Creativity and artistic expression come to mind as the most important skills for careers in art and architecture. This is especially true in the studio arts or dramatic and theater arts. So why obtain a graduate degree at all—can’t I just paint, act, or play music?
Well, yes, but … just as a graduate degree in any other field provides relevant training and detailed knowledge required for a job in the field, an advanced degree in the arts gives students an opportunity to develop, refine, and practice their art with direct access to the resources, materials, and support they need to grow.
And for art historians, preservationists, conservators, as well as art and film critics, a balanced background of studying and creating the work provides a full preparation. Many of these programs focus on history, foreign languages, and cultural studies.
For the various fields within architecture, there is a unique “marrying” of creative design and construction with the cultural and social dynamic of the areas in which architects work, whether it is a streetscape, a renovation of a historic building, or designing a new home. Programs require that applicants have a year of college-level math, such as calculus or physics.
All areas of art and architecture have experienced growth in advanced degrees conferred, most notably in architecture and related fields. For many fields in this area, the terminal degree is a master’s degree, particularly for those offering the Master of Fine Arts (MFA).
In order to be a licensed architect, one must possess a BArch (a 5-year undergraduate program) or MArch. While a MArch takes about three years to complete, those entering the program with a BArch can often complete the program much faster. A Master’s in Interior Architecture (MIA) or Landscape Architecture (MLA) generally take 2-3 years to complete, depending on undergraduate experience, and culminate in a thesis as well as oral and written exams.
While students in graduate programs for studio and performing arts receive the terminal degree in their field (MFA), many choose graduate school because it provides a unique and focused opportunity in which to develop themselves as artists. Grad school provides the necessary preparation, resources, and exposure to dramatically influence one’s success as an artist, writer, performer, or musician. Most programs last 2-3 years and culminate in, among other things, a presentation of work produced.
Quick Snapshot: Art and Architecture
You can find more detailed information to guide you on the right path from these trade organization websites.
| TRADE ORGANIZATIONS YOU SHOULD KNOW | |
| American Film Institute afi.com |
The American Film Institute is dedicated to advancing and preserving the art of the moving image. |
| American Institute of Architects aia.org |
News, conferences, education, government affairs and everything else an architect should know. |
| American Society of Landscape Architects asla.org |
The ASLA provides information on seminars, jobs, and history of the profession. |
| National Association of Dramatic and Speech Arts, Inc. nadsainc.com |
A professional organization for all dramatics professionals, including performers, educators, administrators, and students. |
| National Trust for Historic Preservation nationaltrust.org |
A not-for-profit organization dedicated to saving historic buildings, neighborhoods, and landscapes that form communities. |
| Writers Guild of America, West wga.org |
Offers tools for writers of all genres and professions. |
Despite the wide range of degrees in art and architecture, all of them generally require a portfolio as part of the application. Many of the degree programs in art and architecture are directly linked to creative work, meaning that a portfolio is the best way for the admissions committee to review demonstrated ability of the applicants. Here are some examples:
For architecture programs, it is often required to have a bachelor’s degree in the same or related field while many also require one year of undergraduate physics and mathematics, such as calculus.
Biology is a natural science that invloves the study of life and living organisms. There are many subdivisions of biology, categorized by the scale and method with which they approach the subject: biochemistry, molecular, cellular, physiology (organs, tissues, organ systems), and ecology. Within these subdivisions, one typically focuses on either basic or applied research.
Much of the grant-funded basic research serves as a starting point for applied research, which finds practical applications of biological knowledge in areas as diverse as new drugs, treatments, and medical diagnostic tests, increased crop yields, and new biofuels.
A career path for those who are interested in studying biology and life sciences is pharmacology. Pharmacologists are often thought of in tandem with toxicologists, as both research the effects of chemicals on cells. However, toxicologists examine the effects of poisons on cells while pharmacologists remain focused on drug-related chemical interactions.
Advanced degrees are required for many jobs in this area. A PhD is required for researchers seeking funding and post-secondary teachers while a master’s degree can also be useful in the sales, marketing and publication aspects of biological sciences.
An MS in biology and life sciences generally takes 2-3 years to complete. Masters programs culminate in a written examination, as well as a thesis with oral defense. A PhD is generally required for those expecting to conduct independent research, especially in academia, or for high-level administrative positions. You can expect to spend 5-6 years of full time study and research in a PhD program.
Some programs, like neuroscience and toxicology, are inherently interdisciplinary and combine disciplines with other graduate departments. Those that offer masters degrees in neuroscience are often steps toward PhDs or combined MD/PhDs. Likewise, a masters degree in toxicology is rarely seen as terminal—most students spend another four plus years earning their PhD.
Quick Snapshot: Biology and Life Sciences
You can find more detailed information to guide you on the right path from these trade organization websites.
| TRADE ORGANIZATIONS YOU SHOULD KNOW | |
| American Board of Clinical Pharmacology abcp.net |
Recently created organization that administers an optional accreditation for clinical pharmacologists. |
| American Institute of Biological Sciences aibs.org |
A membership organization advancing research, education, and public policy issues for the biological sciences. Publishes a peer review journal. |
| Society for Neuroscience sfn.org |
World’s largest organization of scientists and physicians devoted to understanding the brain and nervous system. Includes an extensive Higher Education and Training section. |
| Association of Zoos and Aquariums aza.org |
Links to job opportunities, conferences, and professional training opportunities. |
| Society for Human Ecology societyforhumanecology.org |
The society is an “international interdisciplinary society” whose mission is to promote “the use of an ecological perspective in research and application.” |
| Society of Toxicology toxicology.org |
Plenty of information about schools, degrees, grants and fellowships, links to career information, and other resources. |
While many programs in biology and biological sciences might not require a specific major for admission, if they require a GRE Subject Test in either Biology or Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, then an undergraduate major or significant coursework is typically the best preparation.
Radio, TV, Internet, smartphones and tablets … the evolution of media consumption has driven dramatic changes and opportunities in the field of communications, journalism, and media studies.
Companies such as Google, Facebook, YouTube, Tumblr, Vine, and Twitter, along with easy-to-use technology and publishing tools (digital cameras, free blogging sites) give anyone with access to a computer or smartphone the opportunity to reach an audience with their message. 24-hour news channels (and their companion websites or social media outlets) mean that news and information are pumped out with unprecedented speed and volume.
Just as important in this evolution are the communications professionals who either create, or react to, the news on behalf of their employers. These days, it goes beyond for-profit companies and government organizations to include nonprofits, school districts, and yes, celebrities and personalities.
So what distinguishes an amateur from a professional? An advanced degree in communications, journalism or media studies provides a graduate student with the skills she needs to be an effective and educated resource, honing any raw skills and nurturing a passion for the field. With rapidly changing technologies and new social media outlets, students can learn the latest trends and technologies to understand how they can work together for the biggest impact. A graduate degree can also give professionals in this area of study the solid background and experience to strike out on their own with more credibility.
The few PhDs pursued in this field are for post-secondary teaching and research, though there has been a a small surge in PhDs with 25 percent growth in the past five years. The majority of the 29,000 enrollees in this discipline pursue a master’s degree.
Though programs vary by institution, if you want to report the news (writing, broadcasting, or publishing), you’d probably want to look at journalism programs. If you want to study forms of communication, methods, culture, or media, then you probably want to look into communications programs. Again, research both departments (sometimes housed in the same department) to determine the best path for your career.
The Master of Arts tends to be more common than the Master of Science in journalism, and the differences between programs vary from institution to institution. Remember, a broad knowledge of history and current events strengthens the quality of your work in the field while perseverance and experience tend to play a big role in making a good journalist great. Try to find programs that teach more than just core skills and feature a depth of writing experiences and frequent fieldwork. Some programs also provide the opportunity to focus in a particular subject area such as health care, science, business, etc. Master’s programs in communications also offer a range of foci including advertising and marketing, politics, law, public policy, and the global and cultural aspects of communication in society or within an organization.
Depending on your career goals and your industry of preference, combined or interdisciplinary degrees can be found at many institutions, depending on where they house their communications, journalism and media studies programs.
MA Journalism (2-3 years)
MS Journalism (1-2 years)
MA Communications or Mass Communications (2-5 years)
BA / MA Journalism (starting junior year of college) – 5 years
PhD Communications or Journalism – 5-7 years, including dissertation
Quick Snapshot: Communications, Journalism, Media Studies
You can find more detailed information to guide you on the right path from these trade organization websites.
| TRADE ORGANIZATIONS YOU SHOULD KNOW | |
| The Associated Press ap.org |
The AP is the momma bear of all journalistic agencies. |
| The Poynter Institute poynter.org |
Its motto, “Everything you need to be a better journalist,” says it all. |
| American Society of Magazine Editors magazine.org/asme |
The American Society of Magazine Editors is the professional organization for print and online magazine editors. Its website lists jobs, hosts discussion boards, and offers courses for junior editors, among other things. |
| National Communication Association natcom.org |
The National Communication Association advances communication as the discipline that studies all forms, modes, media and consequences of communication through humanistic, social scientific and aesthetic inquiry. Find resources, publications, and careers on their website. |
| National Press Photographers Association nppa.org |
Promotes photojournalism with competitions, workshops & seminars, and job listings. |
Experience in journalism, whether in the classroom or on the streets, is a plus but not required. Writing samples from undergraduate study, undergraduate GPA, recommendations, essays and, in some cases, GRE scores are required. While undergraduate prerequisites vary, most programs require a bachelor’s degree in a related field.
*Not required for all programs
The field of computers and information technology includes three main disciplines: computer science, information systems, and information technology. The fields do overlap in terms of certain training and curriculum. A bachelor’s degree is sufficient for many careers in these fields, but for those looking to advance within their organizations, manage teams, or teach, a graduate degree boosts your potential. In addition to Master of Science degrees, one might consider an MBA with a focus in technology.
Graduate programs focus on both theoretical frameworks, along with applied research and lab work. Because this is a rapidly changing field, a strong theory-based knowledge coupled with a practical orientation keeps students not only current, but in some cases on the cutting edge of advancing new technologies.
Computer scientists contribute to new technologies, including interactive multimedia and virtual reality systems. Time is divided between class and lab work to ensure that students are equipped with the necessary skills in software development, systems development, and new computer systems creation.
Information technology covers the entire spectrum of computer-based content, and those who undertake study in this field will learn about it all. Courses cover computer hardware and software; how to view and send information by computer plus how to adapt, control, and improve the experiences had by computer users. In addition, graduate students will learn how to create and modify the very systems that transmit the information—and how to best distribute that information to the target audience. Study will also include web-based computer applications, the fundamentals of e-commerce, the importance of web security, ethical issues and finally, how information technology affects business and society.
Those interested in more of a management-based career might want to consider a graduate program in management information systems (MIS). Studies in MIS will include management strategies and theories, how management can best use information systems and applications and security. You’ll also learn how skillful use of information systems can lead to business solutions, help with decision-making and ways to improve the corporation.
Advanced degrees in computer science include either the Master of Arts or Master of Science, and of course, the PhD. Graduate students study broad, theoretical frameworks and then exercise that knowledge through lab work. Many who choose to pursue a doctorate select a concentration. Be sure to look for programs that produce and contribute to the latest research in computer science given that it is a rapidly changing field.
Information Science
Information Technology
Management Information Systems (MIS)
Systems Engineering
Web/Multimedia Management
Graduate work in information technology covers everything from hardware and software to managing and transmitting the information as well as the end-user experience. Your hands-on graduate work culminates in a MS in information technology or information technology and management. Students wishing to teach or pursue more research can advance with a PhD program in either information technology or another computer-related field. For those interested in a more management-based IT career, consider an MS in management information systems (MIS), which prepares graduate students for management careers in technology. Alternatively, one could pursue an MBA with a focus or concentration in information systems.
Quick Snapshot: Computers and Technology
You can find more detailed information to guide you on the right path from these trade organization websites.
| TRADE ORGANIZATIONS YOU SHOULD KNOW | |
| Association of Information Technology Professionals aitp.org |
Education, peer support, and information for IT professionals in government, industry and academia. |
| HDI thinkhdi.com |
The largest association for IT service and support professionals produces numerous publications, hosts several symposiums and conferences each year, and certifies hundreds of help desk and service desk professionals each month. |
| Society for Information Management simnet.org |
Provides information and a community of shared experience among professionals. |
| TechAmerica TechAmerica.org |
Association devoted to researching and influencing technology policy in the U.S. |
Many enter the teaching profession in order to make that connection with children or young adults where the proverbial light bulb goes on and the student “gets it.” While the monetary rewards in teaching may not be substantial, the personal satisfaction in helping students develop intellectually and socially is a driving force behind the decision to teach.
Thanks to projected population growth, enrollment increases are expected across all grade-levels and so the outlook for teaching professionals is good. However, increased demands placed on teachers and administrators alike, meaning that it takes a special talent to be a successful classroom teacher or an effective administrator. Increased accountability, emphasis on standardized testing, more ESL students and growing classroom sizes are just a few of the challenges new teachers face every day. The number of advanced degrees conferred continues to grow overall, with Master’s degrees growing at 6% but doctorates growing at 27%. Demand for teachers continues to be highest in rural and urban areas, or those who specialize in bilingual education, math and science, and special education.
Enrollment in post-graduate education programs is up by almost 50 percent since the new millennium while the growth in master’s degrees conferred has grown 48 percent over that same time period. There are literally thousands of programs in education, many of which require a teaching credential. Those who do not have a valid teaching credential or even an undergraduate background in education should look for programs that allow students to pursue licensure during their course of study.
For special ed (MS, MEd), Elementary and secondary school teaching (MS, MA, MEd), MS and MA programs usually require students to write a culminating thesis based on classroom research, whereas MEd programs usually do not. MS programs may also require more class work in methodology and research than MA or MEd programs. Most of these programs can be completed in one to two years with flexible part-time, evening or summer options for current teachers.
Master’s programs in educational administration usually span about one or two years and require successful performance in advanced level coursework, as well as participation in a practicum, research project, or internship. Some schools also require students to complete a master’s thesis. After completing a master’s degree in educational administration, students may choose to continue their studies in an Educational Specialist (EdS) program, designed for students who want to engage in advanced fieldwork, internship experience, or research in a specific area of education. Doctoral programs in educational administration usually focus on research or public policy as it relates to school leadership.
More Reading
Post-secondary teachers require a PhD or the terminal degree in the field in which they want to teach (for example, an MFA to teach arts and music at the post-secondary level). See also the Humanities and Cultures chapter for more information on many post-secondary fields.
Quick Snapshot: Education and Teaching
You can find more detailed information to guide you on the right path from these trade organization websites.
| TRADE ORGANIZATIONS YOU SHOULD KNOW | |
| School Superintendents Association (AASA) aasa.org |
AASA is a national association of professional educational leaders. Their website contains a job board, industry related articles, membership information, and links to state associations. |
| National Association for Bilingual Education (NABE) nabe.org |
Professional association for bilingual educators. Site has information about the field and a great page of links to related sites. |
| National Association of State Boards of Education nasbe.org |
The National Association of State Boards of Education will help you find information about state-specific school districts including links about certification requirements, teaching standards, and a section on early childhood education. |
| National Science Teachers Association nsta.org |
The National Science Teacher Association is a national organization of science teachers. Check their web site for information on conferences, news, publications, and other education resources. |
| United States Department of Education ed.gov |
Information about No Child Left Behind and other federal programs on education. |
Students applying to education and teaching programs typically have several years of teaching or administration experience along with a valid teaching credential. However, some master’s level programs will include a certification component for students interested in entering the education field without prior experience or certification.
Engineering is a long-respected field leading to many challenging and exciting careers that draw upon creativity, innovative thinking, and a strong foundation in math and science. Engineers are the link between scientific discovery and the commercial application and production of those innovations in society.
There are over 1.2 million engineers employed in the United States, with 11 percent growth expected through 2020. All advanced degrees conferred grew 24 percent through 2010-11, as PhDs saw almost 16 percent growth. With ancient roots dating back to the building of the pyramids, modern engineering trends show a dramatic increase in biomedical engineering as well as higher demand for infrastructure projects to preserve aging buildings, bridges, and transportation systems. Electrical engineering programs are the largest, with nearly a third of all engineering student enrollment.
Engineering offers a wide range of degree programs, each of which contains many concentrations for specialization. For example, a civil engineer could specialize in construction, hydrosystems, structural, or transportation engineering.
Most master’s programs are 1-2 years in length. While not all programs require a relevant bachelor’s degree, they do require a strong background in math, science, and engineering undergraduate courses. For those interested in research or academia, further study is required for a Doctorate in Engineering. An alternative to the PhD is a Doctor of Engineering Science (EngScD).
Quick Snapshot: Engineering
You can find more detailed information to guide you on the right path from these trade organization websites.
| TRADE ORGANIZATIONS YOU SHOULD KNOW | |
| National Society of Professional Engineers nspe.org |
The National Society of Professional Engineers has the scoop on all the latest technologies and licensing regulations. |
| American Engineering Association aea.org |
The American Engineering Association provides a support system for all engineers. Included on the site are links to information for computer and electrical engineers. |
| American Society of Civil Engineers asce.org |
The American Society of Civil Engineers is the best clearing house for the field. This is the place to look for news, jobs, and licensing information. |
| Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ieee.org |
IEEE is the most complete site dealing specifically with electrical engineering. It also contains job information, interesting articles on the field, and even a virtual museum. |
| ASME asme.org |
An excellent resource for both experienced workers and newcomers to the field. They have a very thorough Career & Education section. |
| NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) nasa.gov |
The site includes recent news about NASA and its accomplishments. |
Most graduate engineering programs look for substantial coursework in math and science at the undergraduate level, and some require specific classes or majors within the field. Be sure to carefully review admissions requirements well in advance so you can meet all requirements before you apply. Depending on the program, schools might require a minimum GPA.
As green issues grow in momentum, popularity, and sometimes controversy, the professional fields that employ environmental scientists, conservationists, and natural resource managers are trending upward as these issues take more of the spotlight.
In fact, the National Center for Education Statistics did not even track graduate enrollment in natural resources and conservation in the mid 1990s, but reported 13,000 graduate enrollees as of 2007-08. The Bureau of Labor and Statistics began tracking “Green Goods and Services” in 2010 in an attempt to quantify and track this blossoming trend that impacts jobs in the United States.
Whether driven by the science behind these issues or the laws and policies (informed by the science and social issues) that impact the environment, people enter this field to make a difference and help keep our planet in good shape for the next generation. Many schools create Interdisciplinary programs to encompass the various subjects that impact this field; one might take courses across departments of biology, law, anthropology, sociology, and business or economics. In addition, graduates students can specialize in their particular area of interest, whether more focused on wildlife, water, forestry, land-use, etc.
In general, environmental science takes a more scientific, research-based approach to the problems while environmental studies encompasses the social, historical, political, and legal aspects of the field, with a foundation in scientific data. Be sure to research a specific school’s program description and curriculum, as environmental studies is open to interpretation by a school’s faculty and departments. If your interest area is specific to forestry, flora and fauna (wildlands), fisheries and aquatic life, or mammals (wildlife), there are master’s and PhD programs for these subject areas. Also, think about your geography, as your fieldwork can be greatly enhanced by the location of your graduate program.
While there are opportunities for those with bachelor’s degrees to work in this field, master’s degrees provide opportunities for advancement and management positions including leading research teams or controlling the direction of projects. Master’s degree programs also give students an opportunity to research an area in depth with scientific method, fieldwork, and a broad spectrum of the various ways to address an environmental issue, like the laws and policies that impact this discipline. Of course, a PhD is required for some teaching, research or senior positions at policy institutes and government agencies.
When choosing your degree program, consider whether you want a broad approach to natural sciences with a specific focus area or would prefer a scientific approach within your area of focus.
MA or MS in Environmental Studies/Science
PhD in Environmental Studies/Science
Master of Forestry, MS or PhD Forestry
MS or PhD Natural Resources Management and Policy
MS or PhD Wildlife or Wildlands Science and Management
Quick Snapshot: Environmental Sciences
You can find more detailed information to guide you on the right path from these trade organization websites.
| TRADE ORGANIZATIONS YOU SHOULD KNOW | |
| Joint Forestry Team jointforestryteam.org |
Different organizations join resources to make recommendations that result in coordinated interagency delivery of forestry and conservation assistance for working forests, farms, and ranches: USDA-National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), the National Association of State Foresters (NASF), the National Association of Conservation Districts (NACD), and the USDA Forest Service (USFS). |
| National Audubon Society audubon.org |
For more than a century, the Audubon Society has been committed to conserving and restoring natural ecosystems, particularly for birds and wildlife. |
| Natural Resources Conservation Service nrcs.usda.gov |
Established by Congress in 1935 as the Soil Conservation Service, this agency’s name was changed in 1994 to reflect its broadening scope. |
| League of Conservation Voters lcv.org |
A national non-profit that works to keep environmental issues as national priorities, often through grass-roots campaigning, awareness, and education. |
Depending on your area of focus, programs may look for a variety of coursework, including anthropology, biology, sociology and more. Undergraduate GPA, recommendations, essays, and GRE scores are required. While undergraduate prerequisites vary, some programs look for an undergraduate degree in a field such as the natural sciences, social sciences, or engineering. For students pursuing subject matter related to policy or economics, schools will look for relevant majors/coursework in those areas.
Specific coursework in a related field. Some schools give conditional acceptance until students earn credits for a specific area that is lacking.
The field of health care is experiencing explosive growth due to the growing elderly population and technological advances in the treatment and diagnosis of illness, disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. With a fantastic job outlook, all graduate degrees conferred grew 40 percent in five years (from 2005-06 to 2010-2011). Many careers in this field require advanced education and/or specialization, and the number of advanced degrees conferred mirrors the growth pattern in this industry, with a 47 percent increase in Master’s degrees and 32% increase in PhD’s conferred (from 2005-06 to 2010-2011).
Graduate degrees in health care or public health are required for many careers in this field. For audiologists, speech pathologists, occupational or physical therapists, and many other health careers, a master’s degree or professional degree prepares you for work with patients whether in hospitals, clinics, ambulatory care centers, or physicians’ offices. Some nurses and public health graduates interested in administration or management pursue joint degrees, such as a joint MBA program.
Growth in the health care industry is evidenced by the dramatic growth seen in advanced degrees conferred. Particularly notable is the rise in the number of doctorates or professional degrees, which grew to over 60,000 in 2011.
Further Reading
Some master’s degree programs are coupled with undergraduate programs while others allow you to enter without a specific bachelor’s degree as long as you meet prerequisites. Some examples include Master of Science in Nursing, Master in Public Health or Master of Science in Public Health, Master of Science in Physical Therapy, etc. Another possible career path in health care is the Doctor of Medicine (MD) and the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). Admission to these programs is very competitive and it’s worth noting that admission requires a strong background in sciences and math as well as solid MCAT scores.
Quick Snapshot: Health Care & Public Health
You can find more detailed information to guide you on the right path from these trade organization websites.
| TRADE ORGANIZATIONS YOU SHOULD KNOW | |
| American Association of Nurse Practitioners aanp.org |
The American Association of Nurse Practitioners is an advocacy and policy oriented organization of nurse practitioners. |
| American College of Epidemiology acepidemiology.org |
The American College of Epidemiology is a professional organization dedicated to continued education for epidemiologists and their efforts to promote the public health. |
| American Physical Therapy Association apta.org |
The American Physical Therapy Association has scholarship listings, seminar information, and related resources. |
| American Public Health Association (APHA) apha.org |
The APHA is an organization dedicated to promoting research on issues in public health and influencing public health policies for over 125 years. |
| Nursing Center nursingcenter.com |
The Nursing Center is a resource for professional nurses. Its website offers articles, job listings, CE activities, and message boards. |
Requirements vary depending on the program you wish to pursue—be sure to read about specific prerequisites for the schools on your list. Most professions in this field need majors or coursework in the sciences and statistics while business and economics are common admissions requirements for managerial positions.
Technological advances in healthcare mean more options for treating illnesses and diseases. Coupled with an increased emphasis on preventative care, this will drive demand for more nurses, already the largest healthcare occupation at 2.7 million.
Hospitals are one of the largest employers of healthcare workers; despite this, hospitals will see a slower rate of new jobs because clinics and other outpatient care sites are growing in use.
Ten of the top twenty fastest growing occupations (across all occupations) are healthcare related, meaning that the industry as a whole should see 26 percent growth in jobs through 2020.
The aging baby boom population will increase demand in specialties like occupational therapy, physical therapy, audiology, and speech pathology.
Socrates taught the adage “Know thyself.” Our need to find meaning and connect with one another runs deep in our humanity. The various degree areas of focus in the humanities and cultures provide a context that allows us to better understand “who we are” through the study of literature, culture, gender or ethnic identity, philosophy, religion, and even the very languages we speak. The analytical thinking and writing skills required for many of these disciplines translate well to many jobs in our modern economy.
Post-secondary teaching and writing opportunities show solid competition for jobs, but job outlook remains fair depending on the area pursued. Growth in advanced degrees has slowed to 6 percent in the past 5 years (from 2005-06 to 2010-2011). Overall growth in advanced degrees conferred shows a big jump in philosophy and religious studies (39 percent), while English language and literatures and liberal arts have seen more tempered growth at 7 and 8 percent respectively.
Quick Snapshot: Humanities & Cultures
Most master’s degree programs in humanities and cultures take 1-2 years to complete, with a culminating thesis and exams. This is true for creative writing, but students also have the option to pursue a Master of Fine Arts, which usually takes two to four years and typically requires a manuscript of publishable quality to complete the program.
Those who choose to go on to pursue a PhD can expect to spend five to seven years fulfilling course requirements, writing a thesis and ultimately, defending it orally. Many PhD programs also have written exam requirements. For degrees in comparative literature and even other areas of literature, there are also foreign language requirements.
A master’s level (MA or MS) degree in linguistics covers core areas of language structure, field methods and research. Programs may be class-based or thesis-based; most take about two years. A PhD in linguistics may take an additional three to four years. Most doctoral programs encompass master’s level material but focus on theoretical topics in language structure, language acquisition, and processing.
You can find more detailed information to guide you on the right path from these trade organization websites.
| TRADE ORGANIZATIONS YOU SHOULD KNOW | |
| American Academy of Religion aarweb.org |
The world’s largest organization of academics researching and teaching religion-related topics. |
| American Comparative Literature Association acla.org |
Provides links to journals, prizes, conferences, and also to affiliated associations and research sources. |
| Linguistic Society of America lsadc.org |
This is the largest linguistic society in the world; an interest in the field is the only requirement for membership. In addition to a regularly published journal, Language, the LSA hosts annual meetings and summer institutes |
| The Modern Language Association of America mla.org |
Information on periodicals, conferences, readings, jobs, and style guides. It also provides a quarterly newsletter and links to accredited universities. |
| The Voice of the Shuttle vos.ucsb.edu |
An online compendium of sites for academic research. It contains searchable areas from multiple disciplines in the humanities. |
Admissions requirements vary across the broad spectrum of programs within humanities and cultures, but most programs require excellent writing skills, so essays, statement of purpose, and/or academic writing samples will often be required as part of the admissions process. For American or English literature as well as comparative literature, be ready to take the GRE Subject Test in Literature in English in addition to the GRE.
Further Reading
Mathematics is a unique field that requires more than just a mastery of existing techniques and theories; it actually gives mathematicians the opportunity to discern the need for and test the creation of new theories.
The advanced study of mathematics and statistics develops problem solving and critical thinking skills that are sought after and applied in many different career paths. An advanced degree in mathematics or statistics is required for university-level teaching and advanced research.
When looking for graduate programs, know that academic institutions vary the way they structure their programs and departments. Some statistics departments are housed within the mathematics department while others are separate. Some schools break out applied mathematics to differentiate it from “pure” mathematics. While not all professionals agree on the exact distinctions, applied math generally refers to the mathematical methods used in specific areas such as business, science and engineering, or industries like insurance, healthcare, and finance. Applied math often results in the development of new mathematical models, which are in turn studied in pure mathematics, which covers more theory and generalities.
As a pure mathematician, career opportunities are more competitive unless the degree is coupled with an area of industry focus. Some careers that benefit from advanced math and stats knowledge are physics, actuarial science, biostatistics, engineering, operations research, computer science, marketing, business and industrial management, economics, finance, chemistry, geology, life sciences, behavioral sciences, and many other fields.
Quick Snapshot: Mathematics and Statistics
Master’s degrees can be pursued on their own, but are also pursued by doctoral candidates in other related fields such as computer science, engineering fields, physics, business, finance, etc. Schools often have thesis and non-thesis options, which in some cases means the MA option is non-thesis and the MS option is thesis track, but this is not always the case. Other schools track the MA option for secondary school or community college-level teaching, but again, programs vary. Read the department descriptions about each option to see how it best fits to your intended career path.
MS or MA Mathematics (12-24 months)
MS or MA Applied Mathematics (12-24 months)
MS or MA Statistics (12-24 months)
PhD Mathematics (4-6 years)
PhD Statistics (4-6 years)
The PhD track is best suited for teaching and research at the university level, or for quantitative research and development in industry or government.
| TRADE ORGANIZATIONS YOU SHOULD KNOW | |
| American Mathematical Society (AMS) ams.org |
A rich resource for news and events, publications, jobs, and research (as you might expect, AMS has lots of data and statistics on education and careers in mathematics). |
| American Statistical Association amstat.org |
The world’s largest community of statisticians provides resources, news and events, career information, and even scholarships and grants for statisticians worldwide. |
| Data.gov | A website run by the federal government, whose goal is to make executive branch data sets accessible and available to the public. Among other things, it encourages app development, and community interaction by area, such as Energy or Health. |
| Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics siam.org |
SIAM’s mission is to build cooperation between mathematics and the worlds of science and technology through publications, research, and community. |
Some programs require the GRE Subject Test in Mathematics.
Some graduate programs in mathematics (typically pure math PhD track) have a foreign language requirement, particularly in French, Russian, or German. Many programs require knowledge of a programming language.
*Not required for all programs
A highly analytical and research-intensive area, the physical and earth sciences attempt to understand the universe and everything in it: the earth’s atmosphere, the earth itself and its oceans, right on down to subatomic particles.
To observe, measure, interpret and develop theories, the understanding and use of mathematics is a critical component to these sciences. Knowledge gained in research is used to design new technologies. Many of these scientists opt to apply their skills in engineering.
For most jobs in physical and earth sciences, an advanced degree is required. Enrollment, as well as the number of degrees conferred, has shown consistent growth to fill these jobs. Projected job growth is forecasted to average 11 percent in all areas (2010-2020 projection), but closer examination shows more competition in areas like chemistry (the largest field in the group), and very good job opportunities in hydrology and geosciences. Funds from the federal government are helping to boost job growth in the physical sciences as well. In 2007, Congress passed the America COMPETES Act (reauthorized by Congress in 2010), which funds government agencies employing physical scientists to boost the nation’s standing in technology and innovation.
Quick Snapshot: Physical & Earth Sciences
Without an undergraduate degree in the same field, which many programs will require, a strong background in the physical sciences and mathematics will be preferred, as well as the best preparation for graduate school. In addition to the GRE, schools may require the GRE subject test in Chemistry or Physics.
Given the research-oriented nature of a graduate degree in physical sciences, be sure to do your homework about the areas of research among the faculty, so you can tailor your letter of intent or statement of purpose to the research or specialty you want to pursue in graduate school.
| TRADE ORGANIZATIONS YOU SHOULD KNOW | |
| American Chemical Society acs.org |
Publishes numerous scientific journals and databases, convenes major research conferences and provides educational, science policy and career programs in chemistry. Also grants more than $22 million in funds for basic research. |
| American Institute of Hydrology aihydrology.org |
Establishes the standards for the certification of hydrologists, encompasses both student and professional chapters. |
| American Institute of Physics aip.org |
Umbrella society for physicists and astronomers, students, and teachers of those subjects. Publishes journals, and website lists valuable resources and job postings. |
| American Meteorology Society ametsoc.org |
Provides certification, as well as a wealth of information about the field including job postings and grants. |
| American Physical Society aps.org |
Second largest organization of physicists that hosts meetings, publishes journals, and provides career information through their website. |
Psychology is a science that attempts to better understand mental processes and predict human behavior through careful observation, study and research. It is a popular field with many areas of focus, from industrial and organizational (that applies the principles of psychology in the workplace) to clinical or counseling psychology, where one can focus on children, families, or senior citizens, to name a few.
In general, those interested in psychology follow either a research/teaching track or a counseling track. Psychologists work in schools, hospitals and assisted living centers, and teach or conduct research in schools, colleges, and universities.
About 34 percent of all psychologists are self-employed. In a field that has limited job prospects for those with a bachelor’s degree, competition for admission to graduate programs is high. Those with a doctoral degree will find the best job prospects in the field, particularly with a focus in a sub-field such as health. For those seeking a master’s degree, job prospects are best in industrial-organizational psychology. Though the job outlook for psychology is good, the number of advanced degrees conferred is growing rapidly at 25 percent (2005-06 to 2010-11).
Be sure to consider all the possible paths to reach your goals, such as Doctor of Medicine in Psychiatry, a Master’s in Social Work for counseling, or pursuing an advanced degree in education with certification in counseling.
Students in clinical psychology who wish for a practitioner-based degree with less focus on research can pursue the PsyD (Doctor of Psychology), while students with more research-focused or teaching interests can pursue a PhD in many of the fields of psychology. Both degrees take around five years to complete and are highly competitive. Some students choose to pursue their clinical psychology interests by earning a Master’s in Social Work (MSW). Social workers are licensed after completing their MSW program from a Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) accredited program (usually about two years long) and passing their state’s Association of Social Work Boards exam. Students should think carefully about their interests and career goals before selecting a program.
Students can also earn a terminal MS degree in their respective field of psychology (clinical, school, etc.), usually within two to three years; however as with most professions, the higher you go, the more careers open up to you. Graduate work in counseling psychology usually culminates in either a PhD or an EdD, both of which take around five years to complete. The PhD is more research-intensive than the EdD, and both are slightly less academically rigorous than the PhD or PsyD in clinical psychology.
For school psychology the minimum required degree tends to be a master’s from a state-approved, two-year school psychology program with at least one year of internship experience. Many states require a more research-heavy Educational Specialist (EdS) degree, and a good number of school psychologists also hold doctorate degrees.
Quick Snapshot: Psychology
You can find more detailed information to guide you on the right path from these trade organization websites.
| TRADE ORGANIZATIONS YOU SHOULD KNOW | |
| American Psychological Association apa.org |
The American Psychological Association offers information on all areas within the field. |
| Association for Psychological Science psychologicalscience.org |
The Association for Psychological Science publishes news, research, and journals and promotes scientific research within the field of psychology. |
| American Counseling Association counseling.org |
The American Counseling Association offers information on all areas within the field, including information on state certification. |
| National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) nasponline.org |
Official website of the NASP, dedicated to sharing resources, studies, and strategies in order to help the public and policymakers recognize the effects of students’ mental health on their development, as well as the importance of school psychological services. |
| Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards asppb.org |
Contains information about state licensing requirements. |
Public affairs is an umbrella that unites public policy and public administration, drawing upon the fields of political science and economics, to promote and advance policies and solutions that seek to address the public good. For those that like to keep their opinions to themselves, note that public administration is considered a non-partisan environment focused on method and historical context. Public policy discussions, on the other hand, are inherently partisan, as those involved seek to advance their agenda and view of the world as the ‘rule of the day.’
Job outlook is good, and the number of advanced degrees is growing faster than projected job growth. Historically, advanced degrees led to government jobs, but many graduates now work in think tanks, as lobbyists, in academia, for unions or labor relations groups, and in other non-profit and community organizations. Given the economic crises faced by many state and local governments (which employ about 8.3 million people), be sure to keep options open when seeking employment, especially considering the growing popularity of the field. Advanced degrees conferred has grown by 26 percent in just five years (2005-06 to 2010-11).
Quick Snapshot: Public Affairs & Policy
| TRADE ORGANIZATIONS YOU SHOULD KNOW | |
| American Society for Public Administration aspanet.org |
The American Society for Public Administration has a wealth of information on everything from the latest policy-making decision and resource centers to job listings. |
| Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management appam.org |
The Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management has information on conferences, internships, educational programs, jobs, joint degrees, and awards. |
| National Academy for Public Administration napawash.org |
The National Academy for Public Administration is committed to monitoring and improving governance systems of all kinds. |
| National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration naspaa.org |
Accredits schools of public affairs, including those with dual accreditation. For example, business schools like Willamette University are accredited by both AACSB and NASPAA. |
There are no major requirements necessary to apply for advanced degrees in public policy or administration. Many students have at least one year of work experience prior to starting their program. For public policy, helpful background coursework includes economics, statistics, or college-level math.
Social sciences encompass the academic study of fields that fall outside of the natural sciences and focus on society, including the study of groups, organizations, institutions, social and economic systems, cultures, and governments. These disciplines adopt scientific method, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis geared to social understanding and improvement.
As globalization creates more complex economies, immigration and social media bring more cultures together, and political systems shift to reflect changes in society, the importance of the social sciences is perhaps greater than ever before.
While the employment outlook for social sciences is competitive in places like history and economics, many social sciences are experiencing much faster than average growth. This is somewhat reflected in the number of candidates receiving an advanced degree, which has grown by 20 percent (2005-06 to 2010-2011).
Quick Snapshot: Social Sciences
| TRADE ORGANIZATIONS YOU SHOULD KNOW | |
| American Anthropological Association aaanet.org |
The American Anthropological Association has offered anthropology professionals support, information, and services since 1902. |
| American Planning Association planning.org |
The American Planning Association has advice on planning in urban and rural areas as well as fellowship and conference information. |
| American Political Science Association apsanet.org |
More than 15,000 members in more than 80 countries share knowledge, professional advice and advancement, and a supportive environment conducive to the professional study of politics. |
| American Sociological Association asanet.org |
Information for sociologists, students, and the general public including job opportunities, research grants, and newly-published reports from members. |
| International Economic Development Council iedconline.org |
Offers information and services for those interested in economic development. |
| International Studies Association isanet.org |
The International Studies Association promotes international affairs research and education. |
While many advanced degree programs do not require specific majors or coursework, many programs recommend background in the area. In addition, programs like anthropology, international economics, and international relations require foreign language proficiency. For fields involving math and research, some coursework in statistics will be helpful background to your advanced studies as well. When making your Application To Do list or calendar, be sure to note any special application requirements in advance, especially things like work experience or foreign language requirements, though some programs may allow you to study a language while working toward your degree.
Social workers collaborate with other human services professionals to look for solutions to the complex problems of modern society. While some social workers opt for counseling or clinical practices, others work in public policy and administration, research, or teaching. Because social workers face society’s most challenging problems, working in this vital field takes a lot of effort, a lot of patience, and most of all, lots of passion.
Master’s degree programs in social work vary widely in scope and specialty. Some programs focus on methodology and public policy, while others are more clinically focused, preparing professionals for a direct practice in psychotherapy. Still others provide students with the background they need for a career in public and non-profit social service agencies, or for social planning and social change. When you are choosing a program, it is important to consider where you can get training that is in line with your larger career goals. Upon entering some program, students are required to choose a specialty, such as mental health, employee assistance, aging, health care, corrections, and child welfare.
The job outlook for social workers is good, growing faster than the national average, particularly for those interested in aging populations, rural settings, or working with substance abuse programs. The number of advanced degrees conferred has grown 22 percent in just a few short years between 2006-07 and 2010-11. According to the Council on Social Work Education, women dominate this field, making up about 86 percent of master’s degree enrollment, while historically underrepresented groups comprise just over 30 percent of enrollment.
Quick Snapshot: Social Work
| TRADE ORGANIZATIONS YOU SHOULD KNOW | |
| American Board of Examiners in Clinical Social Work abecsw.org |
Features job postings, newsletters, and resources for students of social work. |
| American Counseling Association counseling.org |
The American Counseling Association offers information on all areas within the field, including information on state certification. |
| Association of Social Work Boards aswb.org |
A professional association that regulates social work, and develops and maintains the licensing exam. |
| National Association of Social Workers socialworkers.org |
The largest member organization of professional social workers, offering networking, advocacy, books and journals. |
While a BSW is not required for admission to social work programs, some programs allow enrollees with a BSW to receive advanced standing, thereby shortening the amount of fieldwork and coursework you are required to complete.
Many students entering graduate programs in social work have majored in social work, psychology, or public policy. Otherwise, coursework in social and biological sciences will be useful. Some basic knowledge of statistics and research methodologies will also be beneficial to graduate students in social work.
*some social work programs accept the Miller Analogy Test in lieu of GRE Scores