Bibliography

Introduction

The most up-to-date bibliography can be found in periodicals of Byzantine studies, which include recent bibliography with each volume. For example, see Byzantinische Zeitschrift and Byzantion. In this way you can find bibliography that postdates the publication of this or any other standard reference. The most recent extensive and comprehensive bibliography in a single source is found in J. Shepherd (ed.), The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire, c. 500–1492 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008). The textbook of W. Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997) has an annotated bibliography, organized by chronological period. A. P. Kazhdan et al. (eds.), The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, three vols. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991) includes important bibliography after each dictionary entry, although the bibliography in this work is current only to 1991.

The World Wide Web is increasingly a useful tool for information and bibliography on Byzantium. A website at Fordham University provides a listing of all current Byzantine online resources. See www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/ for this listing, and click on “Bibliographies.” Among the websites listed on the Fordham University website, Dumbarton Oaks Research Libraries is recommended. See www.doaks.org/research/byzantine/ and click on “Online Resources,” where you can find access to their library catalogue. The Dumbarton Oaks Research Libraries, which is a part of the Harvard University library system, has the best library collection for Byzantine studies. The Australian Association for Byzantine Studies has a listing of online resources as well. See home.vicnet.net.au/~byzaus/links for the listing.

The bibliography of this book begins with general introductions to Byzantium, surveys, textbooks, and reference works. Then it is organized into major categories. These major categories include administration, archeology, armed forces, bibliography by period, church history and theology, civilization, economy, neighboring peoples and states, regions, society, and, finally, selected sources in English translation. Within each major category are numerous subcategories.

There are numerous introductions (section I.A) to Byzantium, including some excellent ones published recently. A. Cameron (ed.), The Byzantines (Maldon, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2006) is excellent, as is C. Mango (ed.), The Oxford History of Byzantium (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), and J. Harris (ed.), Palgrave Advances in Byzantine History (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). Also excellent is the older A. E. Laiou and H. Maguire (eds.), Byzantium, A World Civilization (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992).

The best detailed survey of Byzantine history is that of W. Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997). Treadgold’s survey succeeds the previous work by G. Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, third revised edition (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1969). There is also Treadgold’s A Concise History of Byzantium (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001), if one desires brevity. The older, but still authoritative E. Stein, Histoire du Bas-Empire, two volumes (Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1949–1959) is also recommended.

The best general reference work still remains A. P. Kazhdan et al. (eds.), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, three volumes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). The best atlas is J. Haldon, The Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). More detailed maps, with site locations, can be found for some parts of the Byzantine Empire in the publications of Tabula Imperii Byzantini, 12 volumes (Vienna: Verlag der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1976–2008).

For the Byzantine court (section II.A), a good place to begin is H. Maguire (ed.), Byzantine Court Culture from 829 to 1204 (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1997). For diplomacy (section II.B), a place to begin is J. Shepherd and S. Franklin (eds.), Byzantine Diplomacy. Papers of the Twenty-Fourth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Cambridge, March 1990 (Aldershot: Variorum, 1992). There is no overall study of Byzantine foreign policy, so one must use the entries in section II.B, by period, beginning with R. C. Blockley, East Roman Foreign Policy: Formation and Conduct from Diocletian to Anastasius (Leeds: F. Cairns, 1992). For an introduction to Byzantine law (section II.C), see A. E. Laiou and D. Simon (eds.), Law and Society in Byzantium, Ninth–Twelfth Centuries (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1994). One can begin serious study of Justinian I’s legislative work with A. Watson (trans.), The Digest of Justinian, four volumes, revised editions (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009).

There is no general study of provincial administration (section II.D) that encompasses the entirety of Byzantium’s history. However, a good place to begin is L. Neville, Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). For lead seals (section II.E), one needs to consult the catalogues of seals in the works of Laurent, Oikonomides, and Nesbitt, as well as Zacos and Veglery.

A brief survey of Byzantine archeology (section III) can be found in K. Dark, “Archaeology,” in J. Harris (ed.), Palgrave Advances in Byzantine History (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pages 166–184, cited in section I.A. Otherwise the bibliography listed in section III is specific to particular excavations, surveys, minor objects, and pottery. The location of sites for some areas of Byzantium has been greatly aided by Tabula Imperii Byzantini, 10 volumes (Vienna: Verlag der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1976–1998).

The excavation of Amorium, the paternal home of the emperor Theophilos, is quite important; see C. Lightfoot and M. Lightfoot, Amorium: A Byzantine City in Anatolia. An Archaeological Guide (Istanbul: Homer Kitabevi, 2007). Clive Foss has done several important studies of the historical geography of Asia Minor. See his entries in sections III.B, X.A, and XI.B. For Byzantine pottery (section III.C), excellent introductions include K. Dark, Byzantine Pottery (Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 2002), and J. Vroom, Byzantine to Modern Pottery in the Aegean: An Introduction and Field Guide (Neptune, N.J.: Parnassus Press, 2006).

For the Byzantine armed forces and conduct of war (section IV), begin with the works of J. F. Haldon. Haldon’s Byzantium at War AD 600–1453 (New York: Routledge, 2003) is an excellent introduction. For an overview of how Byzantium responded to external enemies, see E. N. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009). The best single work on the Byzantine army is W. Treadgold, Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995). Most of the other studies on the Byzantine army in IV.A are confined to particular periods. Much less has been written about the Byzantine navy (section IV.B). The older work by H. Ahrweiler, Byzance et la mer: La marine de guerre, la politique et les institutions maritimes de Byzance aux VIIe–XVe siècle (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1966), is still the fundamental work. However, see the more recent J. H. Pryor, The Age of the DROMON: The Byzantine Navy, ca. 500–1204 (Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006).

Note that the bibliography by period is more refined than the historical periods considered in the introduction. For the period from 284 to 337 (section V.A) there are so many excellent works that it is difficult to single out any of them. However, this is the period of Constantine I the Great. For Constantine I, see N. Lenski (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). For the period from 337 to 527 (section V.B) the works of P. Brown are fundamental. The best survey is still A. H. M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire: 284–602. A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey, three volumes (Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1964; reprinted Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990). A number of excellent studies in section V.B focus on the decline of paganism and the triumph of Christianity. One might start with A. Cameron, The Last Pagans of Rome (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), or with R. Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians (London: Viking, 1986).

In the period from 527 to 632, the reign of Justinian I is of paramount importance. The most recent study is M. Maas (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). This period is covered in the authoritative work of A. H. M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire: 284–602. A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey, three volumes (Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1964; reprinted Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), mentioned previously. The best general narrative remains E. Stein, Histoire du Bas-Empire, two volumes (Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1949–1959), which, incidentally, covers the preceding period as well. There are recent brief accounts of Justinian I’s reign, but still useful is J. Barker, Justinian and the Later Roman Empire (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977), which takes the narrative down to the end of this period.

For the decline of the seventh and eighth centuries (632–780), one can begin with L. Brubaker and J. Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680–850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011). For the seventh century alone, there is A. N. Stratos, Byzantium in the Seventh Century, translated by M. Oglive-Grant, five volumes (Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1968–1980).

For the period from 780 to 1025, see L. Brubaker and J. Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680–850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), W. Treadgold, The Byzantine Revival, 780–842 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988), and C. Holmes, Basil II and the Governance of the Empire (976–1025) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).

For the 11th and 12th centuries there is M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History, second edition (London: Longman, 1997). There are also the longer studies of F. Chalandon, Les Comnènes. Etudes sur l’Empire byzantin aux XIe at XIIe siècles, Vol. 1: Essai sur le règne d’Alexis 1er Comnène (1081–1118); Vol. 2: Jean II Comnène (1118–1143) et Manuel I Comnène (1143–1180) (Paris: A. Picard et fils, 1900–1912). For the Fourth Crusade one can consult any of the studies on the topic in section V.G.

For the period from 1204 to 1261, see M. Angold, A Byzantine Government in Exile: Government and Society under the Laskarids of Nicaea (1204–1261) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975). There are a number of excellent studies that cover the final period of Byzantium’s history from 1261 to 1453. Recommended is D. M. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, second edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). The standard account of the siege of Constantinople remains the very readable R. Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople, 1453 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965).

The basic reference work for church and theological literature (section VI) remains H. G. Beck, Kirche und theologische Literatur im byzantinischen Reich, second edition (Munich: Beck, 1977). For church sources in translation, see www.fordham.edu/halsall/. The best single volume survey is still J. M. Hussey, The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986). The standard work for Byzantine theology is J. Meyendorff, Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes, second edition (New York: Fordham University Press, 1987). See also the more recent M. B. Cunningham and E. Theokritoff, The Cambridge Companion to Orthodox Christian Theology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

For the church in Late Antiquity, there are numerous excellent works, including P. Brown, Augustine of Hippo (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967). Brown’s other works, listed in section V.B are similarly useful. See also the books of R. MacMullen, including his recent The Second Church: Popular Christianity A.D. 200–400 (Atlanta, Ga.: Society of Biblical Literature, 2009).

For the church during the Iconoclastic period the place to begin is A. Bryer and J. Herrin (eds.), Iconoclasm, Ninth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, University of Birmingham (Birmingham, Ala.: Centre for Byzantine Studies, 1977). See also L. Brubaker, and J. Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era (ca. 680–850): The Sources. An Annotated Survey (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002). For the period from 843–1261, M. J. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni, 1081–1261 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) provides partial coverage. For the history of the church during the final centuries of Byzantium, see D. Nicol, Church and Society in the Last Centuries of Byzantium (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).

Byzantine civilization (section VII) is a topic that has some excellent introductions and surveys. It is difficult to single out any particular one in section VII.A. Even the oldest study listed, N. H. Baynes and H. St. L. B. Moss (eds.), Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948) remains an excellent introduction. For Byzantine architecture (section VII.B), recommended is C. Mango, Byzantine Architecture (New York: H. N. Abrams, 1976), and L. Rodley, Byzantine Art and Architecture: An Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). The surveys of Byzantine art listed in section VII.C are all excellent, and too numerous to select any as recommended over the others.

For jewelry (section VII.C.2.a) see N. Adams and C. Entwistle (eds.), “Intelligible Beauty”: Recent Research on Byzantine Jewelry (London: British Museum Press, 2010). For icons (section VII.C.2.b) an excellent place to begin is R. Cormack, Icons (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007). For ivories (section VII.C.2.c), see A. Cutler, The Hand of the Master: Craftsmanship, Ivory and Society in Byzantium (9th–11th Centuries) (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994).

There are a number of excellent works on illuminated manuscripts (section VII.C.2.d), most of them about particular manuscripts. Nevertheless, an introduction exists in A. Cutler, The Aristocratic Psalters in Byzantium (Paris: Picard, 1984). The other specific topics listed in VII.C.2 are, for the most part, about specific works of art.

Cultural and intellectual life (VII.D) is a broad topic that includes the influences of classical Greek literature, Christianity, intellectual life, Byzantine scholars, and Byzantine cultural influence on the Slavs. Byzantine cultural influence on the Italian Renaissance is its own topic. For an introduction, see S. Runciman, The Last Byzantine Renaissance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), or the more recent work, in section VII.E, by T. F. Matthews, Byzantium: From Antiquity to the Renaissance (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2010).

The numerous studies on Byzantine literature in section VII.F include some reference works, along with various other aspects of Byzantine literature, for example Byzantine poetry and rhetoric. A brief and interesting introduction to literature can be found in C. Mango, Byzantine Literature as a Distorting Mirror: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered before the University of Oxford on 21 May 1974 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975). Byzantium produced some great historians, including Ammianus Marcellinus, Prokopios of Caesarea, Michael Psellos, Anna Komnene, and others; section VII.F provides bibliography about them.

For Byzantine philosophy (section VII.H), F. Dvornik, Early Christian and Byzantine Political Philosophy: Origins and Backgrounds, two volumes (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1966) is recommended, as is the more recent K. Ierodiakonou, K. (ed.), Byzantine Philosophy and Its Ancient Sources (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). For Byzantine science (section VII.I) one has to consult the separate studies on Byzantine mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.

For the Byzantine economy (section VIII) give particular attention to the works of A. E. Laiou, including her The Economic History of Byzantium: Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, three volumes (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2002), and Peasant Society in the Late Byzantine Period: A Social and Demographic Study (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977). See also A. E. Laiou and C. Morrisson, The Byzantine Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

For coinage, there are a number of works (in VIII.C) worthy of recommendation. One could start with those of M. Hendy. For commerce, one could begin with any of the works listed in section VIII.D, including W. Heyd, Histoire du commerce du Levant au moyen âge, two volumes (Leipzig: O. Harrassowitz, 1936; reprinted Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1967). For finance (VIII.E), see W. Treadgold, The Byzantine State Finances in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), as well as Treadgold’s Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995) in section IV.E.

For Byzantium and the Arabs, see the works of I. Shahîd. For how Byzantium was seen by the Arabs, see N. M. El Cheikh, Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies, 2004). The older work of A. A. Vasiliev, Byzance et les Arabes, three volumes (Brussels: Institut de philologie et d’histoire orientales, 1935), is still useful. For the early Arab conquests see the works by Donner and Kaegi.

There are some excellent works in section IX.D on Byzantium’s relationship to the Crusades; see also section V.G for this topic. There are numerous excellent studies of the various Germanic peoples Byzantium encountered (section IX.E). For the Huns there is the older work of E. A. Thompson, A History of Attila and the Huns (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948; reissued as The Huns [Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1995]). There is also the more recent work by J. O. Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973).

Venice played an important role in the history of Byzantium. D. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) is recommended. For Venice’s role in the Fourth Crusade and its aftermath, see sections V.G and V.H. Regarding Venice’s role in the Fourth Crusade, it is worth highlighting the recent work of T. F. Madden, Enrico Dandalo and the Rise of Venice (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003) in section X.F. Note that sections VII.A and VII.D can also be used for information about Venice’s role in the economy of Byzantium.

For the Frankish principalities in Greece (section IX.I) the standard work is A. Bon, La Morée franque. Recherches historiques, topographiques et archèologique sur la principauté d’Achaie (1205–1430) (Paris: E. de Boccard, 1969).

For Russia (section IX.J), S. Franklin and J. Shepard, The Emergence of Rus 750–1200 (London: Longman, 1996) is recommended. Section IX.K on the Slavs has excellent studies of the origins of the Slavs, Byzantine missions to the Slavs, and of Bulgaria. A good place to begin is with the works of D. Obloensky, especially The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453 (New York: Praeger, 1971). The works by John Fine are also recommended. Byzantine relations with the Seljuk Turks and Ottoman Turks can be explored in any of the works listed in section IX.L. A place to begin would be K. Fleet (ed.), The Cambridge History of Turkey: Vol. 1, Byzantium to Turkey (1071–1453) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

There is no comprehensive work on the various regions of the Byzantine Empire. Studies by specific region (section X) vary in number and comprehensiveness, and vary in the time periods they cover. J. Koder, Der Lebensraum der Byzantiner (Graz: Verlag Styria, 1984) is an introduction to the historical geography of Byzantium.

For Asia Minor (X.A) the coverage is excellent with regard to some major cities. See, for example, the works of C. Foss (also listed in section XI.B). W. M. Ramsay, The Historical Geography of Asia Minor (London: J. Murray, 1890; reprinted Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1962) is outdated, but not useless. Recommended on this topic is E. Honigmann, Die Ostgrenze des byzantinischen Reiches (Brussels: Institut de philologie et d’histoire orientales, 1935), which is Vol. 3 of A. A. Vasiliev, Byzance et les Arabes, cited in IX.A. See also the work of K. Fleet (cited in section IX.L).

For the Balkans (section X.B), the place to begin is D. Obolensky, The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453 (New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971). For Cyprus (section X.C) the best general survey is D. M. Metcalf, Byzantine Cyprus (Nicosia: Cyprus Research Centre, 2009). Still worth consulting is G. Hill, History of Cyprus, four volumes (London: Cambridge University Press, 1940–1952). For Egypt (section X.D), begin with R. Bagnell, Egypt in the Byzantine World, 300–700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

For Greece (section X.E) start with A. Bon, Le Péloponnèse byzantine jusqu’en 1204 (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1951). For Italy and Sicily (section X.F) one can begin with A. Guillou, Studies on Byzantine Italy (London: Variorum, 1970). The comprehensive study is J. Gay, L’Italie méridionale et l’empire byzantine (Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1904). For Byzantine Syria (section X.G), one could first consult G. Downey, A History of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arab Conquest (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961). For Sassanid Persia and its relations with Byzantium there are several important works listed in section X.H. Recommended is B. Dignas and E. Winter, Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbors and Rivals (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

For the Byzantine aristocracy (section XI.A), M. Angold (ed.), The Byzantine Aristocracy: IX to XIII Centuries (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1984) is recommended. There are a number of studies about specific Byzantine cities (section XI.B), including Constantinople. For demography and minorities (section XI.C), the studies of P. Charanis are still fundamental. For Jews in Byzantium, see S. B. Bowman, The Jews of Byzantium, 1204–1453 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1985). For slavery, see Y. Rotman, Byzantine Slavery and the Mediterranean World, translated by J. M. Todd (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009).

There is no single, comprehensive study of Byzantine education and learning (section XI.D). One could begin with M. Mullet and R. Scott (eds.), Byzantium and the Classical Tradition, University of Birmingham Thirteenth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, 1979 (Birmingham, Ala.: University of Birmingham, 1981). There is also a chapter (chapter 8) on education and culture in A. Cameron, The Byzantines (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), cited previously in section I.A.

Studies on gender (section XI.E) in Byzantium are numerous, and many of them recent in date. They include studies on Byzantine empresses, women saints, aristocratic women, and eunuchs. One might begin with C. L. Connor, Women of Byzantium (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2004). There is also the brief chapter (chapter 11) on gender by D. C. Smythe in J. Harris (ed.), Palgrave Advances in Byzantine History (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), cited previously in section I.A.

The studies on Byzantine monasticism in section XI.F. are limited by date, region, or specific saint. No overall survey of Byzantine monasticism exists. Begin with S. Hackel (ed.), The Byzantine Saint: University of Birmingham Fourteenth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies (London: Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergios, 1981). There is also an excellent chapter (chapter 8) on monasticism by A.-M. Talbot in J. Harris (ed.), Palgrave Advances in Byzantine History (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), cited previously in section I.A.

For philanthropy (section XI.G), consult the works of D. Constantelos and T. S. Miller. The fundamental work on the subject remains D. Constantelos, Byzantine Philanthropy and Social Welfare (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1968); and a second revised edition (New Rochelle, N.Y.: A. D. Caratzas, 1991).

For many years the standard work on Byzantine daily life (section XI.H) was P. Koukoules, Byzantinon bios kai politismos, six volumes. (Athens: Ekdoseis tou Gallikou Institoutou Athenon, 1948–1957). More recently, see M. Rautman, Daily Life in Byzantium (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2006). For popular beliefs (section XI.H), see H. Maguire (ed.), Byzantine Magic (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1995).

For prosopography (section XI.I), the place to begin is A. M. Cameron, Fifty Years of Prosopography: The Later Roman Empire, Byzantium, and Beyond (London: British Academy, 2003). The works of V. Laurent, G. Zakos and A. Veglery, N. Oikonomides, and J. Nesbitt provide detailed commentaries and catalogues of seals, which are important for the study of Byzantine prosopography. See also section II.E for these references and related references.

For Byzantine villages, one could begin with A. E. Laiou-Thomadakis, Peasant Society in the Late Byzantine Period: A Social and Demographic Study (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977).

A useful way to organize the selected sources in English translation (section XII) is to consider the chief historical sources for each particular epoch of Byzantine history. This is done most thoroughly in W. Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997), 893–920, which is recommended to the reader. For sources in translation see also the Fordham University website (www.fordham.edu/halsall/), mentioned previously.

I. General

A. Introductions

Angold, M., ed. Cambridge History of Christianity: Vol. 5, Eastern Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

———. Byzantium: The Bridge from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. New York: St Martin’s Press, 2001.

Cameron, A. The Byzantines. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2006.

Cavallo, G., ed. The Byzantines. Translated by T. Dunlap, T. L. Fagan, and C. Lambert. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.

Harris, J., ed. Palgrave Advances in Byzantine History. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

James, L., ed. A Companion to Byzantium. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

Jeffreys, E., J. Haldon, and R. Cormack, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Kazhdan, A., and G. Constable. People and Power in Byzantium: An Introduction to Modern Byzantine Studies. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1982.

Laiou, A. E., and H. Maguire, eds. Byzantium: A World Civilization. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992.

Mango, C., ed. The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

———. Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980.

Whitting, P. Byzantium: An Introduction. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981.

B. Surveys and Textbooks

Brown, P. The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200–1000. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996.

Browning, R. The Byzantine Empire. Rev. ed. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America, 1992.

Christophilopoulou, A. Byzantine History. Translated by W. W. Phelps. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1986–1993.

Foss, C., and P. Magdalino. Rome and Byzantium. Oxford: Elsevier-Phaidon, 1977.

Gregory, T. A History of Byzantium. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

Haldon, J. A Social History of Byzantium. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.

———. Byzantium: A History. Stroud: Tempus, 2000.

Hamilton, B. The Christian World of the Middle Ages. Stroud: The History Press, 2003.

Haussig, H. W. A History of Byzantine Civilization. Translated by J. M. Hussey. New York: Praeger, 1971.

Herrin, J. Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008.

———. The Formation of Christendom. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987.

Hussey, J., ed. The Cambridge Medieval History. 2nd ed., Vol. 4, in 2 parts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966–1967.

Jenkins, R. Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, A.D. 610–1071. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966.

Jones, A. H. M. The Later Roman Empire 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1964. Reprinted Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.

Jones, L. A Companion to Byzantium. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing, 2010.

Kazhdan, A., et al., eds. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 3 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Mango, C. Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980.

Ostrogorsky, G. History of the Byzantine State. 3rd Rev. ed. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1969.

Runciman, S. Byzantine Style and Civilization. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975.

Shepard, J., ed. The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire, c. 500–1492. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Speck, P. Understanding Byzantium. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.

Treadgold, W. A Concise History of Byzantium. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.

———. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997.

Vasiliev, A. A. History of the Byzantine Empire. Rev. ed., 2 vols. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1952.

Whittow, M. The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.

Wickham, C. Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

C. Reference Works

Allen, J. S., ed. Author Index of Byzantine Studies. 170 microfiches. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1986.

———, ed. Dumbarton Oaks Bibliographies. Series I, Literature on Byzantine Art, 1892–1967, Vol. 2, By Categories. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1976.

———, ed. Literature on Byzantine Art, ed. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1973–1976.

Allen, J. S., and I. Sevcenko, eds. Dumbarton Oaks Bibliographies. Series II, Literature in Various Byzantine Disciplines, 1892–1977. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1981–1994.

Beck, H. G. Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur. Munich: Beck, 1971.

Glassé, C. The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1989.

Haldon, J. The Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

Holt, P. M., A. Lambton, and B. Lewis, eds. The Cambridge History of Islam. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

Hornblower, S., and A. Spawforth, eds. The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Hunger, H. Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner. 2 vols. Munich: Beck, 1978.

Hussey, J., ed. The Cambridge Medieval History. 2nd ed., Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966–1967.

Kazhdan, A., et al., eds. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 3 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Lilie, R.-J., et al., eds. Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit. Abteiling I: 641–867. 5 vols. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1998–2002.

McKitterick, R., ed. Atlas of the Medieval World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Rosenqvist, J. O. Die byzantinische Literatur: Vom 6. Jahrhundert bis zum Fall Konstantinopels 1453. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2007.

Strayer, J. R., ed. Dictionary of the Middle Ages. 13 vols. New York: Scribner, 1982–1989.

Van der Meer, F., and C. Mohrmann. Atlas of the Early Christian World. Translated and edited by M. F. Hedlund and H. H. Rowley. London: Nelson, 1958.

Venning, T. A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

II. Administration

A. Court and Civil Bureaucracy

Angelov, D. Imperial Ideology and Political Thought in Byzantium, 1204–1330. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Arnheim, M. T. W. The Senatorial Aristocracy in the Later Roman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.

Bagnell, R., et al. Consuls of the Later Roman Empire. Atlanta, Ga.: Scholars Press, 1987.

Boak, A. E. R., and J. E. Dunlop. Two Studies in Later Roman and Byzantine Administration. London: Macmillan, 1924.

Bury, J. B. The Imperial Administrative System in the Ninth Century. London: H. Frowde, 1911.

Canepa, M. P. The Two Eyes of the Earth: Art and Ritual of Kingship between Rome and Sassanian Iran. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.

Dagron, G. Emperor and Priest: The Imperial Office in Byzantium. Translated by J. Birrell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Delmaire, R. Largesses sacrées et resprivata: L’aerarium imperial et son administration du IVe au VIe siècle. Rome: École française de Rome, 1989.

Goodburn, R., and P. Bartholomew, eds. Aspects of the Notitia Dignitatum. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1976.

Guilland, R. Titres et fonctions de l’Empire byzantin. London: Variorum, 1976.

———. Recherches sur les institutions Byzantines. 2 vols. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1967.

Karayannopulos, J. Das Finanzwesen des frühbyzantinischen Staates. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1958.

MacMullen, R. Corruption and the Decline of Rome. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972.

Maguire, H., ed. Byzantine Court Culture from 829 to 1204. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1997.

Oikonomidès, N. Les listes de préséance Byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles. Paris: Éditions du Centre national de la recherché scientifique, 1972.

B. Diplomacy and Foreign Policy

Blockley, R. C. East Roman Foreign Policy: Formation and Conduct from Diocletian to Anastasius. Leeds: F. Cairns, 1992.

Holmes, C. Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976–1025). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Laiou, A. E. Constantinople and the Latins: The Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282–1328. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972.

McCormick, M. Eternal Victory. Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity. Byzantium and the Early Medieval West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Shepherd, J., and S. Franklin, eds. Byzantine Diplomacy. Papers of the Twenty-Fourth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies. Cambridge, March 1990. Aldershot: Variorum, 1992.

Stephenson, P. Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Vaiou, M. Diplomacy in the Early Islamic World: A Tenth-Century Treatise on Arab-Byzantine Relations. London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2011.

C. Law

Ashburner, W., trans. “The Farmer’s Law.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 32 (1912): 68–95.

———, trans. The Rhodian Sea Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909.

Bicks, P., and G. McLeod, trans. Justinian’s Institutes. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.

Blasteres, M. Sexuality, Marriage, and Celibacy in Byzantine Law. The Alphabetical Collection of Matthew Blastares: Selections from a Fourteenth-Century Encyclopedia of Canon Law. Translated by P. D. Viscuso. Brookline, Mass.: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2008.

Buckland, W. W. A Text-book of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950.

Freshfield, E. H., trans. Roman Law in the Later Roman Empire: Byzantine Guilds, Professional and Commercial, Ordinances of Leo VI, ca. 895, from the Book of the Eparch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938.

———, trans. A Manual of Later Roman Law: The Ecloga ad Procheiron mutata. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1927.

Kunkel, W. An Introduction to Roman Legal and Constitutional History. Translated by J. M. Kelly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973.

Laiou, A. E., and D. Simon., eds. Law and Society in Byzantium, Ninth–Twelfth Centuries. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1994.

Macrides, R. J. Kinship and Justice in Byzantium, 11th–15th Centuries. Aldershot: Variorum, 2000.

Mathisen, R. W. Law, Society, and Authority in Late Antiquity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Metzger, E., ed. A Companion to Justinian’s Institutes. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999.

Naville, L. Authority in Provincial Byzantine Society, 950–1100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Pharr, C., trans. The Theodosian Code and Novels, and the Sirmondian Constitutions. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1952.

Roby, H. J. An Introduction to the Study of Justinian’s Digest: Containing an Account of Its Composition and of the Jurists Used or Referred to Therein. Clark, N.J.: The Lawbook Exchange, 2000.

Schulz, F. History of Roman Legal Science. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946.

Watson, A., trans. The Digest of Justinian. Rev. ed., 4 vols. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.

D. Provincial Administration

Brown, T. S. Gentlemen and Officers: Imperial Administration and Aristocratic Power in Italy, A.D. 554–800. London: British School at Rome, 1984.

Maksimovi¢, Lj. The Byzantine Provincial Administration under the Palaiologoi. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1988.

Neville, L. Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

E. Seals

Laurent, V. Le corpus des sceaux de l’Empire byzantin. 2 vols. in 5 parts. Paris: Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1963–1981.

Nesbitt, J. W., and N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art. 6 vols. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991–2009.

Oikonomides, N. Studies in Byzantine Sigillography. 5 vols. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1987–1998.

———. A Collection of Dated Byzantine Lead Seals. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1986.

Vikan, G., and J. Nesbitt. Security in Byzantium: Locking, Sealing, and Weighing. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1980.

Zacos, G., and A. Veglery. Byzantine Lead Seals. 2 vols. Basel: J. J. Augustin, 1972.

III. Archeology

A. Excavations

Ariam, M. Jews, Pagans and Christians in the Galilee: Twenty-five Years of Archaeological Excavations and Surveys, Hellenistic to Byzantine Periods (Land of Galilee). Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 2004.

Avi-Yonah, M., ed. Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. English ed., 4 vols. Jerusalem: Israeli Exploration Society and Massada Press, 1975–1978.

Bass, G. F., S. Matthews, J. R. Steffy, and F. H. van Doorninck, Jr., eds. Serçe Limanei: An Eleventh-Century Shipwreck. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004.

Bass, G. F., and F. H. van Doorninck, Jr., eds. Yassi Ada: Vol. 1, A Seventh-Century Byzantine Shipwreck. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1982.

Bowden, W., R. Hodges, and K. Lako. Byzantine Butrint: Excavations and Surveys, 1994–99. Oxford: Oxbow, 2005.

Brett, G., W. J. Macaulay, and R. B. K. Stevenson. The Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors, Being a First Report of the Excavations Carried Out in Istanbul on Behalf of the Walker Trust (University of St. Andrews 1935–1938). London: Oxford University Press, 1947.

Burke, E., and J. C. Ross, eds. Sa’ad: A Late Roman/Byzantine Site in North Jordan. Irbid, Jordan: Yarmouk University Press, 2004.

Crawford, S. The Byzantine Shops at Sardis. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991.

Dark, K. R. Secular Buildings and the Archaeology of Everyday Life in the Byzantine Empire. Oxford: Oxbow, 2004.

Entwistle, C., ed. Through a Glass Brightly: Studies in Byzantine and Medieval Art and Archaeology Presented to David Buckton. Oxford: Oxbow, 2004.

Erim, K. Aphrodisias, City of Venus Aphrodite. London: Muller, Blond and White, 1986.

Frantz, A. The Athenian Agora: Late Antiquity A.D. 267–700. Princeton, N.J.: American School of Classical Studies, 1988.

Harrison, M., and B. A. Young, eds. Mountain and Plain: From the Lycian Coast to the Phrygian Plateau in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Period. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001.

Harrison, R. M. A Temple for Byzantium: The Discovery and Excavation of Anicia Juliana’s Palace-Church in Istanbul. London: Harvey Miller, 1989.

———. Excavations at Saraçhane in Istanbul. Vol. 1. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

Humphrey, J. H., ed. The Roman and Byzantine Near East: Some Recent Archaeological Research. 2 vols. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1993–1995.

———. The Circus and a Byzantine Cemetery at Carthage. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989.

Layan, L., and W. Bowden, eds. Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology. Leiden: Brill, 2003.

Lightfoot, C. S., and E. A. Ivison. “The Amorium Project: The 1995 Excavation Season.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 51 (1997): 291–300.

Lightfoot, C. S., and M. Lightfoot. Amorium: A Byzantine City in Anatolia. An Archaeological Guide. Istanbul: Homer Kitabevi, 2007.

McDonald, W. E., D. E. Coulson, and J. Rosser, eds. Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest Greece. Vol. 3. Dark Age and Byzantine Occupation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983.

Ousterhout, R. A Byzantine Settlement in Cappadocia. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2006.

Postgate, I., and D. Thomas, eds. Excavations at Kilise Tepe, 1994–98: From Bronze Age to Byzantine in Western Cilicia. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2007.

Poulter, A. G. Nicopolis Ad Istrum III: A Roman to Early Byzantine City. The Finds and Biological Remains. Oxford: Oxbow, 2007.

Redford, S. The Archaeology of the Frontier in the Medieval Near East: Excavations at Gritille, Turkey. Philadelphia: The University Museum, 1998.

Rice, D. T., ed. The Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors: Second Report. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1958.

Russell, J. “Anemurium: The Changing Face of a Roman City.” Archaeology 33 (1980): 31–40.

Stern, E., ed. The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993.

B. Historical Geography, Surveys

Ariotti, A. Qasr al-Buleida: A Late Roman-Byzantine Fortified Settlement on the Dead Sea Plain. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 2009.

Blanton, R. E. Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Settlement Patterns of the Coast Lands of Western Rough Cilicia. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 2000.

Bowden, W. Epirus Vetus: The Archaeology of a Late Antique Province. London: Duckworth Publications, 2003.

Bryer, A., and D. Winfield, with maps and plans by R. Anderson, and drawings by J. Winfield. The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1985.

Dark, K. Secular Buildings and the Archaeology of Everyday Life in the Byzantine Empire. Oxford: Oxbow, 2004.

Djobadze, W. Archaeological Investigations in the Region West of Antioch-on-the-Orontes. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1986.

Foss, C. Cities, Fortresses and Villages of Byzantine Asia Minor. Aldershot: Variorum, 1996.

———. History and Archaeology of Byzantine Asia Minor. London: Variorum, 1990.

———. Survey of Medieval Castles of Anatolia. 2 vols. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1985.

French, D. H., and C. S. Lightfoot. The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1989.

Gregory, T. E., ed. The Corinthia in the Roman Period. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1994.

Harper, R. P. Upper Zohar: An Early Byzantine Fort in Palestina Tertia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Heidorn, L. A., W. E. Kaegi, C. Meyer, and T. G. Wilfong, eds. Bir Umm Fawakhir Survey Project 1993: A Byzantine Gold-Mining Town in Egypt. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2000.

———. “A Desert Island Survey in the Gulf of Corinth.” Archaeology 39 (1986): 16–21.

Hoddinot, R. F. Bulgaria in Antiquity: An Archaeological Introduction. London: Ernest Benn, 1975.

Lock, P., and G. D. R. Sanders. The Archaeology of Medieval Greece. Oxford: Oxbow, 1996.

Pringle, D. The Defence of Byzantine Africa from Justinian to the Arab Conquest. 2 vols. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1981.

Ramsay, W. M. The Historical Geography of Asia Minor. London: J. Murray, 1890. Reprinted Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1962.

Rautman, M. L. “Archaeology and Byzantine Studies.” Byzantinische Forschungen 15 (1990): 137–165.

Rosser, J. “Dark Age Settlements in Grevena, Greece (Southwestern Macedonia),” in Les Villages dans l’Empire byzantin (IVe-XVe siècle) (Réalités Byzantines, 11). Edited by J. Lefort, C. Morrisson, et al., 279–287. Paris: Lethielleux, 2005.

———. “Evidence for a Justinianic Garrison behind Thermopylae, at the Dhema Pass,” in Mosaic: Festschrift for A.H.S. Megaw, edited by J. Herrin, M. Mullet, C. Otten-Froux, 33–41. London: The British School at Athens, 2001.

Sinclair, T. A. Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey. 4 vols. London: Pindar Press, 1987–1990.

Tabula Imperii Byzantini. 10 vols. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1976–1998.

Tchalenko, G. Villages antiques de la Syrie du nord. 3 vols. Paris: Institut Francais d’Archeoloogie de Beyrouth, 1953–1958.

Wilson, R. J. A. Sicily under the Roman Empire: The Archaeology of a Roman Province, 36 BC–AD 535. Warminster: Aris and Phillips, 1990.

C. Minor Objects, Pottery

Bardill, J. Brick Stamps of Constantinople. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Bulgurlu, V., trans. Palatium Magnum. Exhibition of the Excavation Finds Area of the Great Palace. Istanbul: Istanbul Archaeological Museum, 2002.

Dark, K. Byzantine Pottery. Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 2002.

Davidson, G. R. Corinth XII: The Minor Objects. Princeton, N.J.: American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1952.

Hayes, J. W. Excavations at Saraçhane in Istanbul: The Pottery. Vol. 2. Edited by R. M. Harrison. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992.

———. Late Roman Pottery. London: British School at Rome, 1972.

Hill, S. The Early Byzantine Churches of Cilicia and Isauria. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1996.

Magness, J. Jerusalem Ceramic Chronology, Circa 200–800 CE. Sheffield: University of Sheffield Press, 1993.

Morgan, C. H. The Byzantine Pottery. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1942.

Papanikola-Bakirtzis, D., and Maguire, E. Ceramic Art from Byzantine Serres. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1992.

Poulter, A. G. Nicopolis Ad Istrum: A Roman to Early Byantine City, Vol. 1: The Pottery and Glass. Leicester: Leiester University Press, 1999.

Rice, D. T. Byzantine Glazed Pottery. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930.

Russell, J. “Byzantine instrumenta domestica from Anemurium: The Significance of Context.” In City, Town and Countryside in the Early Byzantine Era, edited by R. L. Hohlfelder, 133–163. New York: Columbia University Press 1982.

Vroom, J. Byzantine to Modern Pottery in the Aegean: An Introduction and Field Guide. Neptune N.J.: Parnassus Press, 2006.

Williams, C. Anemurium: Roman and Early Byzantine Pottery. Toronto: Pontifical Insitutue of Mediaeval Studies, 1989.

IV. Armed Forces

A. Army

Bartusis, M. The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.

Birkenmeier, J. The Development of the Komnenian Army, 1081–1180. Leiden: Brill, 2002.

Bivar, A. D. H. “Cavalry Equipment and Tactics on the Euphrates Frontier.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 26 (1972): 271–291.

Burns, T. S. Barbarians within the Gates of Rome: A Study of Roman Military Policy, ca. 375–425. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.

Dawson, T. Byzantine Infantrymen: Eastern Roman Empire, c. 900–1204. Oxford: Osprey, 2007.

Dennis, G. T. Three Byzantine Military Treatises. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1985.

———. Maurice’s Strategikon: Handbook of Military Strategy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984.

Dixon, K. R., and P. Southern. The Late Roman Army. London: Routledge, 1996.

Elton, H. Warfare in Roman Europe, A.D. 350–425. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.

Frank, R. I. Scholae Palatinae: The Palace Guards of the Later Roman Empire. Rome: American Academy in Rome, 1969.

Haldon, J. F. Byzantium at War AD 600–1453. New York: Routledge, 2003.

———. The Byzantine Wars. Stroud: Tempus, 2001.

———. Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204. New York: Routledge, 1999.

———. Army and Society in Byzantium: Approaches to Military, Social and Administrative History. Aldershot: Variorum, 1995.

———. Constantine Porphyrogenitus: Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1990.

———. Byzantine Praetorians: An Administrative, Institutional and Social Survey of the Opsikion and Tagmata, C. 580–900. Bonn: R. Habelt, 1984.

———. Recruitment and Conscription in the Byzantine Army C. 550–950: A Study of the Origins of the Stratiotika Ktemata. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1979.

Kaegi, W. E., Jr. Byzantine Military Unrest, 471–843: An Interpretation. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1981.

Kühn, H. J. Die byzantinische Armee im 10. Und 11. Jahrhundert. Vienna: Fassbaender, 1991.

Lee, A. D. “The Army,” in The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 13: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425, 211–237. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Luttwak, E. N. The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009.

MacMullen, R. Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963.

McGeer, E. Sowing the Dragon’s Teeth: Byzantine Warfare in the Tenth Century. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1995.

Miller, T. S., and J. Nesbitt. Peace and War in Byzantium. Essays in Honor of George T. Dennis, S.J. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University Press of America, 1995.

Nicolle, D. Medieval Warfare Sourcebook, 2. Christian Europe and Its Neighbors. London: Arms & Armour Press, 1996.

O’Flynn, J. M. Generalissimos of the Western Roman Empire. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1983.

Oikonomides, N., ed. Byzantium at War. Athens: National Research Foundation, 1997.

Pertusi, A. La formation des themes byzantins. Munich: International Byzantine Congress, 1958.

Southern, P., and K. Dixon. The Late Roman Army. London: Batsford, 1996.

Stephenson, I. P. Romano-Byzantine Infantry Equipment. Stroud: Tempus, 2005.

Thompson, E. A., trans. A Roman Reformer and Inventor: Being a New Text of the Treatise De rebus bellicus. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952.

Treadgold, W. “Army and Defence,” in Palgrave Advances in Byzantine History, edited by J. Harris, 68–82. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

———. Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.

Whitby, M. Rome at War AD 229–696. Oxford: Osprey, 2002.

B. Navy

Ahrweiler, Helene. Byzance et la mer: La marine de guerre, la politique et les institutions maritimes de Byzance aux VIIe–XVe siècles. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1966.

Bartusis, Mark. The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992. (This work includes a consideration of the Byzantine navy in this period.)

Doorninck, F. H. van. “Byzantium, Mistress of the Sea: 330–641,” in A History of Seafaring, edited by G. F. Bass. New York: Walker, 1972.

Pryor, J. H. The Age of the DROMON: The Byzantine Navy, ca. 500–1204. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006.

V. Modern Bibliography by Period

A. Transformation under Diocletian and Constantine (284–337)

Arnheim, M. T. W. The Senatorial Aristocracy in the Later Roman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.

Barnes, T. D. Athanasius and Constantine: Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Period. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

———. The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982.

———. Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981.

Bowersock, G., P. Brown, and O. Grabar. Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Post-Classical World. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Brown, P. The Making of Late Antiquity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.

Cameron, Averil. The Later Roman Empire, A.D. 284–430. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

———. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity. London: Routledge, 1993.

Drake, H. A. Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.

Garnsey, P., and C. Humfress, eds. The Evolution of the Late Antique World. Cambridge: Orchard Academic, 2001.

Jones, A. H. M. The Later Roman Empire: 284–602. A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey. 3 vols. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1964. Reprinted Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.

———. Constantine and the Conversion of Europe. 2nd ed. New York: Collier Books, 1963.

Lenski, N., ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Liebeschuetz, H. W. G. Continuity and Change in Roman Religion. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979.

Lieu, S. N. C., and D. Montserrat, eds. Constantine: History, Historiography, and Legend. London: Routledge, 1998.

Luttwak, E. The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.

MacMullen, R. Roman Government’s Response to Crisis, AD 235–337. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1976.

Matthews, J. F. The Roman Empire of Ammianus. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.

Millar, F. G. B. The Emperor and the Roman World, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1977.

———. The Roman Empire and Its Neighbors. 2nd ed. New York: Delacorte, 1967.

Odahl, C. M. Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge, 2006.

Polander, H. A. The Emperor Constantine. London: Routledge, 1996.

Salzman, M. R. The Making of a Christian Aristocracy: Social and Religious Change in the Western Roman Empire. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004.

Van Dam, R. The Roman Revolution of Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Williams, S. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London: Batsford, 1985.

B. Constantius II to Justinian (337–527)

Barnes, T. Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998.

———. Athanasius and Constantius. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

Bowersock, G. W. Julian the Apostate. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.

Brown, P. Poverty and Leadership in the Later Roman Empire. Waltham, Mass.: Brandeis University Press, 2002.

———. Authority and the Sacred: Aspects of the Christianisation of the Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

———. Power and Persuasion: Towards a Christian Empire. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992.

———. Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.

———. Religion and Society in the Age of St. Augustine. New York: Harper and Row, 1972.

———. The World of Late Antiquity: A.D. 150–750. London: Thames and Hudson; and New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971.

———. “The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity,” Journal of Roman Studies 61 (1971): 80–101.

———. Augustine of Hippo. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.

Browning, R. The Emperor Julian. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

Bury, J. B. A History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian (A.D. 395 to 565). 2 vols. London: Macmillan, 1923.

Cameron, Alan. The Last Pagans of Rome. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

———. Claudian: Poetry and Propaganda at the Court of Honorius. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970.

Cameron, A., and J. Long. Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

Cameron, Averil. The Later Roman Empire, A.D. 284–430. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

———. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, AD 395–600. London: Routledge, 1993.

Charanis, P. Church and State in the Later Roman Empire: The Religious Policy of Anastasius the First, 491–518. Thessalonike: Kentron Vyzantinon Ereunon, 1974.

Dignas, B., and W. Winter. Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Frantz, A., with contributions by H. A. Thompson and J. Travlos. Late Antiquity: A.D. 267–700. Princeton, N.J.: American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1988.

Garnsey, P., and C. Humfress. The Evolution of the Late Antique World. Cambridge: Orchard Academic, 2001.

Geffcken, J. The Last Days of Greco-Roman Paganism. Translated by S. MacCormack. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1978.

Greatrex, G. Rome and Persia at War, 502–532. Leeds: Leeds University Press, 1998.

Greatrex, G., and S. N. C. Lieu, eds. The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars: Part II, AD 363–630. Abington: Routledge, 2002.

Herrin, J. The Formation of Christendom. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987.

Hodgkin, T. Italy and Her Invaders. 5 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880–1889. Reprinted Boston: Adamant Media, 2001.

Holum, K. Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Domination in Late Antiquity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.

Howard-Johnson, J., and P. Hayward, eds. The Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Jones, A. H. M. The Later Roman Empire: 284–602. A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey. 3 vols. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1964. Reprinted Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.

Kaegi, W. E., Jr. Byzantium and the Decline of Rome. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968.

King, N. Q. The Emperor Theodosius and the Establishment of Christianity. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1960.

Lane Fox, R. Pagans and Christians. London: Viking, 1986.

Lenski, N. E. Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.

Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. Barbarians and Bishops: Army, Church, and State in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

MacMullen, R. Christianizing the Roman Empire. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1984.

Maenchen-Helfen, J. O. The World of the Huns. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.

Matthews, John. The Roman Empire of Ammianus. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.

Merrills, A., and R. Miles. The Vandals. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

Millar, F. A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450). Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.

Mitchell, S., and G. Greatrex, eds. Ethnicity and Culture in Late Antiquity. London: Duckworth/The Classical Press of Wales, 2000.

Momigliano, A., ed. The Conflict between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963.

Moorhead, J. The Roman Empire Divided, 400–700. London: Longman, 2001.

Pohl, W., ed. Kingdoms of the Empire: The Integration of Barbarians in Late Antiquity. Leiden: Brill, 1997.

Roby, H. J. An Introduction to the Study of Justinian’s Digest: Containing an Account of Its Composition and of the Jurists Used or Referred to Therein. Clark, N.J.: The Lawbook Exchange, 2000.

Stein, E. Histoire du Bas-Empire. 2 vols. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1949–1959.

Thompson, E. A. Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982.

———. A History of Attila and the Huns. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948.

Tougher, S. Julian the Apostate. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.

Williams, S., and G. Friell. The Rome That Did Not Fall: The Survival of the East in the Fifth Century AD. London: Routledge, 1999.

———. Theodosius: The Empire at Bay. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995.

C. Justinian to the Death of Muhammad the Prophet (527–632)

Allen, P., and E. Jeffreys, eds. The Sixth Century: End or Beginning? Brisbane: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1996.

Barker, J. Justinian and the Later Roman Empire. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977.

Browning, R. Justinian and Theodora. Rev. ed. London: Thames and Hudson, 1987.

Bury, J. B. A History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian (A.D. 395 to 565). 2 vols. London: Macmillan, 1923.

Cameron, A. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, AD 395–600. London: Routledge, 1993.

———. Procopius and the Sixth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

———. Continuity and Change in Sixth-Century Byzantium. London: Variorum, 1981.

Cesaretti, P. Theodora: Empress of Byzantium. New York: Vendome Press, 2004.

Claude, D. Die byzantinische Stadt im 6. Jahrhundert. Munich: Beck, 1969.

Dignas, B., and W. Winter. Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Evans, J. A. S. The Empress Theodora: Partner of Justinian. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002.

———. The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power. London: Routledge, 1996.

Greatrex, G., and S. N. C. Lieu. The Roman Eastern Frontier and Persian Wars AD 363–628. London: Routledge, 2002.

Jones, A. H. M. The Later Roman Empire: 284–602. A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey. 3 vols. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1964. Reprinted Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.

Maas, M., ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

———. John Lydus and the Roman Past: Antiquarianism and Politics in the Age of Justinian. London: Routledge, 1992.

Menze, V. L. Justinian and the Making of the Syrian Orthodox Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Metzger, E., ed. A Companion to Justinian’s Institutes. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999.

Moorhead, J. The Roman Empire Divided, 400–700. London: Longman, 2001.

———. Theodoric in Italy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Pourshariati, P. Decline and Fall of the Sassanian Empire: The Sassanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London: Tauris, 2008.

Sarris, P. Economy and Society in the Age of Justinian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Stein, E. Studien zur Geschichte des byzantinischen Reichs, vornehmlich unter den Kaisern Justinus II und Tiberius Constantiinus. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1919.

Vasiliev, A. A. Justin I. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950.

Whitby, M. Rome at War AD 229–696. Oxford: Osprey, 2002.

———. The Emperor Maurice and His Historian: Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.

D. Decline in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries (632–780)

Brubaker, L., and J. Haldon. Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680–850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Butler, A. J. The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years of the Roman Dominion. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978.

Cameron, A. M., L. Conrad, and G. R. D. King. The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East. 3 vols. Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press, 1992–1995.

Fine, J. The Early Medieval Balkans. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1983.

Haldon, J. F. Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture. Rev. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Head, C. Justinian II of Byzantium. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1972.

Howard-Johnston, J. Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Kaegi, W. Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

———. Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

———. Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

———. Byzantine Military Unrest, 471–843: An Interpretation. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1981.

Kitzinger, E. “The Cult of Images in the Age before Iconoclasm,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 8 (1954): 85–150.

Lilie, R.-J. Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber. Munich: Institut fur Byzantinistik und Neogräzistik, 1976.

Speck, P. Artabasdos. Bonn: Halbert, 1981.

Stratos, A. N. Studies in 7th-Century Byzantine Political History. London: Variorum, 1983.

———. Byzantium in the Seventh Century. 5 vols. Translated by M. Oglive-Grant. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1968–1980.

Wickham, C. Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

E. Revival and Reconsolidation (780–1025)

Brubaker, L. ed. Byzantium in the Ninth Century: Dead or Alive? Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998.

Brubaker, L., and J. F. Haldon. Byzantium in the Iconoclastic Era (c. 680–850). The Sources: An Annotated Survey. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.

Bury, J. B. A History of the Eastern Roman Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I (A.D. 802–867). London: Macmillan, 1912.

Davids, A. The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Holmes, C. Basil II and the Governance of the Empire (976–1025). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Morris, R. Monks and Laymen in Byzantium, 843–1118. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Niavis, P. E. The Reign of the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus I. Athens: Historical Publications St. D. Basilopoulos, 1987.

Runciman, S. The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of 10th-Century Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929. Reprinted Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Stephenson, P. The Legend of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Tougher, S. The Reign of Leo VI (886–912). Politics and People. Leiden: Brill, 1997.

Toynbee, A. Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World. London: Oxford University Press, 1973.

Treadgold, W. The Byzantine Revival, 780–842. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988.

Vogt, A. Basil Ier empereur de Byzance (867–886) et la civilization byzantine à la fin du IXe siècle. Paris: Picard, 1908.

F. The 11th Century (1025–1095)

Angold, M. The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History. 2nd ed. London: Longman, 1997.

Cheynet, J.-C. Pouvoir et contestations à Byzance (963–1210). Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1990.

Friendly, A. The Dreadful Day. The Battle of Mantzikert, 1071. London: Hutchinson, 1981.

Herrin, J. “The Collapse of the Byzantine Empire in the Twelfth Century: A Study of Medieval Economy.” University of Birmingham Historical Journal 12 (1970): 188–203.

Kazhdan, A. P., and A. Wharton Epstein. Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

Morris, R. Monks and Laymen in Byzantium, 843–1118. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

G. The 12th Century (1095–1204)

Angold, M. The Fourth Crusade: Event and Context. New York: Longman, 2004.

———. The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History. 2nd ed. London: Longman, 1997.

———. Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Beihammer, A. D. “Defection across the Border of Islam and Christianity: Apostasy and Cross-Cultural Interaction in Byzantine-Seljuk Relations,” Speculum 86 (2011): 597–651.

———. “The Fourth Crusade: Some Recent Interpretations,” Medievalia et humanistica 12 (1984): 33–45.

Brand, C. Byzantium Confronts the West, 1180–1204. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968.

Chalandon, F. Les Comnènes. Etudes sur l’Empire byzantin aux XIe at XIIe siècles; Vol. 1: Essai sur le règne d’Alexis 1er Comnène (1081–1118); Vol. 2: Jean II Comnène (1118–1143) et Manuel I Comnène (1143–1180). Paris: A. Picard et fils, 1900–1912.

Cheynet, J.-C. Pouvoir et contestations à Byzance (963–1210). Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1990.

Day, G. W. Genoa’s Response to Byzantium, 1155–1204. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1988.

Godfrey, J. The Unholy Crusade. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.

Gouma-Peterson, ed. Anna Komnene and her Times. New York: Routledge, 2000.

Harris, J. Byzantium and the Crusades. London: Hambledon & London, 2003.

Jurewicz, O. Andronikos I. Komnenos. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1970.

Kazhdan, A. P., and A. Wharton Epstein. Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

Laiou, A. E., and R. P. Mottahedeh, eds. The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2001.

Magdalino, P., ed. Byzantium in the Year 1000. Leiden: Brill, 2003.

———. The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Meyer, H. The Crusades. 2nd ed. Translated by J. Gillingham. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Morris, R. Monks and Laymen in Byzantium, 843–1118. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Mullet, M. E., and D. Smythe, eds. Alexios I Komnenos. Belfast: Belfast Byzantine Enterprises, The Queen’s University of Belfast, 1996.

Page, G. Being Byzantine: Greek Identity before the Ottomans, 1200–1420. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Queller, D., and T. F. Madden. The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople, 1201–1204. 2nd Rev. ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.

Runciman, S. A History of the Crusades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951–1954.

Whitby, Mary, ed. Byzantium and the Crusades: The Non-Greek Sources, 1025–1204. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

H. The Latin Empire; Byzantine States in Exile (1204–1261)

Angold, M. A Byzantine Government in Exile: Government and Society under the Laskarids of Nicaea (1204–1261). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.

Gardner, A. The Lascarids of Nicaea: The Story of an Empire in Exile. London: Methuen, 1912.

Geanakoplos, D. J. Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959.

Jacoby, D. Société et démographie à Byzance et en Romanie latine. (Society and demography in Byzantium and in Latin Romania.) London: Variorum, 1975.

Kazhdan, A. P., and A. Wharton Epstein. Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

Longnon, J. L’empire latin de Constantinople et la principauté de Morée. Paris: Payot, 1949.

Miller, W. Trebizond: The Last Greek Empire. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1926. Reprinted Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1968.

Necipoglu, N. Byzantium between the Ottomans and the Latins: Politics and Society in the Late Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Nicol, D. M. The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

Wolff, R. L. Studies in the Latin Empire of Constantinople. Aldershot: Variorum, 1976.

I. Restoration, Decline, and Ottoman Conquest (1261–1453)

Babinger, F. Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Translated by R. Manheim. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978.

Barker, John. Manuel II Palaeologus (1391–1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1969.

Fleet, K., ed. The Cambridge History of Turkey: Vol. 1, Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Geanakoplos, D. J. Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959.

Harris, J. Greek Émigrés in the West, 1400–1520. Camberley: Porphyrogenitus, 1995.

Imber, C. The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1481. Istanbul: Isis Press, 1990.

Jurewicz, O. Andronikos I. Komnenos. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1970.

Laiou, A. E. Constantinople and the Latins: The Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282–1328. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972.

Miller, W. Trebizond: The Last Greek Empire. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1926. Reprinted Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1968.

Nicol, D. M. The Reluctant Emperor: A Biography of John Catacuzen, Byzantine Emperor and Monk, c. 1295–1383. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

———. The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

———. The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

———. The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

Runciman, S. Mistra: Byzantine Capital of the Peloponnese. London: Thames and Hudson, 1980.

———. The Fall of Constantinople, 1453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965.

———. The Sicilian Vespers. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press, 1958.

Setton, K. M. Catalan Domination of Athens, 1311–1388. Rev. ed. London: Variorum, 1975.

Sevcenko, I. “The Decline of Byzantium as Seen through the Eyes of Its Intellectuals,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 15 (1966): 167–186.

Zakythinos, D. A. Le despotat grec de Morée. 2nd Rev. ed., 2 vols. London: Variorum, 1975.

VI. Church History and Theology

A. Surveys, Reference Works

Angold, M., ed. Cambridge History of Christianity: Vol. 5, Eastern Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Ayres, L. Nicaea and Its Legacy: An Approach to Fourth-Century Trinitarianism Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Beck, H. G. Kirche und theologische Literatur im byzantinischen Reich. 2nd ed. Munich: Beck, 1977.

Berardino, A. di. Encyclopedia of the Early Church. 2 vols. Translated by A. Walford. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Binns, J. An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Brenk, B. The Christianization of the Late Roman Period: Cities, Churches, Synagogues, Palaces, Private Houses and Monasteries in the Early Christian Period. London: Pindar, 2003.

Chadwick, H. East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church—From Apostolic Times to the Council of Florence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Cross, F. I., ed. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Cunningham, M. B., and E. Theokritoff. The Cambridge Companion to Orthodox Christian Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Geanakoplos, D. J. A Short History of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (330–1990): “First among Equals” in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Brookline, Mass.: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 1990.

Hamilton, J., and B. Hamilton, eds. Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World, c. 650–c. 1450. Translated by Y. Stoyanov. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998.

Hussey, J. M. The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

Janin, R. Les églises et les monastères des grands centres byzantins. Paris: Institut Français d’Etudes Byzantines, 1975.

Krueger, D. Byzantine Christianity. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2006.

Meyendorff, J. Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes. 2nd ed. New York: Fordham University Press, 1987.

Parry, K., et al., eds. The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2000.

Prokurat, M., A. Golitzin, and M. D. Peterson. Historical Dictionary of the Orthodox Church. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 1996.

Runciman, S. The Byzantine Theocracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.

Young, F. M. From Nicaea to Chalcedon: A Guide to the Literature and Its Background. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983.

B. Late Antiquity: Fourth–Seventh Centuries

Barnes, T. D. Athanasius and Constantine: Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Period. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

Brown, P. Augustine of Hippo. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.

Burrus, V. Late Ancient Christianity. Minneapolis, Minn.: Fortress Press, 2005.

Cameron, Alan. The Last Pagans of Rome. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Charanis, P. Church and State in the Later Roman Empire: The Religious Policy of Anastasius the First, 491–518. Thessalonike: Kentron Vyzantinon Ereunon, 1974.

Davis, S. J. The Early Coptic Papacy: The Egyptian Church and Its Leadership in Late Antiquity. Cairo: American University of Cairo Press, 2005.

Dieten, J. L. van. Geschichte der Patriarchen von Sergios I bis Johannes VI (610–715). Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1972.

Frend, W. H. C. The Rise of the Monophysite Movement: Chapters in the History of the Church in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.

Geffcken, J. The Last Days of Greco-Roman Paganism. Translated by S. MacCormack. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1978.

Gregg, R., and D. Groh. Early Arianism. A View of Salvation. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1981.

Kaplan, M. Les propriétés de la couronne et de l’église dans l’empire byzantin (Ve–VIe siècles: Documents. Paris: Byzantina Sorbonensia, 1976.

Kelly, J. N. D. Golden Mouth: The Story of John Chrysostom. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995.

———. The Athanasian Creed. New York: Harper and Row, 1964.

———. Early Christian Doctrines. London: A. and C. Black, 1960.

Lane Fox, R. Pagans and Christians. New York: Knopf, 1987.

Lieu, S. N. C. Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China. 2nd ed. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr (P. Siebeck), 1992.

MacMullen, R. The Second Church: Popular Christianity A.D. 200–400. Atlanta, Ga.: Society of Biblical Literature, 2009.

———. Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997.

———. Christianizing the Roman Empire, A.D. 100–400. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1984.

Mayer, W., and P. Allen. John Chrysostom. London: Routledge, 2000.

McLynn, N. Ambrose of Milan: Church and Court in a Christian Capital. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.

Menze, V. L. Justinian and the Making of the Syrian Orthodox Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Meyendorff, J. Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D. Crestwood, N.Y.: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1989.

Momigliano, A., ed. The Conflict between Paganism and Christianity. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.

Noble, T. F. X. The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680–825. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984.

Pearson, B., and J. Goehring, eds. The Roots of Egyptian Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1986.

Peilkan, J. Christianity and Classical Culture: The Metamorphosis of Natural Theology in the Christian Encounter with Hellenism. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1993.

Rapp, C. Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity: The Nature of Christian Leadership in an Age of Transition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.

Trombley, F. Hellenic Religion and Christianization, c. 370–529. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1993–1994.

Williams, R. Arius. 2nd ed. London: Darton, Longman, and Todd, 2001.

———, ed. The Making of Orthodoxy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Young, F. M. From Nicaea to Chalcedon: A Guide to the Literature and Its Background. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 2004.

C. Iconoclastic Period: 726–843

Alexander, P. J. The Patriarch Nicephorus of Constantinople: Ecclesiastical Policy and Image Worship in the Byzantine Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958.

Brubaker, L., and J. Haldon. Byzantium in the Iconoclastic Era (ca. 650–850): The Sources. An Annotated Survey. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002.

Bryer, A., and J. Herrin, eds. Iconoclasm. Ninth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, University of Birmingham. Birmingham, Ala.: Centre for Byzantine Studies, 1977.

Gero, S. Byzantine Iconoclasm during the Reign of Constantine V, with Particular Attention to the Oriental Sources. (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Vol. 384, Subsidia Tomus 52.) Louvain: Secrétariat du Corpus SCO, 1977.

———. Byzantine Iconoclasm during the Reign of Leo III, with Particular Attention to the Oriental Sources. (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Vol. 346, Subsidia Tomus 41.) Louvain: Secrétariat du Corpus SCO, 1973.

Griffith, S. The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010.

Kitzinger, E. “The Cult of Images in the Age before Iconoclasm,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 8 (1954): 85–150.

Martin, E. J. A History of the Iconoclastic Controversy. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1930.

D. From 843 to the Reconquest of Constantinople (1261)

Angold, M. J. Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni, 1081–1261. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Clucas, L. The Trial of John Italos and the Crisis of Intellectual Values in the Eleventh Century. Miscellanea Byzantinina Monacensia, Heft 26. Munich: Institut für Byzantinistik, Neugriechische Philologie und Byzantinische Kunstgeschichte der Universität, 1981.

Dvornik, F. The Photian Schism: History and Legend. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948.

Garsoïan, N. G. The Paulician Heresy. The Hague: Mouton, 1967.

Hussey, J. Church and Learning in the Byzantine Empire, 867–1185. London: Oxford University Press, 1937.

Kolbaba, T. M. The Byzantine Lists: The Errors of the Latins. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000.

Krivocheine, B. In the Light of Christ. St. Symeon the New Theologian (949–1022): Life, Spirituality, Doctrine. Translated by A. P. Gythiel. Crestwood, N.Y.: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1986.

Louth, A. Greek East and Latin West: The Church AD 681–1071. Yonkers, N.Y.: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2007.

Mullet, M. Theophylact of Ochrid: Reading the Letters of a Byzantine Archbishop. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997.

Obolensky, D. The Bogomils: A Study in Balkan Neo-Manichaeism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948.

Runciman, S. The Medieval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1947. Reprinted New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

———. The Eastern Schism: A Study of the Papacy and the Eastern Churches during the 11th and 12th Centuries. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955.

Smith, M. H. III. And Taking Bread: Cerularius and the Azyme Controversy of 1054. Paris: Beauchesne, 1978.

Tougher, S. The Reign of Leo VI (886–912): Politics and People. Leiden: Brill, 1997.

E. Palaiologan Period: 1261–1453

Gill, J. Personalities of the Council of Florence. Oxford: Blackwell, 1964.

———. The Council of Florence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959.

Harris, J. Greek Émigrés in the West, 1400–1520. Camberley: Porphyrogenitus, 1995.

Louth, A. Greek East and Latin West: The Church AD 681–1071. Yonkers, N.Y.: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2007.

Meyendorff, J. A Study of Gregory Palamas. Translated by G. Lawrence. London: Faith Press, 1964.

Necipoglu, N. Byzantium between the Ottomans and the Latins: Politics and Society in the Late Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Nicol, D. Church and Society in the Last Centuries of Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

———. Byzantium: Its Ecclesiastical History and Relations with the Western World. Collected Studies. London: Variorum, 1972.

Papadakis, A. Crisis in Byzantium: The Filioque Controversy in the Patriarchate of Gregory II of Cyprus (1283–1289). New York: Fordham University Press, 1983.

Runciman, S. The Great Church in Captivity. London: Cambridge University Press, 1968.

Setton, K. The Papacy in the Levant, 1204–1571. 4 vols. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1976–1984.

F. Liturgy

Taft, R. F. Through Their Own Eyes: Liturgy as the Byzantines Saw It. Berkeley, Calif.: Inter Orthodox Press, 2006.

———. Beyond East and West: Problems in Liturgical Understanding. 2nd ed. Rome: Pontifical Oriental Institute, 1997.

———. Liturgy in Byzantium and Beyond. Aldershot: Variorum, 1995.

———. The Byzantine Rite: A Short History. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1992.

Walter, C. Art and Ritual of the Byzantine Church. Aldershot: Variorum, 1982.

VII. Civilization

A. Surveys, Introductions

Baynes, N. H., and H. St. L. B. Moss, eds. Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948.

Eastmod, A., ed. Eastern Approaches to Byzantium. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001.

Entwistle, C., and D. Bucton, eds. Through a Glass Brightly: Studies in Byzantine and Medieval Art and Archaeology Presented to David Buckton. Oxford: Oxbow, 2004.

Geanakoplos, D. J. Medieval Western Civilization and the Byzantine and Islamic Worlds: Interaction of Three Cultures. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1979.

Guillou, A. La civilisation byzantine. (Byzantine civilization.) Paris: Arthand, 1974.

Haussig, H. W. A History of Byzantine Civilization. Translated by J. M. Hussey. London: Thames and Hudson, 1971.

Kazhdan, A., and G. Constable. People and Power in Byzantium. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1982.

Kazhdan, A., and A. W. Epstein. Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

Kazhdan, A., et al., eds. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 3 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Laiou, A. E., and H. Maguire, eds. Byzantium: A World Civilization. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992.

Magdalino, P. Tradition and Transformation in Medieval Byzantium. Aldershot: Variorum, 1991.

Maguire, H., ed. Byzantine Court Culture from 829 to 1204. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1997.

Runciman, S. Byzantine Civilization. New York: Longmans, Green, 1933.

Wharton, J. A. Art of Empire: Painting and Architecture of the Byzantine Periphery. A Comparative Study of Four Provinces. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1988.

B. Architecture

Andrews, K. Castles of the Morea. Princeton, N.J.: American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1953.

Bouras, C. Nea Moni on Chios: History and Architecture. Translated by D. A. Hardy. Athens: Commercial Bank of Greece, 1982.

Chatzidakis, M. Hosios Loukas. Athens: Melissa, 1997.

Crawford, J. S. The Byzantine Shops at Sardis. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990.

Curcic, S. Some Observations and Questions regarding Early Christian Architecture in Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki: Aimos, 2000.

———. Gracanica: King Milutin’s Church and Its Place in Late Byzantine Architecture. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1979.

Curcic, S., and E. Hadjitryphonos. Architecture as Icon: Perception and Representation in Byzantine Art. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010.

Deichmann, F. W. Ravenna, Haupstadt der spätantiken Abendlandes. 3 vols. in 5 parts. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1969–1989.

Demus, O. The Church of San Marco in Venice: History, Architecture, Sculpture. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1960.

Edwards, R. The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1987.

Foss, C., and D. Winfield. Byzantine Fortifications: An Introduction. Pretoria: University of South Africa, 1986.

Gregory, T. Isthmia: The Hexamilion and the Byzantine Fortress. Vol. 5. Princeton, N.J.: American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1993.

Harrison, R. M. A Temple for Byzantium: The Discovery and Excavation of Anicia Juiliana’s Palace-Church in Istanbul. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989.

Hattersley-Smith, K. Byzantine Public Architecture between the 4th and early 11th Centuries AD, with Special Reference to the Towns of Byzantine Macedonia. Thessalonika: Society for Macedonian Studies, 1996.

Hill, S. The Early Byzantine Churches of Cilicia and Isauria. Aldershot: Variorum, 1996.

Kähler, H., and C. Mango. Die Hagia Sophia. Berlin: G. Mann Verlag, 1967. Translated by E. Childs. London: A. Zwemmer, 1967.

Kleinbauer, W. E. Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture: An Annotated Bibliography and Historiography. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1992.

Krautheimer, R., and S. Curcic. Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. 4th ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986.

Kuniholm, P. I., and C. L. Striker. Dendrochronology and the Architectural History of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki. Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1990.

Mainstone, R. J. Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian’s Great Church. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1988.

Mango, C. Hagia Sophia: A Vision for Empires. Istanbul: Ertug and Kocabiyik, 1997.

———. Byzantine Architecture. New York: H. N. Abrams, 1976.

———. Materials for the Study of St. Sophia at Istanbul. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1962.

———. The Brazen House: A Study of the Vestibule of the Imperial Palace of Constantinople. Copenhagen: I kommission hos Munksgaard, 1959.

Mark, R., and A. S. Cakmak, eds. Hagia Sophia from the Age of Justinian to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Mathews, T. F. The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul: A Photographic Survey. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976.

———. The Early Churches of Constantinople: Architecture and Liturgy. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1971.

Ousterhout, R. G. The Architecture of the Kariye Camii in Istanbul. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1987.

———. The Myrelaion (Bodrum Camii) in Istanbul; with an Appendix of the Excavated Pottery by John W. Hayes. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981.

Pena, I. The Christian Art of Byzantine Syria. Reading: Garnet Publishing, 1997.

Pringle, D. The Defense of Byzantine Africa from Justinian to the Arab Conquest. 2 vols. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1981.

Rodley, L. Byzantine Art and Architecture: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

———. Cave Monasteries of Byzantine Cappadocia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Russell, E. St. Demetrius of Thessalonika. Bern: Peter Lang, 2010.

Scranton, R. L. Mediaeval Architecture in the Central Area of Corinth. Princeton, N.J.: American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1957.

Striker, C. L., and Y. D. Kuban, eds. Kalenderhane in Istanbul: The Buildings, Their History and Architecture and Decoration. Final Reports on the Archaeological Exploration and Restoration at Kalenderhane Camii. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1997.

Underwood, P. A. The Kariye Djami. 4 vols. New York: Bollingen Foundation and Princeton University Press, 1966–1975.

Van Nice, R. L. Saint Sophia in Istanbul: An Architectural Survey. 2 Installments. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1965–1986.

C. Art

1. Surveys

Barber, C. “Art History,” in Palgrave Advances in Byzantine History, edited by J. Harris, 147–156. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

Beckwith, J. Early Christian and Byzantine Art. 2nd ed. New York: Penguin Books, 1970.

Buchthal, H. Art of the Mediterranean World, AD 100 to 1400. Washington, D.C.: Decatur House Press, 1983.

Cormack, R. Byzantium, 330–1453. London: Royal Academy Publications, 2008.

———. Byzantine Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Demus, O. Byzantine Art and the West. New York: New York University Press, 1970.

Evans, H. C., and W. D. Wixom, eds. The Glory of Byzantium. Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843–1261. (Catalogue accompanying an exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art from 11 March through 6 July 1997.) New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.

Grabar, A. Byzantium from the Death of Theodosius to the Rise of Islam. London: Thames and Hudson, 1966.

Hofman, E. R., ed. Late Antiquity and Medieval Art of the Mediterranean. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.

James, E. Art and Text in Byzantine Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Kitzinger, E. Byzantine Art in the Making: Main Lines of Stylistic Development in Mediterranean Art, 3rd–7th Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

———. The Art of Byzantium and the Medieval West: Selected Studies. Edited by W. E. Kleinbauer. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976.

Lowden, J. Early Christian and Byzantine Art. London: Phaidon, 1997.

Maguire, E. D. Other Icons: Art and Power in Byzantine Secular Culture. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2006.

Mango, C. The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312–1453. Sources and Documents. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1972. Reprinted Toronto: University of Toronto Press, in association with the Medieval Academy of America, 1986.

Mathews, T. F. Byzantium: From Antiquity to the Renaissance. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2010.

———. The Art of Byzantium: Between Antiquity and the Renaissance. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1998.

———. The Clash of Gods: A Reinterpretation of Early Christian Art. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993.

Milburn, R. Early Christian Art and Architecture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

Ousterhout, R. B. Master Builders of Byzantium. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999.

Rice, D. T. The Appreciation of Byzantine Art. London: Oxford University Press, 1972.

———. Byzantine Art. Rev. ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968.

———. The Art of Byzantium. London: Thames and Hudson, 1959.

Rodley, L. Byzantine Art and Architecture: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Volbach, W. F. Early Christian Art. Translated by C. Lygota. New York: Abrams, 1962.

Weitzmann, K., ed. The Age of Spirituality. Exhibition Catalog. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1979.

2. Specific Topics

a. Jewelry, Enamels, Glass

Adams, N., and C. Entwistle, eds. “Intelligible Beauty”: Recent Research on Byzantine Jewelry. London: British Museum Press, 2010.

Hetherington, P. Enamels, Crowns, Relics and Icons. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008.

Ross, M. C. Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Medieval Antiquities in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection: Jewelry, Enamels, and Art of the Migration. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2006.

———. Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Medieval Antiquities in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection: Metalwork, Ceramics, Glass, Glyptics, Painting. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1962.

Stern, M., et al., eds. Roman, Byzantine and Early Medieval Glass: Ernesto Wolf Collection. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz Publishers, 2001.

Weitzmann, K. Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Medieval Antiquities in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection: Jewelry, Enamels, and Art of the Migration Period. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1972.

Wessel, K. Byzantine Enamels from the 5th to the 13th Century. Translated by I. R. Gibbons. Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society, 1967.

b. Icons

Barber, C. Figure and Likeness: On the Limits of Representation in Byzantine Iconoclasm. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002.

Cormack, R. Icons. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007.

———. Writing in Gold: Byzantine Society and Its Icons. London: George Philip, 1985.

Eastman, A., and L. James, eds. Icon and Word: The Power of Images in Byzantium. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.

Grabar, A. Christian Iconography: A Study of Its Origins. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968.

Kitzinger, E. “The Cult of Images in the Age before Iconoclasm,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 8 (1954): 83–150.

Maguire, H. The Icons of Their Bodies: Saints and Their Images in Byzantium. Prince-ton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

Nelson, R. S., and K. Collins, eds. Holy Image, Hallowed Ground: Icons from Sinai. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2007.

Ousterhout, R., and L. Brubaker, eds. The Sacred Image East and West. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1995.

Pelikan, J. Imago Dei: The Byzantine Apologia for Icons. Princeton, N.J.: University Press, 1990.

Vikan, G., ed. Icon. Washington, D.C.: Trust for Museum Exhibitions; Baltimore: Walters Art Gallery, 1988.

Weitzmann, K. Studies in the Arts at Sinai. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982.

———. Byzantine Book Illumination and Ivories. London: Variorum, 1980.

———. The Icon: Holy Images, Sixth to Fourteenth Centuries. New York: G. Braziller, 1978.

———. The Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai: The Icons: From the Sixth to the Tenth Century. Vol. l. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976.

c. Ivories

Cutler, A. Late Antique and Byzantine Ivory Carving. Aldershot: Variorum, 1998.

———. The Hand of the Master: Craftsmanship, Ivory and Society in Byzantium (9th–11th Centuries). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994.

———. The Craft of Ivory: Sources, Techniques, and Uses in the Mediterranean World, A.D. 200–400. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1985.

Weitzmann, K. Catalogue of the Greek and Roman Antiquities in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection: Ivories and Steatites. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1972.

d. Manuscript Illuminations

Anderson, J., P. Canart, and C. Walter. The Barberini Psalter: Codex Vaticanus Barberinianus Graecus 372. Zurich: Belser, 1989.

Barber, C. The Theodore Psalter. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2000.

Brubaker, L. Vision and Meaning in Ninth-Century Byzantium: Image as Exegesis in the Homilies of Gregory of Nazianzos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Buchthal, H., and H. Belting. Patronage in Thirteenth-Century Constantinople: An Atelier of Late Byzantine Book Illumination and Calligraphy. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1978.

Carr, A. W. Byzantine Illumination, 1150–1250: The Study of a Provincial Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

Corrigan, K. Visual Polemics in the Ninth Century Byzantine Psalters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Cutler, A. The Aristocratic Psalters in Byzantium. Paris: Picard, 1984.

Galavaris, G. The Illustrations of the Liturgical Homilies of Gregory Nazianzenus. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1969.

Lowden, J. The Jaharis Gospel Lectionary: The Story of a Byzantine Book. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.

———. The Octateuchs: A Study in Byzantine Manuscript Illustration. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992.

———. Illuminated Prophet Books: A Study of Byzantine Manuscripts of the Major and Minor Prophets. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1988.

Nersessian, S. der., and S. Agmian. Miniature Painting in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1993.

Papadaki-Oekland, S. Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts of the Book of Job: A Preliminary Study of the Miniature Illustrations. Its Origins and Development. Turnhout: Brepols, 2009.

Pelekanides, S. M., P. C. Christou, C. Tsioumis, and S. N. Kadas. The Treasures of Mount Athos: Illuminated Manuscripts, Miniatures, Headpieces, Initial Letters. Translated by P. Sherrard. 4 vols. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon, 1974–1991.

Sevcenko, N. P. Illustrated Manuscripts of the Metaphrastian Menologion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Spatharakis, I. Corpus of Dated Illuminated Greek Manuscripts to the Year 1453. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1981.

———. The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts. Leiden: Brill, 1976.

Weitzmann, K. Late Antique and Early Christian Book Illumination. New York: G. Braziller, 1977.

———. Studies in Classical and Byzantine Manuscript Illumination. Edited by H. L. Kessler. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.

———. The Joshua Roll: A Work of the Macedonian Renaissance. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1948.

Weitzmann, K., and B. Massimo. The Byzantine Octateuchs. Princeton, N.J.: Prince-ton University Press, 1999.

Weitzmann, K., and G. Galavaris. The Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai: The Illuminated Greek Manuscripts. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.

Weitzmann, K., W. C. Loerke, E. Kitzinger, and H. Buchtal. The Place of Book Illumination in Byzantine Art. Princeton, N.J.: Art Museum, Princeton University, 1975.

e. Mosaics

Belting, H., C. Mango, and D. Mouriki. The Mosaics and Frescoes of St. Mary Pammakaristos (Fethiye Camii) at Istanbul. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1978.

Borsook, E. Messages in Mosaic: The Royal Programmes of Norman Sicily, 1130–1187. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

Deichmann, F. W. Ravenna, Haupstadt der spätaniken Abendlandes. 4 vols. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1969–1989.

Demus, O. The Mosaics of San Marco in Venice. 2 vols. in 4 parts. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

———. Byzantine Mosaic Decoration: Aspects of Monumental Art in Byzantium. London: Routledge and Paul, 1950. Reprinted New Rochelle, N.Y.: Caratzas Brothers, 1976.

———. The Mosaics of Norman Sicily. London: Routledge and Paul, 1950.

Dunbabin, K. M. D. The Mosaics of Roman North Africa: Studies in Iconography and Patronage. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978.

Mouriki, D. The Mosaics of the Nea Moni on Chios. Translated by R. Burgi. 2 vols. Athens: Commercial Bank of Greece, 1985.

Terry, A., and H. Maguire. Dynamic Splendor: The Wall Mosaics in the Cathedral of Eufrasius at Porec. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007.

f. Museum Catalogues (Collections, Exhibitions)

Buckton, D., ed. The Treasury of San Marco, Venice. Milan: Olivetti, 1984.

Evans, H. C., ed. Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261–1557). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Evans, H. C., and W. D. Wixom, eds. Glory of Byzantium: Arts and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843–1261. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.

Nesbitt, J. W., and N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art. 3 vols. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991–1996.

Ross, M. C. Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Medieval Antiquities in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection: Jewelry, Enamels, and Art of the Migration Period. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1965.

———. Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Medieval Antiquities in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection: Metalwork, Ceramics, Glass, Glyptics, Painting. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1962.

Weitzmann, K. Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Medieval Antiquities in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection: Ivories and Steatites. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1972.

g. Paintings

Belting, H., C. Mango, and D. Mouriki. The Mosaics and Frescoes of St. Mary Pammakaristos (Fethiye Camii) at Istanbul. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1978.

Epstein, A. W. Tokali Kilise: Tenth Century Metropolitan Art in Cappadocia. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1986.

Kalokyris, K. The Byzantine Wall Paintings of Crete. New York: Red Dust, 1973.

Mouriki, D. “Stylistic Trends in Monumental Painting of Greece during the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 34–35 (1980–1981): 77–124.

Nelson, R. S. Later Byzantine Painting: Art, Agency, and Appreciation. Aldershot: Variorum, 2007.

Ousterhout, R. The Art of the Kariye Camii. London: Scala, 2002.

Rodley, L. Cave Monasteries of Byzantine Cappadocia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Skawran, K. M. The Development of Middle Byzantine Fresco Painting in Greece. Pretoria: University of South Africa, 1982.

Underwood, P. A. The Kariye Djami. 4 vols. New York: Bolligen Foundation and Princeton University Press, 1966–1975.

Winfield, D. C. “Middle and Later Byzantine Wall Painting Methods.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 22 (1965): 61–139.