4.2.1.2 Coherence and phoric or deictic function words
(↑DuG9: 1120–1125)
346
The connectives (↑317–345) are not the only grammatical means used in Ancient
Greek to ensure the coherence of texts (↑316); there are also phoric and deictic function words that have such a role, i.e. above all the article and certain types of pronouns and pronominal adverbs. While connectives indicate the content relationship between two (sometimes more) successive propositions (with their “situations”), these words mainly refer to items (concepts and their referents) and larger elements introduced elsewhere in the text. In this way a dense network of relations42 is established that contributes decisively to the coherence of the text. In the following paragraphs (↑347–348) a short overview is given of the phoric and deictic ways of referring to what is introduced elsewhere in the text (“phora” and “deixis”) as well as of the words that are used in this process.
←623 | 624→347
Phora and deixis (↑DuG9: 1120f)
347a
1. One may speak of “phora” (↑φορά [the] carrying < φέρω to carry) in the case of purely intratextual references. Two kinds of references are distinguishable (by the direction in which they may move):
a) Anaphoric references, i. e. references that “carry” or lead the hearer/reader to an expression further up or back in the text (↑ἀναφέρω to carry up/back): the article or the pronoun refers back to a content word (or the phrase whose head it is), as its antecedent, sometimes also to a larger element, occurring previously in the text. E.g.:
| οὐκ ἔστιν δοῦλος (antecedent) μείζων τοῦ κυρίου αὐτοῦ. | A slave is not greater than his master. (Jn 13:16) |
The pron. αὐτοῦ his refers anaphorically back to the content word δοῦλος a slave.
b) Cataphoric references, i.e. references that “carry” or lead the hearer/reader to an expression further down in the text (↑καταφέρω to carry/bring down): the article or the pronoun refers to a content word (or the phrase whose head it is), sometimes also to a larger element, occurring further on in the text. E.g.:
| πιστὸς ὁ λόγος …, ὅτι Χριστὸς Ἰησοῦς ἦλθεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον ἁμαρτωλοὺς σῶσαι. | The [following] saying is trustworthy …: “Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners”. (1Tm 1:15) |
The article ὁ the refers cataphorically to what is expressed in ὅτι-clause.
347b
2. One speaks of “deixis” (↑δεῖξις [the] showing < δείκνυμι to show) in the case of extratextual references that point to concrete items or “situations” in the real world (“showing” them directly). Specific pronouns and some other types of expressions that are used anaphorically or cataphorically may at the same time be used anadeictically or catadeictically as well, allowing us to distinguish the following types of references:
a) Anadeictic references, i.e. references that do not only lead the hearer/reader (anaphorically) to expression elements further up in the text, but at the same time point to a concrete item or “situation” that is mentioned there. E.g.:
| τοῦτο ἤδη τρίτον ἐφανερώθη Ἰησοῦς τοῖς μαθηταῖς ἐγερθεὶς ἐκ νεκρῶν. | This was now the third time Jesus appeared to his disciples after he was raised from the dead. (Jn 21:14) |
The dem. pron. τοῦτο this points anadeictically back to a “situation” mentioned further up in the text.
b) Catadeictic references, i.e. references that do not only lead the hearer/reader (cataphorically) to expression elements further down in the text, but at the same time point to a concrete item or “situation” mentioned there. E.g.:
| Τάδε λέγει ὁ ἔχων τὴν ῥομφαίαν τὴν δίστομον τὴν ὀξεῖαν· | This is what the one who has the sharp double-edged sword says: (Re 2:12) |
The dem. pron. τάδε this points catadeictically down to a “situation” mentioned further down in the text.
←624 | 625→347c
Note that phora and deixis do not always move in the same direction. Thus, the demonstrative pronoun ἐκεῖνος that, for instance, may refer back anaphorically to something that was mentioned earlier and at the same time point forward catadeictically to some special information given later. E.g.:
| μακάριος ὁ δοῦλος ἐκεῖνος ὃν ἐλθὼν ὁ κύριος | Blessed is that servant whom his master will find |
| αὐτοῦ εὑρήσει οὕτως ποιοῦντα· | so doing when he comes. (Mt 24:46) |
The dem. pron. ἐκεῖνος that refers back anaphorically to the servant topic dealt with earlier and at the same time points forward catadeictically to the special information given later (in the relative clause).
Words used for phora and deixis (↑DuG9: 1121–1125)
The function words used to indicate phoric and deictic references are above all:
348a
1. The article (the most important concomitant of nouns or nominalized expressions; for details ↑130–136): When speakers/writers use the article as a determiner of a noun phrase, they expect the hearers/readers to be able to easily recognize what entity or “situation” exactly is being referred to. The article typically refers back anaphorically to some information already given earlier in the text.43 The definiteness indicated by the article may, however, extend to something that is not explicitly mentioned, but is assumed to be known in the situation in which the text is uttered, on the basis of the presupposed world and action knowledge (especially the frames; ↑309d/313), in many cases including text knowledge (inter alia regarding intertextuality; ↑309e).
When a noun phrase, that could have the article, is without one, indefiniteness is generally implied (on important exceptions ↑133–136). Indefiniteness is sometimes made explicit by means of the indefinite pronoun τις some/any (when used as an attributive noun concomitant; for occasional alternatives ↑144b). In such cases a cataphoric relationship is typically established. Indefinite expressions often serve to introduce a new entity.44 E.g.:
| Ἦν δέ τις μαθητὴς ἐν Δαμασκῷ ὀνόματι Ἁνανίας, καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐν ὁράματι ὁ κύριος· Ἁνανία. ὁ δὲ εἶπεν· ἰδοὺ ἐγώ, κύριε. | Now there was a disciple in Damascus named Ananias. The Lord said to him in a vision, “Ananias,” and he replied, “Here I am, Lord.” (Ac 9:10) |
The indefinite τὶς μαθητής a disciple introduces a new entity with a cataphoric relationship being established: some more specific information about this entity is to be expected in what follows in the text. ὁ κύριος the Lord with the article is definite, since the referent can be easily recognized on the basis of the presupposed world or text knowledge. The pronominal use of the article in the expression ὁ δέ and he points back anadeictically to Ananias, the entity just introduced.
An example of the article being used cataphorically is found in 347a.
←625 | 626→348b
2. Personal pronouns (including possessive forms; for details ↑139–140) as well as the personal endings of finite verb forms (expressing a nominative subject; ↑255d) may refer back anaphorically to content elements occurring earlier in the text. This does not, however, apply to all of them: in the 1st and 2nd person (“I”/ “we”; “you” sg./pl.) they “point” (deictically) to extralinguistic entities, i.e. to the speaker(s) and to the hearer(s) respectively. In typical contexts the 3rd person (“he”/ “she”/“it”/“they”) is used anaphorically: a) when it is expressed by the personal ending of a finite verb (as the only element standing for the nominative subject) or b) by oblique case forms (gen., dat. or acc.) of personal pronouns (the use of the nominative of αὐτός will, however, mostly have to be regarded as anadeictic). E.g.:
| ἐλθὼν εἰς τὸν οἶκον συγκαλεῖ τοὺς φίλους καὶ τοὺς γείτονας λέγων αὐτοῖς· συγχάρητέ μοι, ὅτι εὗρον τὸ πρόβατόν μου τὸ ἀπολωλός. | When he comes home, he calls together his friends and neighbours, saying to them, ‘Rejoice with me, for I have found my sheep that was lost.’ (Lk 15:6) |
-εῖ he refers (anaphorically) to ἄνθρωπος a person in v. 4 and αὐτοῖς to them to the entities just mentioned, τοὺς φίλους καὶ τοὺς γείτονας his friends and neighbours; -τε (2nd pl. ending of rejoice), however, “points” (deictically) to the hearers addressed in the context (friends and neighbours), μοι with me, -ον I and μου my to the speaker (the one who recovered his sheep).
| μακάριοι οἱ πεινῶντες καὶ διψῶντες τὴν δικαιοσύνην, ὅτι αὐτοὶ χορτασθήσονται. | Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be filled. (Mt 5:6) |
αὐτοί they refers back to οἱ πεινῶντες καὶ διψῶντες τὴν δικαιοσύνην those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, either purely anaphorically or perhaps also anadeictically.
The 3rd person personal ending of a finite verb may also refer (cataphorically) to what is expressed later in the text, provided it happens within a reasonably limited space. E. g.:
| Εἱστήκεισαν δὲ παρὰ τῷ σταυρῷ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἡ ἀδελφὴ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ … | Standing by the cross of Jesus were his mother, his mother’s sister … (Jn 19:25) |
-αν they (not expressed in English) refers (cataphorically) to ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ καί … his mother and …
348c
3. Demonstratives (demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs; ↑61) are used in three basic ways (for more details on the pronouns ↑141a):
a) anadeictically (pointing to concrete items or “situations” identified earlier in the text),
b) catadeictically (pointing to concrete items or “situations” identified later in the text) or
c) purely deictically (pointing directly to concrete items or “situations” in the speech context).
Examples of the use of the demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this (↑141c):
| οὗτοι οὖν προσῆλθον Φιλίππῳ … λέγοντες· κύριε, θέλομεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἰδεῖν. | So these approached Philip … and said, “Sir, we wish to see Jesus.” (Jn 12:21) |
οὗτοι these points anadeictically to the “Greeks” identified in v. 20.
←626 | 627→| θρησκεία καθαρὰ καὶ ἀμίαντος παρὰ τῷ θεῷ καὶ πατρὶ αὕτη ἐστίν, ἐπισκέπτεσθαι ὀρφανοὺς καὶ χήρας ἐν τῇ θλίψει αὐτῶν | Religion that is pure and undefiled before God the Father is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress … |
| … | (Jas 1:27) |
αὕτη this points catadeictically to the behavioural patterns identfied later in the text.
| οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός, ἀκούετε αὐτοῦ. | This is my beloved Son. Listen to him. (Mk 9:7) |
οὗτος this has a purely deictic role, pointing to Jesus who is present in the speech context.
Demonstrative adverbs are used analogously, e.g. ἐκεῖ there: a) Mk 6:10 (anadeictic): b) Ps 13:5 LXX (catadeictic [occurring comparatively rarely]); c) Jas 2:3 (purely deictic).
348d
4. Relatives (↑142; 289–290; 319) typically have a dual function at the text level: a) as connectives they connect sentences (with relative clauses mostly providing some additional information on a certain entity referred to by an antecedent in the superordinate construction; ↑341); b) as reference words they usually have an anaphoric role. E.g.:
| ἄνθρωπός τις ἦν πλούσιος ὃς εἶχεν οἰκονόμον … | There was a rich man who had a manager … (Lk 16:1) |
The relative pronoun ὅς who as a connective connects the relative clause with the main clause; at the same time, it refers (anaphorically) to ἄνθρωπός τις … πλούσιος a rich man.
Relative adverbs such as ὅπου where are used analogously, e. g. in Jn 19:41.
Relatives without an antecedent naturally will not have an anaphoric role (↑319b).
4.2.2 Coherence and the content side of text structures
(↑DuG9: 1151–1159)
349
The coherence of texts is not only tied to the grammatical side of text structures (↑316–345). It is also hinges very much on the way the content side is structured: Appropriate (lexical) content words conveying concepts have to come into play; and these need to be combined in an adequate way into propositions and proposition complexes (↑312). This allows speakers/writers to indicate what concrete entities they refer to, what they mean to say about them and what their communicative intentions are. They will also take care to choose a text production strategy (with the appropriate text types/genres) that best suits their intentions (↑304–305). When doing so they will rely on the various types of cultural knowledge that linguistic communication depends on: lexical knowledge, world and action knowledge as well as text knowledge (↑309c–309e). In the present grammar only a very small part of the content factors relevant to the coherence of texts may be treated. We shall limit ourselves to two types that seem particularly important:
←627 | 628→1. Content words (expressing coreferentiality; ↑350–351);
2. Propositional structure (content relations between hierarchically arranged propositions; ↑352–353).
4.2.2.1 Content words
Coherence and coreferentiality (↑DuG9: 1154; Crystal: 116f)
Content words by means of coreferentiality contribute to the coherence of texts as is similarly done by phoric or deictic function words (↑346–348): In a text the same concrete persons, things or “situations” may be repeatedly referred to. When words or phrases make reference to the same (concrete extralinguistic) entity one speaks of “coreference”; they are “coreferential”; there is “coreferentiality”. E. g.:
| Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος. οὗτος ἦν ἐν ἀρχῇ πρὸς τὸν θεόν. | In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. This [Word]/He was with God in the beginning. (Jn 1:1f) |
The function words ὁ the and οὗτος this contribute anaphorically/anadeictically to the coherence of the text, the content word λόγος (the) word by means of coreferentiality (repetition; ↑351; 294n).
Types of coreferentiality (↑DuG9: 1151–1157)
Coreferentiality is brought about in various ways:
a) By repetition, i.e. the same content word (or phrase) is repeated, e.g. ἡ ἀγάπη (the) love in 1Cor 13:4.8.13 (also ↑294j–294r).
b) By lexical substitution, i.e. another expression is used (coreferentially) to refer to the same concrete entity or “situation”, either
(1) a “synonym” (an expression with the same or very similar lexical meaning), e.g. ἐτήρουν I protected (them) and ἐφύλαξα I guarded (them) in Jn 17:12 (also ↑352b,11; 294u); with a similar force sometimes a negated “antonym” (an expression that means the opposite lexically), e.g. ἀλήθειαν λέγω οὐ ψεύδομαι I am telling the truth, I am not lying in 1Tm 2:7 (also ↑352b,16; 294y), or
(2) a “hyperonym” (generic term) or a “hyponym” (specific term), e.g. τὰς ἐντολάς μου my commandments (hyponym) and τὸν λόγον μου my word (hyperonym) in Jn 14:21.23 or εἴπατε (you must) say (hyperonym) and κηρύξατε (you must) proclaim (hyponym) in Mt 10:27.
←628 | 629→4.2.2.2 Propositional structure
Semantic relations between propositions
352a
On the grammatical side of text structures connectives play a major role in marking the ways in which sentences/propositions are related to one another (↑317–321). A systematic overview of the types of content relations (connections) that these may indicate, largely dependent on DuG9: 1091ff, was given above (↑323–345). In that overview continual reference was made to another approach to systematizing content relations (↑323c). While the approach of DuG9 is inseparably tied to the use of grammatical means, particularly connectives, this one, by contrast, is more clearly dependent on semantic-communicative considerations: the propositional structure is explored and described mainly from the perspective of the content side of text structures. Going beyond what is explicitly indicated by linguistic means, it is aimed not only at considering individual propositions and their relations to their immediate neighbours, but also at highlighting the way in which they relate to the overall content communicated by the text (also taking into account figures of speech and content elements that are indirectly/implicitly communicated; ↑314h). As it distinguishes between propositions of equal and propositions of unequal communicational weight/prominence this approach allows us to deal in a well-founded manner with the hierarchical propositional structure of a text (↑312d/312e). This approach commends itself for a further reason: it is based on typological studies taking into account a wide range of language types and, though undoubtedly improvable, is likely to be applicable to linguistic communication in general.
The work by Callow (1998) is a serious scholarly, yet accessible introduction to this approach. Introductions that are geared to the concrete needs of those involved in text interpretation and translation are found inter alia in the various volumes of the SIL International series Semantic and Structural Analysis, e.g. by Banker (1996), Deibler (1998), Hart (2001), Johnson (2008), Persson (2016). The chart of semantic-communicative relations between propositions of 352b is taken from these publications.
←629 | 630→352b
The following chart shows how according to this approach the semantic-communicative relations between the propositions of a text may be systematized:
Note that the sequence or the semantic-communicative weight or both may sometimes deviate from what is indicated above (where typical cases are taken into account).
352c
Examples (a translation into English represents the propositions, which themselves are language independent [↑312a]; in bold: the proposition that carries more communicative weight [in cases of unequal prominence]; square brackets: implied elements):
(1) He spoke to the woman watching the gate and [then] brought Peter in. (Jn 18:16; ↑327)
After they had mocked him, they stripped him of the purple robe. (Mk 15:20; ↑328b)
←630 | 631→I will follow you, Lord; but first permit me … (Lk 9:61; ↑329b)
Go and [then] see. (Mk 6:38; ↑327)
(2) They were on their way to him. Meanwhile the disciples kept urging him … (Jn 4:30f; ↑330b) David himself calls him “Lord”. How can he [at the same time] be his son? (Mk 12:37; ↑330b)
(3) God has given us eternal life, and this life is in his Son. (1Jn 5:11; ↑325d)
Be of one mind, [and] live in peace. (2Cor 13:11; ↑325f)
(4) Whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner … (1Cor 11:27; ↑326b) (Be persistent) [whether] it is convenient [or] inconvenient. (2Tm 4:2; ↑326c)
(5) … they arrested him. But one … drew his sword … (Mk 14:46f; ↑338b)
(6) He said to them, “The harvest is abundant …” (Lk 10:2; ↑323b)
They said he was a god. (Ac 28:6; ↑323b)
Jesus saw her weeping. (Jn 11:33; ↑323b)
Believe me that I am in the Father and the Father is in me. (Jn 14:11; ↑323b)
It is good for us to be here. (Mk 9:5; ↑323b)
(7) Foreseeing this he spoke about the resurrection of the Messiah. (Ac 2:31; ↑335)
(8) As they entered the tomb, they saw a young man … (Mk 16:5; ↑328)
(9) They do all their deeds to be seen by people. (Mt 23:5; ↑321)
(10) Then the rest of the Jews joined his hypocrisy, so that even Barnabas was led astray by their hypocrisy. (Ga 2:13; ↑334)
(11) Be sober-minded; be watchful. (1Pe 5:8; ↑322a; 341)
(12) Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you. (Mt 5:44; ↑312c; 341)
(13) Treat your slaves in the same way: Stop threatening them. (Eph 6:9; ↑322a; 341)
(14) I have more than enough; I am fully satisfied, now that I have received from Epaphroditus the gifts you sent. (Php 4:18; ↑322a; 341)
(15) … you hear and see: the blind receive their sight and the lame walk, lepers are cleansed …
(Mt 11:4f; ↑322a; 341)
(16)… who did not spare his own Son, but gave him up for us all … (Ro 8:32; ↑338b)
(17) The day of the Lord will come like a thief in the night. (1Th 5:2; ↑344)
(18) The kingdom of God [grows] like this: A farmer scatters seed on the ground. He goes to sleep and gets up, night and day; the seed sprouts and grows … (Mk 4:26ff; ↑344)45
(19) … to offer a sacrifice according to what is specified in the law of the Lord. (Lk 2:24; ↑344)
(20) Build up/Strengthen one another, just as you are doing. (1Th 5:11; ↑344)
(21) All run, but only one gets the prize. (1Cor 9:24; ↑338b)
(22) Because he was of the same trade, he stayed with them. (Ac 18:3; ↑333b)
(23) He avenged the oppressed man by striking down the Egyptian. (Ac 7:24; ↑335)
(24) I have written these things to you … so that you may know that … (1Jn 5:13; ↑336)
(25) If you do these things, you will never stumble. (2Pe 1:10; ↑331)
(26) Although he had done so many signs in their presence, they did not believe in him. (Jn 12:37; ↑339b)
(27) These people are not drunk … After all, it’s only nine in the morning. (Ac 2:15; ↑322d)
(28) Don’t be afraid; you are worth more than many sparrows. (Lk 12:7; ↑312b)
(29) Only, we were to be mindful of the poor, which was actually what I was eager to do. (Ga 2:10; ↑319d)
(30) But when you see “the abomination of desolation” standing …(let the reader understand)… (Mk 13:14; ↑341)
(31) I have found the coin that I had lost. (Lk 15:9; ↑319a)
(32) You are in Christ Jesus, who became for us wisdom from God… (1Cor 1:30; ↑319a)
←631 | 632→353
Example: relational structure of Philippians 2:5–11
353a
The connectives, the standard signals of text structures on the grammatical side, indicate the following type of content structure:
| type of connection: | text (syntactic display; in bold: connectives): | |
| – (asyndesis) | 5 | Τοῦτο φρονεῖτε ἐν ὑμῖν |
| Have this mind among yourselves | ||
| explanatory (rel.) | ὃ καὶ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ, | |
| which was also in Christ Jesus: | ||
| explanatory (rel.) | 6 | ὃς ↓ |
| Who, | ||
| concessive (p.c.) | ἐν μορφῇ θεοῦ ὑπάρχων | |
| though he was in the form of God, | ||
| ↑οὐχ ἁρπαγμὸν ἡγήσατο | ||
| did not consider | ||
| (content; ↑323b) | τὸ εἶναι ἴσα θεῷ, | |
| equality with God something to cling to, | ||
| adversative (c/conj.) | 7 | ἀλλ᾽ ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν |
| rather, he emptied himself | ||
| modal (p.c.) | μορφὴν δούλου λαβών, | |
| by taking on the form of a slave | ||
| additive (asyndesis) | ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος· | |
| by coming in human likeness. | ||
| additive (c/conj.) | καὶ ↓ | |
| And | ||
| temporal-anterior (p.c.) | σχήματι εὑρεθεὶς ὡς ἄνθρωπος | |
| when he appeared in human form, | ||
| 8 | ↑ἐταπείνωσεν ἑαυτὸν | |
| he humbled himself | ||
| modal (p.c.) | γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου, | |
| by becoming obedient to the point of death, | ||
| additive (c/conj.) | θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ. | |
| even death on a cross. | ||
| consequential (c/conj./adv.) | 9 | διὸ καὶ ὁ θεὸς αὐτὸν ὑπερύψωσεν |
| Therefore also God has highly exalted him | ||
| additive (c/conj.) | καὶ ἐχαρίσατο αὐτῷ τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα, | |
| and bestowed on him the name that is above every other name, | ||
| purpose-oriented (s/conj.) | 10 | ἵνα ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ ἐπουρανίων καὶ ἐπιγείων καὶ καταχθονίων |
| so that at the name of Jesus every knee will bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, | ||
| additive (c/conj.) | 11 | καὶ πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσηται ↓ |
| and every tongue will confess | ||
| (content; ↑323b) | ὅτι κύριος Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς | |
| that Jesus Christ is Lord, | ||
| purpose-oriented (prep.) | ↑εἰς δόξαν θεοῦ πατρός. | |
| to the glory of God the Father. |
353b
The semantic-communicative approach (↑352) may lead to a more detailed (hierarchical) content structure. For principles applicable to this kind of analysis ↑312e.
The display below is based on Banker: 84. The explicit translation (adjusted to the needs of the analysis) is his. His hierarchical structure is slightly modified here. His “paragraph patterns” (5a: appeal; 5b–11b: motivational bases) have not been taken into account. Note that at various points different solutions are possible (the quality of the analysis depends on the quality of our exegesis; ↑312f).
354
Alphabetical list of connectives and the like
accusative (adverbial)
mod.-instr. 335a
restr. 342a
adverbs or the like 320 325a
article phoric 348a
asyndesis 322a
cases 321 325a
conjunctions 318 325a
connectives basics 322 325a
dative
caus. 333a
mod.-instr. 335a
τῷ + inf./ACI mod.-instr. (outside NT) 335a
deictic words 346ff
demonstratives deictic 348c
genitive
explan. 341a
caus. (CG) 333a
purp. 336a
τοῦ + inf./ACI conseq. 334a
infinitive/ACI non-articular (also τοῦ +)
conseq. 334a
content 323b
explan. (also τό +) 341a
purpose 336a
ἐφ᾿ ᾧ cond. (CG) 331a
ἐφ᾿ ᾧτε cond. (CG) 331a
infinitive/ACI articular
ἀντί + advers. (1×) 338a
διά + acc. + caus. 333a
διά + gen. + temp.-simul. 330a
εἰς + conseq. 334a; purp. 336a
ἐν + mod.-instr. 335a; temp.-ant. 328a
ἕνεκεν + purp. (1×) 336a
ἐπί + dat. purp. (CG) 336a
ἕως + temp.-post. (1×) 329a
μετά + acc. temp.-ant. 328a
πρίν (ἤ) temp.-post. 329a
πρό + gen. temp.-post. 329a
τό explan. 341a
τῷ mod.-instr. 335a
participles 322a 325a
p.c. fut./(NT) pres. purp. 336a
p.c./gen. abs.
add. 325c
advers. 338a
caus. 333a
comp. 344a
conc. 339a
cond. 331a
mod.-instr. 335a
temp.-ant. 328a
temp.-simul. 330a
personal pronouns phoric-deictic 348b
phoric words 346ff
prepositions 321 325a
relatives
connectives 319 323b 325a
phoric words 348d
ἀλλ᾽ ἤ c/conj. advers. 338a
ἀλλά c/conj. advers. 338a
ἅμα adv. temp.-simul. 330a
ᾱ̓́ν (clause initial) s/conj. cond. 331a
ἀνθ᾿ ὧν s/conj. caus. 333a
ἀντί prep.
advers. 338a
+ inf./ACI advers. (1×) 338a
ἀπό prep.
caus. 333a
temp.-simul. 330a
ἄρα adv.
caus. 333a
cond. 331a
ἄρα c/conj. conseq. 334a
ἀτάρ c/conj. advers. (CG) 338a
αὐτὸ τοῦτο adv. caus. 333a
ἀφ᾽ ἧς s/conj. temp.-simul. 330a
ἀφ᾿ οὗ s/conj. temp.-simul. 330a
ἄχρι(ς) (οὗ) s/conj.
temp.-simul. 330a
temp.-post. 329a
ἄχρι(ς) prep. temp.-post. 329a
γάρ c/conj.
caus. 333a
restr. 342a
δέ c/conj.
add. 325c
advers. 338a
explan. 341a
restr. 342a
διά + acc. prep.
caus. 333a
purp. 336a
+ inf./ACI caus. 333a
διά + gen. prep.
caus. 333a
mod.-instr. 335a
temp.-ant. 328a
temp.-simul. 330a
+ inf./ACI temp.-simul. 330a
διὰ τοῦτο adv. caus. 333a
διὰ χειρός prep. mod.-instr. 335a
διό adv. caus. 333a
διό (= δι᾿ ὅ) c/conj. conseq. 334a
διόπερ c/conj. conseq. 334a
διότι s/conj. caus. 333a
ἐάν s/conj. cond. 331a
ἐὰν καί s/conj. conc. 339a
ἐὰν μή s/conj. restr. 342a
ἐάνπερ s/conj. cond. 331a
εἰ s/conj.
cond. 331a
content 323b
εἴ γε s/conj. cond. 331a
εἰ δὲ μή γε adv. cond. 331a
εἰ καί s/conj. conc. 339a
εἰ μή s/conj. restr. 342a
εἰ μήτι s/conj. restr. 342a
εἵνεκεν prep.
caus. 333a
purp. 336a
εἴπερ s/conj. cond. 331a
εἰς prep.
caus. 333a
conseq. 334a
purp. 336a
temp.-post. 329a
+ inf./ACI conseq. 334a
+ inf./ACI purp. 336a
εἶτα adv. temp.-ant. 328a
εἴτε – εἴτε c/conj./s/conj.
alt. 326a
cond. 331a
content 323b
ἐκ prep.
caus. 333a
mod.-instr. 335a
temp.-simul. 330a
ἐκτὸς εἰ μή s/conj. restr. 342a
←634 | 635→ἐν prep.
caus. 333a
conc. 339a
cond. 331a
mod.-instr. 335a
temp.-simul. 330a
+ inf./ACI mod.-instr. 335a
+ inf./ACI temp.-ant. 328a
ἐν τῷ μεταξύ adv. temp.-simul. 330a
ἐν τούτῳ adv. caus. 333a
ἐν χειρί prep. mod.-instr. 335a
ἐν ᾧ s/conj.
caus. 333a
temp.-simul. 330a
temp.-post. (1×) 329a
ἕνεκα prep.
caus. 333a
purp. 336a
ἕνεκεν prep.
caus. 333a
purp. 336a
+ inf./ACI purp. (1×) 336a
ἐξ οὗ s/conj. temp.-simul. 330a
ἐπάν s/conj. temp.-simul. 330a
ἐπεί adv. cond. 331a
ἐπεί s/conj.
caus. 333a
temp.-ant. (CG/LXX) 328a
ἐπειδή s/conj.
caus. 333a
temp.-ant. 328a
ἐπειδήπερ s/conj. caus. (1×) 333a
ἐπείπερ s/conj. caus. (CG) 333a
ἔπειτα adv. temp.-ant. 328a
ἐπί + dat. prep.
caus. 333a
purp. (CG) 336a
temp.-simul. 330a
+ inf./ACI purp. (CG) 336a
ἐπί + gen./dat./acc. prep. temp.-simul. 330a
ἔστε s/conj. (CG)
temp.-post. 329a
temp.-simul. 330a
ἔτι adv. add. 325c
εὐθέως/εὐθύς temp.-simul. 330a
ἐφ᾿ ὅσον s/conj. temp.-simul. 330a
ἐφ᾿ ᾧ s/conj. caus. 333a
ἐφ᾿ ᾧ + inf./ACI cond. (CG) 331a
ἐφ᾿ ᾧτε + inf./ACI cond. (CG) 331a
ἕως prep. temp.-post. 329a
ἕως (οὗ/ὅτου) s/conj.
temp.-simul. 330a
temp.-post. 329a
ἕως prep. + inf./ACI temp.-post.
(1×) 329a
ἤ c/conj.
alt. 326a
+ inf./ACI comp. 344a
ἤ – ἤ c/conj. alt. 326a