A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
Abakumov, Viktor Semyonovich, 149–50
Abt, John, 42
Acheson, Dean, 138
Aczél, Ferenc, 198–99, 224, 228
Agricultural Adjustment Administration, 37, 49, 54
Akhmerov, Itzhak, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72
Alsop, Stewart, 115
anti-Semitism
and FBI, 79
and Adolf Hitler, 96
and refugees trapped in France, 101–2, 111
and Ignaz Reiss, 61–62
and Josef Stalin, 160
and US State Department, 104, 109
and Erica Wallach, 89–90
See also Jewish refugees
Apparatus A. See Ware group
Arens, Richard, 237
The Assassination of Trotsky (film), 246
Austria, 85
AVO (Hungarian secret police)
and Herta Field’s arrest and imprisonment, 166
and Hungarian Revolution, 205
and Endre Marton’s arrest, 197
and NHF’s arrest and imprisonment, 8, 153–55, 157, 163
and NHF’s post-prison Hungarian life, 187, 189, 191, 194, 196–97, 226
Baldwin, Roger, 48
Barbusse, Henri, 29
Barcelona, 41, 83–84, 86–87, 88, 91, 125
Bartók, Béla, 247
Beard, Charles, 29
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 240, 247
Bence, Laszlo, 189
Bendit, Daniel Cohn, 51
Bénédite, Daniel, 109
Benjamin, Walter, 96
Bentley, Elizabeth, 75
Beria, Lavrenti, 150
Berle, Adolph, 74, 99–100, 137
Berlin, Germany
Allied occupation of, 121
NHF’s USC operations in, 129
Soviet blockade of, 134
Soviet spying in, 46, 47, 62, 140, 161
and Josef Swiatlo, 183
and Erica Wallach, 169–70, 173–74, 176–77, 207–9, 211
Berz, Paul, 161
Bielkin, Fyodor, 152, 158, 160
Bingham, Hiram III, 108
Bingham, Hiram IV, 108–10
Black Power, 233
Blunt, Anthony, 79
Boldizsár, Ivan, 228
Brankov, Lazar, 158
Brezhnev, Leonid, 231
British Committee for Refugees from Czechoslovakia, 98
British secret services, 79
Brunck, Hermann, 45
Buckley, William F. Jr., 73
Bukharin, Nikolai, 29
Burgess, Guy, 79
Burton, Richard, 246
Caine, Michael, 246
“A Call to the Young Throughout the World” (Field), 13
Cambridge spy ring, 79
capitalism, 2, 8, 18, 22, 30, 35, 43, 45, 108
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 136
Carson, C. H., 79
Carter, Huntley, 29
Central Europe, 115, 123, 124, 128
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Allen Dulles, 14, 140, 159, 215, 239
OSS as precursor to, 114
Soviet spies accused of working for, 190, 197
and Josef Swiatlo, 183
and Erica Wallach, 208–11, 215
Chains (Barbusse), 29
Chamberlain, Neville, 95–96
Chambers, Whittaker
disillusionment with Stalin, 73, 77
and Larry Duggan, 99
and Alger Hiss, 49–50, 60, 99, 100, 137–38, 141–42
and House Un-American Activities Committee, 75, 137–38, 143
and Walter Krivitsky, 77–78
memo exposing Soviet spies, 99–100, 137–38, 141
and NHF, 7, 49–50, 99, 138, 141
and J. Peters, 245
Stalin’s view of, 62
Child, Julia, 115
Churchill, Winston, 123–24, 133
Colby, William, 115
Cold War
and Allies’ Berlin occupation, 121, 134
and division of Europe, 133
Fields as pawns in, 187, 191, 194–95
and McCarthyism, 210
and Soviet endorsement of Alger Hiss for UN post, 227
Communism
and classless society, 43, 108, 249
and Democratic Party, 210
and denouncement of Stalin, 200–201, 205, 222
espionage in Europe, 46
exploitation of Sacco and Vanzetti trial, 21
and Herbert Field, 46, 109, 188, 200
and Herta Field, 46, 109, 188, 200
and French resistance, 116
“goulash Communism,” 222, 228, 245
J. Edgar Hoover’s dismissal of, 50
international Communist movement, 3, 62, 102, 118, 135, 149, 150
and Arthur Koestler, 11, 40–41, 46, 84, 96, 235
and Joseph Losey, 246
and McCarran-Walter Act, 210
NHF on postwar Communist expansion, 124, 129
NHF on postwar Communist regimes, 134–36
NHF’s conversion to, 39–42, 46, 120, 204
NHF’s faith in, 1–2, 7–9, 22, 28–29, 62, 106–9, 117–18, 119, 122, 128, 162, 182–83, 184, 188, 192–94, 198, 200, 206, 218–19, 220, 227, 228–29, 247, 249
NHF’s preparation for postwar Communist Europe, 112
NHF’s views on anti-Communism, 124–25
and overthrow of US government, 43, 136–37
and postwar control of Eastern Europe, 133
and Prague Spring, 231–32
and Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, 210, 225
and Josef Stalin, 62, 66, 102, 150, 157
Erica Wallach’s support for, 119–22, 136, 145, 206, 215, 236–37
Ware group’s public denials of, 44–45
See also Soviet Union; Stalin, Josef
Communist Party
and American military government of Germany, 210
and Roger Baldwin, 48
break with Stalin, 200
and Daily Worker, 29
and Anna Duracz, 165
and Herta Field, 57, 81, 139, 200
and House Un-American Activities Committee, 36
and Lenin, 44
and Mainstream, 220
and New Hungarian Quarterly, 198
NHF as propagandist for, 193–95, 197, 219, 239
and NHF’s arrest and imprisonment, 182–83
NHF’s contacts within, 117
NHF’s knowledge of dogma, 57
NHF’s party status, 45, 53, 81, 99, 118, 126–27, 138–40, 182–83, 199–200, 224, 234, 247
postwar anti-Americanism of, 121–22
and Prague Spring, 231–32
and Rajk show trial, 158
and Stalin’s nonaggression pact with Hitler, 97
support from intellectuals vs. workers, 36
and Switzerland, 111
and Erica Wallach, 121, 169, 184, 210
Communist Youth League, 201
Corvina Publishing, 198
Cowley, Malcolm, 22
Czechoslovakia, 5–7, 85, 95–98, 133, 151–52, 164, 231–34
Darkness at Noon (Koestler), 21, 238
Das Kapital (Marx), 27
Davis, Hope Hale, 42, 43, 45, 50
Décsi, Gyula, 155
Demeter, György, 117
democracy, 2, 8, 35, 45, 83, 90, 143, 216
Democratic Party, 32, 177, 210
détente policy, 222
Dies, Martin, 36
Dietrich, Marlene, 237
Don Juan (Mozart), 193
Donovan, William, 114
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 217
Downs, Donald, 199
Dubček, Alexander, 231–33
Duggan, Helen, 46, 47, 48, 58–60
Duggan, Larry
and Roger Baldwin, 48
and Whittaker Chambers, 99
and House Un-American Activities Committee, 75, 127, 143
and Hede Massing, 47–48, 58, 60, 68
and NHF, 42, 46, 58, 68, 74, 75, 127, 132, 136, 143–44
as Soviet spy, 67–72, 74–75, 99, 142–44
and Stalin’s purges, 70–71
suicide of, 143–44
and Ware group, 42, 46–47, 49–50
Duggan, Stephen, 75
Dukakis, Michael S., 20
Dulles, Allen W.
and NHF, 14, 27, 68, 115–17, 120, 132, 140, 150, 154–58, 194, 215, 239
and Rajk show trial, 151, 159–60
and Stalin/Tito conflict, 151
Dulles, Clover, 27
Dulles, John Foster, 14, 114, 138
Duranty, Walter, 31
Eastern Europe, 123, 124, 128–29, 133, 136–37
East Germany, 121–22, 133, 136, 210
The Economic Theory of the Leisure Class (Bukharin), 20
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 144
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 34–35, 114, 203
Emergency Rescue Committee, 103, 104
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 126
Emerson, William, 126–27
Ernst, Max, 103
Europe
Central Europe, 115, 123, 124, 128
Eastern Europe, 123, 124, 128–29, 133, 136–37
fascism
and anti-Communism, 125
anti-fascist motivation to oppose Nazis, 21, 52–53, 70–71, 83, 84, 85, 105, 107, 120, 249
and Hungarian Revolution, 228
promise of reversing injustice, 1, 8
and Spanish Civil War, 83–84, 86
and Josef Stalin, 77, 97, 102, 148
US government’s passivity toward, 2, 9, 45
Fatherland (Massing), 52
Faulkner, William, 228
Fauquier Hospital, 241
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
anti-Semitism in, 79
and Walter Krivitsky, 79
NHF’s subpoena by, 6, 7, 142, 188
and J. Peters, 132
and Erica Wallach, 237
Fellowship of Youth for Peace, 45
Felton, Monica, 192
Feuchtwanger, Lion, 108
Fidelio (Beethoven), 247
Field, Alan (nephew), 223
Field, Alison (niece), 223
Field, Elsie (sister), 176–77, 195–96, 211–13, 218–19, 221, 229
Field, Herbert Haviland (father), 11–17, 27, 115, 167–68, 249
Field, Hermann (brother)
devotion to NHF, 167–68, 185, 218–19, 229
marriage of, 100
NHF’s correspondence with, 15–16, 18, 29–30, 217, 229–30, 232
and NHF’s Mainstream article, 221
and NHF’s Radio Budapest broadcast on UN Hungary report, 218–19
and NHF’s request for political asylum in Hungary, 195–96
post-imprisonment career of, 222–23
relationship with father, 15, 167–68
search for missing NHF in Prague, 164, 167, 223
and Slánský show trial, 160–61
Soviet arrest and imprisonment of, 165, 167–68, 176, 183, 185, 191–93, 220, 223, 229
Soviet release of, 185, 192–93
and Erica Wallach, 212–13, 229–30
and World War II, 97–100
Field, Herta Vieser (wife)
and Ferenc Aczél, 198
and Roger Baldwin, 48
and Communist Party, 57, 81, 139, 200
death of, 248
and exposure of NHF’s spying, 142, 144–45
faith in Communism, 109, 122, 184, 188, 200
and Hermann Field’s disappearance, 165–66
Hungary’s role in imprisonment of, 166, 187, 189–90, 193–95, 197–200
importance to NHF, 12, 90, 129, 182, 188, 246
marriage to NHF, 23, 53, 57, 110, 126, 129, 182, 184, 247
and Endre and Ilona Marton, 4, 196–97, 204–5
and Hede Massing, 52–54, 59, 65, 80–81
move to Geneva, 63–64
and NHF’s affairs, 110
as NHF’s childhood friend, 12, 30, 63
and NHF’s conversion to Communism, 46
NHF’s correspondence with, 40–41, 152
and NHF’s death, 247
and NHF’s disappearance, 163–64
and NHF’s State Department career, 26
post-prison life in Hungary, 224
post-release Soviet surveillance of, 187–89
and Prague Spring, 232
press reaction to defection of, 192, 196
and refugee work in France, 102–3, 105, 107–12, 113
request for political asylum in Hungary, 191–92
search for missing NHF in Prague, 164, 167
Soviet arrest and imprisonment of, 166–67, 181, 183–84, 187–88, 191, 193, 196, 206, 220, 240
support for NHF’s spying, 57, 67, 139
and Erica Wallach, 91–93, 113, 119, 125–26, 129, 132, 169–70, 180, 181, 184
Field, Hugh (nephew), 223
Field, Kate Thornycroft (sister-in-law)
and Hermann Field’s imprisonment and release, 168, 176, 185, 193, 223
and Hungarian refugees, 219
leftist politics of, 97
and Erica Wallach, 211
Field, Nina (mother)
and Roger Baldwin, 48
in Boston, 18
Hermann Field’s correspondence with, 98–99
and Hede and Paul Massing, 54, 57, 65
NHF’s correspondence with, 26–30, 35–36, 45, 56, 86–88, 113–14
and NHF’s early political writing, 13
and NHF’s relationship with father, 15
Field, Noel Haviland
and Ferenc Aczél, 198–99
and Roger Baldwin, 48
on Barcelona, 83
and Bonus Army, 34–35, 53, 224
book proposals by, 134–35
and Whittaker Chambers, 7, 49–50, 99, 138, 141
childhood and youth of, 11–16, 62, 63
death of, 247–48
disillusionment with US, 46, 124, 125
and Larry Duggan, 42, 46, 58, 68, 74, 75, 127, 132, 136, 143–44
and Allen Dulles, 14, 27, 68, 115–17, 120, 132, 140, 150, 154–58, 194, 215, 239
exposure of Communist spying activities, 141–42, 144–45, 150
feelings of alienation and estrangement, 16, 18–20, 22, 26, 29, 51, 125
in Geneva, 63–64
and Harvard University, 17–18, 23, 232, 246
health of, 132
and Alger Hiss, 3, 37, 49–50, 51, 54–55, 57–60, 74, 136, 138, 139, 141–43, 204, 206, 226
and House Un-American Activities Committee, 36, 45, 74, 75–76, 143, 152
and Walter Krivitsky, 61–62, 65–67, 73–74, 81–82, 118
and League of Nations Disarmament Section, 61, 64, 69, 74, 86
and London Naval Conference, 56–58
marriage of, 23, 53, 57, 110, 126, 129, 182, 184, 247
and Endre and Ilona Marton, 196–97, 204
and Hede Massing, 47, 50, 51–58, 61, 65, 79–82, 118, 139, 248
and Paul Massing, 52–58, 61, 62, 64–65, 79–82, 85, 118, 142
New Year’s resolutions, 31–32
and pacifism, 13, 14, 26, 39–40, 55, 61, 68
and Prague, 5–7, 151–52, 231–34
press coverage of, 4, 192–93, 195–96, 211
and Quakerism, 29, 39, 48, 55, 68, 102, 142, 245
radicalization of, 27, 28, 32, 34–35, 45
and Ignaz Reiss, 61–62, 64–66, 68, 73, 81–82, 118, 130–31, 245–46
relationship with father, 15–16, 26, 32, 35–36, 40, 56, 167, 249
and Franklin Roosevelt, 37
Sacco and Vanzetti case, 19–20, 22
and secrecy, 7, 30, 40, 45, 54, 107, 110, 124, 134, 142, 163, 249
show trials based on “confessions” of, 156–62, 172, 192, 231
and Spanish Civil War, 83, 85–89, 101, 105, 107, 161
and Josef Stalin, 3–4, 7–9, 29, 53, 68, 97, 108, 118, 158, 162, 188, 190, 200, 220, 229, 246
Stalin’s plans to kidnap, 151–52
torture and interrogation of, 154–58, 183, 188, 198–99, 220
Erica Wallach’s correspondence with, 93, 125–26, 129, 132, 135, 136, 145, 180, 230, 239–41
Erica Wallach’s relationship with, 90, 91–93, 113, 119–20, 129, 145, 169–70, 172, 178, 180, 181, 184, 206, 208, 211–12, 214, 221, 229–30, 236, 247
See also Communism; Communist Party; Hungary; Soviet Union; Unitarian Service Committee (USC); US State Department
Field family, 11–15, 45, 97, 168, 176, 183, 223
In the First Circle (Solzhenitsyn), 148–49
Fisher, Annie, 199
Fisk University, 27
Foster, William, 28
Foster, W. Z., 41
Fő Utca Prison, 184, 197, 204, 225
France
effect of World War II on, 129
Nazi Germany’s occupation of, 101, 111, 116
and Spanish Civil War, 87, 88–89, 91–92
Verdun battlefield, 12–13
World War II refugees in, 101–12, 113–14, 156, 183
Franco, Francisco, 64, 84, 85–86, 88, 91, 96, 130
Free German Committee, 116
Fry, Varian, 103–6, 108–10, 126
Fullerton, Hugh, 106
Gellhorn, Martha, 84
Gerig, Ben, 40
Germany
postwar division of, 121
and Spanish Civil War, 83–84, 90, 91
See also Berlin, Germany; East Germany; Nazi Germany; West Germany
Gimes, Miklós, 219
Ginzburg, Eugenia, 187
Glaser, Marie Therese, 89–93, 175–79, 208, 211, 241
Glaser, Wilhelm, 89–93, 179, 208
Goldberger, Sándor. See Peters, J.
Gonda, Eugene, 109
Gorbunov (KGB agent), 179–80
Gordey, Michel, 105, 108–9, 110, 144
Gorky, Maxim, 133
Gottwald, Klement, 152
Goya, Francisco, 87
Grace (princess of Monaco), 246
Great Depression, 2, 8–9, 19, 27, 32–35, 42
Greene, Graham, 5
Gromyko, Andrei, 227
GRU (Soviet military intelligence), 44–45, 50, 59, 226–27
Guernica (Picasso), 84
Gulag Archipelago
and NHF, 161
and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, 229, 238
and Erica Wallach, 171, 177, 207, 211, 236, 238
See also specific prisons
Gundel, Károly, 247–48
“Happy Days Are Here Again” (song), 37
Harvard University, 17–18, 23, 232, 246
Havel, Václav, 233
Haynes, John, 226
Hellman, Lillian, 22
Helms, Richard, 115
Henson, Francis, 126–27
Higginson, Feroline, 238–39
Highland Day School, Virginia, 236
hippies, 233
Hiss, Alger
attempts to prove innocence of, 225–26
and Roger Baldwin, 48
and Whittaker Chambers, 49–50, 60, 99, 100, 137–38, 141–42
and House Un-American Activities Committee, 75, 132, 137, 143
imprisonment of, 224–25
and Hede Massing, 54–55, 57–60
motivation for spying, 69
and NHF, 3, 37, 49–50, 51, 54–55, 57–60, 74, 136, 138, 139, 141–43, 204, 206, 226
and NKVD, 226–27
perjury conviction of, 49, 138, 159
and US State Department, 37, 54–55, 58, 74, 99, 137–38, 141
Hiss, Donald, 42
Hiss, Priscilla, 48
Hitler, Adolf
invasion of Poland, 99–100
liberals’ duty to oppose, 47
and Charles Lindbergh, 29
Mein Kampf, 90
and Willi Münzenberg, 102
pre–World War II aggression of, 85, 95–97
and Spanish Civil War, 84
suicide of, 120
and Treaty of Versailles, 52
and US/Russian alliance, 210
World War II plans of, 45
See also Nazi Germany
Hitler Youth, 90
Hoechster, Sig, 208–9
Hoover, J. Edgar, 50, 70, 79, 100, 137, 237
Hoovervilles, 32–34
Hopefield, Warrenton, Virginia, 174, 235–36, 241
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
and Whittaker Chambers, 75, 137–38, 143
and Larry Duggan, 75, 127, 143
and Alger Hiss, 75, 132, 137, 143
and J. B. Matthews, 36, 74, 76
and NHF, 36, 45, 74, 75–76, 143, 152
and J. Peters, 132
and postwar anti-Soviet sentiment, 137
and Erica Wallach, 237
Howe, Irving, 225–26
Hull, Cordell, 37, 72, 104, 247
Hungary
and Communists’ denouncement of Stalin, 200–201
and Herta Field’s imprisonment and release, 166, 184–85, 187, 189–90, 193–95, 197–200
and “goulash Communism,” 222, 228, 245
Hungarian Revolution, 43, 151, 197, 201–6, 212, 217–22, 228, 233, 245
NHF as editor/translator of New Hungarian Quarterly, 197–98, 220, 222, 228, 234, 248
and NHF’s imprisonment and release, 8, 153–55, 157, 161, 163, 166, 180, 181–82, 184–85, 187, 189–90, 193–95, 197–200, 225
NHF’s post-prison life in, 187, 189–91, 193–201, 218–19, 222, 223–24, 226–30, 243–45, 247–48
NHF’s request for political asylum in, 191–92, 195–96, 212
and NHF’s work for OSS, 117
J. Peters deported to, 132
Soviets’ forcing Communist rule over, 133, 134–35
See also AVO (Hungarian secret police)
“Hymn of the Soviet Union” (song), 248
Institute of International Education, 75
International Brigades, 85, 88, 91, 149, 172
“Internationale” (song), 37, 54, 248
International Rescue and Relief Committee, 126
ISIS, 3
I Write as I Please (Duranty), 31
Janko, Peter, 159
Japan, 57
Jewish Children’s Aid Society, 108
Jewish refugees, 101–4, 108, 109–10, 111, 214
Joy, Charles, 102, 111, 127–28
Kádár, Janos, 205, 219, 222, 245
Kalman, Andras, 117
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (Riazanov), 29
Kennan, George, 128–29, 176–77
Kennedy, Robert, 233
KGB
and Boris Bazarov, 81
and Alger Hiss, 226–27
and Hungary, 245
and Walter Krivitsky, 79
and Erica Wallach, 179
and Ware group, 44
Kirchwey, Freda, 136
Koestler, Arthur
and Communist espionage in Europe, 46, 96
conversion to Communism, 11, 40–41
disillusionment with Communism, 84, 235
and Willi Münzenberg, 21–22, 110
and Spanish Civil War, 84
and suicide, 96
on truth, 77
Kopecký, Václav, 160
Korondy, Béla, 158
Kosta, Oskar, 151
Kreikmeyer, Willi, 161
Kretschmer, Arpad, 161–62, 182, 204–5, 226
Krivitsky, Walter
assassination of, 78–79, 81, 219
and Whittaker Chambers, 77–78
disillusionment with Stalin, 73, 77, 102
and NHF, 61–62, 65–67, 73–74, 81–82, 118
and Stalin’s purges, 66
Kundera, Milan, 5
Kuti, Gyula, 117
Lattimore, Owen, 190
League of Nations, 25, 63, 64, 74, 85–86, 88, 108, 168
League of Nations Disarmament Section, 61, 64, 69, 74, 86
Lechtman, Tonia, 155
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich
and Communist Party dues, 44
death of, 62
and Allen Dulles, 115
and Willi Münzenberg, 102
and Russian Revolution, 21, 22, 27, 31, 62
statues of, 248–49
What Is to Be Done?, 30
Le Vernet camp, 89, 107, 158, 161
Levine, Isaac Don, 77
Lewis, Flora, 220
Lewis, Gwendolyn, 215–16
Lewisburg Penitentiary, 224
Lichtenberg Prison, 173
Liddell, Guy, 79
Light at Midnight (Erica Wallach), 238–39
Lincoln, Abraham, 8
Lindbergh, Charles, 28–29
Lipchitz, Jacques, 103
Lippmann, Walter, 36
Liszt, Franz, 247
London Naval Conference (1935–36), 56–58
Losey, Joseph, 246
Lothrop, John, 126
Lowell, A. Lawrence, 20
Lowrie, Donald, 101
Lubyanka Prison, 179
MacArthur, Douglas, 34–35
McCarthy, Eugene, 233
McCarthy, Joseph R., 49, 175–76, 190, 207, 210, 225–26
McIlvaine, Jane, 237
McIlvaine, Stevenson, 237
Maclean, Donald, 79
McNally, James C., 14
Madrid, Spain, 90–91
Mainstream, 220
Maléter, Pál, 219
Malraux, Andre, 84
Mann, Thomas, 103
Manual on Organization (Peters), 43
Mark, Eduard, 226
Marseille, France, 101, 102–3, 106
Marshall, George C., 210
Marton, Endre, 4, 159, 161–62, 196–97, 199, 202–6, 228
Marton, Ilona, 4, 159, 196, 199, 202–6, 228
Marton, Julia (author’s sister), 202–3, 205
Marxism, 21, 31, 53–54, 120, 200, 220, 223, 249
Massing, Hede
disillusionment with Stalin, 55, 66, 80, 118
and Larry Duggan, 47–48, 58, 60, 68
and Hermann Field, 98–99
handling of NHF as spy, 56–58, 61, 65, 79–82, 118, 139, 248
recall to Moscow, 79–81
recruitment of NHF, 47, 50, 51–56
and revolution in Europe, 62
Massing, Paul
disillusionment with Stalin, 66, 80, 118
and Larry Duggan, 68
and exposure of NHF’s spying, 142
and Hermann Field, 98–99
handling of NHF as spy, 56–58, 61, 64–65, 79–82, 85, 118
and Alger Hiss, 59
on NHF’s work for Unitarian Service Committee, 110–11
recall to Moscow, 79–81
and revolution in Europe, 62
Magyar architecture, 187
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 90
Metzler, Tibor, 190
Mexico, 125
Miedzeszyn prison, 165
Miller, Arthur, 207
Minor, Zina, 97, 106, 108, 110
Molière, 163
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 193
Mundt, Karl E., 143
Münzenberg, Willi, 21–22, 30, 66, 102, 110
Nagy, Rudolph, 189
Nansen passports, 108
Napoleon, 28
National Industrial Recovery Act, 37, 43
Nazi Germany
anti-fascist opposition to, 21, 52–53, 70–71, 83, 85, 105, 107, 120, 249
anti-Nazi resistance in Hungary, 155
concentration camps of, 52, 89, 96, 111
destruction of Eastern Europe, 128
and Therese Glaser, 179
invasion of Poland, 97, 99–100
and London Naval Conference, 57
NHF’s attitude toward, 109, 124
NHF’s importance in anti-Nazi movement, 61, 116, 117
occupation of Central and Eastern Europe, 115, 128
occupation of Czechoslovakia, 95–98
occupation of France, 101, 111, 116
OSS airdrops and sabotage in, 115
pre–World War II aggression of, 85, 95–97
and Ignaz Reiss, 65
and Josip Broz Tito, 147
and Treaty of Versailles, 52
Erica Wallach’s attitude toward, 90, 119–20
West’s passivity toward, 47, 55
See also Hitler, Adolf
New Hungarian Quarterly, 197–98, 220, 222, 228, 234, 248
The New Theatre and Cinema of Soviet Russia (Carter), 29
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 39
1984 (Orwell), 41
Nixon, Richard M., 49, 73, 138, 210, 224–25
NKVD
and Larry Duggan, 67
and Alger Hiss, 226–27
and Stalin/Tito conflict, 150
and Erica Wallach, 174
Nye, Gerald P., 58
Office of Strategic Services (OSS)
and Allen Dulles, 114–17, 120, 132
and German Communist Party, 121
and Erica Wallach, 120–21, 208
Ognjenovich, Milan, 158
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (Solzhenitsyn), 229
Orwell, George, 41, 83, 84, 86
O’Sheel, Shaemus, 1
Otlet, Paul, 32
pacifism
and NHF, 13, 14, 26, 39–40, 55, 61, 68
Pálffy, György, 158
Parsival (Wagner), 15
Perlo, Victor, 42
Pershing, John J., 28
Pétain, Marshal Phillipe, 103, 104
Peters, J., 43–44, 49–52, 99, 132, 138, 245–46
Pohl, Curt, 174–75
Poquelin, Jean-Baptiste, 163
Prague Spring, 231–34
Prohibition, 37
propaganda
and NHF, 193–95, 197, 219, 239
and Soviet Union, 30–31, 42, 193, 194–95
and Jo Tempi, 110
Quakerism
and Nina Field, 65
and Hermann Field, 167–68
and NHF, 29, 39, 48, 55, 68, 102, 142, 245
racial discrimination, 24, 26–27, 42
Radio Budapest, 218–19
Radio Free Europe, 184
Rajk, Julia, 200–201
Rajk, László, 151, 158–62, 172, 192, 197, 200–201, 248
Rákosi, Mátyás, 151, 158, 200–201
Ravndal, Christian, 184, 190–92, 196–97
Reed, John, 27
refugees
from German aggression, 89, 92, 96–99, 101–14, 156, 183, 214
Hungarian refugees, 219
Jewish refugees, 101–4, 108, 109–10, 111, 214
from Spanish Civil War, 87–89
Reiss, Ignaz
assassination of, 68, 70, 73, 77, 79, 81, 82, 102, 130, 219, 245–46
disillusionment with Stalin, 63, 66–67, 73, 118
and NHF, 61–62, 64–66, 68, 73, 81–82, 118, 130–31, 245–46
Republican Party, 24, 137, 143, 175, 177, 210, 225
Riazanov, David, 29
Rise of American Civilization (Beard), 29
Rivera, Diego, 69
Rogers, Will, 25
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 36
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
and Whittaker Chambers’s spy memo, 100, 137
and Winston Churchill, 123–24
and William Donovan, 114
and New Deal, 42, 43, 210, 225
and Sumner Welles, 60
Roth, Philip, 228
Russian Revolution, 21, 22, 27, 31, 62, 86, 248
Sacco and Vanzetti Defense Committees, 21
Sayre, Francis, 74
Schildbach, Gertrud, 68
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 115, 116–17, 167
Schmidt, Maria, 226
Schumannstrasse Prison, 171, 176
Sevareid, Eric, 33
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 243
Shostakovich, Dmitri, 179
Shpigelglas, Solomon, 67
Sinclair, Upton, 22
Slánský, Rudolph, 160–61, 192, 231
socialism
and Alger Hiss, 225–26
and J. Peters, 43
and Ignaz Reiss, 67
and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, 148
and Spanish Civil War, 86
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 147–49, 229, 238
Soviet Union
and Czechoslovakia, 152
destruction of Eastern Europe, 128–29
dissolution of, 248
Larry Duggan as spy for, 67–72, 74–75, 99, 142–44
and Herta Field’s imprisonment and release, 166–67, 181, 183–85, 187–88, 191, 193, 196, 206, 220, 240
and Hermann Field’s imprisonment and release, 165, 167–68, 176, 183, 185, 191–93, 220, 223, 229
and Hungarian Communist regime, 134–35
and Hungarian Revolution, 201–4, 218–22, 233, 245
and George Kennan, 177
and Nazi Germany’s aggression, 55
and New Hungarian Quarterly, 198
NHF as Soviet propagandist, 193–95, 197, 219, 239
NHF as Soviet spy, 51, 52, 56–57, 60–61, 64–67, 69, 73–74, 89, 99, 105, 108–9, 115, 117–18, 120, 124, 134, 137, 139, 176, 193, 208, 224, 245
NHF on Soviet détente policy, 222
NHF’s arrest and imprisonment, 6, 7–8, 153–58, 161, 163–64, 166–67, 170, 172, 176–77, 178, 180–85, 188, 196, 197, 199, 204, 206, 220, 224–25, 228, 232, 239–41, 246
NHF’s post-release surveillance, 187–89, 195
NHF’s propagandizing for, 193–95, 197, 219, 239
NHF’s release from prison, 180, 184–85, 193
NHF’s visit to Russia, 80–82, 85
postwar control of Eastern Europe, 133
postwar Europe plans of, 120–21
and Prague Spring, 231–34
and propaganda, 30–31, 42, 193, 194–95
relations with China, 229
and United Nations, 227
and Erica Wallach’s arrest and imprisonment, 171–80, 191, 210, 212, 214–15, 220, 237–40
Erica Wallach’s release from prison, 180, 207
West Berlin blockade, 134
See also Communism; Communist Party; Stalin, Josef
Spain
and Walter Benjamin, 96
NHF’s Communist contacts in, 120, 125, 136
NHF’s relief work in, 101
Spanish government in exile, 130
Spanish refugees in France, 105
and Erica Wallach, 119, 169, 172
Spanish Civil War, 41, 83–92, 101, 105, 107, 135, 151, 161
Stalin, Josef
anti-Semitism of, 160
Communists’ denouncement of, 200–201, 205, 222
cruelty of, 39, 41, 163, 167, 245
and Democratic Party, 210
distrust of international Communists, 62, 102, 118, 135, 149, 150
distrust of Old Guard Bolsheviks, 62, 66, 102, 150, 157
and Hungarian Revolution, 202
and Arthur Koestler, 21
and Lenin’s death, 62
and Jan Marasyk, 152
and Hede Massing, 55, 66, 80, 118
and NHF, 3–4, 7–9, 29, 53, 68, 97, 108, 118, 124, 129, 158, 162, 188, 190, 200, 220, 229, 246
and OSS Hungary mission participants, 117
plans for postwar Europe, 120–21, 124
and postwar control of Eastern Europe, 133, 136–37
and purges, 7, 66, 70–71, 86, 150
and Rajk show trial, 158–60
and Ignaz Reiss, 63, 66–67, 73, 118, 246
and Franklin Roosevelt, 100, 120
and Slánský show trial, 160–61
and Spanish Civil War, 84, 85–86
statues of, 248–49
and Josip Broz Tito, 147–51, 158
and Leon Trotsky, 246
and Harry Truman, 124
See also Communism; Communist Party; Soviet Union
Starr, Ringo, 246
The State and Revolution (Lenin), 27
Steffens, Lincoln, 22
Stettin, Edward R., Jr., 227
Stevens, Alexander. See Peters, J.
Stimson, Henry L., 247
Swing, Joseph M., 216
Switzerland
NHF’s childhood and youth in, 11–16, 23, 27, 62, 63, 115
and NHF’s escape from Gestapo, 111–12, 113
NHF’s involvement with international Communism, 118, 120
NHF’s job with League of Nations Disarmament Section, 61, 63–64, 69, 74
NHF’s loss of resident status in, 144
Erica Wallach in, 91, 92, 93, 102, 113, 119–20, 178
Syrkus, Helena, 164–65
Syrkus, Szymon, 164–65
Szalai, András, 158
Szönyi, Tibor, 117, 155, 158–60, 161
Taunzer, Helga, 214
Taylor, Daniel A., 20
Taylor, Elizabeth, 246
Tempi, Jo, 110–11, 118, 126, 127–28, 131
Ten Days That Shook the World (Reed), 27
Tennessee Valley Authority, 37
Tito, Josip Broz, 147–51, 155, 156, 158, 219
torture
of Willi Kreikmeyer, 161
of NHF, 154–58, 183, 187, 188, 198–99, 220
of Erica Wallach, 173
Treaty of Versailles, 51–52
Trotsky, Leon, 22, 53, 69, 86, 102, 246
Truman, Harry S., 124, 224, 225
Ukraine, 124
Unger, Lois, 214–15
Unitarian Service Committee (USC)
and Anna Duracz, 138–39
and Charles Joy, 102, 111, 127–28
and NHF as Communist agent, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110–11, 113, 127, 128, 130, 131, 150
NHF as head of Marseille office, 101–2, 105–7, 108, 109, 110–12
NHF fired from, 132
NHF on anti-Soviet position of, 124–25
NHF’s confrontations with, 126–27, 128, 129–32
and NHF’s hope for relief work in Eastern Europe, 128, 129
NHF’s pro-Communist refugee bias, 105–6, 108–9, 111, 113, 116–17, 129–32, 150, 156
United Nations, 75, 138, 217–19, 224, 227
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, 75
USSR. See Soviet Union
United States
absence from League of Nations, 63, 64
anti-refugee sentiment, 96
capitalism of, 2, 8, 22, 30, 35, 43, 45, 108
Civil War, 12
Communism’s appeal in post-Depression, 8–9
failure to rescue Jewish refugees, 101, 103–4, 108, 109, 214
and Fields’ request for political asylum in Hungary, 191–92, 195
government infiltration by Soviets, 44, 50
and McCarthyism, 210
and NHF’s arrest by Soviets, 166, 170
NHF’s disillusionment with, 46, 124, 125
passivity towards fascism, 2, 9, 45
postwar anti-Soviet sentiment, 137
post–World War I patriotism, 19
reaction to Hitler’s aggression, 52, 53, 55
Revolutionary War, 12
and Spanish Civil War, 84
and Erica Wallach, 210–16, 233, 241
US Agriculture Department, 42, 54
US Immigration and Naturalization Service, 213–16
US Justice Department, 210
US State Department
careless management of secrets, 56
and Whittaker Chambers, 60, 138, 141
and Larry Duggan, 46, 48, 69–72, 75, 99, 143
failure to rescue Jewish refugees, 101, 103–4, 108, 109
and Alger Hiss, 37, 54–55, 58, 74, 99, 137–38, 141
and Walter Krivitsky, 78–79
and Joseph McCarthy, 175–76, 190
NHF as Soviet spy in, 51, 56, 60–61, 69, 99, 129, 141, 176–77, 183
NHF’s arrest and imprisonment, 176–77, 183, 195–96
NHF’s career in, 7, 23–28, 35–37, 51–54, 56, 58, 62, 64, 141, 162, 168, 190, 246–47
and NHF’s post-prison Hungarian life, 199
and Soviet espionage, 44, 50, 56, 72, 175–76
and Erica Wallach, 169–70, 176, 177, 183, 210
Vai, Ferenc, 117
van Arkel, Gerhard, 120
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 19–22, 30, 102
Vassiliev, Alexander, 226
Venona files, 226
Vincent, John Carter, 157, 190
Volkogonov, Dmitri A., 226
Vorkuta Barracks (Gulag station), 177–78, 207
Wadleigh, Julian, 42
Wagner, Richard, 15
Wallach, Erica Glaser
and anti-Semitism, 89–90
Communism embraced by, 119–22, 136, 145
and Communist Party, 121, 169, 172, 184
death of, 241–42
disillusionment with Communism, 122, 206, 215, 236–37
and Herta Field, 91–93, 113, 119, 125–26, 129, 132, 169–70, 180, 181, 184
and Light at Midnight, 238–39
and Joseph McCarthy, 210
marriage of, 145, 169, 170, 173, 178–79, 208, 209, 212–13, 215, 235–36
NHF’s correspondence with, 93, 125–26, 129, 132, 135, 136, 145, 180, 230, 239–41
NHF’s relationship with, 90, 91–93, 113, 119–20, 129, 145, 169–70, 172, 178, 180, 181, 184, 206, 208, 211–12, 214, 221, 229–30, 236, 247
post-prison return to US, 210–16, 223, 241
post-release healing of, 222, 235–37, 241–42
release from Soviet imprisonment, 180, 207–8, 212
and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, 238
Soviet arrest and imprisonment, 171–80, 191, 210, 212, 214–15, 220, 237–40
Soviet trial and death sentence of, 173–74, 177, 179
and Spanish Civil War, 90–92
and University of Frankfurt, 121
and University of Geneva, 102, 113, 119–20
Wallach, Madeleine, 236
Wallach, Robert, 121, 145, 170, 175–78, 208–13, 215, 235–36
Wallach, Robert, Jr., 209, 236, 241
Wallner, Woodbridge, 129
Wall Street crash of 1929, 25, 33
Walter, Francis E., 216
Ware group, 42–47, 49–50, 132, 137
Warsaw Pact, 233
Watergate scandal, 225
Weil, Joseph, 108, 114, 117, 124, 125
Weinstein, Allen, 226
Welch, Joseph N., 207
Welch, Raquel, 246
Welles, Sumner, 60, 72, 75, 143
Wells, H. G., 123
Werfel, Franz, 103
West Germany, 128, 136, 174, 211
What Is to Be Done? (Lenin), 30
White, Dick, 79
Wilson, Hugh, 14
Witt, Nat, 42
Wolfe, Thomas, 33
World War I
and Bonus Army, 34
deaths from, 52
and Herbert Hoover, 33
NHF’s tour of battlefields, 12–14
Spanish Civil War compared to, 87
US patriotism after, 19
World War II
effect on Central and Eastern Europe, 123, 124
effect on France, 129
ending of, 120
German occupation of France, 101, 111
and Hitler’s invasion of Poland, 97
Hitler’s plans for, 45
Hitler’s prewar aggression, 85, 95–97
refugees in France, 101–12, 113, 114, 156, 183
Soviet plans for postwar Europe, 120–21, 124
Venona files of, 226
Young, Marguerite, 52