9 Martin Wolf, “The Libertarian Fantasies of Cryptocurrencies,” Financial Times, February 3, 2019, https://medium.com/financial-times/the-libertarian-fantasies-of-cryptocurrencies-f514cc16bcd1/.
9–10 Stanton Heister and Kristi Yuthas, “The Blockchain and How It Can Influence Conceptions of the Self,” Technology in Society 60 (February 2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101218.
10 “Chancellor on Brink of Second Bailout for Banks—Satoshi’s Message for Infinity,” The Bitcoin News, May 24, 2018, https://thebitcoinnews.com/chancellor-on-brink-of-second-bailout-for-banks-satoshis-message-for-infinity/.
11 Nick Paumgarten, “The Prophets of Cryptocurrency Survey the Boom and Bust,” New Yorker, October 22, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/22/the-prophets-of-cryptocurrency-survey-the-boom-and-bust/.
13 Xu Mingxing, Ying Tian, and Jiyue Li, Blockchain: An Illustrated Guidebook to Understanding Blockchain, trans. Jie Liu, (New York: Skyhorse, 2018), 9.
13, 15 Nathan Heller, “Estonia, the Digital Republic,” New Yorker, December 11, 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/18/estonia-the-digital-republic.
18 Omid Malekan, The Story of Blockchain: A Beginner’s Guide to the Technology That No One Understands (Syosset, NY: Triple Smoke Stack, 2018), 16.
18 Gideon Lewis-Kraus, “Inside the Crypto World’s Biggest Scandal,” Wired, June 19, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/tezos-blockchain-love-story-horror-story/.
18 Lewis-Kraus.
19 Marc Andreessen, “Why Bitcoin Matters,” New York Times, January 21, 2014, https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/01/21/why-bitcoin-matters/.
21 Lewis-Kraus, “Inside the Crypto World’s Biggest Scandal.”
23–24 Nick Stockton, “A Curious Plan to Save the Environment with the Blockchain,” Wired, May 22, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/05/curious-plan-save-environment-blockchain/.
25 Robyn Metcalfe, “The Life Story of Your Supermarket Chicken: Food Tracking Goes High-Tech,” Wall Street Journal, February 21, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-life-story-of-your-supermarket-chicken-food-tracking-goes-high-tech-11550761202/.
26 Paumgarten, “Prophets.”
26 Paumgarten.
27 Michael Casey and Paul Vigna, The Truth Machine: The Blockchain and the Future of Everything (New York, St. Martin’s, 2018), 81–82.
27 Casey and Vigna.
31 Nellie Bowles, “Everyone Is Getting Hilariously Rich and You’re Not,” New York Times, January 13, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/13/style/bitcoin-millionaires.html.
31–32 Michael Kaplan, “I Accidentally Threw Away $60 Million Worth of Bitcoin,” New York Post, May 26, 2018, https://nypost.com/2018/05/26/i-accidentally-threw-away-60m-worth-of-bitcoin/.
33 Mark Frauenfelder, “ ‘I Forgot My PIN’: An Epic Tale of Losing $30,000 in Bitcoin,” Wired, October 29, 2017, https://www.wired.com/story/i-forgot-my-pin-an-epic-tale-of-losing-dollar30000-in-bitcoin/.
33 Frauenfelder.
34 Sophie Haigney, “The Artist Who Guides His Art with Crypto-Tokens,” New Yorker, September 5, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-artist-who-guides-his-art-with-crypto-tokens/.
35 Securities and Exchange Commission, July 11, 2018, https://www.sec.gov/comments/sr-cboebzx-2018-040/cboebzx2018040-167317.htm.
35 Casey and Vigna, The Truth Machine, 101.
35 Olga Kharif, “How’s That ICO Working Out?,” Bloomberg Quint, December 14, 2018, https://www.bloombergquint.com/businessweek/crypto-s-15-biggest-icos-by-the-numbers/.
36 Wolf, “Libertarian Fantasies.”
36 Lionel Laurent, “Decentralized Elites,” Bloomberg Businessweek, December 14, 2018, https://www.scribd.com/article/395641199/Decentralized-Elites/.
40 Paul Krugman, “Transaction Costs and Tethers: Why I’m a Crypto Skeptic,” New York Times, July 31, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/31 /opinion/transaction-costs-and-tethers-why-im-a-crypto-skeptic.html.
41 Dan McCrum, “Sell All Crypto and Abandon All Blockchain,” Financial Times, April 13, 2018, https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2018/04/13/1523592006000/Sell-all-crypto-and-abandon-all-blockchain/.
41 Tae Kim, “Warren Buffett Says Bitcoin Is ‘Probably Rat Poison Squared,’ ” CNBC, May 5, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/05/warren-buffett-says-bitcoin-is-probably-rat-poison-squared.html.
41–42 George Gilder, Life after Google (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 2018), 126.
42 Laurent, “Decentralized Elites.”
43 Nellie Bowles, “Remember Bitcoin? Some Investors Might Want to Forget,” New York Times, December 27, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/27/technology/bitcoin-cryptocurrency-crash.html.
43 Izabella Kaminska, “From the HODL to a Crypto Winter,” Financial Times, February 26, 2019, https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2019/02/26/1551157202000/From-the-HODL-to-a-crypto-winter/.
43 Alexandra Stevenson and Su-Hyun Lee, “Cryptocurrency Was Their Way Out of South Korea’s Lowest Rungs,” New York Times, February 11, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/10/business/south-korea-bitcoin-cryptocurrencies.html.
44 Camilla Hodgson, “Crypto Currency Founder Revealed as Winner of Buffett Lunch,” Financial Times, June 4, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/ac6db9f0-8624-11e9-97ea-05ac2431f453/.
45 Gary Shilling, “Scoreboard,” Forbes 151, no. 4 (February 15, 1993): 236.
45 Bowles, “Remember Bitcoin?”
45 Bowles.
45 Jemima Kelly, “A Failed ICO Is Trying to Flog Itself on eBay,” Financial Times, March 25, 2019, https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2019/03/25/1553498702000/A-failed-ICO-is-trying-to-flog-itself-on-eBay-/.
45 Kelly.
46 GameKyuubi, “I AM HODLING,” bitcointalk.org, accessed March 31, 2020, https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=375643.0.
46 Tracy Alloway, “After the Crazy, the Reality,” Bloomberg Businessweek, December 14, 2018, https://www.scribd.com/article/395641179/After-The-Crazy-The-Reality/.
47 Bowles, “Everyone.”
50 Robert McMillan, “The Inside Story of Mt. Gox, Bitcoin’s $460 Million Disaster,” Wired, March 3, 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/03/bitcoin-exchange/.
51 Justin Scheck and Bradley Hope, “The Man Who Solved Bitcoin’s Most Notorious Heist,” Wall Street Journal, August 10, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-man-who-solved-bitcoins-most-notorious-heist-1533917805/.
51 Jack Stubbs, Karolina Tagaris, and Anna Irrera, “US Indicts Suspected Russian ‘Mastermind’ of $4 Billion Bitcoin Laundering Scheme,” Reuters, July 26, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/US-greece-russia-arrest-idUSKBN1AB1OP/.
54 Matthew Leising, “The Ether Thief,” Bloomberg, June 13, 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2017-the-ether-thief/.
54 Mike Orcutt, “Once Hailed as Unhackable, Blockchains Are Now Getting Hacked,” MIT Technology Review, February 19, 2019, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612974/once-hailed-as-unhackable-blockchains-are-now-getting-hacked/.
55 Leising, “The Ether Thief.”
55 Gilder, Life after Google, 154.
57 Paul Vigna and Shane Shifflett, “ ‘Our Cash Went to Something:’ Customers Hunt for Bankrupt Crypto Exchange’s Missing Millions,” Wall Street Journal, February 19, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/our-cash-went-to-something-customers-hunt-for-bankrupt-crypto-exchanges-missing-millions -11550596908/.
58 Bruce Schneier, “There’s No Good Reason to Trust Blockchain Technology,” Wired, February 6, 2019, https://www.wired.com/story/theres-no-good-reason-to-trust-blockchain-technology/.
58 Noah Smith, “Blockchain Hype Missed the Mark, and Not by a Little,” Bloomberg, May 3, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-05-03/blockchain-hype-missed-the-mark-and-not-by-a-little/.
58 Kai Stinchcombe, “Blockchain Is Not Only Crappy Technology but a Bad Vision for the Future,” Medium, April 5, 2018, https://medium.com/@kaistinchcombe/decentralized-and-trustless-crypto-paradise-is-actually-a-medieval-hellhole-c1ca122efdec/.
59 Stinchcombe.
59 Stinchcombe.
59 Stinchcombe.
59–60 Stinchcombe.
60 McCrum, “Sell All Crypto.”
61 Paul Vigna, “CryptoKitties and Dice Games Fail to Lure Users to Dapps,” Wall Street Journal, May 29, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/cryptokitties-and-dice-games-fail-to-lure-users-to-dapps-11559122201/.
63 Nathanial Popper, “After the Bust, Are Bitcoins More Like Tulip Mania or the Internet?,” New York Times, April 23, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/technology/bitcoin-tulip-mania-internet.html.
65 Gilder, Life after Google, 153.
68 Stockton, “A Curious Plan.”
68 Casey and Vigna, The Truth Machine, 181.
69 Gilder, Life after Google, 126.
69 Fred Imbert, “JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon Says Bitcoin Is a ‘Fraud’ That Will Eventually Blow Up,” CNBC, September 12, 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/12/jpmorgan-ceo-jamie-dimon-raises-flag-on-trading-revenue-sees-20-percent-fall-for-the-third-quarter.html.
70 Michael J. de la Merced and Nathaniel Popper, “JPMorgan Chase Tests Own Cryptocurrency, the First for a US Bank,” New York Times, February 14, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/14/business/dealbook/jpmorgan-cryptocurrency-bitcoin.html.
71 Alastair Marsh and Silla Brush, “Why Crypto Companies Still Can’t Open Checking Accounts,” Bloomberg, March 3, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-03/why-crypto-companies-still-can-t-open-checking-accounts/.
76 Ludwig Siegele, “How to Fix What Has Gone Wrong with the Internet,” Economist, July 3, 2018, https://medium.com/@the_economist/how-to-fix-what-has-gone-wrong-with-the-internet-3ffc51419a40/.
76–77 Casey and Vigna, The Truth Machine, 115.
77 Mike Isaac, Nathaniel Popper, and Cecilia Kang, “PayPal Pulls Out of Libra, Facebook’s Cryptocurrency Project,” New York Times, October 4, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/04/technology/paypal-facebook-cryptocurrency-libra.html.
77–78 Ryan Browne, “Libra Shows Facebook Is Financially ‘Tone-Deaf,’ CNET Founder Says,” CNBC, November 6, 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/06/web-summit-cnet-founder-says-facebooks-libra-is-tone-deaf.html.
78 Ben Fox Rubin, “Congress Pillories Zuckerberg over Libra Cryptocurrency,” CNET, October 23, 2019, https://www.cnet.com/news/congress-pillories-zuckerberg-over-libra-cryptocurrency/.
78–79 Kiran Stacey and Hannah Murphy, “Zuckerberg Admits Facebook in a Poor Position to Promote Libra,” Financial Times, October 22, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/b582c76a-f4f1-11e9-b018-3ef8794b17c6/.
79 “Blockchain Frenzy That Xi Started Gets Warning from China Media,” Bloomberg News, October 28, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-29/china-s-state-media-warns-on-blockchain-frenzy-that-xi-started/.
80 Kashmir Hill, “Bitcoin Creator Returns To Internet To Say, ‘I Am Not Dorian Nakamoto,’ ” Forbes, March 6, 2014, https://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2014/03/06/bitcoin-creator-returns-to-internet-to-say-i-am-not-dorian-nakamoto/#6504d0c476bb/.
80 Andy Greenberg, “New Clues Suggest Craig Wright, Suspected Bitcoin Creator, May Be a Hoaxer,” Wired, December 11, 2015, https://www.wired.com/2015/12/new-clues-suggest-satoshi-suspect-craig-wright-may-be-a-hoaxer/.
81 Laurence Fletcher and Hudson Lockett, “Bitcoin Rises Again as Analysts Declare End of ‘Crypto Winter,’ ” Financial Times, May 27, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/daec39ce-8092-11e9-9935-ad75bb96c849/.
82 Mike Orcutt, “In 2019, Blockchain Will Start to Become Boring,” MIT Technology Review, January 2, 2019, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612687/in-2019-blockchains-will-start-to-become-boring/.
82 Orcutt.
83 “The Future of Money in the Digital Age,” Peterson Institute for International Economics, streamed live October 16, 2019, YouTube video, 2:39:26, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCZxEx7RbkM/.
83 Martin Wolf, “The Threat and the Promise of Digital Money,” Financial Times, October 22, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/fc079a6a-f4ad-11e9-a79c-bc9acae3b654/.