I would like to thank the following colleagues, friends, and loved ones for their generous assistance and advice: Mike Adler, Michelle Austin, Vanessa Barker, Yvette Bisono, Craig Calhoun, Oscar Chase, Tom Daems, David Donnison, David Downes, Gretchen Feltes, Amy Garland, Bernard Harcourt, Anton Hemerdijk, Henner Hess, Stephen Holmes, Dan Hulsebosch, Jim Jacobs, David Kamin, Michael Meranze, Lindsay Paterson, Robert Reiner, Mike Rowan, Dan Shaviro, and Anna Skarpelis. I am also indebted to the New York University doctoral students who took my welfare state seminar and taught me a great deal in the process; to three anonymous referees who provided comments on my proposal; to New York University School of Law’s Filomen D’Agostino and Max E. Greenberg Research Fund, and to Jenny Nugee and Andrea Keegan, my editors at Oxford University Press. This book is dedicated to my daughters, Amy and Kasia Garland, and to my wife, Anne Jowett, who makes everything possible.