. 150.
108 Ibid., p. 178.
109 Thune, ‘The making of history’, p. 241.
110 Tanaka cited by Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, pp. 149, 179.
111 Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, pp. 166–7.
112 Nelson, ‘Taim Bilong Pait’, pp. 253–4.
113 Ibid., p. 256; Denoon, The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders, p. 316.
114 Japanese Pamphlet no. 27, 30 December 1943, Air Dept. Wellington N.Z., AWM 54 423/5/22.
115 Research Report No. 122, ‘Antagonism between officers and men in the Japanese armed forces’, AWM 55 12/94, p. 4.
116 Ibid.
117 Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, pp. 185–6.
118 Ibid., p. 181.
119 Ibid., p. 214.
120 Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, p. 115.
121 Ibid. p. 116.
122 Keegan, The Second World War, p. 303.
123 Laurence and Tiddy, From Bully Beef, p. 43.
124 Falgout, ‘From passive pawns’, pp. 287–8.
125 McQuarrie, Strategic Atolls, pp. 135, 139; McQuarrie, Conflict in Kiribati, pp. 89–91.
126 McQuarrie, Strategic Atolls, p. 131.
127 Cook and Cook, Japan at War, p. 114.
128 Ibid., p. 116.
129 Ibid., p. 117.
130 Ibid., p. 119.
131 Gibney, Senso, pp. 156–7.
132 Ooka, Fires on the Plain, p. 179.
133 Harries and Harries, Soldiers of the Sun, p. 346.
134 Thompson, The Lifeblood of War, pp. 80–81; Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, p. 17.
135 Allen, Burma, pp. 158–67.
136 Harries and Harries, Soldiers of the Sun, p. 347; Thompson, The Lifeblood of War, p. 92.
137 Tamayama and Nunneley, Tales by Japanese Soldiers, p. 158.
138 Ibid., p. 170.
139 Ibid., p. 175.
140 Thompson, The Lifeblood of War, p. 93.
141 Moharir, History of the Army Service Corps, p. 46.
142 Tamayama and Nunneley, Tales by Japanese Soldiers, p. 176.
143 Thompson, The Lifeblood of War, p. 95.
144 Ibid., p. 87.
145 Tamayama and Nunneley, Tales by Japanese Soldiers, p. 177.
146 Allen, Burma, p. 292.
147 Tamayama and Nunneley, Tales by Japanese Soldiers, pp. 174–8.
148 Ibid., p. 202.
149 Ibid., p. 229.
150 Cook and Cook, Japan at War, p. 104.
151 Hastings, Nemesis, p. 358.
152 Moharir, History of the Army Service Corps, p. 49.
153 Fujiwara, Uejini shita eireitachi, pp. 135–8.
154 Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, pp. 133–4.
155 Soviak, Diary of Darkness, p. 28.
156 Ibid., p. 282.
157 Ibid., p. 156.
158 Ibid., p. 145.
159 Ibid., p. 156.
160 Ibid., p. 207.
161 Ibid., p. 213.
162 Cwiertka, Modern Japanese Cuisine, p. 132.
163 Ibid.
164 Senoh, A Boy Called H, p. 302.
165 Matsumoto Nakako, interviewed May 2006.
166 Soviak, A Diary of Darkness, p. 261.
167 Pauer, ‘Neighbourhood associations’, p. 230.
168 Soviak, A Diary of Darkness, p. 171.
169 Ibid., pp. 174, 180.
170 Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, p. 197.
171 Soviak, A Diary of Darkness, p. 236.
172 Dower, Embracing Defeat, pp. 90, 95.
173 Frank, Downfall, p. 81.
174 Soviak, A Diary of Darkness, p. 215.
175 Havens, Valley of Darkness, p. 103.
176 Soviak, A Diary of Darkness, p. 256.
177 Senoh, A Boy Called H, p. 402.
178 Cook and Cook, Japan at War, p. 192.
179 Ibid., p. 190.
180 Ibid., p. 191.
181 Ibid.
182 Soviak, A Diary of Darkness, pp. 294, 320.
183 Ibid., p. 326.
184 Havens, Valley of Darkness, p. 129.
185 Soviak, A Diary of Darkness, p. 329.
186 Frank, Downfall, p. 77.
187 Ibid., pp. 149, 156–7.
188 Parillo, The Japanese Merchant Marine, p. 204.
189 Martin, ‘Japans Kriegswirtschaft’, p. 271.
190 Gibney, Senso, p. 181.
191 Ibid.
192 Frank, Downfall, p. 81.
193 Pauer, ‘Neighbourhood associations’, p. 227.
194 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, p. 150.
195 Parillo, The Japanese Merchant Marine, pp. 219–20; Frank, Downfall, pp. 80–81, 96.
196 Havens, Valley of Darkness, pp. 129–30.
197 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, p. 202; Dower, Embracing Defeat, p. 91.
198 Frank, Downfall, p. 354.
199 Dower, Embracing Defeat, p. 92; Honda, ‘Differential structure’, p. 281.
200 Frank, Downfall, p. 343.
201 Soviak, A Diary of Darkness, p. 215.
202 Ibid., p. 247.
203 Newman, Truman, p. 13.
204 Frank, Downfall, pp. 26–7.
205 Newman, Truman, pp. 71–3.
206 Ibid., p. 43.
207 Frank, Downfall, p. 345.
208 Ibid., p. 351; Dower, Embracing Defeat, pp. 95–6.
209 Frank, Downfall, p. 352.
210 Newman, Truman, p. 37.
211 Ibid., p. 43.
212 Frank, Downfall, pp. 188–9.
213 Senoh, A Boy Called H, p. 395.
214 Newman, Truman, pp. 186–7.
215 Ibid., pp. 3, 186; Frank, Downfall, pp. 123, 163.
216 Frank, Downfall, p. 71.
217 Higa, The Girl with the White Flag, p. 71.
218 Frank, Downfall, p. 72.
219 Newman, Truman, pp. 25–6.
220 Ibid., p. 17.
221 Ibid., p. 19.
222 Ibid., p. 105; Frank, Downfall, pp. 271–2.
223 Frank, Downfall, p. 287.
224 Gibney, Senso, pp. 254–5.
1 Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 413.
2 The figure of 30 million has to be calculated in a frustratingly roundabout way. There are no accurate figures for death tolls. Instead it is based on a projection forward from the 1939 population census figures to 1941 and a projection backwards from the 1959 census to 1946, to estimate pre- and post-war population figures. Then, allowing for what would have been a normal 2.5 per cent annual increase in population, the demographers calculate that 28–30 million people were missing in 1946. Linz, ‘World War II and Soviet economic growth’, p. 18; Wheatcroft and Davies, ‘Population’, pp. 77–80; Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, pp. ix, 40–42; Ellman and Maksudov, ‘Soviet deaths’, pp. 671–8.
3 Nine million of the estimated 28–30 million dead are accounted for by the military. The causes of death for the 19–21 million Soviet civilians were many. In the German-occupied areas of the Soviet Union at least 1 million Soviet Jews were murdered, other Soviets died in German prisons and concentration camps or as a result of mass shootings of civilians, yet more died while fighting the Germans as partisans or working as forced labour in German industry. Then there were those who starved to death as a result of the Hunger Plan. In the unoccupied areas of the Soviet Union the figure encompasses those who died in Soviet gulags and forced labour camps and those killed by enemy bombing (estimated at 500,000). Wheatcroft and Davies, ‘Population’, p. 79; Overy, Russia’s War, p. 89.
4 Wheatcroft and Davies, ‘Population’, p. 79.
5 Bacon, The Gulag at War, p. 139.
6 Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 413.
7 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 37.
8 Miller, ‘Impact and aftermath of World War II’, p. 284.
9 Merridale, Ivan’s War, p. 88.
10 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, pp. 113–15.
11 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 9, Case 118, pp. 34–5.
12 Ibid., p. 38.
13 Merridale, Ivan’s War, p. 3.
14 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 113.
15 Ibid., p. 127; War Office, Record of Ration Scales, p. 12.
16 Dunn, The Soviet Economy, pp. 56–7.
17 Merridale, Ivan’s War, p. 120.
18 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 27, Case 528, p. 11.
19 Merridale, Ivan’s War, pp. 147–8.
20 Ibid., p. 120.
21 Dunn, The Soviet Economy, p. 201.
22 Ibid., p. 197.
23 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 9, Case 118, pp. 37–8.
24 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 127.
25 Braithwaite, Moscow 1941, p. 324.
26 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, pp. 123–4.
27 Bellamy, Absolute War, p. 525.
28 Ibid.
29 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 155.
30 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 125.
31 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 280.
32 Steinhoff et al., Voices, p. 129.
33 Overy, Why the Allies Won, p. 82.
34 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 335.
35 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 30, Case 641, p. 17.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.
38 Merridale, Ivan’s War, p. 205.
39 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 131.
40 Simmons and Perlina, Writing the Siege of Leningrad, p. 198.
41 Ibid.
42 Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, p. 40.
43 Helmut Geidel, interviewed January 2007.
44 Merridale, Ivan’s War, p. 98.
45 Bartov, Hitler’s Army, pp. 7, 26.
46 Steinhoff et al., Voices, p. 214.
47 Merridale, Ivan’s War, p. 5.
48 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 30, Case 641, p. 35.
49 Trentmann, ‘Coping with shortage’, p. 24.
50 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 33, Case 454, pp. 24–5.
51 Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, p. 41.
52 Braithwaite, Moscow 1941, p. 27.
53 Overy, Why the Allies Won, p. 181.
54 Erickson, ‘Soviet women at war’, p. 54; Overy, Russia’s War, p. 170.
55 Two million shells were produced against a target of 6 million. Dunn, The Soviet Economy, pp. 33, 36.
56 ‘Production of shoes dropped from 211 million pairs in 1940 to only 63 million pairs in 1945.’ Dunn, The Soviet Economy, p. 31.
57 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, pp. 78–9, 132–4.
58 Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 388.
59 Sakharov, Memoirs, pp. 47–8.
60 Rush, Memoir, NLA MS 8316, pp. 177–8.
61 Ibid., pp. 178–9.
62 Braithwaite, Moscow 1941, p. 339.
63 Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 388.
64 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, pp. 204–5.
65 Harrison, Accounting for War, p. 170.
66 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, p. 144.
67 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 2.
68 Ibid., p. 138.
69 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 15, Case 305, p. 75.
70 Harrison, ‘The Second World War’, p. 266.
71 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, p. 81.
72 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 149.
73 Ibid.
74 Erickson, ‘Soviet women at war’, p. 53.
75 Keyssar and Pozner, Remembering War, p. 92.
76 Bidlack, ‘Survival strategies in Leningrad’, p. 93.
77 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, p. 173.
78 Sakharov, Memoirs, pp. 52–3.
79 Ibid., p. 53.
80 Ibid.
81 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 142.
82 Tuyll, Feeding the Bear, p. 138.
83 Harrison, ‘The Second World War’, pp. 262–3.
84 Overy, Russia’s War, p. 226.
85 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, pp. 227–8.
86 Tolley, Caviar and Commissars, p. 115.
87 Ibid.
88 Tuyll, Feeding the Bear, p. 65.
89 The maximum number of German divisions fighting in Italy never reached thirty. Ron Klages and John Mulholland, ‘Number of German divisions by front in World War II’, Axis History Factbook, http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=7288.
90 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, pp. 159–60.
91 Overy, Russia’s War, p. 329.
92 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, pp. 159–60, 186, 204–5.
93 Bacon, The Gulag at War, p. 137.
94 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, pp. 164–5.
95 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 27, Case 524, pp. 13–15.
96 Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 413.
97 Ibid., p. 389.
98 Ibid., p. 401.
99 Ibid., p. 413.
100 Ibid., p. 414.
101 Ibid., p. 394.
102 Ibid., p. 397. Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, p. 111.
103 Fenby, Alliance, p. 21.
104 Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, pp. 54–6.
105 Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 412.
106 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, pp. 83–4.
107 Erickson, ‘Soviet women at war’, p. 57.
108 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 145.
109 Ibid., p. 222.
110 Sakharov, Memoirs, p. 53.
111 Bidlack, ‘Survival strategies in Leningrad’, p. 96.
112 Keyssar and Pozner, Remembering War, p. 94.
113 Davies et al., The Economic Transformation, p. 263.
114 Goldberg, ‘Intake and energy requirements’, p. 2095.
115 Bidlack, ‘Survival strategies in Leningrad’, pp. 92, 95; Macintyre, ‘Famine and the female mortality advantage’, p. 250.
116 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 37.
117 Overy, Why the Allies Won, p. 183.
118 Merridale, Ivan’s War, pp. 138–9; Overy, Russia’s War, pp. 188–92.
119 Overy, Russia’s War, p. 191.
120 Ibid., pp. 171, 212.
121 Sajer, The Forgotten Soldier, p. 302.
122 Overy, Russia’s War, pp. 193–4.
123 Ibid., p. 210.
124 Harrison, ‘The Second World War’, p. 244.
125 Overy, Why the Allies Won, p. 183.
126 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 224.
127 Wettlin, Russian Road, p. 97.
128 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction., pp. 108–9.
129 Rush, Memoir, NLA MS 8316, p. 217.
130 Ibid., p. 218.
131 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 224.
132 Wettlin, Russian Road, p. 87.
133 Merridale, Ivan’s War, p. 182; Ensminger et al., Foods and Nutrition Encyclo-pedia, II, p. 2332.
134 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, pp. 53–4.
135 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, pp. 83–4.
136 2 September 1944, Alexander Papers, NLA, MS2389.
137 Nove, ‘Soviet peasantry in World War II’, p. 85.
138 Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, p. 57; 16 August 1944, Alexander Papers, NLA, MS2389.
139 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, p. 111.
140 Wettlin, Russian Road, p. 85.
141 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 163.
142 Rush, Memoir, NLA MS 8316, p. 207.
143 Ibid.
144 Ibid., p. 210.
145 Ibid., p. 215.
146 Ibid., p. 216.
147 Bengelsdorf, Die Landwirtschaft der Vereinigten Staaten, p. 319.
148 Tuyll, Feeding the Bear, p. 117; Dunn, The Soviet Economy, pp. 86–7.
149 Volin, A Century, p. 293.
150 Erickson, The Road to Berlin, p. 84.
151 Tuyll, Feeding the Bear, p. 117.
152 Tolley, Caviar and Commissars, p. 80.
153 Dunn, The Soviet Economy, p. 86.
154 Rush, Memoir, NLA MS 8316, pp. 217–18.
155 Tuyll, Feeding the Bear, p. 83.
156 Bengelsdorf, Die Landwirtschaft der Vereinigten Staaten, p. 318.
157 Tuyll, Feeding the Bear, p. 117.
158 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 30, Case 639, pp. 53–4.
159 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 126.
160 Ibid., p. 130.
161 Ibid., p. 131.
162 Ibid., p. 130.
163 Ibid., pp. 126–8.
164 Figes, The Whisperers, p. 441.
165 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 15, Case 305, pp. 71–2.
166 Ibid., p. 43.
167 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, pp. 78–9.
168 Rush, Memoir, NLA MS 8316, p. 207.
169 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, pp. 230–32.
170 2 September 1944, 22 October 1944, Alexander Papers, NLA, MS2389.
171 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, pp. 87–8.
172 Tolley, Caviar and Commissars, p. 149.
173 Wheatcroft and Davies, ‘Population’, p. 78.
174 Merridale, Ivan’s War, p. 165.
175 Keyssar and Pozner, Remembering War, p. 62.
176 Figes, The Whisperers, p. 416.
177 Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 389.
178 Sakharov, Memoirs, p. 41.
179 Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 361.
180 Overy, Why the Allies Won, pp. 189–90; Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, p. 68.
1 Curtis-Bennett, The Food of the People, p. 250.
2 Beevor, Berlin, p. 39.
3 Spiekermann, ‘Brown bread for victory’, p. 161.
4 Ibid.
5 Mackay, Half the Battle, p. 202.
6 Dewey, War and Progress, pp. 130, 150.
7 Laybourn, Britain on the Breadline, p. 61.
8 Dewey, War and Progress, p. 258.
9 Laybourn, Britain on the Breadline, p. 43.
10 Webster, ‘Healthy or hungry’, p. 117.
11 Ibid., pp. 118, 120.
12 Laybourn, Britain on the Breadline, p. 63.
13 Dewey, War and Progress, p. 150.
14 Mayhew, ‘The 1930s nutrition controversy’, p. 455.
15 Ibid., pp. 122–3.
16 Bosworth, ‘Eating for the nation’, p. 227.
17 Jonsson, ‘Changes in food consumption’, pp. 25, 40–41.
18 Laybourn, Britain on the Breadline, pp. 62–3.
19 Burnett, Plenty and Want, p. 281.
20 Orr, As I Recall, p. 115.
21 Mayhew, ‘The 1930s nutrition controversy’, pp. 457–8.
22 Webster, ‘Healthy or hungry’, p. 117.
23 Ibid., pp. 116–17.
24 Staples, The Birth of Development, pp. 72–4.
25 Crew, ‘General introduction’, p. 8.
26 Huegel, Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands, p. 261; Berghoff, ‘Methoden der Verbrauchslenkung’, pp. 283, 287–8.
27 Huegel, Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands, p. 285.
28 Corni, Hitler and the Peasants, p. 170.
29 Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer, pp. 125–6.
30 Spiekermann, ‘Vollkorn für die Führer’, p. 94.
31 Ibid., p. 95.
32 Spiekermann, ‘Brown bread for victory’, pp. 150–51.
33 Ibid., p. 153.
34 Ibid., p. 151.
35 Huegel, Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands, p. 287.
36 Reagin, ‘Marktordnung and autarkic housekeeping’, p. 171.
37 Collins, The Alien Years, p. 45.
38 Ibid.
39 Gruchmann, ‘Korruption’, p. 576.
40 Collins, The Alien Years, pp. 45–6.
41 Ibid., p. 46.
42 Gordon, ‘Fascism, the neo-right and gastronomy’, pp. 84–5.
43 Corni, Hitler and the Peasants, pp. 50–3.
44 Hachtman, ‘Lebenshaltungskosten’, p. 50.
45 Hinze, ‘“Die ungewöhnlich geduldigen Deutschen”’, p. 47.
46 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, pp. 192–3.
47 Hachtman, ‘Lebenshaltungskosten’, p. 52; Baten and Wagner, ‘Autarchy, market disintegration and health’, p. 19.
48 Huegel, Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands, p. 285.
49 Collins, The Alien Years, p. 26.
50 Geyer, ‘Soziale Sicherheit’, p. 392; Mason, Social Policy in the Third Reich, p. 132.
51 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 709.
52 Baten and Wagner, ‘Autarchy, market disintegration and health’, p. 22. There are historians who argue that the workers’ diet improved under the National Socialists. Farquharson states that between 1934 and 1937 Germans increased their consumption of white flour, sugar and butter by almost one-quarter, and that meat consumption went up by 11 per cent. Farquharson, ‘The agrarian policy’, p. 244.
53 Reagin, ‘Marktordnung and autarkic housekeeping’, p. 166; Baten and Wagner, ‘Autarchy, market disintegration and health’, p. 2.
54 Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer, p. 125.
55 Haffner, Defying Hitler, p. 17.
56 Ibid.
57 Baten and Wagner, ‘Autarchy, market disintegration and health’, pp. 3–8, 22–4.
58 Gumpert, Heil Hunger!, p. 76.
59 On the lack of statistical information in Germany see Von der Decken, ‘Die Ernährung in England und Deutschland’, pp. 198–9.
60 Heim, Kalorien, Kautschuk, Karrieren, p. 107; Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, p. 556.
61 Müller, ‘Die Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft’, p. 465.
62 Lüdtke, ‘Hunger, Essens-“Genuß” und Politik’, p. 124.
63 Kaplan, ‘Jewish daily life’, p. 397.
64 Lucia and Peter Seidel in conversation with the author.
65 Kaplan, ‘Jewish daily life’, p. 397.
66 Ibid., pp. 397–8.
67 Ibid., p. 404.
68 Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, p. 565.
69 Gratzer, Terrors of the Table, p. 156.
70 Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p. 242.
71 Ibid., p. 231.
72 Ibid., pp. 241–2.
73 Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer, p. 171.
74 Addison, Churchill, pp. 338–9; Mackay, Half the Battle, p. 53.
75 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, pp. 19–20.
76 Oddy, From Plain Fare, p. 148.
77 Gardiner, The 1940s House, p. 125.
78 Woolton, Memoirs, p. 218.
79 Leff, ‘The politics of sacrifice’, p. 1301.
80 Waller, London 1945, p. 88.
81 Woolton, Memoirs, p. 218.
82 Garfield, We Are at War, pp. 80, 298–9.
83 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, pp. 232–3.
84 Oddy, From Plain Fare, pp. 142–3.
85 Woolton, Memoirs, p. 218.
86 Roodhouse, ‘Popular morality’, p. 247.
87 Burnett, Plenty and Want, p. 293.
88 Bird, The First Food Empire, p. 175.
89 Driver, The British at Table, p. 33.
90 Sheridan, Wartime Women, pp. 148–9.
91 Waller, London 1945, p. 198.
92 Garfield, Private Battles, p. 290.
93 Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Austerity in Britain, p. 74.
94 Don Joseph, comments to http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homeword/war/rationing.htm.
95 Hardyment, Slice of Life, p. 8.
96 Burnett, Plenty and Want, p. 293.
97 Doreen Laven, notes on wartime memories.
98 Burnett, Plenty and Want, p. 295.
99 Woolton, Memoirs, p. 212.
100 Mackay, Half the Battle, p. 201.
101 Burnett, Plenty and Want, p. 292.
102 Mackay, Half the Battle, p. 202.
103 Müller, ‘Die Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft’, p. 469; Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, p. 556.
104 Dörr, “Wer die Zeit nicht miterlebt hat …”, II, p. 11.
105 Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, p. 559.
106 Stephenson, Hitler’s Home Front, p. 202.
107 Rüther, Köln, p. 66.
108 Müller, ‘Die Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft’, p. 465.
109 Fritz, Frontsoldaten, p. 26.
110 Müller, ‘Die Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft’, pp. 472–3.
111 Werner, “Bleib übrig!”, p. 47.
112 Ibid., p. 56.
113 Ibid., pp. 127–8.
114 Ibid., p. 48.
115 Ibid., p. 128.
116 Müller, ‘Die Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft’, p. 468.
117 Werner, “Bleib übrig!”, pp. 126–7.
118 Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers, p. 158.
119 Geyer, ‘Soziale Sicherheit’, p. 406.
120 Kraut and Bramsel, ‘Der Calorienbedarf der Berufe’.
121 Michaelis, ‘Über die Wirkung’; Droese, ‘Experimentalle Untersuchung’; Droese, ‘Die Wirkung von Traubenzucker’; Neumann, ‘Nutritional physiology’, p. 56.
122 Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer, p. 156.
123 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 517.
124 Ibid., p. 540.
125 Gratzer, Terrors of the Table, p. 156.
126 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 540.
127 Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers, p. 172.
128 Ibid., p. 387.
129 Lammers, ‘Levels of collaboration’, p. 53.
130 Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers, p. 183.
131 Scharf, “Man machte mit uns, was man wollte”, pp. 118–19.
132 Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers, p. 85.
133 Levi, If This is a Man, p. 80.
134 Obenaus, ‘Hunger und Überleben’, p. 374.
135 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, pp. 622–3; Evans, The Third Reich at War, pp. 664–5.
136 Kopke, ‘Der “Ernährungsinspekteur der Waffen-SS”’, p. 213.
137 Ibid., p. 215.
138 Ibid., p. 216; Schmidt, Karl Brandt, p. 262.
139 The papers of R. P. Evans, Department of Documents, IWM, p. 33.
140 Ibid.
141 Ibid., pp. 38–9.
142 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 194.
143 Roodhouse, ‘Popular morality’, p. 248.
144 Stephenson, Hitler’s Home Front, pp. 212–15.
145 Ibid., p. 209.
146 Roodhouse, ‘Popular morality’, p. 256.
147 Hodgson, Few Eggs, p. 119.
148 Dörr, “Wer die Zeit nicht miterlebt hat …”, II, p. 19.
149 Roodhouse, ‘Popular morality’, p. 252.
150 Ibid., p. 259.
151 Mackay, Half the Battle, p. 200.
152 Ibid., pp. 254–5.
153 Vassiltchikov, The Berlin Diaries, p. 42.
154 Evans, The Third Reich at War, p. 510; Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer, p. 140; Gordon, ‘Fascism, the neo-right and gastronomy’, p. 88.
155 Picker, Hitlers Tischgespräche, p. 53.
156 Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer, pp. 134–7.
157 Gruchmann, ‘Korruption’, p. 578.
158 Ibid., pp. 573–4.
159 Ibid., p. 574.
160 Ibid., pp. 585–8.
161 Müller, ‘Albert Speer und die Rüstungspolitik’, p. 495.
162 Picker, Hitlers Tischgespräche, p. 380.
163 Werner, “Bleib übrig!”, p. 204.
164 Dörr, “Wer die Zeit nicht miterlebt hat …”, II, p. 23.
165 Werner, “Bleib übrig!”, p. 201.
166 Erker, Ernährungskrise und Nachkriegsgesellschaft, p. 24.
167 Werner, “Bleib übrig!”, pp. 202–3.
168 Beck, Under the Bombs, p. 11.
169 Stephenson, Hitler’s Home Front, p. 184.
170 Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, p. 572.
171 Ibid., p. 567.
172 Beck, Under the Bombs, p. 45.
173 Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, pp. 566–7.
174 Bannister, I Lived Under Hitler, pp. 104–5.
175 Ibid., pp. 141–2.
176 Ibid., p. 157.
177 Müller, ‘Albert Speer und die Rüstungspolitik’, p. 491.
178 Rüther, Köln, p. 372; Werner, “Bleib übrig!”, p. 216.
179 Stephenson, Hitler’s Home Front, pp. 188, 191.
180 Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, p. 563.
181 Bannister, I Lived Under Hitler, p. 220.
182 Beck, Under the Bombs, p. 100.
183 Kitchen, Nazi Germany at War, p. 82.
184 Huegel, Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands, p. 311.
185 Dörr, “Wer die Zeit nicht miterlebt hat …”, II, p. 17.
186 Ibid., II, p. 27.
187 Ibid., II, p. 29.
1 Woolton, Memoirs, pp. 192–3.
2 Hicks, “Who Called the Cook a Bastard?”, p. 83.
3 Oddy, From Plain Fare, p. 136.
4 Ibid., pp. 136–7.
5 Mackay, Half the Battle, p. 61.
6 Ibid., p. 74.
7 Ashwell, McCance and Widdowson, p. 23.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid., pp. 24–5.
10 Oddy, From Plain Fare, p. 137.
11 Wilt, Food for War, p. 219.
12 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, p. 155; Britnell and Voake, Canadian Agriculture, p. 367.
13 Driver, The British at Table, p. 12.
14 Burnett, Plenty and Want, p. 282.
15 Ibid., p. 281.
16 Buss, ‘The British diet’, p. 124.
17 Spiekermann, ‘Brown bread for victory’, p. 163.
18 Oddy, From Plain Fare, pp. 138–9.
19 Ibid., p. 140; Burnett, Plenty and Want, p. 291.
20 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, p. 230.
21 Ashwell, McCance and Widdowson, p. 25.
22 Oddy, From Plain Fare, p. 162.
23 Burnett, Plenty and Want, p. 291.
24 Gardiner, The 1940s House, p. 140.
25 The papers of A. W. Winter, Department of Documents, IWM, III, p. 12.
26 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, pp. 155–6.
27 Longmate, How We Lived Then, p. 145.
28 Gardiner, The 1940s House, pp. 141–2.
29 Garfield, Private Battles, p. 87.
30 Brassley and Potter, ‘A view from the top’, pp. 226–7.
31 Oddy, From Plain Fare, p. 153.
32 Hardyment, Slice of Life, p. 17.
33 Gardiner, The 1940s House, p. 136.
34 Patten, Victory Cookbook, n.p.
35 Gardiner, The 1940s House, p. 138.
36 Waller, London 1945, p. 51.
37 Garfield, Private Battles, p. 338.
38 Britnell and Voake, Canadian Agriculture, p. 367.
39 Driver, The British at Table, p. 26.
40 Zweineger-Bargielowska, ‘Rationing’, p. 179.
41 Gardiner, The 1940s House, p. 133.
42 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, p. 183.
43 Oddy, From Plain Fare, p. 154.
44 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, p. 183.
45 Mant, All Muck, p. 39. Prisoners of war engaged in manual work were allocated the daily 3,300 calorie army home service ration. War Office, Record of Ration Scales, p. 12.
46 Waugh, Brideshead Revisited, Preface, p. 42.
47 Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Austerity in Britain, p. 71.
48 Mackay, Half the Battle, p. 204.
49 Ibid., p. 203. For a discussion of the limits of the levelling-up thesis see Summerfield, ‘The “levelling of class”’ and Fielding, ‘The Good War’.
50 Oddy, From Plain Fare, p. 164.
51 Essemyr, ‘Food policies in Sweden’, p. 171.
52 Darian-Smith, On the Home Front, p. 39.
53 Santich, What the Doctors Ordered, p. 120.
54 Ibid.; Darian-Smith, On the Home Front, p. 48.
55 Britnell and Voake, Canadian Agriculture, pp. 150–51.
56 Magnússon, The Hidden Class, p. 132; Jonsson, ‘Changes in food consumption’, p. 41.
57 Webster, ‘Healthy or hungry’, p. 121.
58 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, p. 143.
59 Woolton, Memoirs, pp. 34–5.
60 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, pp. 144–5.
61 Burnett, Plenty and Want, p. 292.
62 Mackay, Half the Battle, p. 240.
63 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, p. 149; Mackay, Half the Battle, p. 242.
64 Maggie Hay in conversation with the author.
65 Burnett, ‘The rise and decline of school meals’, p. 55.
66 Ibid., p. 65.
67 Oddy, From Plain Fare, pp. 165, 209.
68 Jeffreys, ‘British politics and social policy’, p. 129.
69 Hardyment, Slice of Life, p. 3.
70 Burnett, ‘The rise and decline of school meals’, pp. 65–6.
71 Taylor, English History, p. 567.
72 Burnett and Oddy, ‘Introduction’, pp. 5–6.
73 Harris, ‘Great Britain’, p. 242.
74 The papers of R. P. Evans, Department of Documents, IWM, p. 21.
75 The papers of R. B. Buckle, Department of Documents, IWM, p. 16.
76 Garfield, Private Battles, p. 61.
77 Bruce, War on the Ground, p. 27.
78 War Office, Record of Ration Scales, p. 3.
79 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 137.
80 Ibid., p. 69.
81 Crang, ‘The British soldier’, p. 62.
82 Garfield, Private Battles, p. 61.
83 Crew, The Royal Army Service Corps, p. 186; Bird, The First Food Empire, p. 176.
84 The papers of Fus. H. Simons, ‘Army Cookery Notebook, 1944’, Department of Documents, IWM, Misc 180 Item 2726.
85 Crang, ‘The British soldier’, p. 131.
86 Hicks, “Who Called the Cook a Bastard?”, pp. 31–3.
87 Ibid., pp. 44–5.
88 Ibid., pp. 38–9.
89 Ibid., p. 73.
90 Beaumont, ‘Australia’s war: Europe and the Middle East’, pp. 17–18; Jackson, The British Empire, p. 2.
91 The papers of G. R. Page, Department of Documents, IWM, p. 30.
92 Crimp, The Diary of a Desert Rat, pp. 20–21.
93 Bierman and Smith, Alamein, p. 151.
94 Crimp, The Diary of a Desert Rat, pp. 38–9.
95 Bierman and Smith, Alamein, pp. 151–2.
96 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 93.
97 Jackson, Botswana, p. 76.
98 The papers of G. R. Page, Department of Documents, IWM, p. 30.
99 Lloyd, Food and Inflation, pp. 273–7; Bayly, ‘Spunyarns’, p. 33.
100 Jackson, The British Empire, p. 105.
101 Collier, ‘The logistics of the North African campaign’, pp. 202–3.
102 The papers of G. R. Page, Department of Documents, IWM, p. 47.
103 Ibid.
104 Walker, The Clinical Problems of War, p. 321; Bullard, ‘“The great enemy”’, pp. 219–20.
105 Brune, Those Ragged Bloody Heroes, p. 45.
106 Walker, ‘The writers’ war’, pp. 149–50.
107 Brune, Those Ragged Bloody Heroes, p. 101; Dornan, The Silent Men, p. 146.
108 Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, p. 369.
109 Brune, Those Ragged Bloody Heroes, p. 93.
110 Ibid., p. 89.
111 Walker, The Clinical Problems of War, p. 321.
112 Beaumont, ‘Australia’s war: Asia and the Pacific’, p. 40.
113 Ibid.; Drea, In the Service of the Emperor, p. 70.
114 Walker, The Island Campaigns, p. 229.
115 Ibid., p. 227.
116 The Australian Army at War, p. 70.
117 ‘Appendix. Sources of Vitamin C etc.’, Box 23, Folder 203, Sir Cedric Stanton Hicks Papers, NLA, MS 5623.
118 Ibid.
119 Walker, The Island Campaigns, p. 272.
120 Ibid., p. 270.
121 Ibid., p. 227.
122 Health and stamina of the troops. Appendix A. Explanatory Note on Blue Peas and Wheat. JAS. H. Cannan, Quartermaster General, 30 January 1943, AWM 54 351/6/2.
123 Laurence and Tiddy, From Bully Beef, p. 35.
124 Ibid., pp. 45–6.
125 Ibid., pp. 35–6.
126 Walker, The Island Campaigns, pp. 227–8.
127 Ibid., p. 270.
128 ‘Historical summary of the activities of Sir C. Stanton Hicks from the outbreak of war – showing the influence of applied science on army feeding’, Box 23, Folder 203, Sir Cedric Stanton Hicks Papers, NLA, MS5623.
129 Johnston, The Australian Army, p. 58.
130 Laurence and Tiddy, From Bully Beef, p. 40.
131 Ibid., p. 41.
132 Walker, The Island Campaigns, p. 269.
133 Ibid., p. 228.
134 Ibid., p. 227.
135 Ibid., p. 273.
136 Ibid., p. 270.
137 Australian Defence Force: Good food to stay fighting fit. http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/research/5170/.
138 Walker, The Clinical Problems of War, p. 321.
139 Jackson, Botswana, p. 63.
140 Ibid.
141 Moharir, History of the Army Service Corps, p. 42; War Office, Record of Ration Scales, p. 58.
142 Barkawi, Globalization and War, p. 85.
143 MacNalty and Mellor, Medical Services in War, p. 745.
144 Kamtekar, ‘A different war dance’, pp. 190–91.
145 Bayly and Harper, Forgotten Armies, pp. 368, 425.
146 Moharir, History of the Army Service Corps, p. 45.
147 MacNalty and Mellor, Medical Services in War, p. 81.
148 Moharir, History of the Army Service Corps, p. 44.
149 Ibid., pp. 42–4; War Office, Record of Ration Scales, p. 62.
150 Crew, The Royal Army Service Corps, p. 186.
151 Australian Defence Force: Good food to stay fighting fit. http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/research/5170/.
152 Pollan, In Defence of Food, p. 8.
1 Terkel, ‘The Good War’, p. 112.
2 Lamont, ‘Oral histories of World War II labour corps’, p. 403.
3 26 April–12 May 1945, the papers of E. Barrington, Department of Documents, IWM, 88/58/1 (P).
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Bernstein, A Caring Society, p. 46.
7 Poppendieck, Breadlines Knee-Deep in Wheat, pp. 19–20.
8 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, pp. 58–9.
9 Levine, School Lunch Politics, p. 56.
10 Wynn, ‘The “good war”’, p. 469.
11 Jeffries, Wartime America, pp. 63–4.
12 Gluck, Rosie the Riveter Revisited, p. 189.
13 Terkel, ‘The Good War’, p. 112.
14 Ibid., pp. 316–17.
15 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 87.
16 Jacobs, ‘“How about some meat?”’, pp. 931–2.
17 Cohen, A Consumer’s Republic, p. 70.
18 Campbell, Women at War, p. 183.
19 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 85.
20 Campbell, Women at War, p. 181.
21 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 88.
22 Terkel, ‘The Good War’, p. 316.
23 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 50.
24 Bentley, Eating for Victory, p. 62.
25 Overy, Why the Allies Won, p. 192.
26 Ibid., p. 198.
27 Ibid., p. 192.
28 Ibid., p. 191.
29 Ibid., p. 192.
30 Bentley, Eating for Victory, pp. 63–4.
31 Ibid., p. 22.
32 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 65.
33 Ibid., p. 66.
34 Levine, School Lunch Politics, p. 64.
35 Ibid., pp. 64–5.
36 Campbell, Women at War, pp. 183–4.
37 Leff, ‘The politics of sacrifice’, p. 1310.
38 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 76.
39 Goodhart and Pett, ‘The wartime nutrition programs’, pp. 163–4.
40 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 77.
41 French, Waging War, p. 135.
42 Ibid.
43 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, pp. 77–8.
44 Kersten, Labor’s Home Front, p. 177.
45 Ibid., p. 175.
46 Ibid., pp. 179–80.
47 Prendergast, For God, Country and Coca-Cola, p. 196.
48 Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer, p. 156.
49 Terkel, ‘The Good War’, p. 110.
50 Bentley, Eating for Victory, pp. 9–10.
51 Brandt, Harlem at War, p. 217.
52 Ibid., p. 73.
53 Ibid., p. 218.
54 Ibid., p. 93.
55 Kryder, Divided Arsenal, pp. 2–3.
56 Brandt, Harlem at War, p. 138.
57 Cohen, A Consumer’s Republic, pp. 85–7.
58 Capeci, The Harlem Riot, pp. 64–5.
59 Brandt, Harlem at War, pp. 158–9.
60 Levine, School Lunch Politics, pp. 55–6.
61 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, pp. 54, 62; Poppendieck, Breadlines Knee-Deep in Wheat, p. 241.
62 Bengelsdorf, Die Landwirtschaft der Vereinigten Staaten, pp. 123–4.
63 Poppendieck, Breadlines Knee-Deep in Wheat, p. 242.
64 Bengelsdorf, Die Landwirtschaft der Vereinigten Staaten, pp. 207–8.
65 Wilcox, The Farmer, p. 318.
66 Levine, School Lunch Politics, p. 51.
67 Ibid., p. 53.
68 Ibid., p. 58.
69 Ibid., pp. 68–9.
70 Ibid., p. 60.
71 Terkel, ‘The Good War’, p. 112.
72 Cohen, A Consumer’s Republic, p. 71.
73 Terkel, ‘The Good War’, p. 487.
74 McDermott, Women Recall the War Years, pp. 206–7.
75 Duis, ‘No time for privacy’, p. 39.
76 Cohen, A Consumer’s Republic, p. 73.
77 Bentley, Eating for Victory, p. 61.
78 Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, p. 384.
79 Garfield, Private Battles, p. 312.
80 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 82.
81 Bentley, Eating for Victory, pp. 103, 109.
82 Wilcox, The Farmer, p. 200.
83 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 82.
84 Bentley, Eating for Victory, p. 61.
85 Ibid., p. 10.
86 Ibid., p. 93.
87 Ibid., p. 35.
88 Campbell, Women at War, p. 181.
89 Matusow, Farm Policies, p. 49.
90 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, pp. 81–2; Bentley, Eating for Victory,pp. 36–7.
91 Fenby, Alliance, p. 21.
92 Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, p. 384.
93 Duis, ‘No time for privacy’, pp. 33–4.
94 Gluck, Rosie the Riveter Revisited, p. 189.
95 Westbrook, ‘Fighting for the American family’, p. 203.
96 Cited by Westbrook, ‘Fighting for the American family’, p. 204.
97 Aquila, Home Front Soldier, p. 63.
98 Cohen, A Consumer’s Republic, p. 55.
99 Ibid., p. 116.
100 Ibid., p. 127.
101 Bentley, Eating for Victory, p. 94; Crawford et al., Wartime Agriculture in Australia, p. 147.
102 Milward, War, Economy and Society, p. 288; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 361.
103 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, pp. 94–5.
104 The papers of R. B. Buckle, Department of Documents, IWM, pp. 52–5.
105 Kennett, G.I., p. 99.
106 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 73.
107 Ross and Romanus, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 485.
108 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 80.
109 Ibid., p. 81.
110 Collier, ‘Logistics’, pp. 5–6.
111 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 81.
112 Adapting Livestock Products to War Needs, p. 14.
113 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 90.
114 Wilson, ‘Who fought and why?’, p. 302.
115 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 90.
116 Ross and Romanus, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 136.
117 Stauffer, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 67.
118 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 91.
119 Cited by Potts and Potts, Yanks, pp. 289–90.
120 US War Department, Handbook, pp. 298–9, 537.
121 Merridale, Ivan’s War, p. 120.
122 William H. Bauer, Interview, 7 October 1994, Rutgers Oral History Archives, New Brunswick History Department, history.rutgers.edu/Interviews.
123 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 77.
124 Levine, School Lunch Politics, p. 69; Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 93.
125 Bentley, Eating for Victory, pp. 82–3.
126 Prendergast, For God, Country and Coca-Cola, p. 196.
127 Ibid., p. 197.
128 Ibid., pp. 512–13.
129 Mintz, Tasting Food, p. 27.
130 Prendergast, For God, Country and Coca-Cola, p. 203.
131 Mintz, Tasting Food, p. 27.
132 Prendergast, For God, Country and Coca-Cola, p. 206.
133 Mintz, Tasting Food, p. 28.
134 Prendergast, For God, Country and Coca-Cola, p. 194.
135 Ross and Romanus, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 485.
136 Risch, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 55.
137 Ibid., p. 196.
138 Ross and Romanus, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 131.
139 Risch, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 182.
140 Ross and Romanus, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 131.
141 Ibid.
142 Risch, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 187.
143 US War Department, Handbook, p. 299.
144 Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, pp. 28–9, 35–6.
145 Ellis, Sharp End of War, p. 280.
146 Kennett, G.I., p. 100.
147 Ellis, The Sharp End of War, p. 288.
148 Ross and Romanus, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 132.
149 Ibid., pp. 485–6.
150 Ibid., p. 129.
151 Ibid., p. 133.
152 Ibid., p. 490.
153 Katarzyna Cwiertka, ‘Feeding the troops in the Pacific and the Korean War’, talk given to the East Asian Studies seminar, Cambridge, 10 November 2008.
154 Beaumont, ‘Australia’s war: Europe and the Middle East’, pp. 9, 47.
155 Potts and Potts, Yanks, pp. 14–15.
156 Mellor, The Role of Science and Industry, pp. 609–10.
157 Stauffer, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 48.
158 Freeman, ‘Australian universities at war’, p. 123.
159 Forty Facts about Australia’s Wartime Agriculture.
160 Mellor, The Role of Science and Industry, p. 573; Butlin and Schedvin, War Economy, pp. 196–7.
161 Mellor, The Role of Science and Industry, p. 582.
162 Ibid.
163 Ibid., p. 586.
164 Ibid., p. 587.
165 Ibid., p. 596.
166 Ibid., pp. 589–90.
167 Forty Facts about Australia’s Wartime Agriculture, n.p.
168 Cramp, ‘Food – the first munition of war’, p. 76.
169 Cited by Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 247.
170 Mellor, The Role of Science and Industry, p. 592.
171 Ibid., p. 598.
172 Ibid., pp. 596–7; Stauffer, The Quartermaster Corps, pp. 103–8.
173 Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 247; Forty Facts about Australia’s Wartime Agriculture, n.p.
174 Mellor, The Role of Science and Industry, pp. 599–600; Crawford et al., Wartime Agriculture in Australia, p. 153.
175 Cited by Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 88.
176 Cramp, ‘Food – the first munition of war’, p. 74. Australians ate 17 lbs of pork while Americans ate 63 lbs.
177 Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 15.
178 Laurence and Tiddy, From Bully Beef, p. 43.
179 Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 288.
180 Cited in ibid., p. 87.
181 Ibid., p. 245.
182 Ibid., p. 156; Bosworth, ‘Eating for the nation’, p. 228.
183 Bosworth, ‘Eating for the nation’, pp. 231–2.
184 Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 243.
185 Ibid., p. 258.
186 Houldsworth, The Morning Side of the Hill, p. 137.
187 Ibid., p. 170.
188 Ibid.
189 Ibid., p. 177.
190 Ibid., p. 175.
191 Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 264.
192 ‘Food requirements for the Allied fighting forces’, Dept. of Defence, ANA, Series A816/1 File no: 42/301/397; ‘Food requirements of the Allied fighting forces and ration supply – United States Forces’, ANA, Series A5954/69 File no: 291/6.
193 Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 287.
194 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 148.
195 War Office, Record of Ration Scales, pp. 3–4, 11.
196 Reynolds, Rich Relations, pp. 148–9.
197 Stauffer, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 113.
198 Ibid., pp. 110–11.
199 Ibid., p. 110.
200 Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 32.
201 Ibid.
202 Stauffer, The Quartermaster Corps, pp. 49–53, 96–7.
203 Ibid., p. 191.
204 Ibid., pp. 182–9.
205 Ibid., p. 192. Other causes of wastage were ‘losses at sea, pilferage, enemy action, operational movements, extra issues, and … errors in distribution’. Ross and Romanus, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 136.
206 Stauffer, The Quartermaster Corps, pp. 193, 196.
207 Ibid., pp. 194–5.
208 Ibid., p. 199.
209 Italics added. Hastings, Nemesis, pp. 56–7.
210 Cited by Reynolds, Rich Relations, pp. 67–8.
211 Cook and Cook, Japan at War, p. 280.
212 Harries and Harries, Soldiers of the Sun, p. 314.
213 McQuarrie, Strategic Atolls, p. 28.
214 Ibid., pp. 26–30.
215 Lindstrom and White, ‘War stories’, p. 4.
216 McQuarrie, Strategic Atolls, p. xiv.
217 Denoon, The Cambridge History, p. 312.
218 Kahn and Sexton, ‘The fresh and the canned’, p. 11.
219 McQuarrie, Strategic Atolls, p. 31.
220 Ibid., pp. 40–41.
221 Ibid., pp. 32–3.
222 Ibid., p. 35.
223 White et al., The Big Death, p. 211.
224 Lindstrom and White, ‘War stories’, p. 10.
225 Kahn and Sexton, ‘The fresh and the canned’, p. 6.
226 Denoon, The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders, p. 315.
227 McQuarrie, Strategic Atolls, p. 145.
228 Ibid., p. 153.
229 Bindon, ‘Breadfruit’, p. 50.
230 Franco, ‘Samoan representations’, p. 375.
231 Ibid., p. 379.
232 Ibid., p. 386.
233 Ibid., p. 385.
234 Bindon, ‘Taro or rice’, p. 64.
235 Neubarth, Dental Conditions, p. 1.
236 Bindon, ‘Taro or rice’, p. 76.
237 Ibid., pp. 66–7.
238 Malcolm, Diet and Nutrition, n.p.
239 McQuarrie, Conflict in Kiribati, p. 149.
240 Nero, ‘Time of famine’, pp. 119, 122.
241 Ibid., p. 120.
242 Ibid., p. 129.
243 Ibid., pp. 129–30.
244 Ibid., pp. 132–3.
245 Counts, ‘Shadows of war’, p. 203.
246 Nero, ‘Time of famine’, p. 141.
247 Ibid., p. 132.
248 Stanner, The South Seas, p. 326.
249 Weeks, ‘The United States occupation’, p. 415.
250 Nero, ‘Time of famine’, p. 142.
251 Lindstrom and White, ‘War stories’, pp. 26–7; Franco, ‘Samoan representations’, pp. 373–4.
252 Stanner, The South Seas, p. 328.
253 Kahn and Sexton, ‘The fresh and the canned’, pp. 12–13.
254 Weeks, ‘The United States occupation’, p. 425.
255 Prendergast, For God, Country and Coca-Cola, pp. 208–9.
256 Kahn and Sexton, ‘The fresh and the canned’, p. 6.
257 Coyne, The Effect of Urbanisation, p. 18.
258 Blum, V Was for Victory, p. 67.
259 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 88.
260 Ibid.
261 Helmut Geidel, interviewed January 2007.
262 Gibney, Senso, p. 145.
263 Ibid., p. 146.
264 Sledge, With the Old Breed, pp. 31–2.
265 Stauffer, The Quartermaster Corps, pp. 13–14; Bird, American POWs of World War II, pp. 4–5.
266 Frank, Downfall, p. 160.
267 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 69.
268 Harrison, ‘The Second World War’, p. 240.
269 Harris, ‘Great Britain’, pp. 244–45.
270 Overy, Why the Allies Won, p. 321.
271 Frank, Downfall, p. 345.