∨ Wetenschap of kwakzalverij? ∧

Noten

Hoofdstuk 1: Materie

• 1. Daily Mirror, 4 januari 2003.
• 2. www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sites/mind/pages/hopi.shtml.
• 3. D.R. Seely, S.M. Quigley, A.W. Langman, ‘Ear candles – efficacy and safety’, Laryngoscope, okt. 1996,106 (10): 1226-1229.
• 4. Ibid.
• 5. E.C. Green, A. Honwana, ‘Indigenous healing of war-affected children in Africa’, IK Notes nr. 10, Knowledge and Learning Centre Africa Region, World Bank Washington, 1999, beschikbaar op www.africaaction.org/docs99/viol9907.htm.

Hoofdstuk 4: Homeopathie

• 1. T. Marshall, ‘Reducing unnecessary consultation – a case of NNNT?’ Bandolier, 1997, 44 (4): 1-3.
• 2. M.P. MacManus, J.P. Matthews, M. Wada, A. Wirth, V. Worotniuk, D.L. Ball, ‘Unexpected long-term survival after low-dose palliative radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer’, Cancer, 1 maart 2006,106 (5): 1110-1116.
• 3. A.W. Majeed et al., ‘Randomised, prospective, single-blind comparison of laparoscopic versus small-incision cholecystectomy’, The Lancet, 13 april 1996, 347 (9007): 989-994.
• 4. K.E Schulz, I. Chalmers, R.J. Hayes, D.G. Altman, ‘Empirical evidence of bias: Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials’, JAMA 1995, 273: 408-412.
• 5. E. Ernst, A.R. White, Acupuncture for back pain: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials’, Arch Intern Med, 1998,158: 2235-2241.
• 6. Ibid.
• 7. E. Ernst, M.H. Pittler, ‘Efficacy of homeopathie arnica: a systematic review of placebo-controlled clinical trials’, Arch Surg, nov. 1998, 133 (11): 1187-1190.
• 8. J.B. van Helmont, Oriatrike, or Physick Refined: The Common Errors Jherein Refuted and the Whole are Reformed and Rectified, Lodowick-Loyd, 1662: 526. Te lezen op www.jameslind-library.org.
• 9. K.S. Khan, S. Daya, A.R. Jadad, ‘The importance of quality of primary studies in producing unbiased systematic reviews’, Arch Intern Med, 1996, 156: 661-666; D. Moher, B. Pham, A. Jones et al., ‘Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta-analyses?’, The Lancet, 1998, 352: 609-613.
• 10. E. Ernst, M.H. Pittler, ‘Re-analysis of previous meta-analysis of clinical trials of homeopathy’, / Clin Epi, 2000, 53 (11): 1188.
• 11. A. Shang, K. Huwiler-Müntener, L. Nartey, P. Juni, S. Dörig, JA. Sterne, D. Pewsner, M. Egger, Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy’, The Lancet, 2 sept.-7 aug. 2005, 366 (9487): 726-732.
• 12. D. Tallon, J. Chard, P. Dieppe, ‘Relation between agendas of the research community and the research consumer’, The Lancet, 2000, 355: 2037-2040.
• 13. BBC Radio 4 Case Notes, 19 juli 2005.

Hoofdstuk 5: Het placebo-effect

• 1. ‘The placebo in medicine’, Med Press, 18 juni 1890: 642.
• 2. H.K Beecher, ‘The powerful placebo’, JAMA, 24 dec. 1955,159 (17): 1602-1606.
• 3. P. Skrabanek, J. McCormick, Follies and Fallacies in Medicine, Tarragon Press, 1989.
• 4. D.E. Moerman, ‘General medical effectiveness and human biology: placebo effects in the treatment of ulcer disease’, MedAnth Quarterly, aug. 1983, 14, 4: 3-16.
• 5. AJ. de Craen, D.E. Moerman, S.H. Heisterkamp, G.N. Tytgat, J.G. Tijssen, J. Kleijnen, ‘Placebo effect in the treatment of duodenal ulcer’, Br J Clin Pharmacol, dec. 1999, 48 (6): 853-609.
• 6. B. Blackwell, S.S. Bloomfield, C.R. Buncher, ‘Demonstration to medical students of placebo responses and non-drug factors’, The Lancet, 10 juni 1972,1 (7763): 1279-1282.
• 7. K. Schapira, H.A. McClelland, N.R. Griffiths, DJ. Newell, ‘Study on the effects of tablet colour in the treatment of anxiety states’, BMJ, 23 mei 1970,1 (5707): 446-449.
• 8. AJ. de Craen, PJ. Roos, A. Leonard de Vries, J. Kleijnen, ‘Effect of colour of drugs: systematic review of perceived effects of drugs and of their effectiveness’, BMJ, 21-28 sept. 1996, 313 (7072): 1624-1626.
• 9. M.Z. Hussain, A. Ahad, ‘Tablet colour in anxiety states’, BMJ, 22 aug. 1970, 3 (5720): 466.
• 10. R.F. Grenfell, A.H. Briggs, W.C. Holland, ‘Doublé blind study of the treatment of hypertension’, JAMA, 1961,176:124-128; AJ.M. de Craen, J.G.P. Tijssen, J. de Gans, J. Kleijnen, ‘Placebo effect in the acute treatment of migraine: subcutaneous placebos are better than oral placebos’, J Neur, 2000, 247: 183-188; R.H. Gracely, R. Dubner, PA. McGrath, ‘Narcotic analgesia: fentanyl reduces the intensity but not the unpleasantness of painful tooth pulp sensations’, Science, 23 maart 1979, 203 (4386): 1261-1263.
• 11. TJ. Kaptchuk, W.B. Stason, R.B. Davis, A.R. Legedza, R.N. Schnyer, CE. Kerr, D.A. Stone, B.H. Nam, I. Kirsch, R.H. Goldman, ‘Sham device v inert pill: randomised controlled trial of two placebo treatments’, BMJ, 18 feb. 2006, 332 (7538): 391-397.
• 12. A. Branthwaite, P. Cooper, ‘Analgesic effects of branding in treatment of headaches’, BMJ (Clin Res Ed), 1981,282:1576-1578.
• 13. Waber et al., ‘Commercial features of placebo and therapeutic efficacy’, JAMA, 2008, 299:1016-1017.
• 14. F. Ginoa, ‘Do we listen to advice just because we paid for it? The impact of advice cost on its use’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2008, in druk (gepubliceerd op het internet op 25 april 2008, http://dx.doi.0rg/10.1016/j. obhdp.2008.03.001).
• 15. G.H. Montgomery, I. Kirsch, ‘Mechanisms of placebo pain reduction: an empirical investigation’, Psych Science, 1996, 7: 174-176.
• 16. L.A. Cobb, G.I. Thomas, D.H. Dillard, K.A. Merendino, R.A. Bruce, ‘An evaluation of internal-mammary-artery ligation by a double-blind technic’, N Eng J Med, 28 mei 1959, 260 (22): 115-118.
• 17. C. Linde, F. Gadler, L. Kappenberger, L. Rydén, ‘Placebo effect of pacemaker implantation in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. PIC Study Group’, Am J Cardiol, 15 maart 1999, 83 (6): 903-907.
• 18. A.G. Johnson, ‘Surgery as a placebo’, The Lancet, 22 okt. 1994, 344 (8930): 1140-1142.
• 19. A.J. Crum, E.J. Langer, ‘Mindset matters: exercise and the placebo effect’, Psych Science, feb. 2007,18 (2): 165-171.
• 20. S.L. Gryll, M. Katahn, ‘Situational factors contributing to the placebos effect’, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 1978, 57: 253-261.
• 21. R.H. Gracely, R. Dubner, W.R. Deeter, P.J. Wolskee, ‘Clinicians’ expectations influence placebo analgesia’, The Lancet, 5 jan. 1985,1 (8419): 43.
• 22. K.B. Thomas, ‘General Practice Consultations: is there any point in being positive?’ BMJ (Clin Res Ed), 9 mei 1987, 294 (6581): 1200-1202.
• 23. R. Tallis, Hippocratic Oaths: Medicine and its Discontents, Atlantic 2004.
• 24. C. Lévi-Strauss, ‘The Sorcerer and his Magie’, in Structuml Anthropology (vert. C. Jacobson, Schoef BG), Basic Books, 1963.
• 25. L.C. Park, L. Covi, ‘Nonblind placebo trial: an exploration of neurotic patients’ responses to placebo when its inert content is disclosed’, Arch Gen Psych, april 1965,12: 36-45.
• 26. S. Wolf, ‘Effects of suggestion and conditioning on the action of chemical agents in human subjects: the pharmacology of placebos’, J C/m Invest, jan. 1950, 29 (1): 100-109.
• 27. R. de la Fuente-Fernandez, TJ. Ruth, V. Sossi, M. Schulzer, D.B. Calne, A.J. Stoessl, ‘Expectation and dopamine release: mechanism of the placebo effect in Parkinson’s disease’, Science, 10 aug. 2001, 293 (5532): 1164-1166.
• 28. J.K. Zubieta, J.A. Bueller, L.R. Jackson, DJ. Scott, Y. Xu, R.A. Koeppe, TE. Nichols, CS. Stohler, ‘Placebo effects mediated by endogenous opioid activity on muopioid receptors’, J Neur, 24 aug. 2005, 25 (34): 7754-7762.
• 29. R. Ader, N. Cohen, ‘Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression’, Psychosom Med, juli-aug. 1975, 37 (4): 333-340.
• 30. M.U. Goebel, A.E. Trebst, J. Steiner, Y.E Xie, M.S. Exton, S. Frede, A.E. Canbay, M.C. Michel, U. Heemann, M. Schedlowski, ‘Behavioral conditioning of immunosuppression is possible in humans’, FASEBJ, dec. 2002,16 (14): 1869-1873.
• 31. A. Buske-Kirschbaum, C. Kirschbaum, H. Stierle, H. Lehnert, D. Hellhammer, ‘Conditioned increase of natural killer cell activity (NKCA) in humans’, Psychosom Med, maart-april 1992, 54 92): 123-132.
• 32. J.S. Goodwin, J.M. Goodwin, A.V. Vogel, ‘Knowledge and use of placebos by house officers and nurses’, Ann Intern Med, juli 1979, 91 91): 106-110.
• 33. D.E. Moerman, Meaning, Medicine and the Placebo Effect, Cambridge University Press 2002. Secundaire verwijzingen naar vier andere onderzoeken worden hier samengevat.
• 34. D.E. Moerman, A. Harrington, ‘Making space for the placebo effect in pain medicine’, Sem in Pain Med, maart 2005, 3 (1 Spec issue): 2-6.
• 35. B.T. Walsh, S.N. Seidman, R. Sysko, M. Gould, ‘Placebo response in studies of major depression: variable, substantial, and growing’, JAMA, 10 april 2002, 287 (14): 1840-1847.
• 36. E. Ernst, K. Schmidt, ‘Aspects of MMR’, BMJ, 2002, 325: 597.

Hoofdstuk 6: De waan van de dag

• 1. Harry G. Frankfurt, On Bullshit, Princeton University Press, 2005, htpp://press.princeton.edu/video/frankfurt.
• 2. htpp://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/news/ng.asp?n=85o87.
• 3. Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group, ‘The effect of vitamin E and bèta carotene on the incidence of lung and other cancers in male smokers’, New Eng J Med, 1994, 330:1029-1035.
• 4. M.D. Thornquist, G.S. Omenn, G.E. Goodman, J.E. Grizzle, L. Rosenstock, S. Barnhart, G.L. Anderson, S. Hammar, J. Balmes, M. Cherniack, ‘Statistical design and monitoring of the Carotene and Retinol Efïicacy Trial (CARET’), Control Clin Trials, 1993, 14: 308-324; G.S. Omenn, G.E. Goodman, M.D. Thornquist, J. Balmes, M.R. Cullen, A. Glass et al., ‘Effects of a combination of bèta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease’, N Engl J Med, 1996, 334:1150-1155, htpp://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/ijlink? linkType=ABSTjournalCode=nejmresid=334/i8/ii5o].
• 5. D.P. Vivekananthan et al., ‘Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials’, The Lancet, 2003, 361: 2017-2023, htpp://www. thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/pnso140673603136379/ abstract.
• 6. M. Caraballoso, M. Sacristan, C. Serra, X. Bonfill, ‘Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2003, 2.
• 7. G. Bjelakovic, D. Nikolova, L.L. Gluud, R.G. Simonetti, C. Gluud, ‘Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008, 2.
• 8. Chalmers, ‘Invalid health information is potentially lethal’, BMJ, 2001, 322 (7292): 998.
• 9. John M. Connor Kluwer, Global Pricefixing: Our Customers Are the Enemy, Springer, 2001. Op het internet beschikbaar, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7M8n4UN23WsC.
• 10. David Michaels, red., Doubt is Their Product: How Industry’s Assault on Science Threatens Your Health, Oxford University Press, 2008.

Hoofdstuk 7: Doctor Gillian McKeith

• 1. Ann Anderson, Snake OU, Hustlers and Hambones: The American Medicine Show, McFarland, 2005.
• 2. Commencement Speech uit Caltech 1974, ook in Richard Feynman, Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynmanl: Adventures ofa Curious Character, W.W. Norton, 1985.
• 3. Website van het Clayton College of Natural Health: http://www.ccnh.edu/about/programs/tuition.aspx.

Hoofdstuk 8: ‘Pil lost complex sociaal probleem op’

• 1. J. Hutchings, T. Bywater, D. Daley, F. Gardner, C. Whitaker, K. Jones, C. Eames, R.T. Edwards, ‘Parenting intervention in Sure Start services for children at risk of developing conduct disorder: pragmatic randomised controlled trial’, BMJ, 2007, 334: 678.
• 2. R.T. Edwards, A. O Céilleachair, T. Bywater, D.A. Hughes, J. Hutchings, ‘Parenting programme for parents of children at risk of developing conduct disorder: cost effectiveness analysis’, BMJ, 2007, 334: 682.
• 3. A.J. Richardson, P. Montgomery, ‘The Oxford-Durham study: a randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder’, Pediatrics, 2005,115 (5): 1360-1366.
• 4. R. Moynihan, E. Doran, D. Henry, ‘Disease mongering is now part of the global health debate’, PloS Med, 2008, 5 (5): eio6.doi:io.i37/journal.pmed.oo50io6. Een goede plek om aan lezen over ‘mensen ziekten aansmeren’ te beginnen.
• 5. H.C. Williams, ‘Evening primrose oil for atopic dermatitis’, BMJ, 2003, 327:1356-1359.
• 6. http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/news/ng.asp?n=85o87; ‘Galenica assumes control of Equazen Nutraceuticals based in the UK’, persbericht, http://www.galenica.com/Galenica/en/ archive/media/releases/2006_12_04_21398664_meldung.php.

Hoofdstuk 9: Professor Patrick Holford

• 1. Professor Holford heeft de hoofdtekst in het hoofdstuk niet veranderd. Hij heeft een passage toegevoegd aan een eindnoot, in een kleine letter, waarin hij verwijst naar enkele andere artikelen waarin wordt beschreven dat men in ieder geval werkelijk AZT en vitamine C op cellen in een petrischaal heeft aangebracht (daardoor verandert niets), en meer onderzoek eist, al heeft hij niet aangeboden daaraan een financiële bijdrage te leveren (hij is intensief betrokken bij deze miljardensector). Per slot van rekening is hij hoofd Onderwijs en Wetenschap van het voedingssupplementenbedrijf BioCare, dat vitamine C-pillen verkoopt in potjes waarop een foto van hem staat. Maar om eerlijk te zijn: hij heeft ooit de beste zin uitgesproken die ik in vijf jaar schrijven over dit thema heb gehoord: ‘Misschien kan Goldacre, die voorgeeft campagne te voeren voor de reguliere geneeskunde, wat bewijsmateriaal aanleveren dat hoge doses vitamine C geen invloed hebben op seropositiviteit en aids.’
• 2. R.M. Douglas, H. Hemila, E. Chalker, B. Treacy, ‘Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1998,1. Laatste update: 14 mei 2007 (overzichtsonderzoeken van Cochrane worden voortdurend bijgewerkt, en alle eerdere versies zijn beschikbaar, zodat je ook kunt zien wat er op diverse tijdstippen in het verleden is gezegd).
• 3. R. Smith, ‘Investigating the previous studies of a fraudulent author’, BMJ, 2005, 331: 288-291; T. Hamblin, ‘The Secret Life of Dr. Chandra’, BMJ, 2006, 332: 369.
• 4. De documentaire over dr. Chandra kan worden bekeken op: http://www.cbc.ca/national/news/chandra/.
• 5. H. Hemila, Z.S. Herman, ‘Vitamin C and the common cold: a retrospective analysis of Chalmers’ review’, J Am Coll Nutr, april 1995,14 (2): 116-123.
• 6. D.P. Vivekananthan et al., ‘Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials’, The Lancet, 2003, 361: 2017-2013.
• 7. http://www.qaa.ac.uk/reviews/reports/institutional/Luton no5/RGi62UniLuton.pdf.

Hoofdstuk 10: De doctor daagt u voor het gerecht

• 1. N Nattrass, ‘Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa’, African Affairs, 2008,107 (427): 157-176.
• 2. P. Chigwedere, G.R. Seage, S. Gruskin, T.H. Lee, M. Essex, ‘Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa’, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1 dec. 2008, 49 (4): 410-415.
• 3. htpp://www.villagevoice.com/2000-07-04/news/debating-the-obvious/.

Hoofdstuk 11: Is de farmaceutische industrie kwaadaardig?

• 1. http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/ceweb/about/knowledge.jsp.
• 2. Hier is de klassieke literatuurverwijzing voor algemene geneeskunde: J. Ellis, I. Mulligan, J. Rowe, D.L. Sackett, ‘In-patient general medicine is evidence based. A-team, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine’, The Lancet, 12 aug. 1995, 346 (8972): 407-410. Dit onderzoek is binnen diverse specialiteiten talrijke malen herhaald, maar ik som ze hier niet op; een uitstekend overzicht ervan wordt bijgehouden op http://www.shef.ac.uk/scharr/ir/percent.html.
• 3. S. Mayor stelde na onderzoek vast welke onderzoeksartikelen uit het BMJ het meest werden gelezen, BMJ, 2007, 334: 554-555; J. Hippisley-Cox, C. Coupland, ‘Risk of myocardial infarction in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors of conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based nested case-control analysis’, BMJ, 2005, 330:1366; J. Gunnell, J. Saperia, D. Ashby, ‘Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’S) and suicide in adults: meta-analysis of drug company data from placebo controlled, randomised controlled trials submitted to the MHRA’S safety review’, BMJ, 2005, 330: 385; D. Fergusson et al., ‘Association between suicide attempts and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: systematic review of randomised controlled trials’, BMJ 2005, 330: 396.
• 4. A. Iribarne, ‘Orphan diseases and adoptive initiatives’, JAMA, 2003, 290: 116; A. Francisco, ‘Drug development for neglected diseases’, The Lancet, 2002, 360:1102.
• 5. DJ. Safer, ‘Design and reporting modifications in industry-sponsored comparative psychopharmacology trials’, J Nerv Ment Dis, 2002, 190: 583-592.
• 6. Modell et al., 1997; Montejo-Gonzalez et al., 1997; Zajecka et al., 1999; Preskorn, 1997, in Safer, ibid.
• 7. S.J. Pocock, ‘When (not) to stop a clinical trial for benefit’, JAMA, 2005, 294: 2228-2230.
• 8. J. Lexchin, L.A. Bero, B. Djulbegovic, O. Clark, ‘Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality’, BMJ, 2003, 326:1167-1170.
• 9. P.A. Rochon, J.H. Gurwitz, R.W. Simms, P.R. Fortin, D.T. Felson, K.L. Minaker, T.C. Chalmers, ‘A study of manufacturer-supported trials of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of arthritis’, Arch Intern Med, 24 jan. 1994, 154 (2): 157-163.
• 10. J. Lexchin, L.A. Bero, B. Djulbegovic, O. Clark, ‘Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review’, BMJ, 31 mei 2003, 326 (7400): 1167-1170.
• 11. K. Schmidt, M.H. Pittler, E. Ernst, ‘Bias in alternative medicine is still rife but it is diminishing’, BMJ, 3 nov. 2001, 323 (7320): 1071.
• 12. A. Vickers, N. Goyal, R. Harland, R. Rees, ‘Do certain countries produce only positive results? A systematic review of controlled trials’, Control Clin Trials, april 1998,19 (2): 159-166.
• 13. H. Dubben, H. Beck-Bornholdt, ‘Systematic review of publication bias in studies on publication bias’, BMJ, 2005, 331: 433-434.
• 14. E.H. Turner, A.M. Matthews, E. Linardatos, R.A. Teil, R. Rosenthal, ‘Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy’, N Eng J Med, 17 jan. 2008, 358 (3): 252-260.
• 15. M.R. Tramer, D.J.M. Reynolds, R.A. Moore, H.J. McQuay, ‘Impact of covert duplicate publication on meta-analysis: a case study’, BMJ, 1997, 315: 635-640.
• 16. A.J. Cowley et al., Intjourn Card, 1993, 40: 161-166.
• 17. ‘Onderzoek stelt vast welke onderzoeksartikelen uit het BMJ het meest werden gelezen’, BMJ, 17 maart 2007, 334: 554-555.
• 18. E.M. Scolnick, e-mail aan Deborah Shapiro, Alice Reicin en Alan Nies, Vigor, 9 maart 2000, http://www.vioxxdocuments. com/Documents/Krumholz_Vioxx/Scolnick200o.pdf.
• 19. G.D. Curfman, S. Morrissey, J.M. Drazen, ‘Expression of concern reaffirmed’, NBJM, 16 maart 2006, 354 (11): 1193.
• 20. S. Gottlieb, ‘Firm tried to block report on failure of AIDS vaccine’, BMJ, 2000, 321:1173.
• 21. D. Nathan, D. Weatherall, ‘Academia and industry: lessons from the unfortunate events in Toronto’, The Lancet, 353, 9155:771-772.
• 22. Gilbody et al., ‘Benefits and harms of direct to consumer advertising: a systematic review’, Qual Sof Health Care, 2005, 14: 246-250. http://qshc.bmj.eom/cgi/content/full/14/4/246.

Hoofdstuk 12: Hoe de media misverstanden over de wetenschap aanzwengelen

• 1. N. Davies, Flat Earth News, Chatto & Windus, 2008.
• 2. R.N. Proctor, ‘Schairer and Schönigers forgotten tobacco epidemiology and the Nazi quest for racial purity’, Int. J. Epidemiol, 30: 31-34.
• 3. J.P.A. Ioannidis, ‘Why most published research findings are false’, PloS Med, 2005, 2 (8): et24.

Hoofdstuk 13: Waarom intelligente mensen domme dingen geloven

• 1. T. Gilovich, R. Vallone, A. Tversky, ‘The hot hand in basketball: on the misperception of random sequences’, CogPsych, 1985,17: 295-314.
• 2. P.E. Schaffner, ‘Specious learning about reward and punishment’, J Pers Soc Psych, juni 1985, 48 (6): 1377-1386.
• 3. M. Snyder, N. Cantor, ‘Testing hypotheses about other people: the use of historical knowledge’, J Exp Soc Psych, 1979,15: 330-342.
• 4. C.G. Lord, L. Ross, M.R. Lepper, ‘Biased assimilation and attitude polarisation: the effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence’, J Pers Soc Psych, 1979, 37: 2098-2109.
• 5. A. Tversky, D. Kahneman, ‘Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability’, CogPsych, 1973, 5: 207-232.
• 6. S.E. Asch, ‘Opinions and social pressure’, Sci Am 1955, 193: 31-35.
• 7. M.G. Frank, T. Gilovich, ‘The dark side of self- and social-perception: black uniforms and aggression in professional spons, J Pers Soc Psych, jan. 1988, 54 (1): 74-85.
• 8. De experimenten in dit hoofdstuk, naast vele andere, kun je vinden in Irrationality van Stuart Sutherland en in How We Know What isn’t So van Thomas Gilovich.

Hoofdstuk 14: Onjuiste statistieken

• 1. G. Gigerenzer, Reckoning with Risk, Penguin 2003.
• 2. Butterworth et al., ‘Statistics: what seems natural?’ Science, 4 mei 2001: 853.
• 3. U. Hoffrage, S. Lindsey, R. Hertwig, G. Gigerenzer, ‘Communicating statistical information’, Science, 22 dec. 2000, 290 (5500): 2261-2262.
• 4. U. Hoffrage, G. Gigerenzer, ‘Using natural frequencies to improve diagnostic inferences’, AWAW, 1998, 73: 538-540.
• 5. G. Gigerenzer, Adaptive Thinking: Rationality in the Real World, Oxford University Press, 2000.
• 6. G. Szmukler, ‘Risk assessment: ‘numbers’ and ‘values’’, Psych Buil, 2003, 27: 205-207.
• 7. www.qurl.com.lucia.

Hoofdstuk 15: Paniek!

• 1. N. Manning, A.P. Wilson, G.L. Ridgway, ‘Isolation of MRSA from communal areas in a teaching hospital’, J Hosp Infect, maart 2004, 56 (3): 250-251.
• 2. J. Kruger, D. Dunning, ‘Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments’, J. Pm Soc Psych, 1999, 77, 6: 121-134.
• 3. R. Brynner, T.D. Stephens, Dark Remedy: The Impact of Thalidomide and its Revival as a Vital Medicine, Perseus Books, 2001.
• 4. ‘Thalidomide hero found guilty of scientific fraud’, New Scientist, 27 februari 1993.
• 5. Uittreksel in J. Pilger, red., Teil me no Lies, Cape, 2004.

Hoofdstuk 16: Mediabedrog en de bmr-prik

• 1. A.J. Wakefield, S.H. Murch, A. Anthony et al., ‘Ileal-lymp-hoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children’, The Lancet, 1998, 351 (9103): 637-641.
• 2. Bijvoorbeeld S. Chess, Autism in children with congenital rubella, J Autism Child Schizophr, jan.-maart 1971, 1 (1): 33-47.
• 3. http://briandeer.com/wakefield/vaccine-patent.htm.
• 4. ‘No jabs, no school says labour MP’, http://news.bbc.co.uk/l/ hi/health/73925io.stm.
• 5. K. Schmidt, E. Ernst, Andrews, ‘Survey shows that some homoeopaths and chiropractors advise against MMR’, BMJ, 14 sept. 2002, 325 (7364): 597.
• 6. I. Hargreaves, J. Lewis, T. Speers, ‘Towards a better map: science, the public and the media’, Economie and Social Research Council, 2003, http://www.esrc.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/Images/Mapdocfinal_tcm65505.pdf
• 7. T. Boyce, Health, Risk and News: The MMR vaccine and the Media, Peter Lang Publishing Inc., 2007.
• 8. Ibid.
• 9. J. Durant, N. Lindsey, ‘GM foods and the media’, Select Committee on Science and Technology, Third Report, Appendix 5, www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ldsc-tech/38/3810.htm.
• 10. L. Smeeth, C. Cook, E. Fombonne, L. Heavey, L.C. Rodrigues, P.G. Smith et al., ‘MMR vaccination and pervasive developmental disorders: a case-control study’, The Lancet, 2004, 364 (9438): 963-969.
• 11. K.M. Madsen, A. Hviid, M. Vestergaard, D. Schendel, J. Wohlfahrt, P. Thorsen et al., ‘A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism’, New Eng J Med, 2001, 347 (19): 1477-1482.
• 12. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtmlPxmU/news/ 2002/06/ 23/nmmr23 .xml.
• 13. M.A. Afzal, L.C. Ozoemena, A. O’Hare et al., Absence of detectable measles virus genome sequence in blood of autistic children who have had their MMR vaccination during the routine childhood immunization schedule of UK, J Med Virology, 2006, 78 (5): 623-30.
• 14. Y. D’Souza et al., ‘No evidence of persisting measles virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with autism spectrum disorder’, Pediatrics, 4 okt. 2006, 118: 1664-1675.
• 15. http://www.westminster-pct.nhs.uk/news/mmr0405.htm; Pearce et al., ‘Factors associated with uptake of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) and use of single antigen vaccines in a contemporary UK cohort: prospective cohort study’, BMJ 2008, 336 (7647): 754.
• 16. Chapman et al., Med J Aust, 5 sept. 2005,183 (5): 247-250; R. Grilli et al., ‘Cochrane database of systematic reviews’, 2001, 4: CD000389.
• 17. D.P. Phillips et al., N Engl J Med, 1991, 325: 1180-1183.
• 18. G. Schwitzer, PloS Med2008, 5 (5): e95.
• 19. HPA, ‘Confirmed measles mumps and rubella cases in 2007: England and Wales’, Health Protection Report, 2008, gelezen op het internet 9 april 2008, 2 (8), http://www.hpa.org.uk/ hpr/archives/2oo8/hpro8o8.pdf.
• 20.M. Fitzpatrick, ‘MMR: risk, choice, chance’, BritMedBulletin, 2004, 69:143-153.
• 21. R.K. Gupta, J. Best, E. MacMahon, ‘Mumps and the UK epidemie’, BMJ, 14 mei 2005, 330:1132-1135.

En dan nog iets

• 1. http://www.economist.com/research/Economics/alphabetic. cfm?letter=0.

EOF