ACP (aerosol collector/pyrolyzer), 71, 72, 136–37
acetylene, in Titan's atmosphere, 16, 40, 41, 43
aerosol collector/pyrolyzer. See ACP
airship, for exploring Titan, 221, 222
Allison, Mike, 157
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), 220
Ball, Andrew, 142
balloons, for exploring Titan, 220–24, 227–30
Barnes, Jason, 194
Bazaruto Facula, 180
Beagle 2, 105, 123, 139, 172, 204
Bird, Mike, 70
Brown, Mike, 51
Buratti, Bonnie, 189
Butler, Bryan, 64
Callisto, 6, 8, 59, 60, 81, 103
Cassini division, 11
Cassini infrared spectrometer. See CIRS
Cassini spacecraft, 1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 17, 69, 78; assembly of, 82; dust counter of, 198; instruments carried by, 19, 31, 78–81; interplanetary trajectory of, 4, 88, 89; Jupiter flyby of, 92, 93, 94; launch of, 81, 83–84, 85; orbital tour of, 87–90, 104; radio science experiments on, 203; Saturn orbit insertion (SOI) of, 67–68, 98; Titan flybys of, 89, 90, 99, 101, 106, 110, 117, 118, 166, 174, 177, 187, 201–4, 211, 218; Titan images from, 94–95, 96, 97, 101–9, 118, 175, 180, 181, 182, 184, 186, 188, 191, 192, 195, 196, 197, 206, 207, 208, 209
Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, 3–4
Cassini-Huygens mission, 1, 4, 69–70, 78; extended mission, 201, 217, 218. See also Cassini spacecraft
Chandra X-ray Observatory, 57
CIRS, 104
Coustenis, Athena, 65
Daphnis, 12
Deep Space Network, 106, 187, 204, 205
descent imager/spectral radiometer. See DISR
deuterium, in Titan's atmosphere, 201–2
Diaz, Al, 148
DISR (descent imager/spectral radiometer), 70, 71, 77, 136–37, 139, 144–46, 151–55, 157, 161, 164–66, 168–70
Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society. See DPS
Dollfus, Adouin, 24
Doppler wind experiment (DWE), 70, 71, 140, 154, 155
DPS (Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society), 26, 61, 187, 189
dunes: formation of, 190–92; in Namibian
DWE. See Doppler wind experiment
Earth, orbit and seasons of, 13; hydrological cycle on, 16–17
Elachi, Charles, 114
Elliott, Jim, 52
Encke gap (division), 12, 99, 100
Epimetheus, 197
ESA, 3, 69–70, 75, 78, 131, 135, 138, 148, 162, 172
ESOC (European Space Operations Centre), 131, 132, 134, 138, 141, 146
ethane 49, 109; liquid on Titan, 18, 44–46, 49, 50, 66, 72, 164, 211, 212; in Titan's
atmosphere, 16, 40–41, 43–45, 50, 136, 172
Europa, 6, 8, 59, 81, 200, 229, 230
European Space Agency. See ESA
European Space Operations Centre. See ESOC
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic
Explorer, 62
Fensal-Aztlan, 182
Flasar, Mike, 39
Fulchignoni, Marcello, 71, 148
FUSE, 62
Galileo probe, 125
Galileo spacecraft, 3, 4, 8, 59, 81, 93, 200
Garry, James, 128
gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. See GCMS
Gautier, Daniel, 69
GCMS (gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer), 70, 71, 72, 136, 137, 149, 162, 165, 163–64
Gladman, Brett, 224
Goldin, Dan, 70
Green Bank radio telescope, 139, 140
Griffith, Caitlin, 17, 49, 184
Hadley cell (circulation), 36, 125, 218–19
HASI (Huygens atmospheric structure instrument), 71, 72, 136, 143, 158, 166
helicopter, for exploring Titan, 221
Herschel, Sir John, 6
Hodyss, Rob, 223
Hubble Space Telescope, 129–31; images of Titan, 14, 18, 25, 26, 32, 33, 37, 39, 43, 49, 53, 65, 175; resolution, 27
Huygens atmospheric structure instrument. See HASI
Huygens probe, 1, 16, 18, 56, 70, 122; construction of, 75–78; data from, 142–46, 152, 153–54; descent of, 4–5, 75, 122, 135–38, 141, 150–52, 157–58; descent movie, 170; design of, 38, 74–75; entry of, 125–30, 135, 139; instruments carried by, 62, 70–74; landing of, 137, 141, 145, 164–65; landing site of, 108, 109, 143, 144, 147, 155, 164, 166–69, 172, 207; problems with, 90–92, 140; radar altimeters on, 158; release of, 69, 90, 121–23; spin of, 150–52; trajectory of, 92, 115–16
Iapetus, 10, 11, 12, 115–16, 123–24, 125
imaging science subsystem. See ISS
Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF), 139
INMS (ion and neutral mass spectrometer), 80, 106, 110, 111, 119, 120, 198
ion and neutral mass spectrometer. See INMS
Ip, Wing, 69
Israel, Guy, 71
ISS (imaging science subsystem), 80, 96, 97, 101, 102, 103, 108, 111, 113, 118, 121, 122, 124, 167, 169, 174, 175, 177, 180, 182, 184, 185, 186, 206, 208, 218
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), 219
Janssen, Mike, 114
Jeans, Sir James, 15
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 86, 114, 126, 141, 167
Jones, Jack, 222
JPL. See Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Jull, Tim, 225
Jupiter, 93, 125–26; Cassini flyby of, 92–94
Keck telescopes, 17, 28, 51, 52, 65, 118, 139, 183
Keeler gap, 12
Kerguelen Facula, 207
kinetic theory of gases, 15
Kuiper, Gerard, 15
Kuiper telescope, 63
Lakdawalla, Emily, 146
Lebreton, Jean-Pierre, 127, 128, 129, 138
Leese, Mark, 175
Lorenz, Ralph. See Ralph's log
Loveday, John, 61
Lunine, Jonathan, 33, 202, 225
MacFarlane, Lisa, 168
Magellan spacecraft, 209
magnetometers, 80–81, 98, 121, 196, 198
Mars Express, 229
Mars Global Surveyor, 110–11, 200, 210, 229
Mars Polar Lander (MPL), 84, 86–87
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, 229
Mars rovers, 229
Mars Wind Tunnel (MARSWIT), 214–17
McKay, Chris, 33
Meier, Roland, 32
methane, 16; greenhouse effect of, 45; meteorological cycle of, 49, 50; spectral bands of, 30, 31; in Titan's atmosphere, 2, 15, 16, 17, 20, 30, 43, 104, 162–63, 183, 203; triple point of, 43, 44
moons, large, table of, 9
Mori, Koji, 57
Muhleman, Dewey, 64
Musgrave, Story, 194
NASA, 3, 69–70, 78, 79, 116, 230
NASA Ames Research Center, 105, 127, 214–17, 220
Neptune, 229
Neubauer, Fritz, 162
Niemann, Hasso, 70
Noll, Keith, 129
Nott, Julian, 223
OAO-2, 29
occultations: by Titan, 39, 52–58; of Titan, 6–7
Orton, Glenn, 126
Ostro, Steve, 112
Outer Planets Assessment Group (OPAG), 206
Overwhelmingly Large Telescope (OWL), 220
palimpsest, 103
Palomar observatory, 55
Pan, 12
Pandora, 12
Parkes radio telescope, 141
Pazckowski, Brian, 176
penetrometer, 72–74, 133, 142, 143, 145, 147, 149, 150
Perez, Miguel, 164
Phobos spacecraft, 228
photolysis, 16
Pioneer Venus spacecraft, 209
propane, in Titan's atmosphere, 40, 41
radar observations. See Titan, radar observations of Ralph's Log: 1994, 72–74; 1998, 84–87; 2001, 32–33, 224–27; 2001-3, 127–29; 2003, 21–23, 46–47, 61–65, 175–77, 214–17; 2004, 67–68, 129–31; 2005, 132–34, 139, 141–45, 146–48, 149–50, 159–62, 167–68
Roe, Henry, 183
Saturn
- magnetic field of, 196
- orbit of, 14
- ring plane crossing, 53
- rings of, 4, 13, 52, 53, 67, 68, 79, 89, 95, 99, 100, 196, 197, 219; A ring, 11, 12, 13; B ring, 11, 13; E ring, 10, 196; Fring, 12. See also Cassini division;
Encke gap; Keeler gap
“seeing,” 24
Shangri-La, 18, 108, 206, 207, 223
shepherd moons, 12
Shikoku Facula, 108, 207, 208, 209
Sicardy, Bruno, 56
Smith, Peter, 33
Soderblom, Larry, 113, 154, 162, 168, 169, 207
Sotin, Christopher, 202
Southwood, David, 148
SSP (surface science package), 62, 71, 72, 73, 133, 137, 141, 145, 149, 150, 166, 172
Strange, Nathan, 168
surface science package. See SSP
Titan
- albedo features on, 18, 47, 65, 102–3, 109, 175, 188, 190
-apparent diameter of, 6, 24, 157
-atmosphere of: argon in, 15, 41, 165, 172; composition of, 2, 15–17, 20, 30, 34, 35, 40–41, 43, 104, 162–63, 165, 172, 183, 201–3; clouds in, 17–18, 49–52, 66, 102, 104, 118–19, 183, 184, 186, 194; cir culation in, 36–37, 38; cosmic rays in, 226; density of, 34–35, 120, 186; discovery of, 2, 14–15; gravity waves in, 56, 162, 195; haze in, 14, 16, 20, 25, 28, 29–31, 35, 37, 42, 118, 152–53, 162, 172, 183, 184, 195, 197, 218, 227; photochemistry in, 40, 44; structure of, 17, 35, 36, 110, 162; surface pressure of, 15, 35, 148; temperature profile of, 162, 163; tides in, 227–28
- atmospheric windows of, 31–32
- “cat scratches” on, 168, 180, 181, 190, 207
- channels on, 19, 108, 146, 147, 149, 154, 155, 178–79
- comparison with Earth, 14, 16, 19–20, 40, 42, 48–49, 107, 146, 160, 187, 205, 207, 211–12
- composition (bulk) of, 8, 58–61
- craters on, 47, 177, 179–80, 205
- discovery of, 5
- dunes on, 168, 170, 171, 190–94, 207, 208
- eclipse of (by Saturn), 219
- gravity measurements of, 202
- interior structure of, 58, 60–61, 224
- lakes on, 18, 44, 46, 49, 50, 113, 114, 160, 185, 186, 190, 211–13, 218, 230; waves on, 212–17
- landscape on, 18–19, 47–49, 168, 171
- liquid hydrocarbons on, 18, 19, 44, 45–46, 65–66, 148–49, 164, 185, 186, 190
- lunar occultation of, 6–7, 52
- maps of, 18, 26, 28, 32, 33, 34, 44, 65, 95, 97, 108, 175, 195, 218
- mass of, 7
- microwave radiometry of, 114, 182
- naming of, 6
- naming of features on, 18–19
- north polar region of, 14, 118, 183, 184, 211, 213, 221
-occultations by: 52–58; of Crab Nebula, 56–58; of Lambda Scorpii, 119; of 28 Sagittarii 39, 53–54; of Spica 119
- orbit of, 13
-polar collar of, 38
- polar hood of, 42, 43, 183, 184
- radar observations of: at Arecibo, 45–46, 109; by Cassini, 111–15, 167–69, 170, 177–81, 187–88, 218; by Huygens (altimetry), 158; by the VLA, 64
- south polar region of, 101, 102, 104, 105, 108, 185, 211
- spectrum of, 31
- subsurface ocean on, 8, 60, 81, 202
- surface composition of, 114–15, 164, 165, 224
- surface temperature of, 8, 35, 148
- volcanoes on, 47, 121, 181, 182, 200
-winds on, 38, 54, 102, 104, 126, 156–57, 163, 194, 227–28
-X-ray shadow of, 58
Tobie, Gabriel, 202
Tokano, Tetsuya, 227
Tortola Facula, 121
Triton, 229
Tsegihi, 182
ultraviolet imaging spectrometer. See UVIS
unmanned aerial vehicle, 221
UVIS (ultraviolet imaging spectrometer), 80, 119, 198, 201, 202
Vega spacecraft, 157
Venera spacecraft, 209
Venus, 209
Very Large Array (VLA), 64, 220
Very Large Telescope (VLT), 27, 62
Viking spacecraft, 210
VIMS (visual and infrared mapping spectrometer), 31, 80, 101, 102–5, 109, 120, 121, 124, 166, 169, 174, 180–84, 189, 194, 195, 200, 207, 208, 218, 219, 223
visual and infrared mapping spectrometer. See VIMS
VLA. See Very Large Array
VLBI tracking experiment, 157
VLT. See Very Large Telescope
Voyager spacecraft, 2, 10, 92–93, 229–30; observations of Titan by, 7, 14, 15, 16, 32–34, 35, 37, 38, 42, 49, 54, 172, 203, 220
Wasserman, Larry H., 53
Xanadu, 12, 18, 26, 28, 55, 95, 107, 108, 115, 178, 181, 182, 187, 189, 200, 201, 204, 205–8, 231