Index

A

activation policies 127–8
administration, problems 84–8
age 122–3
agencies 61
problems with 86

B

Bane, Mary and David Ellwood 90
banks, deregulation 104–5
beneficence 16–18
benefits
claimants increased by generous welfare 89–91
difficulties with applying for 86, 88
entitlement 91
fraud 84–6
benefits of a new welfare state 57–8
Beveridge, William 5, 29, 40, 46, 47
birth rates 123
Bismarck, Otto von 68, 69
Blair, Tony 2
Bretton Woods 116–17
bureaucracy 86–7
Bush, George W. 109

C

Callaghan, James 101
Canada 4
capitalism 10–11, 20–2, 42–3, 135–7
laissez-faire 13, 14
charity 17–18, 33–4
Charity Organization Society (COS) 33
church, charity 17
Churchill, Winston 35, 56
Clinton, Bill 108
communism 41
conservatism 68–71
coverage of social insurance 60
criticism of welfare states 10, 81, 83, 88, 92–3, 105–7
Crouch, Colin 105
cultural change 124–5
cultural diversity 123–4

D

definitions of welfare state 7–9
de-industrialization 118–19 see also industrialization
demographics 122–3
dependency on welfare services 89, 90, 91–3
D’Estaing, Giscard 57
developing countries 78
Donzelot, Jacques 49–50
Durkheim, Emile 133–4

E

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) 128
Eastern Europe 78
economic crises 11–12
1970s 99–103
economic efficiency 42–3
economic events as catalysts for change 37–8, 39–41
economic functions of the state 57
economic governance 50–1
economy
management 41, 93, 94–6
Sweden 67–8
UK 79
USA 75
Eisenhower, Dwight D. 28
eligibility see means testing
embedded liberalism 116–17
employee rights 49
employment
de-industrialization 118–19
Germany 71
insecurity 30
labour market activation 127–8, 130
laws 18–19
Sweden 67
USA 75–6 see also unemployment
English state, early modern 18–19
entitlement to benefits 91 see also means testing
equality
failure of welfare states 93–4
gender 121–2
in Germany 70
in Sweden 66–7
wealth divide 111–12
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta 64–5, 77
eurgetism 17
European Union (EU) 78
migration 123–4
expenditure levels 64–5
USA 76–7

F

Fabian movement 35
family 121–2, 125–6
cultural change 129–30
new social risks 126–7
promotion of independence in Sweden 66–7
support services 49–50
traditional in Germany 70
values 92
Far East Asia 78
financial crises 11–12
1970s 99–103
Ford, Henry 124
Foucault, Michel 8
fraud 84–6
functionality of welfare states 52–3
funding sources 4, 60–1
futility of welfare states 93–6

G

gender, women-friendly policies 129–30
gender equality 121–2
in Germany 70
in Sweden 66–7
Germany 4, 26, 130
conservatism 68–71
social insurance 69–70
Gilder, George 89
Global Financial Crisis, 2008 11–12
globalization 117–18
government
aims and responsibilities 57
change in rationality 54–6
funding 4
major changes 37–8
outsourcing to agencies 61
government of the economy 50–1
Great Depression, 1930s 32

H

healthcare 8, 60
costs 88, 95–6
UK 78–80, 88
USA 73, 74–5
hidden welfare state 51–2
Hirschman, Albert 88

I

immigration 29, 123–4
income support 62
independence, promoted in Sweden 66–7
individualism 20, 25, 125
Industrial Revolution 20, 24
industrialization 30–1 see also de-industrialization
institutions of economic management 41
insurance, social see social insurance
interdependence 15–18
internationalization 117–18

J

Johnson, Lyndon B. 73

K

Katz, Michael 48
Keynes, John Maynard 42–3, 55
Korpi, Walter 31

L

labour, skilled and unskilled 120–1
labour market
activation 127–8, 130
de-industrialization 118–19
Germany 71
insecurity 30
laws 18–19
Sweden 67
USA 75–6 see also unemployment
labour organization 30–1
Labour Party, UK 3, 30–1
laissez-faire capitalism 13, 14
laissez-faire liberalism 22–5, 32
shift to welfare state 55–6
liberal states 6
liberalism 63, 71–7
embedded 116–17
laissez-faire see laissez-faire liberalism see also neoliberalism
life expectancy 122–3
local vs. national relief 34

M

Machiavelli, Niccolò 15
magnet effect 88, 90
managerial reforms 109
Marshall, T. H. 5, 31, 48
Martin, Kingsley 43
Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels 135
Mayhew, Henry 30
means testing 60, 62
social assistance 48
middle classes 39–41, 58, 62
USA 73
Middle East 78
migration, urban 29–30
Miliband, Ed 3
miners’ strikes 102
misrepresentation of the welfare state 2–5
moral hazard 89–90
morale of welfare claimants 86–7
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick 92

N

National Health Service (NHS) 78–80, 88 see also healthcare
National Insurance (UK) 27, 35, 47 see also social insurance
national vs. local relief 34
neoliberalism 34–5, 99, 103–5, 109–14
New Deal, USA 38, 73
New Right 98–9, 102
new social risks (NSRs) 126–7
reform 130–1
Norquist, Grover 102

O

O’Neill, Tip 124
oil prices 100, 117
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) 100, 117
opt-out schemes 110

P

Peck, Jamie 108–9
pensions 26, 113, 122–3, 129
retirement age 130–1
Polanyi, Karl 14, 25
Poor Laws 19–23, 33–4
population 29–30, 122–3
post-industrial transition 115–17
poverty 31–4, 84
failure of welfare states 94–6
related to generosity of welfare 90–1
pre-capitalism 13–14
private sector 74
problems with welfare states 81–97
programmes 57–8, 61–3
problems with 82
USA 73
public sector jobs 51
public services 48–9

R

Reagan, Ronald 85, 87
reciprocity 15–16, 42
reforms 6, 27–9, 32–44, 83, 107–9, 131–2
future proposals 127–8
managerial 109
neoliberal 103–5, 109–14
new social risks 130–1
rights 48–9
to work in Sweden 66–7
risk management 125–7, 130–1
Rome, ancient 17

S

Schumpeter, Joseph 136
sickness benefits 113
social assistance 47–8, 70
dependent on behaviour 108
social democracy 5–6, 63, 65–8
social insurance 8–9, 35, 36, 43, 46–7, 60–3
Germany 69–70
Sweden 66
USA 47, 72–3
social market economy 70–1
social mobility 71
social organization, social roots of welfare 15–18
social policy 41
social provision 18–19
Social Security (USA) 47, 72–3 see also social insurance
social work 33, 49–50, 61
socialism 41
Sozialstaat 68, 69–70
Speenhamland 21–2
state capacity 35–7
Streeck, Wolfgang 134, 137
Sweden 5–6
diversity 123
economy 67–8
generosity of welfare 90
public sector jobs 51
social democracy 63, 65–8
social insurance 66
system-conflict 53

T

tax allowances 51–2
taxation as funding source 60–1
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) 108
Thatcher, Margaret 103, 107
Titmuss, Richard 5, 62
trade unions 30, 58

U

unemployment 120
benefits 108, 114
diversity of types 125
increased by generous welfare 89–91
rise of 103–4 See also employment
United Kingdom (UK) 26, 78–80
economy 79
healthcare 78–80, 88
Labour Party 3, 30–1
National Insurance 27, 35, 47 see also social insurance
pensions 130
public sector jobs 51
state capacity 36
welfare reforms 108
United States of America (USA) 4, 5–6, 25, 26, 28
culture 124
economy 75
expenditure on welfare 76–7
generosity of welfare 90–1
healthcare 73, 74–5
hidden welfare state 51
liberalism 63, 71–7
New Deal 38, 73
pensions 130–1
population changes 29
public sector jobs 51
Social Security 47, 72–3 see also social insurance
state capacity 36
welfare reforms 108–9
urbanization 29–30

V

values
jeopardizing 91–3
promotion of 63
variety 59–60, 77–8
welfare regime 63–77
voucher schemes 110

W

Wall Street Crash, 1929 37
war as catalyst for change 38–9
Warren, Elizabeth 136
wealth divide 111–12
welfare cheats 84–6
welfare reforms see reforms
welfare regime variety 63–77
Wilensky, Harold 27
workhouses 23–5, 33
working classes 41–2
World War II 26, 38