Investment: A History

A. W. Jones Advisers. “History of the Firm.” Accessed 2014. http://www.awjones.com/historyofthefirm.html.

Abkowitz, Alyssa. “Madoff’s Auditor … Doesn’t Audit?” CNN Money, December 19, 2008. http://archive.fortune.com/2008/12/17/news/companies/madoff.auditor.fortune/index.htm.

Adams, Colin. “Transport.” In The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy, ed. Walter Scheidel, 218–240. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Afyonoglu, Gokhan, et al. “The Brave New World of Sovereign Wealth Funds.” Lauder Institute of Management & International Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 2010. http://d1c25a6gwz7q5e.cloudfront.net/papers/download/052810_Lauder_Sovereign_Wealth_Fund_report_2010.pdf.

Aggarwal, Rajesh K., and Guojun Wu. “Stock Market Manipulations.” Journal of Business 79, no. 4 (July 2006): 1915–1953.

Ahmed, Azam. “John Paulson’s Long, Hot Summer.” DealBook (blog), New York Times, August 4, 2011. http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/08/04/john-paulsons-long-hot-summer.

Alter, George, Claudia Goldin, and Elyce Rotella. “The Savings of Ordinary Americans: The Philadelphia Saving Fund Society in the Mid-Nineteenth Century.” Journal of Economic History 54, no. 4 (December 1994): 735–767.

American Council of Life Insurers. 2011 Life Insurers Fact Book. Washington, DC: American Council of Life Insurers, 2011.

“America’s Top 300 Money Managers.” Institutional Investor. Accessed 2014. http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Research/4376/Americas-Top-300-Money-Managers.html.

Andreau, Jean. Banking and Business in the Roman World. Translated by Janet Lloyd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Appell, Douglas. “Turning a New Page: Morgan Stanley’s Gregory J. Fleming.” Pensions & Investments, March 7, 2011. http://www.pionline.com/article/20110307/PRINT/110309949/turning-a-new-page-morgan-stanleys-gregory-j-fleming.

Aristophanes. The Birds. Translated by David Barrett. London: Penguin, 2003.

Arnold, Martin, Peter Thal Larsen, Peggy Hollinger, John O’Doherty, and Richard Milne. “How Kerviel Exposed Lax Controls at Société Générale.” Financial Times, February 7, 2008. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/927fe998-d5b2-11dc-8b56-0000779fd2ac.html.

Arnsberger, Paul, Melissa Ludlum, Margaret Riley, and Mark Stanton. “A History of the Tax-Exempt Sector: An SOI Perspective.” Statistics of Income Bulletin (Internal Revenue Service, US Department of the Treasury), Winter 2008, 105–135. http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/tehistory.pdf.

Aslanian, Sebouh. “The Circulation of Men and Credit: The Role of the Commenda and the Family Firm in Julfan Society.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 50, no. 2–3 (2007): 124–170.

Aviva. “Amicable Society: Company History.” Accessed January 2015. http://www.aviva.com/about-us/heritage/companies/amicable-society.

Bakan, Joel. The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power. New York: Free Press, 2004.

Bagehot, Walter. Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market. London: King, 1873.

Bagwell, Philip S., and G. E. Mingay. Britain and America, 1850–1939: A Study of Economic Change. New York: Praeger, 1970.

Bainbridge, Stephen M., ed. Research Handbook on Insider Trading. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2013.

Bakan, Joel. The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power. New York: Free Press, 2004.

Bandler, James, and Doris Burke. “70 Years before Madoff, There Was Whitney.” CNN Money, December 16, 2008. http://money.cnn.com/2008/12/16/news/madoff.whitney.fortune.

Banner, Stuart. “The Origin of the New York Stock Exchange, 1791–1860.” Journal of Legal Studies 27, no. 1 (January 1998): 113–140.

Barbash, Barry P. “Remembering the Past: Mutual Funds and the Lessons of the Wonder Years.” Speech at the ICI Securities Law Procedures Conference, Washington, DC, December 4, 1997. www.sec.gov/news/speech/speecharchive/1997/spch199.txt.

BarclayHedge Alternative Investment Databases. “Hedge Fund Industry—Assets Under Management.” Accessed 2015. http://www.barclayhedge.com/research/indices/ghs/mum/HF_Money_Under_Management.html.

——. “Hedge Fund Industry—Assets Under Management: Historical Growth of Assets.” Accessed 2014. http://www.barclayhedge.com/research/indices/ghs/mum/Hedge_Fund.html.

Barth, Chris. “Warren Buffett: Clairvoyant or Crazy?” Forbes, June 12, 2012. http://www.forbes.com/sites/chrisbarth/2012/06/12/warren-buffett-clairvoyant-or-crazy.

Bartlett, Bruce. “How Deficit Hawks Could Derail the Recovery.” Forbes, January 8, 2010. http://www.forbes.com/2010/01/07/deficit-great-depression-recovery-opinions-columnists-bruce-bartlett.html.

Benartzi, Shlomo, and Richard H. Thaler. “Myopic Loss Aversion and the Equity Premium Puzzle.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, no. 1 (February 1995): 73–92.

Benedict XIV (Pope). Vix Pervenit. [1745]. EWTN Global Catholic Network. http://www.ewtn.com/library/ENCYC/B14VIXPE.htm.

Benhamou, Michael. “Betting Against the Street.” MarketWatch, June 9, 2005. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/taking-advantage-of-convertible-arbs.

Berger, Adolf, Barry Nicholas, and Susan M. Treggiari. “Guardianship.” In The Oxford Classical Dictionary, eds. Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, and Esther Eidinow. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Bernanke, Ben S. “The Financial Accelerator and the Credit Channel.” Speech at The Credit Channel of Monetary Policy in the Twenty-First Century Conference, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, June 15, 2007. http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20070615a.htm.

Bernard, Carole, and Phelim Boyle. “Mr. Madoff’s Amazing Returns: An Analysis of the Split-Strike Conversion Strategy.” Journal of Derivatives 17, no. 1 (Fall 2009): 62–76.

Bernstein, Peter L. Capital Ideas: The Improbable Origins of Modern Wall Street. New York: Free Press, 1992.

Bierman, Harold, Jr. The Causes of the 1929 Stock Market Crash: A Speculative Orgy or a New Era? Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998.

——. “The 1929 Stock Market Crash.” In Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History, ed. Robert Whaples. Economic History Association. March 26, 2008. http://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-1929-stock-market-crash.

Black, Fischer, and Myron Scholes. “The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities.” Journal of Political Economy 81, no. 3 (May–June 1973): 637–654.

Blackwood, Amy S., Katie L. Roeger, and Sarah L. Pettijohn. “The Nonprofit Sector in Brief: Public Charities, Giving, and Volunteering, 2012.” Urban Institute. Accessed 2014. http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412674-The-Nonprofit-Sector-in-Brief.pdf.

Blumenthal, Karen. Six Days in October: The Stock Market Crash of 1929. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002.

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. “Ben S. Bernanke.” Accessed January 2015. http://www.federalreservehistory.org/People/DetailView/12.

——. “Money Stock Measures—H.6.” July 3, 2014. http://www.federalreserve.gov/RELEASES/h6/20140703.

——. “Press Release.” October 23, 2014. http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/bcreg/20141023a.htm.

Bogle, John C. “The First Index Mutual Fund: A History of Vanguard Index Trust and the Vanguard Index Strategy.” Bogle Financial Markets Research Center, Vanguard. Last modified 1997. http://www.vanguard.com/bogle_site/lib/sp19970401.html.

Boness, A. James. “Elements of a Theory of Stock-Option Value.” Journal of Political Economy 72, no. 2 (April 1964): 163–175.

Bonin, Hubert. “‘Blue Angels,’ ‘Venture Capital,’ and ‘Whales’: Networks Financing the Takeoff of the Second Industrial Revolution in France, 1890s–1920s.” Business and Economic History On-Line 2 (2004): 1–49. http://www.thebhc.org/publications/BEHonline/2004/Bonin.pdf.

Bose, Sutapa, and Ashok Rudra. “Quantitative Estimates of Primitive Accumulation and Its Sources.” Economic and Political Weekly 29, no. 4 (January 22, 1994): 199–207.

Boyson, Nicole M. “Hedge Fund Performance Persistence: A New Approach.” Financial Analysts Journal 64, no. 6 (November–December 2008): 27–44.

Brach, Marion A. Real Options in Practice. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2003.

Bricker, Jesse, Arthur B. Kennickell, Kevin B. Moore, and John Sabelhaus. “Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2007 to 2010: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances.” Federal Reserve Bulletin 98, no. 2 (June 2012): 1–80.

Brooks, John. Once in Golconda: A True Drama of Wall Street, 1920–1938. New York: Harper & Row, 1969.

Brown, Keith C., W. V. Harlow, and Laura T. Starks. “Of Tournaments and Temptations: An Analysis of Managerial Incentives in the Mutual Fund Industry.” Journal of Finance 51, no. 1 (March 1996): 85–110.

Brown, Richard. Society and Economy in Modern Britain, 1700–1850. New York: Routledge, 1990.

Brown, Stephen J., William N. Goetzmann, and Stephen A. Ross. “Survival.” Journal of Finance 50, no. 3 (July 1995): 853–873.

Burton, Katherine, and Saijel Kishan. “Raj Rajaratnam Became Billionaire Demanding Edge.” Bloomberg News, October 19, 2009. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aDg9U7NGeNv4.

Byun, Kathryn J. “The U.S. Housing Bubble and Bust: Impacts on Employment.” Monthly Labor Review (Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor), December 2010, 3–17. http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2010/12/art1full.pdf.

Capital Finance International. “Jesse Lauriston Livermore: The Boy Plunger.” February 20, 2014. http://cfi.co/banking/2014/02/jesse-lauriston-livermore-the-boy-plunger.

Carliner, Michael S. “Development of Federal Homeownership ‘Policy.’” Housing Policy Debate 9, no. 2 (1998): 299–321.

Carnegie Corporation of New York. “Foundation History.” Accessed 2015. http://carnegie.org/about-us/mission-and-vision/foundation-history.

——. “Founding and Early Years.” Accessed 2014. http://carnegie.org/about-us/foundation-history/founding-and-early-years.

——. “Programs.” Accessed 2014. http://carnegie.org/programs.

Censky, Annalyn. “Federal Reserve Launches QE3.” CNN Money, September 13, 2012. http://money.cnn.com/2012/09/13/news/economy/federal-reserve-qe3.

“A Century of Ponzi Schemes.” DealBook (blog), New York Times, December 15, 2008. http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2008/12/15/a-century-of-ponzi-schemes.

Chandrasekhar, C. P. “Private Equity: A New Role for Finance?” International Development Economics Associates. Last modified May 22, 2007. http://www.networkideas.org/featart/may2007/Private_Equity.pdf.

Christensen, Donald. Surviving the Coming Mutual Fund Crisis. New York: Little, Brown, 1995.

Cipolla, Carlo M. Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000–1700. Translated by Christopher Woodall. 3rd ed. New York: Norton, 1994.

Çizakça, Murat. A Comparative Evolution of Business Partnerships: The Islamic World and Europe, with Specific Reference to the Ottoman Archives. The Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage 8. Leiden: Brill, 1996.

Clark, Andrew. “Bernard Madoff’s Sons Say: We’re Victims Too.” The Guardian, March 17, 2010. http://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/mar/17/bernard-madoff-usa.

Clark, Robert L., Lee A. Craig, and Jack W. Wilson. A History of Public Sector Pensions in the United States. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.

Clikeman, Paul M. Called to Account: Financial Frauds That Shaped the Accounting Profession. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2013.

——. “The Greatest Frauds of the (Last) Century.” Working paper, Robins School of Business, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, May 2003. http://www.newaccountantusa.com/newsFeat/wealthManagement/Clikeman_Greatest_Frauds.pdf.

Coffey, Michelle. “Warren Buffett Made $37 Million a Day in 2013.” MarketWatch, December 18, 2013. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/warren-buffett-made-37-million-a-day-in-2013-2013-12-18.

Cohen, Edward E. Athenian Economy and Society: A Banking Perspective. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992.

Colby, Robert K. D., ed. “Wrestling with Reform: Financial Scandals and the Legislation They Inspired.” Securities and Exchange Commission Historical Society. May 1, 2013. http://www.sechistorical.org/museum/galleries/wwr/index.php.

Collins, Michael. Monday and Banking in the UK: A History. New York: Routledge, 1988.

Congressional Budget Office. The Economic Effects of the Savings and Loan Crisis. Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Office, 1992.

——. “Report on the Troubled Asset Relief Program—October 2012.” October 11, 2012. http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/TARP10-2012_0.pdf.

Cooke, Colin Arthur. Corporation, Trust and Company: An Essay in Legal History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951.

Costa, Dora L. “Pensions and Retirement: Evidence from Union Army Veterans.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, no. 2 (May 1995): 297–319.

Council of Economic Advisers, Executive Office of the President. “The Economic Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Five Years Later: Final Report to Congress.” February 2014. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/cea_arra_report.pdf.

Courtault, Jean-Michel, Yuri Kabanov, Bernard Bru, Pierre Crépel, Isabelle Lebon, and Arnaud Le Marchand. “Louis Bachelier on the Centenary of Théorie de la Spéculation.” Mathematical Finance 10, no. 3 (July 2000): 341–353.

Cowell, Anthony, et al. “Transformation: The Future of Alternative Investments.” KPMG International and International Fund Investment. Last modified June 2010. http://www.kpmg.com/TW/zh/IssuesAndInsights/Documents/FS/KPMG-Transformation.pdf.

Cowen, David J. “William Duer and America’s First Financial Scandal.” Financial History 97 (Spring 2010): 20–35.

Cowen, David J., Richard Sylla, and Robert E. Wright. “The US Panic of 1792: Financial Crisis Management and the Lender of Last Resort.” Paper presented at the XIV International Economic History Congress, Helsinki, Finland, August 2006. http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers1/Sylla.pdf.

Cowles, Alfred, III. “Can Stock Market Forecasters Forecast?” Econometrica 1, no. 3 (July 1933): 309–324.

Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics. “Alfred Cowles, 3rd (1891–1984).” Yale University. Accessed 2013. http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/archive/people/directors/cowles.htm.

Culloton, Dan. “A Brief History of Indexing.” Fund Spy (blog), Morningstar, August 9, 2011. http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749.

Curry, Lynne. “Guinness Brew-Haha in the City Lapping at Thatcher Government.” Christian Science Monitor, January 29, 1987. http://www.csmonitor.com/1987/0129/fmark29.html.

Curry, Timothy, and Lynn Shibut. “The Cost of the Savings and Loan Crisis: Truth and Consequences.” FDIC Banking Review 13, no. 2 (2000): 26–35.

D’Agostino, Anthony. The Rise of Global Powers: International Politics in the Era of the World Wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Darby, Mary. “In Ponzi We Trust.” Smithsonian Magazine, December 1998. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/in-ponzi-we-trust-64016168.

Darolles, Serge, and Mathieu Vaissie. “Do Funds of Hedge Funds Really Add Value? A Post-Crisis Analysis.” Working paper, EDHEC-Risk Institute, EDHEC Business School, Lille, France, September 2010. http://www.edhec-risk.com/edhec_publications/all_publications/RISKReview.2010-10-08.0141/attachments/EDHEC_Working_Paper_Do_FoHF_Really_Add_Value_F.pdf.

Davies, Glen. A History of Money: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2002.

De Roover, Florence Edler. “Partnership Accounts in Twelfth Century Genoa.” Bulletin of the Business Historical Society 15, no. 6 (December 1941): 87–92.

De Roover, Raymond. The Medici Bank: Its Organization, Management, Operations and Decline. New York: New York University Press, 1948.

——. The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397–1494. Washington, DC: Beard Books, 1999.

Deaton, Angus. “Franco Modigliani and the Life Cycle Theory of Consumption.” Speech at the Convegno Internazionale Franco Modgliani, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, February 17–18, 2005. https://www.princeton.edu/~deaton/downloads/romelecture.pdf.

DeLong, J. Bradford. “The Roaring Twenties.” In Slouching Towards Utopia? The Economic History of the Twentieth Century. February 1997. http://holtz.org/Library/Social%20Science/Economics/Slouching%20Towards%20Utopia%20by%20DeLong/Slouch_roaring13.html.

Dercksen, J. G. “On the Financing of Old Assyrian Merchants.” In Dercksen, Trade and Finance in Ancient Mesopotamia, 85–99.

Dercksen, J. G., ed. Trade and Finance in Ancient Mesopotamia. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1999.

Deutsche Börse Group. “Company History.” Accessed October 2014. http://deutsche-boerse.com/dbg/dispatch/en/kir/dbg_nav/about_us/10_Deutsche_Boerse_Group/50_Company_History.

DeWitt, Larry. “The 1937 Supreme Court Rulings on the Social Security Act.” Social Security Administration. 1999. http://www.ssa.gov/history/court.html.

——. “The Townsend Plan’s Pension Scheme.” Social Security Administration. December 2001. http://www.ssa.gov/history/townsendproblems.html.

Dichev, Ilia D., and Gwen Yu. “Higher Risk, Lower Returns: What Hedge Fund Investors Really Earn.” Journal of Financial Economics 100, no. 2 (May 2011): 248–263.

Dimmock, Stephen G., and William C. Gerken. “Finding Bernie Madoff: Detecting Fraud by Investment Managers.” Working paper, 2011.

Dixit, Avinash. “Paul Samuelson’s Legacy.” Annual Reviews of Economics 4 (2012): 1–31.

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Pub. L. No. 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376–2223. http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/dodd-frank.

Dolmetsch, Chris. “Subprime Collapse to Global Financial Meltdown: Timeline.” Bloomberg News, October 13, 2008. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aleqkSjAAw10.

“Down to 1.4 and 17.” Economist, February 8, 2014. http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21595942-cost-investing-alternative-assets-fallingslowly-down-1.4-and-17.

Driver, Anna, and Eileen O’Grady. “Allen Stanford Sentenced to 110 Years in Prision.” Reuters, June 14, 2012. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/14/us-stanford-sentencing-idUSBRE85D17720120614.

Dunsby, Adam, and Kurt Nelson. “A Brief History of Commodities Indexes: An Evolution from Passive to Active Indexes.” Journal of Indexes 13, no. 3 (May–June 2010): 36–39 and 55.

Durga, P. S. Kanaka. “Identity and Symbols of Sustenance: Explorations in Social Mobility of Medieval South India.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 44, no. 2 (2001): 141–174.

EDinformatics. “The Capital Asset Pricing Model—Fundamental Analysis.” Accessed 2013. http://edinformatics.com/investor_education/capital_asset_pricing_model.htm.

Ellis, Charles D. Capital: The Story of Long-Term Investment Excellence. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2004.

Ellis, Charles D., and James R. Vertin. True Stories of the Great Barons of Finance. Vol. 2 of Wall Street People. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2003.

Ellis, Joseph J. His Excellency: George Washington. New York: Knopf, 2004.

Ellis, Maria deJ. Agriculture and the State in Ancient Mesopotamia: An Introduction to the Problems of Land Tenure. Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund 1. Philadelphia: University Museum, 1976.

Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage.” Accessed January 2015. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516233/Margaret-Olivia-Slocum-Sage.

——. “Married Women’s Property Acts.” Accessed January 2015. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/366305/Married-Womens-Property-Acts.

——. “Russell Sage.” Accessed January 2015. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516237/Russell-Sage.

“The Endangered Public Company.” Economist, May 19, 2012. http://www.economist.com/node/21555562.

“Exchange to Close for Two Days of Rest.” New York Times, October 31, 1929. http://partners.nytimes.com/library/financial/103129crash-close.html.

Fabrikant, Geraldine. “Making Sure the Rich Stay Rich, Even in Crisis.” New York Times, October 7, 2001. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/07/business/making-sure-the-rich-stay-rich-even-in-crisis.html.

Fama, Eugene F. “Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work.” Journal of Finance 25, no. 2 (May 1970): 383–417.

Fama, Eugene F., and Kenneth R. French. “The Capital Asset Pricing Model: Theory and Evidence.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, no. 3 (Summer 2004): 25–46.

——. “The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns.” Journal of Finance 47, no. 2 (June 1992): 427–465.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. An Examination of the Banking Crises of the 1980s and Early 1990s. Vol. 1 of History of the Eighties: Lessons for the Future. Washington, DC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 1997.

Federal Reserve Bank of New York. “George L. Harrison.” Accessed January 2015. http://www.newyorkfed.org/aboutthefed/GHarrisonbio.html.

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. “The Financial Crisis: A Timeline of Events and Policy Actions.” Accessed 2015. https://www.stlouisfed.org/financial-crisis/full-timeline.

Feinstein, Charles H., Peter Temin, and Gianni Toniolo. The World Economy Between the World Wars. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Fink, Matthew P. The Rise of Mutual Funds: An Insider’s View. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Finley, M. I. The Ancient Economy. Sather Classical Lectures 43. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.

Fisher, Irving. The Theory of Interest as Determined by Impatience to Spend Income and Opportunity to Invest It. New York: Macmillan, 1930.

“Fisher, Irving.” In Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, ed. David R. Henderson. Library of Economics and Liberty. 2008. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Fisher.html.

Fisher, Kenneth L. How to Smell a Rat: The Five Signs of Financial Fraud. With Lara Hoffmans. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2009.

——. 100 Minds That Made the Market. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007.

Fishman, Steve. “The Monster Mensch.” New York, February 22, 2009. http://nymag.com/news/businessfinance/54703.

Fletcher, Michael A. “Obama Leaves D.C. to Sign Stimulus Bill.” Washington Post, February 18, 2009. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/17/AR2009021700221.html.

Foster, Benjamin. “A New Look at the Sumerian Temple State.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 24, no. 3 (October 1981): 225–241.

Foundation Center. “Quick Facts on U.S. Non-Profits.” Accessed 2015. http://foundationcenter.org/gainknowledge/research/keyfacts2014/foundation-focus.html.

Foxman, Simone. “Ten Hedge Fund Managers Each Make More Money Than the Ten Best-Paid US CEOs Combined.” Quartz, April 15, 2013. http://qz.com/74533/10-hedge-fund-managers-each-make-more-money-than-the-10-best-paid-us-ceos-combined.

Frank, Tenney. Rome and Italy of the Republic. Vol. 1 of An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome. Paterson, NJ: Pageant, 1959.

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. “FDR: From Budget Balancer to Keynesian: A President’s Evolving Approach to Fiscal Policy in Times of Crisis.” Accessed 2013. http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/aboutfdr/budget.html.

Frazzini, Andrea, David Kabiller, and Lasse H. Pedersen. “Buffett’s Alpha.” NBER Working Paper 19681, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, November 2013. http://www.nber.org/papers/w19681.

Friedman, Jon. “‘Barbarians at the Gate’ Authors Reflect.” MarketWatch, November 21, 2008. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/barbarians-at-the-gate-authors-reflect-on-wall-streets-madness.

Friedman, Milton. A Theory of the Consumption Function. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957.

Fritz-Morgenthal, Sebastian, and Hagen Rafeld. “Breaking Down the Biggest Trading Fraud in the History of Banking.” Risk Professional, June 2010, 47–52. http://www.academia.edu/9042700/Breaking_Down_the_Biggest_Trading_Fraud_in_the_History_of_Banking.

Fu, Chung-Hong. “Timberland Investments: A Primer.” Timberland Investment Resources. Last modified June 2012. http://www.tirllc.com/wp-content/themes/tirllc/docs/TIR_A-Primer-2012-06-11-02.pdf.

Furukawa, Gary, Randall Buck, and Gary Smart. “Money Manager Interview: Gary Furukawa, Randall Buck & Gary Smart.” Wall Street Transcript, October 25, 2004. https://www.twst.com/interview/19635.

Gabelli, Mario J. “The History of Hedge Funds—The Millionaire’s Club.” Gabelli Funds. Last modified October 25, 2000. http://www.gabelli.com/news/mario-hedge_102500.html.

Gay, Suzanne. “The Lamp-Oil Merchants of Iwashimizu Shrine: Transregional Commerce in Medieval Japan.” Monumenta Nipponica 64, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 1–51.

——. The Moneylenders of Late Medieval Kyoto. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001.

Gendar, Alison. “Bernie Madoff Baffled by SEC Blunders: Compares Agency’s Bumbling Actions to Lt. Colombo.” Daily News (New York), October 30, 2009. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/bernie-madoff-baffled-sec-blunders-compares-agency-bumbling-actions-lt-colombo-article-1.382446.

“Georges F. Doriot.” Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School. Accessed January 2015. http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/doriot/innovation-vc/ard.

Gibson-Jarvie, Robert. The City of London: A Financial and Commercial History. Cambridge: Woodhead-Faulkner, 1979.

Gilbert, R. Alton. “Requiem for Regulation Q: What It Did and Why It Passed Away.” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, February 1986, 22–37. https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/86/02/Requiem_Feb1986.pdf.

Gimbel, Barney. “Partners in Crime.” CNN Money, October 4, 2006. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/10/02/8387505/index.htm.

GinnieMae.gov, “Our History,” Accessed 2015, http://www.ginniemae.gov/inside_gnma/company_overview/Pages/our_history.aspx.

Glovin, David. “Bernard Madoff’s Accountant Friehling Pleads Guilty (Update 2).” Bloomberg News, November 3, 2009. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ah_xWloo7TTE.

Golden, Daniel. “Cash Me If You Can.” Upstart Business Journal, March 18, 2009. http://upstart.bizjournals.com/executives/2009/03/18/David-Swensen-and-the-Yale-Model.html

Goldstein, Matthew. “Stanford’s Failed Health Club.” Unstructured Finance (blog), Bloomberg Businessweek, February 13, 2009. http://www.businessweek.com/investing/wall_street_news_blog/archives/2009/02/stanfords_faile.html.

——. “Stanford’s Rocky Start.” Bloomberg Businessweek, March 3, 2009. http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/mar2009/db2009033_601499.htm.

Goldthwaite, Richard A. The Economy of Renaissance Florence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.

Gordon, John Steele. “Pyramid Schemes Are as American as Apple Pie.” Wall Street Journal, December 17, 2008. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB122948144507313073.

——. “A Short (Sometimes Profitable) History of Private Equity.” Wall Street Journal, January 17, 2012. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204468004577166850222785654.

Gorham, Michael, and Nidhi Singh. Electronic Exchanges: The Global Transformation from Pits to Bits. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, 2009.

Graham, Benjamin. “A Conversation with Benjamin Graham.” Financial Analysts Journal 32, no. 5 (September–October 1976): 20–23.

——. The Intelligent Investor. New York: Harper, 1949.

Graham, Benjamin, and David L. Dodd. Security Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1934.

Greene, Bob. “A $100 Million Idea: Use Greed for Good.” Chicago Tribune, December 15, 1986. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-12-15/features/8604030634_1_ivan-boeskys-greed-fund.

Gross, William H. “The Lending Lindy.” PIMCO. September 2012. http://www.pimco.com/EN/Insights/Pages/The-Lending-Lindy.aspx.

“‘Guinness Four’ Guilty.” BBC News, August 27, 1990. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/27/newsid_2536000/2536035.stm.

Gupta, K. P. Cost Management: Measuring, Monitoring & Motivating Performance. Delhi: Global India Publications, 2009.

Haber, Carole, and Brian Gratton. Old Age and the Search for Security: An American Social History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.

Hamilton, Jesse, and Margaret Collins. “Hedge Funds Cleared to Advertise under SEC Proposal.” Bloomberg Businessweek, August 29, 2012. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-08-28/hedge-fund-marketing-could-begin-new-era-as-sec-set-for-proposal.

Hansen, Valerie, and Ana Mata-Fink. “Records from a Seventh-Century Pawnshop in China.” In The Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations That Created Modern Capital Markets, eds. William N. Goetzmann and K. Geert Rouwenhorst, 54–64. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Haron, Sudin, and Wan Nursofiza Wan Azmi. Islamic Finance and Banking System: Philosophies, Principles and Practices. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009.

Harrison, A. R. W. The Law of Athens. Vol. 1, The Family and Property. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1998.

Healey, Thomas J., and Donald J. Hardy. “Growth in Alternative Investments.” Financial Analysts Journal 53, no. 4 (July–August 1997): 58–65.

Hilzenrath, David S. “Former Madoff Trader David Kugel Pleads Guilty to Fraud.” Washington Post, November 21, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/former-madoff-trader-david-kugel-pleads-guilty-to-fraud/2011/11/21/gIQATSFLjN_story.html.

Historical Center of the Presbyterian Church in America. “January 11: Presbyterian Ministers Fund.” January 11, 2012. http://www.thisday.pcahistory.org/2012/01/january-11.

Hobsbawm, Eric. Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day. Rev. ed. London: Penguin, 1999.

Hochfelder, David. “How Bucket Shops Lured the Masses into the Market.” BloombergView, January 10, 2013. http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2013-01-10/how-bucket-shops-lured-the-masses-into-the-market.

Hohenstein, Kurt A., ed. “Fair to All People: The SEC and the Regulation of Insider Trading.” Securities and Exchange Commission Historical Society. November 1, 2006. http://www.sechistorical.org/museum/galleries/it.

——. “William O. Douglas and the Growing Power of the SEC.” Securities and Exchange Commission Historical Society. December 1, 2005. http://www.sechistorical.org/museum/galleries/douglas/index.php.

Homer, Sidney, and Richard Sylla. A History of Interest Rates. 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2005.

Honan, Edith, and Dan Wilchins. “Bernard Madoff Arrested over Alleged $50 Billion Fraud.” Reuters, December 12, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/12/12/us-madoff-arrest-idUSTRE4BA7IK20081212.

Hong, Jiaguan. 中国金融史 [A financial history of China]. Chengdu, 1993.

Hoover, Herbert. “Statement on Efforts to Balance the Budget.” March 8, 1932. The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=23478.

“How Hedge Funds Are Structured.” Hedge Fund Fundamentals. Accessed January 2015. http://www.hedgefundfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/HFF_HFStructured_12-2012.pdf.

Howe, Christopher. The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy: Development and Technology in Asia from 1540 to the Pacific War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Hunt, Edwin S. “A New Look at the Dealings of the Bardi and Peruzzi with Edward III.” Journal of Economic History 50, no. 1 (March 1990): 149–162.

Hurtado, Patricia. “Andrew, Ruth Madoff Say Were Unaware of $65 Billion Fraud Until Confession.” Bloomberg Businessweek, November 8, 2011. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-08/andrew-ruth-madoff-say-they-were-unaware-of-65-billion-fraud.html.

Iacoviello, Matteo. “Housing Wealth and Consumption.” Working paper, Department of Economics, Boston College, Boston, MA, June 13, 2010. https://www2.bc.edu/matteo-iacoviello/research_files/HWAC.pdf.

Ibrahim, Jeanine. “Allen Stanford: Descent from Billionaire to Inmate #35017-183.” CNBC, October 5, 2012. http://www.cnbc.com/id/49276842.

Immigration Act of 1924. Pub. L. No. 68-139, 43 Stat. 153. http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/43%20stat%20153.pdf.

Inikori, Joseph E. Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England: A Study in International Trade and Economic Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Investment Company Institute. “Appendix A: How Mutual Funds and Investment Companies Operate: The Origins of Pooled Investing.” In 2006 Investment Company Fact Book. Accessed 2014. http://www.icifactbook.org/2006/06_fb_appa.html.

——. “Recent Mutual Fund Trends.” In 2014 Investment Company Fact Book. Accessed 2014. http://www.icifactbook.org/fb_ch2.html.

——. “Retirement Assets Total $24.0 Trillion in Second Quarter 2014.” September 25, 2014. http://www.ici.org/research/stats/retirement/ret_14_q2.

——. 2012 Investment Company Fact Book. Accessed 2014. http://www.ici.org/pdf/2012_factbook.pdf.

——. 2013 Investment Company Fact Book. Accessed 2014. http://www.ici.org/pdf/2013_factbook.pdf.

——. “The U.S. Retirement Market, First Quarter 2011.” June 29, 2011. http://www.ici.org/pdf/ret_11_q1_data.pdf.

Isidore, Chris. “Chrysler Files for Bankruptcy.” CNN Money, May 1, 2009. http://money.cnn.com/2009/04/30/news/companies/chrysler_bankruptcy.

Jefferies, Julie. “The UK Population: Past, Present and Future.” Office for National Statistics (UK). Last modified December 2005. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/fertility-analysis/focus-on-people-and-migration/december-2005/focus-on-people-and-migration---focus-on-people-and-migration---chapter-1.pdf.

Jensen, Michael C. “The Performance of Mutual Funds in the Period 1945–1964.” Journal of Finance 23, no. 2 (May 1968): 389–416.

“Jewish Reaction to Madoff Scandal” (transcript). Religion and Ethics Newsweekly. Produced by Thirteen/WNET New York, PBS. March 20, 2009. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2009/03/20/march-20-2009-jewish-reaction-to-madoff-scandal/2474.

Johnson, Philip McBride, and Thomas Lee Hazen. Derivatives Regulation. Vol. 3. New York: Aspen, 2004.

Johnson, Simon. “Sadly, Too Big to Fail Is Not Over.” Economix (blog), New York Times, August 1, 2013. http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/01/sadly-too-big-to-fail-is-not-over.

Jones, Chris. Hedge Funds of Funds: A Guide for Investors. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007.

Jones, Norman. “Usury.” In Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History, ed. Robert Whaples. Economic History Association. February 10, 2008. http://eh.net/encyclopedia/usury.

J. P. Morgan Chase & Co. Annual Report 2013. April 9, 2014. http://investor.shareholder.com/jpmorganchase/annual.cfm.

Kabele, Thomas. “James Dodson, First Lecture on Insurances, 1757: Discussion.” Kabele and Associates (New Canaan, CT), May 2, 2008. http://www.kabele.us/papers/dodsonms2.pdf.

Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk.” Econometrica 47, no. 2 (March 1979): 263–292.

Kaul, Chandrika. “From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India, 1858–1947.” BBC. Last modified March 3, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml.

Kedmey, Dan. “2 Years and 900 Pages Later, the Volcker Rule Gets the Green Light.” TIME.com, December 11, 2013. http://business.time.com/2013/12/11/2-years-and-900-pages-later-the-volcker-rule-gets-the-green-light.

Kehoe, Dennis P. Investment, Profit, and Tenancy: The Jurists and the Roman Agrarian Economy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.

——. Management and Investment on Estates in Roman Egypt during the Early Empire. Bonn: Habelt, 1992.

Keltner, Dacher, and Paul Piff. “Greed on Wall Street Prevents Good from Happening.” Room for Debate (blog), New York Times, March 16, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/03/15/does-morality-have-a-place-on-wall-street/greed-on-wall-street-prevents-good-from-happening.

Kennedy, Lawrence W. Planning the City upon a Hill: Boston since 1630. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992.

Kennedy, Robert C. “On This Day: March 30, 1872.” The Learning Network, New York Times, March 30, 2001. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/0330.html.

Kerber, Ross. “The Whistleblower.” Boston Globe, January 8, 2009. http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2009/01/08/the_whistleblower.

Keynes, John Maynard. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London: Macmillan, 1936.

Kimmel, Lewis Henry. Share Ownership in the United States. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1952.

Kindleberger, Charles P. The World in Depression, 1929–1939. Rev. ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.

Kirsch, Clifford E., and Bibb L. Strench. “Mutual Funds.” In Financial Product Fundamentals: Law, Business, Compliance, ed. Clifford E. Kirsch. 2nd ed. New York: Practising Law Institute, 2013.

Kitces, Michael E. “What Makes Something an Alternative Asset Class, Anyway?” Journal of Financial Planning 25, no. 9 (September 2012): 22–23.

Kitchen, Martin. A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006.

Koepp, Stephen. “‘Money Was the Only Way.’” Time, June 24, 2001. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,144026,00.html.

Kohn, George Childs, ed. The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal. Rev. ed. New York: Infobase, 2001.

Kohn, Meir. “The Capital Market before 1600.” Working paper 99-06, Department of Economics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, February 1999. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~mkohn/Papers/99-06.pdf.

——. “Finance before the Industrial Revolution: An Introduction.” Working paper 99-01, Department of Economics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, February 1999. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~mkohn/Papers/99-01.pdf.

Kolesnikov-Jessop, Sonia. “Independent Asset Managers Thrive in Crisis.” New York Times, April 28, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/29/business/global/29iht-nwindies29.html.

Kosambi, D. D. “Indian Feudal Trade Charters.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 2, no. 3 (December 1959): 281–293.

Krantz, Steven G., and Harold R. Parks. A Mathematical Odyssey: Journey from the Real to the Complex. New York: Springer, 2014.

Krauss, Clifford. “Stanford Sentenced to 110-Year Term in $7 Billion Ponzi Case.” New York Times, June 14, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/15/business/stanford-sentenced-to-110-years-in-jail-in-fraud-case.html.

Kreuger, Torsten. The Truth about Ivar Kreuger. Stuttgart: Seewald, 1968.

Krugman, Paul. “Too Little, Gone Too Soon.” Conscience of a Liberal (blog), New York Times, August 30, 2013. http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/30/too-little-gone-too-soon.

Lamoreaux, Naomi R., Margaret Levenstein, and Kenneth L. Sokoloff. “Financing Invention during the Second Industrial Revolution: Cleveland, Ohio, 1870–1920.” NBER Working Paper 10923, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, November 2004. http://www.nber.org/papers/w10923.pdf.

Lane, Frederic C. Venice and History: Collected Papers of F. C. Lane. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966.

Langevoort, Donald C. “Rereading Cady, Roberts: The Ideology and Practice of Insider Trading Regulation.” Columbia Law Review 99, no. 5 (June 1999): 1319–1343.

Latzko, David A. “Economies of Scale in Mutual Fund Administration.” Working paper, York Campus, Pennsylvania State University, York, PA, n.d. http://www.personal.psu.edu/~dxl31/research/articles/mutual.pdf.

Lawrence, Steven, and Reina Mukai. “Key Facts on Mission Investing.” Foundation Center, October 2011. http://foundationcenter.org/gainknowledge/research/pdf/keyfacts_missioninvesting2011.pdf.

Lee, Chulhee. “The Expected Length of Male Retirement in the United States, 1850–1990.” Journal of Population Economics 14, no. 4 (December 2001): 641–650.

——. “Sectoral Shift and the Labor-Force Participation of Older Males in the United States, 1880–1940.” Journal of Economic History 62, no. 2 (June 2002): 512–523.

Leemans, W. F. “The Role of Landlease in Mesopotamia in the Early Second Millennium B.C.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18, no. 2 (June 1975): 134–145.

Leeson, Nick. “Biography.” NickLeeson.com. Accessed January 2015. http://www.nickleeson.com/biography/full_biography_02.html.

Legal Information Institute. “Dodd-Frank: Title I—Financial Stability.” Accessed January 2015. http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/dodd-frank_title_I.

Lenzner, Robert. “The Top 25 Hedge Fund Managers Earn More Than All the 500 Top CEOs Together.” Forbes, August 6, 2013. http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertlenzner/2013/08/06/the-top-25-hedge-fund-managers-earn-more-than-all-the-500-top-ceos-together.

LIMRA Secure Retirement Institute. “Retirement Plans—Investment Company Institute: Retirement Assets on the Rise in 2014.” October 2014. http://www.limra.com/Secure_Retirement_Institute/News_Center/Retirement_Industry_Report/Retirement_Plans_-_Investment_Company_Institute__Retirement_Assets_on_the_Rise_in_2014.aspx.

Lindert, Peter H., and Jeffrey G. Williamson. “English Workers’ Living Standards during the Industrial Revolution: A New Look.” Economic History Review, n.s., 36, no. 1 (February 1983): 1–25.

Lintner, John. “The Valuation of Risk Assets and the Selection of Risky Investments in Stock Portfolios and Capital Budgets.” Review of Economics and Statistics 47, no. 1 (February 1965): 13–37.

Lipscy, Phillip Y., and Hirofumi Takinami. “The Politics of Financial Crisis Response in Japan and the United States.” Japanese Journal of Political Science 14, no. 3 (September 2013): 321–353.

Litterick, David. “Billionaire Who Broke the Bank of England.” Telegraph, September 13, 2002. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2773265/Billionaire-who-broke-the-Bank-of-England.html.

Liu, Jinyu. “The Economy of Endowments: The Case of the Roman Collegia.” In Pistoi Dia Tèn Technèn: Studies in Honour of Raymond Bogaert, Studia Hellenistica 44, eds. Koenraad Verboven, Katelijn Vandorpe, and Véronique Chankowski, 231–256. Leuven: Peeters, 2008.

Liu, Qiugen. “两宋私营高利贷资本初探” [A first look at usury capital in the Song dynasty]. Philosophy and Social Sciences (Hebei University), no. 3 (1987): 11–17.

——. “论中国古代商业、高利贷资本组织中的’合资’与’合伙’” [Joint-stock partnerships in business and usury capital organization in ancient China]. Hebei Academic Journal (Hebei University), no. 5 (1994): 86–91.

Lo Cascio, Elio. “The Early Roman Empire: The State and the Economy.” In The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World, eds. Walter Scheidel, Ian Morris, and Richard P. Saller, 619–647. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Lodge, Henry Cabot. “League of Nations.” American Memory, Library of Congress. Accessed 2015. http://memory.loc.gov.

Loh, Lixia. Sovereign Wealth Funds: States Buying the World. Cranbrook, UK: Global Professional Publishing, 2010.

Lohr, Steve. “Guinness Offers to Buy Distillers for $3.2 Billion.” New York Times, January 20, 1986. http://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/21/business/guinness-offers-to-buy-distillers-for-3.2-billion.html.

——. “Guinness Scandal Roils Britain.” New York Times, January 30, 1987. http://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/30/business/guinness-scandal-roils-britain.html.

——. “Hostile Offer by Argyll for Distillers.” New York Times, December 2, 1985. http://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/03/business/hostile-offer-by-argyll-for-distillers.html.

London Stock Exchange. “Our History.” Accessed October 2014. http://www.londonstockexchange.com/about-the-exchange/company-overview/our-history/our-history.htm.

Loomis, Carol J. “The Jones Nobody Keeps Up With.” Fortune, April 1966, 237–247.

Lopez, Robert S. The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950–1350. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Lowenstein, Roger. When Genius Failed: The Rise and Fall of Long-Term Capital Management. New York: Random House, 2000.

Lynch, David J. “Economists Evoke the Spirit of Irving Fisher.” Bloomberg News, January 12, 2012. http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/magazine/economists-evoke-the-spirit-of-irving-fisher-01122012.html.

MacDonald, Scott B., and Jane E. Hughes. Separating Fools from Their Money: A History of American Financial Scandals. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2007.

MacKenzie, Donald. An Engine, Not a Camera: How Financial Models Shape Markets. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.

Maddison, Angus. Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

——. The World Economy: Historical Statistics. Paris: Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2003.

Madoff, Bernard. “Text of Bernard Madoff’s Court Statement.” National Public Radio, March 12, 2009. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101816470.

Madrian, Brigitte C., and Dennis F. Shea. “The Power of Suggestion: Inertia in 401(k) Participation and Savings Behavior.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 116, no. 4 (November 2001): 1149–1187.

Malkiel, Burton G. “Asset Management Fees and the Growth of Finance.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 27, no. 2 (Spring 2013): 97–108.

——. “The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Its Critics.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 17, no. 1 (Winter 2003): 59–82.

Mallaby, Sebastian. “Learning to Love Hedge Funds.” Wall Street Journal, June 11, 2010. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703302604575294983666012928.

Malmendier, Ulrike. “Law and Finance ‘at the Origin.’” Journal of Economic Literature 47, no. 4 (December 2009): 1076–1108.

——. “Roman Shares.” In The Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations That Created Modern Capital Markets, eds. William N. Goetzmann and K. Geert Rouwenhorst, 31–42. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

——. “Societas.” Working paper, Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, n.d. http://eml.berkeley.edu/~ulrike/Papers/Societas_Article_v3.pdf.

Manning, Joseph. “Demotic Papyri (664–30 B.C.E.).” In Security for Debt in Ancient Near Eastern Law, eds. Raymond Westbrook and Richard Jasnow, 307–324. Leiden: Brill, 2001.

Margolick, David. “William Carey [sic], Former S.E.C. Chairman, Dies at 72.” New York Times, February 9, 1983. http://www.nytimes.com/1983/02/09/obituaries/william-carey-former-sec-chairman-dies-at-72.html.

Maridaki-Karatza, Olga. “Legal Aspects of the Financing of Trade.” In The Economic History of Byzantium, ed. Angeliki E. Laiou, 3:1105–1120. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2002.

Markham, Jerry W. A Financial History of Modern US Corporate Scandals: From Enron to Reform. Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 2006.

——. A Financial History of the United States. Vol. 1, From Christopher Columbus to the Robber Barons (1492–1900). Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 2002.

——. A Financial History of the United States. Vol. 2, From J. P. Morgan to the Institutional Investor (1900–1970). Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 2002.

Markopolos, Harry. Harry Markopolos to US Securities and Exchange Commission, “The World’s Largest Hedge Fund Is a Fraud,” November 7, 2005. http://online.wsj.com/documents/Madoff_SECdocs_20081217.pdf.

Markowitz, Harry. “Harry M. Markowitz—Biographical.” Nobel Media AB. 1990. Accessed 2013. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1990/markowitz-bio.html.

——. “Portfolio Selection.” Journal of Finance 7, no. 1 (March 1952): 77–91.

Martinez, Mike, et al. Vault Career Guide to Private Wealth Management. New York: Vault, 2006.

“The Match King.” Economist, December 19, 2007. http://www.economist.com/node/10278667.

Matthews, Christopher. “Five Former Employees of Bernie Madoff Found Guilty of Fraud.” Wall Street Journal, March 25, 2014. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304679404579459551977535482.

——. “LIBOR Scandal: Yep, It’s as Bad as We Thought.” Time, December 20, 2012. http://business.time.com/2012/12/20/libor-scandal-yep-its-as-bad-as-we-thought.

McAndrews, James, and Chris Stefanadis. “The Consolidation of European Stock Exchanges.” Current Issues in Economics and Finance 8, no. 6 (June 2002): 1–6.

McGuire, W. John. “The Investment Company Act of 1940.” Morgan, Lewis & Bockius. 2005. http://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/Investment%20Company%20Act%20Powerpoint.pdf.

McIntosh, Jane R. Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2005.

McMorran, David. The Origin of Investment Securities. Detroit: First National Company of Detroit, 1925.

Merced, Michael J. de la. “Q. and A.: Understanding LIBOR.” DealBook (blog), New York Times, July 10, 2012. http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/q-and-a-understanding-libor.

——. “Taped Calls about Akamai Earnings Guidance Heard at Galleon Trial.” DealBook (blog), New York Times, April 4, 2011. http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/focus-shifts-to-google-trade-at-galleon-trial.

Merton, Robert C. “Option Pricing When Underlying Stock Returns Are Discontinuous.” Journal of Financial Economics 3, no. 1–2 (January–March 1976): 125–144.

Michell, Humfrey. Economics of Ancient Greece. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Heffer, 1957.

Michie, Ranald C. “Development of Stock Markets.” In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Money and Finance, eds. Peter Newman, Murray Milgate, and John Eatwell, 662–668. London: Macmillan, 1992.

——. The Global Securities Market: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Middleton, Kathleen M. Bayonne Passages. Images of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2000.

Miller, Norman C. The Great Salad Oil Swindle. New York: Coward McCann, 1965.

Millett, Paul. Lending and Borrowing in Ancient Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Milton, Giles. Samurai William: The Adventurer Who Unlocked Japan. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2002.

Minsky, Hyman P. Stabilizing an Unstable Economy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986.

Mirsky, Robert, Anthony Cowell, and Andrew Baker. “The Value of the Hedge Fund Industry to Investors, Markets, and the Broader Economy.” KPMG and Centre for Hedge Fund Research, Imperial College, London. Last modified April 2012. http://www.kpmg.com/KY/en/Documents/the-value-of-the-hedge-fund-industry-part-1.pdf.

Modigliani, Franco, and Richard H. Brumberg. “Utility Analysis and the Consumption Function: An Interpretation of Cross-Section Data.” In Post-Keynesian Economics, ed. Kenneth K. Kurihara, 388–436. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1954.

——. “Utility Analysis and Aggregate Consumption Functions: An Attempt at Integration.” In The Collected Papers of Franco Modigliani, ed. Andrew Abel, 2:128–197. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990.

Monk, Ashby H. B. “Is CalPERS a Sovereign Wealth Fund?” Working paper 8-21, Center for Retirement Research, Boston College, Boston, MA, December 2008. http://crr.bc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/IB_8-21.pdf.

Monroe, Albert. “How the Federal Housing Administration Affects Homeownership.” Working paper, Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, November 2001. http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/jchs.harvard.edu/files/monroe_w02-4.pdf.

Moore, Keith M. Risk Arbitrage: An Investor’s Guide. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 1999.

Moosvi, Shireen. “The Medieval State and Caste.” Social Scientist 39, no. 7–8 (July–August 2011): 3–8.

Morningstar. “MFS Massachusetts Investors Tr A (MITTX): Performance.” Accessed 2014. http://performance.morningstar.com/fund/performance-return.action?t=MITTX.

Morris, Morris D. “Towards a Reinterpretation of Nineteenth-Century Indian Economic History.” Journal of Economic History 23, no. 4 (December 1963): 606–618.

Mugasha, Agasha. The Law of Letters of Credit and Bank Guarantees. Sydney: Federation Press, 2003.

Murphy, Sharon Ann. “Life Insurance in the United States through World War I.” In Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History, ed. Robert Whaples. Economic History Association. August 14, 2002. http://eh.net/encyclopedia/life-insurance-in-the-united-states-through-world-war-i.

Murray, J. B.C. The History of Usury. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1866.

National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO) and Commonfund Institute. “Average Annual Effective Spending Rates, 2011 to 2002.” 2011 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments, 2012. http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/research/2011_NCSE_Public_Tables_Spending_Rates_Final_January_18_2012.pdf.

——. “Educational Endowments Returned an Average of 19.2% in FY2011.” 2011 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments, 2012. http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/research/2011_NCSE_Press_Release_Final_Embargo_1_31_12.pdf.

National Venture Capital Association and Thomson Reuters. “2012 National Venture Capital Association Yearbook.” Last modified 2012. http://www.finansedlainnowacji.pl/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/NVCA-Yearbook-2012.pdf.

Neal, Larry. “On the Historical Development of Stock Markets.” In The Emergence and Evolution of Markets, eds. Horst Brezinski and Michael Fritsch, 59–79. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1997.

Neumann, Hans. “Ur-Dumuzida and Ur-DUN: Reflections on the Relationship Between State-Initiated Foreign Trade and Private Economic Activity in Mesopotamia Towards the End of the Third Millennium B.C.” In Dercksen, Trade and Finance in Ancient Mesopotamia, 43–53.

New York Stock Exchange. “Highlights of NYSE Shareowner Census Reports (1952–1990).” Accessed October 2014. http://www.nyxdata.com/nysedata/asp/factbook/viewer_edition.asp?mode=table&key=2312&category=11.

——. “Major Sources of NYSE Volume.” Accessed October 2014. http://www.nyxdata.com/nysedata/asp/factbook/viewer_edition.asp?mode=table&key=2641&category=11.

——. “New York Stock Exchange Ends Member Seat Sales Today.” December 30, 2013. http://www1.nyse.com/press/1135856420824.html.

——. “Selected Characteristics of Individual Shareowners.” Accessed October 2014. http://www.nyxdata.com/nysedata/asp/factbook/viewer_edition.asp?mode=chart&key=51&category=11.

——. “Timeline—Events.” Accessed October 2014. http://www1.nyse.com/about/history/timeline_events.html.

——. “Timeline—Technology.” Accessed October 2014. http://www1.nyse.com/about/history/timeline_technology.html.

——. Transactions, Statistics and Data Library. Accessed 2014. http://www.nyse.com/financials/1022221393023.html.

“The 1907 Crisis in Historical Perspective.” Center for History and Economics, Harvard University. Accessed 2015. http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~histecon/crisis-next/1907.

Nobel Media AB. “The Prize in Economics 1985—Press Release.” 1985. Accessed 2013. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1985/press.html.

——. “The Prize in Economics 1990—Press Release.” 1990. Accessed 2013. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1990/press.html.

Nobuhiko, Nakai, and James L. McClain. “Commercial Change and Urban Growth in Early Modern Japan.” In The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. 4, Early Modern Japan, ed. John Whitney Hall, 519–595. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Obama, Barack. “President Obama on GM IPO.” The White House, November 18, 2010. http://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-and-video/video/2010/11/18/president-obama-gm-ipo.

——. “Remarks by the President at Signing of Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.” The White House, July 21, 2010. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-signing-dodd-frank-wall-street-reform-and-consumer-protection-act.

Obstfeld, Maurice, and Alan M. Taylor. Global Capital Markets: Integration, Crisis, and Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Ogborn, M. E. “Professional Name of the Actuary.” Journal of the Institute of the Actuaries 82, no. 2 (September 1956): 233–246.

O’Hanlon, Rosalind. Caste, Conflict, and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India. Cambridge South Asian Studies 30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

“The Oldest Life Insurance Company in the United States.” New York Times, November 19, 1905. http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/11/19/101709385.html.

Oppenheim, A. Leo. Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.

Oregon State Treasury. “Oregon Investment Council (OIC).” Accessed 2013. http://www.oregon.gov/treasury/Divisions/Investment/Pages/Oregon-Investment-Council-(OIC).aspx.

“Out of Keynes’s Shadow.” Economist, February 14, 2009. http://www.economist.com/node/13104022.

Parker, Russell. “Boutique Asset Managers Offer Competitive Advantages.” InvestmentNews, May 30, 2010. http://www.investmentnews.com/article/20100530/REG/305309998/boutique-asset-managers-offer-competitive-advantages.

Parks, Tim. Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence. New York: Norton, 2005.

Pecora, Ferdinand. Wall Street Under Oath. New York: A. M. Kelley, 1939.

Persky, Joseph. “Retrospectives: From Usury to Interest.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 2 (Winter 2007): 227–236.

Phillips, Cabell. From the Crash to the Blitz, 1929–1939. New York: Fordham University Press, 2000.

Piller, Charles. “Foundations Align Investments with Their Charitable Goals.” Los Angeles Times, December 29, 2007. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/dec/29/business/fi-foundation29.

Pirenne, Henri. Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade. Translated by Frank D. Halsey. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1952.

Piscione, Deborah Perry. Secrets of Silicon Valley: What Everyone Else Can Learn from the Innovation Capital of the World. New York: Palgrave, 2013.

Ponzi v. Fessenden. 258 U.S. 254 (1922).

Postal, Matthew A. “New York Curb Exchange (Incorporating the New York Curb Market Building), Later Known as the American Stock Exchange.” New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. June 26, 2012. http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/2515.pdf.

Poterba, James M., Steven F. Venti, and David A. Wise. “The Transition to Personal Accounts and Increasing Retirement Wealth: Macro and Micro Evidence.” NBER Working Paper 8610, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, November 2001. http://www.nber.org/papers/w8610.pdf.

Preqin. “Preqin Investor Outlook: Alternative Investments.” 2014. https://www.preqin.com/docs/reports/Preqin-Investor-Outlook-Alternative-Assets-H2-2014.pdf.

——. The 2014 Preqin Global Private Equity Report: Sample Pages. Accessed 2014. https://www.preqin.com/docs/samples/The_2014_Preqin_Global_Private_Equity_Report_Sample_Pages.pdf.

Price, Richard. British Society, 1680–1880: Dynamism, Containment, and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Pulliam, Susan, and Chad Bray. “Trader Draws Record Sentence.” Wall Street Journal, October 14, 2011. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970203914304576627191081876286.

Purcell, Patrick, and Jennifer Staman. “Summary of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA).” Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, DC. April 10, 2008. http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/key_workplace/505.

Qureshi, Anwar Iqbal. Islam and the Theory of Interest. Lahore: Shaikh Muhammad Ashraf, 1946.

“Ranking America’s Top Money Managers.” Institutional Investor. August 1992, 75–101.

Rathbone, Dominic. Economic Rationalism and Rural Society in Third-Century A.D. Egypt: The Heroninos Archive and the Appianus Estate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Reinhart, Carmen M., and Kenneth S. Rogoff. This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.

Ricketts, Lowell R. “Quantitative Easing Explained.” Liber8 Economic Information Newsletter (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis), April 2011. http://research.stlouisfed.org/pageone-economics/uploads/newsletter/2011/201104_ClassroomEdition.pdf.

Rinehart, Jim. “U.S. Timberland Post-Recession: Is It the Same Asset?” R&A Investment Forestry. Last modified April 2010. http://investmentforestry.com/resources/1%20-%20Post-Recession%20Timberland.pdf.

Riu, Manuel. “Banking and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Aragon.” In The Dawn of Modern Banking, 131–167. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979.

Rockefeller Foundation. “Our History: A Powerful Legacy.” Accessed July 8, 2014. http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/our-history.

Ross, Brian. The Madoff Chronicles: Inside the Secret World of Bernie and Ruth. New York: Hyperion, 2009.

Rouwenhorst, K. Geert. “The Origins of Mutual Funds.” Working paper 04-48, International Center for Finance, Yale School of Management, Yale University, New Haven, CT, December 2004. http://ssrn.com/abstract=636146.

——. “The Origins of Mutual Funds.” In The Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations That Created Modern Capital Markets, eds. William N. Goetzmann and K. Geert Rouwenhorst, 249–269. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Rubin, Jared. “The Lender’s Curse: A New Look at the Origin and Persistence of Interest Bans in Islam and Christianity.” PhD diss., Stanford University, 2007. ProQuest (AAT 3267615).

Russell, John. “Alfred W. Jones, 88, Sociologist and Investment Fund Innovator.” New York Times, June 3, 1989. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/03/obituaries/alfred-w-jones-88-sociologist-and-investment-fund-innovator.html.

Ryan, Franklin W. Usury and Usury Laws: A Juristic-Economic Study of the Effects of State Statutory Maximums for Loan Charges upon Lending Operations in the United States. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1924.

Sahai, Nandita P. “Crafts in Eighteenth-Century Jodhpur: Questions of Class, Caste, and Community Identities.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 48, no. 4 (2005): 524–551.

Samuelson, Paul A. Foundations of Economic Analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1947.

——. “Rational Theory of Warrant Pricing.” Industrial Management Review 6, no. 2 (Spring 1965): 13–39.

Samuelson, Paul A., and Robert C. Merton. “A Complete Model of Warrant Pricing That Maximizes Utility.” Industrial Management Review 10, no. 2 (Winter 1969): 17–46.

Sansing, Richard, and Robert Yetman. “Distribution Policies of Private Foundations.” Working paper 02-20, McGladrey Institute of Accounting Education and Research, Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, October 2002. http://tippie.uiowa.edu/accounting/mcgladrey/workingpapers/02-20.pdf.

Sass, Steven A. The Promise of Private Pensions: The First Hundred Years. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Saxton, Jim. “The Roots of Broadened Stock Ownership.” Joint Economic Committee, US Congress. April 2000. http://cog.kent.edu/lib/Hall&Congress-RootsOfBroadenedStockOwnership.pdf.

Schmidt, Robert, and Jesse Hamilton. “SEC ‘Capacity Gap’ Risks Oversight Lapses as Regulator’s Targets Multiply.” Bloomberg News, March 7, 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-07/sec-capacity-gap-risks-oversight-lapses-as-regulator-s-targets-multiply.html.

Schulaka, Carly. “Advisers Embrace Alternative Investments.” Journal of Financial Planning 24, no. 9 (September 2011): 30–33.

Schweikhard, Frederic A., and Zoe Tsesmelidakis. “The Impact of Government Interventions on CDS and Equity Markets.” Working paper, November 2012. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1573377.

Securities and Exchange Commission. “Investigation of Failure of the SEC to Uncover Bernard Madoff’s Ponzi Scheme—Public Version” (Report No. OIG-509). Office of Investigations, US Securities and Exchange Commission, August 31, 2009. http://www.sec.gov/news/studies/2009/oig-509.pdf.

——. “Post-Madoff Reforms.” Accessed September 2014. http://www.sec.gov/spotlight/secpostmadoffreforms.htm.

Securities and Exchange Commission Historical Society. “431 Days: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Creation of the SEC (1934–35).” Accessed 2013. http://www.sechistorical.org/museum/galleries/kennedy/politicians_b.php.

Segal, Julie. “Beating the Market Has Become Nearly Impossible.” Institutional Investor, September 18, 2013. http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Article/3256074/Beating-the-Market-Has-Become-Nearly-Impossible.html.

Senate Committee on Banking and Currency. “Stock Exchange Practices” (S. Rep. No. 73-1455). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1934. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/investigations/pdf/Pecora_FinalReport.pdf.

Seyfried, William. “Monetary Policy and Housing Bubbles: A Multinational Perspective.” Research in Business and Economics Journal 2 (March 2010). http://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/09351.pdf.

Shah, Vikas. “Andrew Lo on the LIBOR Scandal and What’s Next.” AllAboutAlpha.com, November 8, 2012. http://allaboutalpha.com/blog/2012/11/08/andrew-lo-on-the-libor-scandal-and-whats-next.

Sharpe, William F. “Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium under Conditions of Risk.” Journal of Finance 19, no. 3 (September 1964): 425–442.

Shiller, Robert J. “Understanding Recent Trends in House Prices and Home Ownership.” Working paper 13553, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, October 2007. http://www.nber.org/papers/w13553.pdf.

Siddiqui, Shahid Hasan. Islamic Banking: Genesis & Rationale, Evaluation & Review, Prospects & Challenges. Karachi: Royal Book, 1994.

Skarda, Erin. “William Miller, the Original Schemer.” Time, March 7, 2012. http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2104982_2104983_2104992,00.html.

Skully, Michael T. “The Development of the Pawnshop Industry in East Asia.” In Financial Landscapes Reconstructed: The Fine Art of Mapping Development, eds. F. J. A. Bouman and Otto Hospes, 357–374. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994.

Smart401k. “Modern Portfolio Theory and the Efficient Frontier.” Accessed 2013. http://www.smart401k.com/Content/retail/resource-center/advanced-investing/modern-portfolio-theory-and-the-efficient-frontier.

Smiley, Gene. The American Economy in the Twentieth Century. Cincinnati: South-Western, 1994.

Smith, Aaron. “Madoff Arrives at N.C. Prison.” CNN Money, July 14, 2009. http://money.cnn.com/2009/07/14/news/economy/madoff_prison_transfer.

Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. New York: Modern Library, 1937.

Sobel, Robert. The Big Board: A History of the New York Stock Market. New York: Free Press, 1965.

——. The Curbstone Brokers: The Origins of the American Stock Exchange. London: Macmillan, 1970.

Social Security Administration. “Age 65 Retirement.” Accessed 2013. http://www.ssa.gov/history/age65.html.

——. “Historical Background and Development of Social Security.” Accessed December 2014. http://www.ssa.gov/history/briefhistory3.html.

——. “Otto von Bismarck.” Accessed 2013. http://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html.

——. “Social Insurance Movement.” Accessed January 2015. http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/trinfo.html.

Social Welfare History Project. “Townsend, Dr. Francis.” Accessed 2013. http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/eras/townsend-dr-francis.

Sosin, Joshua. “Perpetual Endowments in the Hellenistic World: A Case-Study in Economic Rationalism.” PhD diss., Duke University, 2000. ProQuest (AAT 9977683).

“South Sea Bubble Short History.” Baker Library, Harvard Business School. Accessed 2014. http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/ssb/history.html.

Sovereign Wealth Center. “Kuwait Investment Authority.” Institutional Investor. Accessed July 8, 2014. http://www.sovereignwealthcenter.com/fund/17/Kuwait-Investment-Authority.html.

Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute. “Sovereign Wealth Funds Make Up More than 25% of U.S. Retirement Assets.” March 27, 2014. http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-article/sovereign-wealth-funds-make-up-more-than-25-of-u-s-retirement-assets.

——. “What Is a SWF?” Accessed July 8, 2014. http://www.swfinstitute.org/sovereign-wealth-fund.

Spigelman, Joseph H. “What Basis for Superior Performance?” Financial Analysis Journal 30, no. 3 (May–June 1974): 32–86.

Starr, Timothy. Railroad Wars of New York State. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2012.

Stearns, Peter N. The Industrial Revolution in World History. 3rd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2007.

Stevenson, Alexandra. “Hedge Fund Moguls’ Pay Has the 1% Looking Up.” DealBook (blog), New York Times, May 6, 2014. http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/05/06/hedge-fund-moguls-pay-has-the-1-looking-up.

Stewart, James B. “As a Watchdog Starves, Wall Street Is Tossed a Bone.” New York Times, July 15, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/16/business/budget-cuts-to-sec-reduce-its-effectiveness.html.

——. Den of Thieves. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992.

——. “Volcker Rule, Once Simple, Now Boggles.” New York Times, October 21, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/22/business/volcker-rule-grows-from-simple-to-complex.html.

Steyer, Robert. “ICI: U.S. Retirement Assets Hit Record $20.8 Trillion.” Pensions & Investments, June 26, 2013. http://www.pionline.com/article/20130626/ONLINE/130629908/ici-us-retirement-assets-hit-record-208-trillion.

Stockton, Kimberly A. “Understanding Alternative Investments: The Role of Commodities in a Portfolio.” Vanguard Investment Counseling & Research, Vanguard. Last modified 2007. http://www.vanguard.com/pdf/s552.pdf.

Straney, Louis L. Securities Fraud: Detection, Prevention and Control. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010.

Suddath, Claire. “The Crash of 1929.” Time, October 29, 2008. http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1854569,00.html.

Swensen, David. Pioneering Portfolio Management: An Unconventional Approach to Institutional Investment. Rev. ed. New York: Free Press, 2009.

Tan, Andrea, Gavin Finch, and Liam Vaughan. “RBS Instant Messages Show LIBOR Rates Skewed for Traders.” Bloomberg News, September 26, 2012. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-25/rbs-instant-messages-show-libor-rates-skewed-for-traders.html.

Tan, Kopin. “An Upbeat View from J. P. Morgan’s Private Bank.” Barron’s, May 19, 2012. http://online.barrons.com/news/articles/SB50001424053111904370004577392260986818168.

Temin, Peter. “Two Views of the British Industrial Revolution.” Journal of Economic History 57, no. 1 (March 1997): 63–82.

Teo, Melvyn. “The Liquidity Risk of Liquid Hedge Funds.” Journal of Financial Economics 100, no. 1 (April 2011): 24–44.

Thomas, Landon, Jr. “Too Big to Profit, a Hedge Fund Plans to Get Smaller.” DealBook (blog), New York Times, August 1, 2012. http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/08/01/hedge-fund-titan-plans-to-return-2-billion-to-investors.

Thorndike, Joseph. “Forget Carried Interest, It’s All about Taxing Capital Gains.” Forbes, November 12, 2013. http://www.forbes.com/sites/taxanalysts/2013/11/12/forget-carried-interest-its-all-about-taxing-capital-gains.

Thorndike, William. Introduction to The Outsiders: Eight Unconventional CEOs and Their Radically Rational Blueprint for Success. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2012.

“Timeline: Inside the Meltdown.” PBS, February 17, 2009. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/meltdown/cron.

“Timeline: LIBOR-Fixing Scandal.” BBC News, February 6, 2013. http://www.bbc.com/news/business-18671255.

Tobin, James. “Liquidity Preference as Behavior Towards Risk.” Review of Economic Studies 25, no. 2 (February 1958): 65–86.

Tonello, Matteo, and Stephan Rabimov. “The 2010 Institutional Investment Report: Trends in Asset Allocation and Portfolio Composition.” Research Report R-1468-10-RR, The Conference Board, New York, NY, 2010. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1707512.

“Topics: Glass-Steagall Act (1933).” New York Times, accessed January 2015. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/g/glass_steagall_act_1933/index.html.

Toutain, Jules. The Economic Life of the Ancient World. Translated by M. R. Dobie. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 1996.

Towers Watson and Financial Times. “Global Alternatives Survey 2012.” Last modified July 2012. http://www.towerswatson.com/en-US/Insights/IC-Types/Survey-Research-Results/2012/07/Global-Alternatives-Survey-2012.

Traflet, Janice M. A Nation of Small Shareholders: Marketing Wall Street after World War II. Studies in Industry and Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.

Travers Smith. “The Takeovers Regime under the Companies Act 2006: AIM-Listed Companies.” May 2007. http://www.traverssmith.com/media/602015/takeovers_regime_under_the_companies_act_2006_-_aim-listed_companies_-_may_2007.pdf.

“Treasury’s Bailout Proposal.” CNN Money, September 20, 2008. http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/20/news/economy/treasury_proposal.

Udovitch, Abraham L. “At the Origins of the Western Commenda: Islam, Israel, Byzantium?” Speculum 37, no. 2 (April 1962): 198–207.

Ulmer, Bryan K. “Boesky, Ivan.” In Encyclopedia of White-Collar and Corporate Crime, ed. Lawrence M. Salinger, 1:96–98. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005.

Uniform Law Commission. “Prudent Management of Institutional Funds Act Summary.” Accessed 2014. http://uniformlaws.org/ActSummary.aspx?title=Prudent%20Management%20of%20Institutional%20Funds%20Act.

US Department of Labor. “Frequently Asked Questions about Retirement Plans and ERISA.” Accessed 2013. http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/faqs/faq_compliance_pension.html.

US Department of the Treasury. “Financial Stability Oversight Council: Who Is on the Council?” Accessed January 2015. http://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/fsoc/about/council/Pages/default.aspx.

——. “TARP Programs.” Accessed January 2015. http://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/financial-stability/TARP-Programs/Pages/default.aspx.

“US Retirement Assets Hit $18 Trillion Again.” Retirement Income Journal, July 6, 2011. http://retirementincomejournal.com/issue/july-6-2011/article/u-s-retirement-assets-hit-18-trillion-again-ici.

US Securities and Exchange Commission. “Hedge Funds.” Accessed 2015. http://investor.gov/investing-basics/investment-products/hedge-funds.

——. “Investor Bulletin: Accredited Investors.” Accessed 2015. http://www.sec.gov/investor/alerts/ib_accreditedinvestors.pdf.

——. “Laws That Govern the Securities Industry.” Accessed January 2015. http://www.sec.gov/about/laws.shtml.

Valentine, Bruce A. “Shakespeare Revisited.” Financial Analysts Journal 21, no. 3 (May–June 1965): 91–97.

Van De Mieroop, Marc. The Ancient Mesopotamian City. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Van Driel, G. “Capital Formation and Investment in an Institutional Context in Ancient Mesopotamia.” In Dercksen, Trade and Finance in Ancient Mesopotamia, 25–42.

Vardi, Nathan. “The 40 Highest-Earning Hedge Fund Managers and Traders.” Forbes, February 26, 2013. http://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanvardi/2013/02/26/the-40-highest-earning-hedge-fund-managers-and-traders.

Vaughan, Liam, and Gavin Finch. “LIBOR Lies Revealed in Rigging of $300 Trillion Benchmark.” Bloomberg News, January 28, 2013. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-28/libor-lies-revealed-in-rigging-of-300-trillion-benchmark.html.

Verdier, Daniel. “Financial Capital Mobility and the Origins of Stock Markets.” Working paper, European University Institute, San Domenico, Italy, February 1999.

Vernon, J. R. “The 1920–21 Deflation: The Role of Aggregate Supply.” Economic Inquiry 29, no. 3 (July 1991): 572–580.

Visser, Wayne A. M., and Alastair MacIntosh. “A Short Review of the Historical Critique of Usury.” Accounting, Business & Financial History 8, no. 2 (1998): 175–189.

Von Reden, Sitta. Money in Ptolemaic Egypt: From the Macedonian Conquest to the End of the Third Century B.C. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Von Tunzelmann, G. N. “The Standard of Living Debate and Optimal Economic Growth.” In The Economics of the Industrial Revolution, ed. Joel Mokyr, 207–226. London: Allen & Unwin, 1985.

Watson, Noshua. “REITs Rising.” NYSE Magazine, October 2003. http://www.ventasreit.com/sites/all/themes/ventasreit/images/stories/pdf/news/ventas_reit_spotlight_nov_dec03.pdf.

Webel, Baird. “Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP): Implementation and Status.” Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, DC. June 27, 2013. https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41427.pdf.

Weber, Max. The History of Commercial Partnerships in the Middle Ages. Translated by Lutz Kaelber. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.

Webster, Richard. A History of the Presbyterian Church in America, from Its Origin to the Year 1760. Philadelphia: Joseph M. Wilson, 1857.

Weisman, Mary-Lou. “The History of Retirement, from Early Man to A.A.R.P.” New York Times, March 21, 1999. http://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/21/jobs/the-history-of-retirement-from-early-man-to-aarp.html.

Wharton School of Finance and Commerce. A Study of Mutual Funds. H. R. Rep. No. 87-2274 (1962).

Wiafe, William Nana, Jr. The New Competitive Strategy: The Ultimate Business Strategy That Gets Superior Results and Builds Business Empires. N.p.: Xlibris, 2011.

Wilkins, Mira. The History of Foreign Investment in the United States to 1914. Harvard Studies in Business History 41. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.

“Will Invest for Food.” Economist, May 3, 2014. http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21601500-books-and-music-investment-industry-being-squeezed-will-invest-food.

Williams, John Burr. The Theory of Investment Value. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938.

Wingerd, Daniel A. “The Private Equity Market: History and Prospects.” Investment Policy 1, no. 2 (September–October 1997): 26–41.

Wiseman, Paul, and Pallavi Gogol. “FDIC Chief: Small Banks Can’t Compete with Bailed-Out Giants.” USA Today, October 20, 2009. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/banking/2009-10-19-FDIC-chief-sheila-bair-banking_N.htm.

Wolpert, Stanley. India. Rev. ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.

Wooten, James. The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974: A Political History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.

“Working Women, 1800–1930: The Russell Sage Foundation and the Pittsburgh Survey.” Harvard Library Collections. Accessed January 2015. http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/rsf.html.

“The World’s Billionaires.” Forbes. Accessed 2014. http://www.forbes.com/billionaires.

Wright, Robert E. “The NYSE’s Long History of Mergers and Rivalries.” Bloomberg View, January 8, 2013. http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2013-01-08/nyse-s-long-history-of-mergers-and-rivalries.

Xenophon. Oeconomicus. Translated by Carnes Lord. In The Shorter Socratic Writings: Apology of Socrates to the Jury, Oeconomicus, and Symposium, ed. Robert C. Bartlett, 39–101. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996.

Zauzmer, Julie M. “Where We Stand: The Class of 2013 Senior Survey.” Harvard Crimson, May 28, 2013. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2013/5/28/senior-survey-2013.

Zweig, Jason. “Risks and Riches.” Money 28, no. 4 (April 1999): 94–101.