The material in this chapter was drawn from the author’s own experiences.
1. John Dellinger, “The War Makers,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1996, p. 35.
2. Georges Catroux, Deux Actes du Drame Indochine (Paris: Librairie Blon, 1959), p. 55.
3. Togo Shigenori, The Cause of Japan (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956), p. 85.
4. Bernard B. Fall, The Two Vietnams (New York: Frederic A. Praeger, 1964), p. 46.
5. Samuel I. Roseman, The Public Papers and Addresses of FDR (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950), p. 562.
6. Joseph B. Stilwell, The Stilwell Papers (New York: Sloane Associates, 1948), p. 115.
7. U.S. State Department, Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers: The Conferences at Cairo and Teheran, 1943 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 485–509.
8. Roseman, p. 562.
9. Charles de Gaulle, Memories de Guerre (Paris: Librairie Plon, 1954), p. 167.
10. Claire L. Chennault, Way of a Fighter (New York: Putnam’s Sons, 1949), p. 342.
11. De Gaulle, p. 165.
12. Cao The Dung, Viet Nam Huyet Le Su (n.p.: Dong Huong Publishers, 1996), p. 722.
13. Michael MacLlear, The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1946–1975 (New York: Saint Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 9.
14. Ibid., p. 7.
1. Harry G. Summers, Jr., Historical Atlas of the Vietnam War (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company), p. 45.
2. Ibid., p. 46.
3. Nguyen Ky Phong, “Vṵng Lầy của Bạch Ốc” Người Mỹ và Chiến Tranh Việt Nam 1945–1975. (Falls Church, Va.: Tủ Sách Quê Hương, 2006), pp. 57–58.
4. Summers, p. 46.
5. Nguyen, pp. 59–60.
6. Ibid., pp. 61–62.
7. The Pentagon Papers: Senator Gravel Edition (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Volume 1, pp. 18–19.
8. Summers, p. 46.
9. Richard Holbrooke, “The Paradox of George Kennan,” Washington Post, March 21, 2005, p. A19.
10. Ronnie I. Ford, “The Window of Opportunity,” Vietnam Magazine, February 1995, p. 6.
11. Michael Maclear, The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1946–1975 (New York: Saint Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 23.
12. Qiang Zhai, China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975 (Durham, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), pp. 11–28.
13. Ibid.
14. Zhai, pp. 28–32.
15. The Pentagon Papers, pp. 53–75.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Summers, p. 52.
19. Maclear, p. 27.
20. Ibid., p. 28.
21. Summers, p. 41.
1. The Pentagon Papers: Senator Gravel Edition (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Volume 1, pp. 1–52.
2. Ibid., pp. 10–20.
3. Qiang Zhai, China and the Vietnam Wars 1950–1975 (Durham, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), p. 44. Nguyen Ky Phong, “Vũng Lầy của Bạch Ôc” Người Mỹ và Chiến Tranh Việt Nam 1945–1975 (n.p.: Tủ Sách Quê Hương, 2006), p. 79.
4. Australian-American Alliance, “Vietnam Period 1847–1961.” http://www.hotkey.net/au/marshalle/chon01chron01-htm.
5. Zhai, p. 44.
6. Michael Maclear, The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1946–1975 (New York: Saint Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 37.
7. Ibid.
8. Bernard B. Fall, The Two Vietnams (New York: Frederic A. Praeger, 1964), p. 227.
9. Zhai, pp. 63, 10–64.
10. Russell A. Fifield, The Diplomacy of Southeast Asia: 1954–1958 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958), pp. 301–304; Fall, p. 233.
11. Phillip B. Davidson, Secret of the Vietnam War (Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1990), p. 128.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Hoang Van Chi, From Colonialism to Communism (New Delhi: Allied Publications, 1964), p. 13.
15. John O’Daniel, “A Finger in the Dike Is Not Enough,” TVN Magazine, April 29, 1962.
16. Stephen B. Young, “LBJ’s Strategy for Disengagement,” Vietnam Magazine, February 1998, p. 21.
17. Donald Lancaster, The Emancipation of the French in Indochina (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961), pp. 391–392.
18. Samuel L. Mayers, “Situation in Vietnam,” U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Records, July 30–31, 1959, p. 171.
19. Harry G. Summers, Jr., quoted in Robert L. Hewitt, “Overemphasis on Counter-insurgency Led to the Misapplication of Limited War,” Vietnam Magazine, June 1993, p. 58.
20. Nguyen Kien Giang, Les Grandes Dates du Parti de la Classe Ouvriere du Vietnam (Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1960), p. 53.
21. P.J. Honey, Communisn in North Vietnam: Its Role in the Sino-Soviet Dispute (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1963), p. 168.
22. Fall, p. 146.
23. Chi, p. 55.
24. Ibid., p. 193.
25. Thuy Khue, “Phong Trào Nhân văn và Giai Phầm” [The Nhan van and Giai Pham Movement], Hợp Lưu (Vietnamese magazine from California), No. 81 (February-March 2005): 5–28.
26. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN), The DRVN Constitution (1960), Preamble.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Sedgwick Tourison, Jr., quoted in Michael Lanning and Dan Cragg, Inside the VC and the NVA (New York: Faucett Columbine, 1993), pp. 231–235.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
1. John Dellinger, “The War Makers,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1996, p. 36.
2. Hoang Van Chi, From Colonialism to Communism (New Delhi: Allied Publications, 1964), p. 33.
3. Vo Nguyen Giap, People’s War, People’s Army (Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1961), p. 55.
4. Phillip B. Davidson, Secret of the Vietnam War (Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1990), pp. 17–20.
5. Giap, p. 56.
6. Michael Lanning and Dan Cragg, Inside the VC and the NVA (New York: Faucett Columbine, 1993), p. 187.
7. Stephen B. Young, “LBJ’s Strategy for Disengagement,” Vietnam Magazine, February 1998, p. 21.
8. Anonymous, “Le Sud-Est Asiatique en Danger,” Revue de Defense Nationale (Paris), May 1961, p. 785.
9. Bernard B. Fall, The Two Vietnams (New York: Frederic A. Praeger, 1964), p. 279.
10. Quoted in Robert L. Hewitt, “Overemphasis on Counter-insurgency Led to the Misapplication of Limited War,” Vietnam Magazine, June 1993, p. 58.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Norman B. Hannah, “History of Vietnam War: Continuity All the Way from JFK to LBJ,” Vietnam Magazine, February 1995, p. 54.
15. Michael Maclear, The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1946–1975 (New York: Saint Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 61.
16. Maclear, p. 59.
17. Peter Brush, “The War’s Constructive Component,” Vietnam Magazine, February 1997, p. 70.
18. Jane Hamilton Meritt, “The Killing Field of Laos,” Vietnam Magazine, December 1993, p. 49.
19. Meritt, “General Giap’s Laotian Nemesis,” Vietnam Magazine, February 1995, p. 27.
20. Norman B. Hannah, “The Harriman Line,” Vietnam Magazine, August 1992, pp. 58–62.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Lanning and Cragg, pp. 73–74.
24. Ibid., p.122.
25. Maclear, p. 172.
26. Ibid., p. 182.
27. James Donovan, “Assessing the War’s Costs,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1996, p. 42.
28. Michael R. Conroy, “Trail along the Trail,” Vietnam Magazine, October 1993, p. 32.
29. Hewitt, p. 60.
30. Ibid., p. 62.
31. Harry G. Summers, Jr., quoted in ibid.
32. Emmanuel Mounter, Le Personaliste (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1961), pp. 127–128.
33. Ibid.
34. Bernard B. Fall, The Two Vietnams (New York: Frederic A. Praeger, 1964), p. 285.
35. Maclear, p. 59.
36. Fall, p. 282.
37. David Nuttle, “The Boun Enao Project,” Vietnam Magazine, October 1992, p. 24.
38. Ibid., p. 27.
39. Wesley R. Fishel, Problems of Freedom: South Vietnam since Independence (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1961), pp. 27–28.
40. Maclear, p. 62.
41. Charles F. Reske, “Operation Footboy,” Vietnam Magazine, October 1995, p. 30.
42. William Wilson, “The Infamous Pentagon Papers Give Insights into the Johnson Administration’s Thinking on the Vietnam War,” Vietnam Magazine, February 1997, p. 62.
43. Ibid., p. 63.
44. Ibid.
45. Reske, p. 33.
46. A.K. Davidson, “The Fatally Flawed OPLAN-34A Commando Raids on North Vietnam were a Disaster with Lasting Consequences,” Vietnam Magazine, February 1997, p. 52.
47. J.T. Chapin, “An American in the War before 1964,” Vietnam Magazine, October 1995, p. 52.
48. Rob Krott, “MACV-SOG Was One So Secret That the U.S. Government Denied Its Existence,” Vietnam Magazine, October 1997, pp. 54–56.
49. Harry S. Summers, Jr., “Editorial Comments,” Vietnam Magazine, February 1997, p. 6.
50. Maclear, p. 61.
51. Beverly, Deepe, “Saigon Telling Officers to Heed U.S. Advisers,” Washington Post, January 20, 1963.
52. Quoted in Fall, p. 288
1. Tran Trung Dung, “The American Hand and the Death of President Ngo Dinh Diem,” Phu Nu Dien Dan (Vietnamese magazine from California), February 1994, p. 41.
2. Ibid.
3. Michael R. Fowler, “War within a War,” Vietnam Magazine, February 1994, p. 41.
4. Michael Maclear, The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1946–1975 (New York: Saint Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 63.
5. William Wilson, “U.S. Complicity in the Overthrow of South Vietnam’s President Made Impossible to Stay Uninvolved in the War,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1997, p. 56.
6. Ibid., p. 60.
7. Ibid.
8. Maclear, p. 75.
9. Richard Reeves, President Kennedy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), p. 642.
10. Ibid., p. 641.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., p. 484.
13. Ibid., p. 443.
14. Maclear, p. 78.
15. Reeves, p. 745.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., p. 646.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., p. 648.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., p. 649.
23. Maclear, p. 81.
24. Reeves, p. 649.
25. Chu Ba Anh, “The American Hand and the Death of President Ngo Dinh Diem,” Phu-nu Dien-dan (Vietnamese magazine), November 11, 1993, p. 39.
26. Reeves, p. 650.
27. Ibid., p. 652.
28. Maclear, p. 82.
1. Robert L. Hewitt, “Overemphasis on Counter-insurgency Led to the Misapplication of Limited War,” Vietnam Magazine, June 1993, p. 61.
2. Ibid.
3. John Dellinger, “The War Makers,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1996, p. 37.
4. Norman B. Hannah, “History of Vietnam War: Continuity All the Way from JFK to LBJ,” Vietnam Magazine, February 1995, p. 60.
5. H.R. McMaster, “The Vietnam War Was Not Lost in the Field or by the Media. It Was Lost in Washington D.C., Even Before It Began,” Vietnam Magazine, August 1997, p. 50.
6. Richard Reeves, President Kennedy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), p. 379.
7. McMaster, p. 50.
8. Ibid., p. 52.
9. Dellinger, p. 38.
10. McMaster, p. 52.
11. Hannah, pp. 54–58.
12. Ibid.
13. Dellinger, p. 37.
14. Bernard B. Fall, The Two Vietnams (New York: Frederic A. Praeger, 1964), p. 199.
15. Michael Maclear, The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1946–1975 (New York: Saint Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 112.
16. Ibid., p. 120.
17. Lam Quang Thi, The Twenty-Five Year Century (Denton, Tex.: University of North Texas Press, 2002), p. 137.
1. Phillip B. Davidson, Secret of the Vietnam War (Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1990), p. 147.
2. Allan B. Calhamer, “It Took Nine Years to Decide to Block Hai-Phong,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1998, p. 56.
3. Jacksel M. Broughton, “Wasted Air Power,” Vietnam Magazine, August 1994, p. 19.
4. Ibid., p. 23.
5. William Wilson, “The Rolling Thunder Strategic Air Campaign,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1996, p. 16.
6. Michael R. Conroy, “Trail along the Trail,” Vietnam Magazine, October 1993, p. 27.
7. Peter W. Brush, “The Story behind the McNamara Line,” Vietnam Magazine, February 1996, p. 21.
8. Ibid., pp. 21–22.
9. Michael Maclear, The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1946–1975 (New York: Saint Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 136.
1. Ronnie I. Ford, “The Window of Opportunity,” Vietnam Magazine, February 1995, pp. 40–41.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., p. 44.
4. Ibid.
5. Robert Pisor, “Faking MACV Out of Position,” Vietnam Magazine, February 1993, pp. 43–44.
6. William C. Westmoreland, “What Did North Vietnam Hope to Gain with Their 1968 Tet Offensive? Were They After the Cities, or More?” Vietnam Magazine, pp. 43–44.
7. Ford, p. 42.
8. Ibid., p. 43.
9. Michael Maclear, The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1946–1975 (New York: Saint Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 199.
10. Pisor, p. 43.
11. Maclear, p. 203.
12. Zeb B. Bradford, “Firsthand Account with Creighton Abrams during Tet,” Vietnam Magazine, February 1998, p. 47.
13. Westmoreland, p. 68.
14. Maclear, p. 197.
15. Harry G. Summers, Jr., “This Was a World War II Battlefield,” Vietnam Magazine, February 1998, p. 47.
16. Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1976), p. 349.
17. Frederic C. Weyand, “Troops to Equal Army,” Vietnam Magazine, August 1998, p. 39.
1. Michael Maclear, The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1946–1975 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981) p. 282.
2. Frederic C. Weyand, “Troops to Equal Army,” Vietnam Magazine, August 1998, p. 39.
3. Tad Szulc, The Illusion of Peace (New York: Viking Press, 1978), p. 65.
4. Ibid., pp. 24–25.
5. Ibid.
6. Henry B. Crawford, “Operation Menu’s Secret Bombing of Campuchia,” Vietnam Magazine, December 1996, p. 27.
7. Maclear, p. 289.
8. Ibid., p. 250.
9. Lewis Sorley, “South Vietnam: Worthy Ally?” (General Creighton W. Abrams Reassessing the ARVN), thehistorynet (3–15–03). Online at http:/www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/866256/posts.
10. Harry G. Summers, Jr., “Snatching Victory from Defeat,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1999, p. 38.
1. Harry G. Summers, Jr., “Snatching Victory from Defeat,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1999, p. 38.
2. Truong Duong, Doi Chien Binh (n.p.: Tu Quynh Publishers, April 1998), p. 35.
1. Michael Maclear, The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1946–1975 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981) p. 307.
2. Harry G. Summers, Jr., “The Bitter End,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1995, p. 42.
3. Harry G. Summers, Jr., “Editorial Comments,” Vietnam Magazine, November 1998, p. 6.
4. Maclear, p. 310.
5. James Donovan, “Assessing The War’s Costs,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1996, p. 44.
6. Eugene H. Grayson, “Fall of the Central Highlands,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1994, p. 23.
7. Maclear, p. 310.
8. Ibid., p. 311.
9. Tad Szulc, The Illusion of Peace (New York: Viking Press, 1978), p. 669.
10. Maclear, p. 311.
1. Homer D. Smith, “The Final Forty-Five Days in Vietnam,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1995, pp. 47–48.
2. Lam Quang Thi, The Twenty-Five Year Century (Denton, Tex.: University of North Texas Press, 2002), p. 318.
3. Eugene H. Grayson, “Fall of the Central Highlands,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1994, p. 24.
4. Harry G. Summers, Jr., “The Bitter End,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1995, pp. 42–43.
5. Harry G. Summers, Jr., Historical Atlas of the Vietnam War (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995), p. 192.
6. Ibid.
7. Summers, Jr., “The Bitter End,” p. 43.
1. Nguyen Van Thieu, “Presidential Last Address [Announcing Decision] to Resign,” Saigon T.V., April 20, 1975.
2. Harry G. Summers, Jr., Historical Atlas of the Vietnam War (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995), p. 196.
3. Michael Maclear, The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1946–1975 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981) p. 321.
4. Ibid., p. 324.
1. Harry G. Summers, Jr., Historical Atlas of the Vietnam War (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995), p. 190.
2. Phillip Habid, “Peace Envoy’s Postscript,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1993, p. 190.
3. Larry Engelmann, Tears before the Rain (New York: Da Capo Press, 1997), p. 53.
4. Phan Tan My, “Trận –ánh Trên Ðồi Móng Ngựa” (The Fight on Horseshoe Hill). Special piece for “Thiên Anh Hùng Ca QLVNCH,” Mac Phong Dinh, 2004.
5. Summers, p. 200.
6. Ibid.
7. Michael Maclear, The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1946–1975 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981) p. 331.
8. Engelmann, p. 150.
9. Julie Kane, “Secret Evacuation of the VNN Fleet,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1995, p. 33.
1. Darrel Laurant, “Billed as a Symposium, the Hampden Sydney College Gathering Was More Like a Trial,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1994, p. 62.
2. Marc Leepson, “At a Conference on McNamara’s Book ‘In Retrospect,’ Military Heavy Weights Lined Up to ‘Knife The Mac,’” Vietnam Magazine, December 1996, p. 62.
3. Ibid.
4. James Donovan, “Assessing The War’s Costs,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1996, p. 42.
5. Ibid., p. 45.
6. Ibid., p. 48.
7. David H. Hackworth, “Perspectives,” Vietnam Magazine, April 1995, p. 32.
8. Phillip B. Davidson, Secret of the Vietnam War (Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1990), p. 144.
9. Merle L. Pribbenon, “North Vietnam’s Master Plan,” Vietnam Magazine, August 1999, p. 32.
10. “Vietnam the Domino That Fell,” interview with General William C. Westmoreland, American Legion Magazine, June 1997, pp. 32–57.
11. Davidson, p. 165.
12. Rod Paschall, “Editorial Comments,” Vietnam Magazine, April 2000, p. 6.
13. Ibid.
14. “Transition from Socialist Economy to Market Economy in Vietnam,” Hawaiian Advertiser (Vietnamese biweekly newspaper in Honolulu), August 15, 1996, pp. 31–32.
15. Mehong Xu and Larry Engelmann, “Chinese Ordeal,” Vietnam Magazine, October 1993, p. 19.
16. R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy, “Chinese Invasion of Vietnam,” in The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History, 4th ed. (New York: Harper-Collins Publishers, 1993), p. 1525.
17. Dong De Magazine (Special edition # 3 by the former ARVN Officers), September 2002, pp. 11–19.
18. Cecil B. Curry and Patrick Barrentine, “A Former Prisoner of War Serves as America’s Ambassador to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,” Vietnam Magazine, August 1998, p. 55.
19. “Shared Pain of Vietnam Is Recalled,” Honolulu Advertiser Newspaper, March 14, 2000, p. A7.