Notes
Chapter One
1 Essay dated 26 May 1888: Churchill papers.
2 An exchange recounted on many occasions by Churchill’s son Randolph during the author’s time as one of his research assistants (1962–1967).
3 Letter dated September 1892: Churchill papers.
4 Letter of 24 October 1893: Churchill papers.
5 Letter of 12 October 1892: Churchill papers.
6 Kenneth Rose, Elusive Rothschild: The Life of Victor, Third Baron, pages 68–70.
7 Letter of 30 September 1895: Churchill papers.
8 Randolph S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, Volume One, page 293.
9 Henry C. Semon and Thomas A. McIntyre (editors), The Autobiography of Sir Felix Semon, page 191. In his recollections, Semon misdated this meeting to 1900.
10 Letter dated 8 September 1898; Churchill papers.
11 Randolph S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, Volume One, page 288.
12 Letter dated 21 April 1897: Churchill papers.
13 Letter dated 3 May 1899: Churchill papers.
14 Winston S. Churchill, My Early Life, page 369.
15 In the money values of today, £500,000 ($250,000).
16 Letter dated 25 September 1921: Mountbatten papers. (In 1922 Edwina Ashley married the future Admiral of the Fleet, Earl Mountbatten of Burma.)
17 Letter dated 22 January 1901: Churchill papers.
18 Venetia Montagu papers.
19 Undated letter, 1907: Churchill papers, 28/27.
Chapter Two
1 The Times, Manchester Guardian, and other newspapers, 31 May 1904.
2 Letter dated 31 May 1904: Churchill papers.
3 Jewish Chronicle, 1 July 1904.
4 Reported in the Jewish Chronicle, 15 July 1904.
5 Jewish Chronicle, 15 December 1905.
6 Letter of 2 January 1906: Churchill papers.
7 Letter of 2 January 1906: Churchill papers.
8 Letter of 3 January 1906, Daily Telegraph, 4 January 1906.
9 Letter of 3 January 1906: Churchill papers.
10 ‘Manchester Subscriptions paid in 1906’ and ‘Subscriptions paid in 1907’: Churchill papers, 1/55.
11 The Times, 22 October 1906.
12 Letter of 8 February 1907: Herbert Gladstone papers.
13 Gaster papers.
14 Letter of 30 January 1908: Gaster papers.
15 Letter of 25 April 1908: Churchill papers.
16 Jewish Chronicle, 16 October 1908.
17 Home Office papers.
18 Home Office papers.
19 Jewish Chronicle, 25 August 1911.
20 Board of Deputies of British Jews Archive.
21 Home Office papers.
Chapter Three
1 Professor Selig Brodetsky, Memoirs: from Ghetto to Israel, page 70.
2 Letter of 29 September 1914: Churchill papers, 1/113.
3 Letter of 29 January 1913, Reform Club archive.
4 Ivon Fallon, Billionaire, pages 28–29. Goldsmith served in 1915 at Gallipoli with the Suffolk Yeomanry. In 1934, on a visit to Jerusalem, Churchill stayed at the King David Hotel, of which Goldsmith was one of the founders.
5 Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error: The Autobiography of Chaim Weizmann, page 171. Weizmann misdated this meeting to March 1916, after Churchill had left the Admiralty and was serving as a soldier on the Western Front. As Home Secretary in 1910, Churchill had signed Weizmann’s naturalisation papers.
6 Letter to H. H. Asquith (Prime Minister), 29 December 1914: Churchill papers, 26/1.
7 Note of 15 March 1915: Sir Edward Grey (Viscount Grey of Falloden) papers.
8 André Maurois, letter to the author, 1969.
9 Baroness Clementine Spencer-Churchill papers.
10 Ministry of Munitions papers.
11 Published in the Jewish Chronicle, 9 November 1917 (the British Government withheld publication for a week to enable the Jewish paper to carry it first).
12 Among those Russian-born American Jews who enlisted in the British Army in 1918 was Nehemia Rubitzov, who stayed on in Palestine, where, in 1922, his son, later known as Yitzhak Rabin, was born.
13 Recollection of Gilbert Hall (Churchill’s pilot in 1918) in conversation with the author, 1971.
14 Letter of 26 December 1918: Lloyd George papers.
15 Michael Adler (editor), British Jewry Book of Honour, page xix.
16 Letter of 2 June 1919: War Office papers, 32/5692.
17 Telegram of 6 June 1919 to General Gough: War Office papers.
18 Telegram of 18 September 1919: Churchill papers, 16/18.
19 Press statement, 14 October 1919: Churchill papers, 16/12.
20 Departmental note, ‘Outline of Instructions for General Haking’, 21 October 1919: Churchill papers, 16/18.
21 Letter of 9 October 1919: Churchill papers, 16/18.
22 Letter of 10 October 1919: Churchill papers, 16/12.
23 Letter of 19 September 1919: War Office papers, 32/5732.
24 Letter of 15 October 1919: War Office papers, 32/5732.
25 Cabinet memorandum, 14 October 1919: Churchill papers, 16/18.
Chapter Four
1 The Times, 5 January 1920.
2 Winston S. Churchill, ‘Zionism versus Bolshevism: A Struggle for the Soul of the Jewish People’, Illustrated Sunday Herald, 8 February 1920.
3 Jewish Chronicle, 13 February 1920.
4 Letter of 23 December 1920: Churchill papers, 2/111.
Chapter Five
1 Letter of 12 January 1921 (to Lloyd George, Lord Curzon, Lord D’Abernon and Lord Hardinge): Churchill papers, 16/71.
2 Letter from T. E. Lawrence to Churchill’s Private Secretary, 17 January 1921: Churchill papers, 17/14.
3 Minute of 24 February 1921: Colonial Office papers, 733/1.
4 Letter from Sir Henry McMahon to Sherif Hussein, 24 October 1915: Report of a Committee set up to consider certain correspondence between Sir Henry McMahon and the Sharif of Mecca in 1915 and 1916: Command Paper 5974 of 1939.
5 Letter of 12 March 1922: Foreign Office papers, 371/7797.
6 Meeting of 1 March 1921: Central Zionist Archives.
7 See map on page 317.
8 Weizmann papers.
9 Colonial Office papers, 935/1/1.
10 T. E. Lawrence papers.
11 Message to the Jewish Guardian, 28 November 1918.
Chapter Six
1 T. E. Lawrence papers.
2 Recollections of Captain Maxwell H. Coote, in A. W. Lawrence (editor), T. E. Lawrence by His Friends, page 236.
3 Winston S. Churchill, The River War, Volume Two, pages 248–50.
4 Egyptian Gazette, 28 March 1921.
5 Colonial Office papers, 935/1/1.
6 Palestine Post, 30 March 1921.
7 Remarks of 29 March 1921: Central Zionist Archives.
8 Letter of 1 February 1955: Churchill papers, 2/197.
9 Haifa Congress of Palestinian Arabs, Memorandum,14 March 1921: Central Zionist Archives.
10 Churchill papers, 9/64.
11 Churchill papers, 17/20.
12 Churchill papers, 9/64.
13 Alex Bein (editor), Arthur Ruppin: Memoirs, Diaries, Letters, page 190.
14 Churchill papers, 17/20.
15 Y. Ya’ari Poleskin, Pinhas Rutenberg (in Hebrew), pages 208–9.
16 Rishon le-Zion Municipal Archive.
17 Churchill papers, 17/20.
18 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 14 June 1921.
19 Zionist Review, May 1921.
Chapter Seven
1 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 14 June 1921.
2 Minute of 18 June 1921: Colonial Office papers, 733/14.
3 Cabinet meeting, 31 May 1921: Cabinet papers, 23/25.
4 Letter of 24 March 1922: Colonial Office papers, 733/34.
5 Imperial Cabinet, Minutes, 22 June 1921: Lloyd George papers.
6 Letter of 28 July 1921: Churchill papers.
7 As reported by Sir John Shuckburgh to Weizmann: Central Zionist Archives.
8 Letter of 15 July 1921: Weizmann Archive.
9 Meeting of 21 July 1921: Weizmann Archive.
10 Colonial Office papers, 733/10.
11 Letter of 10 August 1921: Central Zionist Archives.
12 Discussion of 22 August 1921, Minutes: Central Zionist Archives.
13 Minute of 17 November 1921: Churchill papers, 17/15.
14 Minute of 23 November 1921: Colonial Office papers, 733/7.
15 Colonial Office papers, 733/3.
16 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 15 February 1922.
17 Letter of 1 March 1922: Central Zionist Archives.
18 Letter of 30 March 1922: Colonial Office papers, 733/37.
19 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 9 March 1922.
20 Letter of 4 April 1922: Viscount Samuel papers.
21 Letter of 21 March 1922: Colonial Office papers, 733/33.
22 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 21 June 1922.
23 Letter of 22 June 1922: Colonial Office papers, 733/22.
24 Letter of 3 July 1922: Colonial Office papers, 733/22.
25 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 4 July 1922. This speech was published in Berlin by Siegfried Scholem as a 16-page pamphlet in German, Britische Politik in Palästina, for the Zionist fundraising organisation Keren Hayesod.
26 Diary entry, 4 July 1922: H. A. L. Fisher papers.
27 Statement of British Policy in Palestine, the Churchill White Paper: Command Paper 1700 of 1922.
28 Letter of 26 July 1922: Weizmann papers.
Chapter Eight
1 Harford Montgomery Hyde, Lord Alfred Douglas: A Biography.
2 Sir William Graham Greene, letter of 14 December 1923: Churchill papers, 2/127.
3 Letter of 15 August 1923: Spencer-Churchill papers.
4 Memorandum of 20 November 1923: Churchill papers, 2/128.
5 Letter of 15 November 1923: Churchill papers, 2/128.
6 Note of 21 January 1928: Churchill papers, 22/194.
7 Cabinet of 13 March 1928: Cabinet papers, 23/57.
8 ‘Arab Atrocities in Holy Land Ended for All Time, Asserts Statesman in Interview Here’, San Francisco Chronicle, 12 September 1929.
9 ‘Churchill Says Arabs Owe Much to Jews’: New York Times, 13 September 1929.
10 Winston S. Churchill, ‘The Palestine Crisis,’ Sunday Times, 22 September 1929.
11 Letter of 6 November 1930: Foreign Office papers, 371/14494.
12 ‘Fair Play to the Jews’, Sunday Chronicle, 2 November 1930.
13 Elsie Janner, Barnett Janner: A Personal Portrait, page 41.
14 Randolph Churchill recollections, in conversation with the author.
15 Winston S. Churchill, ‘Moses’, Sunday Chronicle, 8 November 1930. The article appeared in a series entitled ‘Great Bible Stories retold by the World’s Best Writers’.
Chapter Nine
1 Julia Namier, Lewis Namier: A Biography, page 231.
2 Winston S. Churchill, Marlborough: His Life and Times, Volume Four, page 483.
3 Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, Volume One, page 75.
4 Ernst Hanfstaengel, Hitler – The Missing Years, pages 447–8.
5 Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, Volume One, page 76.
6 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 13 April 1933.
7 Birmingham Post, 19 April 1933.
8 Albert Einstein papers.
9 Letter of 15 August 1934: Churchill papers, 2/231.
10 Letter of 19 December 1934: Churchill papers, 2/231.
11 See map on page 320.
12 Letter of 21 December 1934: Churchill papers, 2/211.
13 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 24 October 1935.
14 Telegram of 25 October 1935: Foreign Office papers, 371/18878.
15 Winston S. Churchill, ‘The Truth About Hitler’, Strand magazine, November 1935.
16 Telegram of 29 October 1935: Foreign Office papers, 371/18880.
17 Letter of 9 December 1935: Churchill papers, 2/238.
18 Manchester Guardian, 16 December 1935.
19 The Yellow Spot: The Extermination of the Jews in Germany. London: Victor Gollancz, 1936.
20 Letter of 17 March 1936: Churchill papers, 2/252.
Chapter Ten
1 Professor Selig Brodetsky, Memoirs: from Ghetto to Israel, page 171.
2 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 24 March 1936.
3 Letter of 29 April 1936: Churchill papers, 2/253.
4 Peel Commission Report, proof copy of Churchill’s evidence: Churchill papers, 2/317.
5 Statement of British Policy in Palestine (the Churchill White Paper): Command Paper 1700 of 1922.
6 Palestine Royal Commission Report: Command Paper 5479 of 1937.
Chapter Eleven
1 Notes of a conversation, 8 June 1937: Central Zionist Archives.
2 Report of 9 June 1937: Ben-Gurion Archive.
3 Letter of 14 June 1937: Weizmann Archive. The ‘Southern part of Palestine’ in Weizmann’s letter was the Negev Desert from Beersheba southwards.
4 See map on page 321.
5 Notes of a conversation, 11 July 1937: Weizmann Archive.
6 As reported by William Ormsby-Gore to Weizmann: Weizmann Archive.
7 Letter of 16 July 1937: Churchill papers, 2/316.
8 Lord Balfour was wont to describe Palestine as ‘only the size of Wales.’ The whole Mandate area from the Mediterranean to the River Jordan, and from the Upper Galilee to the Negev desert, would fit into Vermont – one of the smallest of the United States – or Canada’s Vancouver Island, off the coast of British Columbia.
9 Vladimir Jabotinsky, ‘Note on the Palestine Partition Scheme’, 16 July 1937: Churchill papers, 2/316.
10 Joseph B. Schechtman, The Jabotinsky Story: Fighter and Prophet, The Last Years, 1923–1940, page 323.
11 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 21 July 1937.
12 Winston S. Churchill, ‘Partition Perils in Palestine’, Evening Standard, 23 July 1937. This article was later published in book form in Winston S. Churchill, Step By Step, with the title ‘Partition in Palestine’.
13 Letter of 29 July 1937: Central Zionist Archives.
14 Winston S. Churchill, ‘Why I Am Against Partition’, Jewish Chronicle, 3 September 1937.
15 Letter of 23 December 1937 from the Colonial Secretary to the High Commissioner for Palestine: Command Paper 5634 of 1937.
Chapter Twelve
1 £250,000 in today’s money values.
2 Eugen Spier, Focus: A Footnote to the History of the Thirties.
3 Letter of 13 September 1936: Baroness Spencer-Churchill papers.
4 Speech of 24 September 1936: Churchill papers, 9/121.
5 Letter of 7 July 1946: Squerryes Lodge Archive.
6 Letter of 13 November 1936: Churchill papers, 2/283.
7 Letter of 18 June 1938: Churchill papers, 1/326.
8 Winston S. Churchill, ‘War Is Not Imminent’, Evening Standard, 15 October 1936.
9 Letter of 16 October 1936: Churchill papers, 2/259.
10 Winston S. Churchill, ‘Europe’s Peace’, Evening Standard, 5 February 1937.
11 Churchill papers, 8/546. This article written in its entirety by Marshall Diston, and with some anti-Semitic overtones, was never published. In enclosing his 3,000-word draft, Diston, somewhat crudely, wrote to Churchill that there were ‘quite a number of Jews who might, with advantage, reflect on the epigram: “How odd/Of God/To choose/The Jews.”’
12 Martin Gilbert (editor), Winston Churchill and Emery Reves, Correspondence, 1937–1964. For all the European cities in which Reves placed Churchill’s articles, see map on page 312.
13 Winston S. Churchill, ‘Friendship With Germany’, Evening Standard, 17 September 1937. This article was later published in book form in Winston S. Churchill, Step By Step.
14 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 21 December 1937.
15 Winston S. Churchill, ‘Palestine at the Crossroads’, Daily Telegraph, 20 October 1938.
16 Letter of 21 October 1938: Central Zionist Archives.
17 Letter of 27 May 1938: Churchill papers, 2/329. The country house was Cranborne, in Dorset, the home of Viscount Cranborne, then Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
18 Manchester Guardian, 3 January 1936.
19 Winston S. Churchill, ‘Germany’s Discipline for the Old Austria’, Daily Telegraph, 6 July 1938.
20 Foreign Office papers, 800/314.
21 Notes of a conversation, 19 August 1938: Foreign Office papers, 800/309.
22 Reported in The Times on 7 November 1938.
23 Reported in The Times on 9 November 1938.
24 Memorandum of 23 November 1938: Churchill papers, 2/340.
Chapter Thirteen
1 In fact, the Woodhead Commission Report supported Partition, and proposed three revised versions of the Peel Commission plan, in one of which Britain would retain not only the Jerusalem area but also Haifa, Tiberias and the whole of Galilee, which Peel had allocated to the Jewish State. This plan gave the Jewish State less than five per cent of the land area of Western Palestine.
2 The Woodhead Commission calculated that the Jewish population had increased by 343,000 between 1919 and 1938, the Arab population by 419,000: Palestine Partition Commission Report, Command Paper 5854 of 1938, page 23.
3 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 24 November 1938.
4 Cabinet Minutes, 21 December 1938: Cabinet papers, 23/96.
5 Letter of 13 March 1939: Foreign Office papers, 371/24081.
6 Speech of 9 December 1938: Churchill papers, 9/133.
7 Picture Post, 25 February 1939.
Chapter Fourteen
1 Cabinet Palestine Committee, 20 April 1939: Cabinet papers, 24/285.
2 Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error: The Autobiography of Chaim Weizmann, page 411.
3 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 23 May 1939.
4 Telegram of 23 May 1939: Weizmann papers.
5 Letter of 24 May 1939: Churchill papers, 2/379.
6 What Mr Churchill Said in 1939 About the Palestine White Paper.
7 Letter of 30 July 1939: Neville Chamberlain papers.
8 Broadcast of 8 August 1939: Churchill papers, 9/137.
Chapter Fifteen
1 Notes of a meeting of 19 September 1939: Weizmann papers.
2 Notes of a meeting of 17 December 1939: Weizmann papers.
3 Winston Churchill, War Cabinet Paper, 25 December 1939: Cabinet papers, 67/3.
4 Letter of 4 January 1940: Admiralty papers, 116/4312.
5 War Cabinet Minutes, 12 February 1940: Cabinet papers, 65/5.
6 Cabinet papers, 65/5.
7 Command Paper 6180 of 1940.
8 Palestine Post, 29 February 1940.
9 Viscount Templewood papers.
10 Ben Gale, letter to the author, 20 February 1996.
11 Julia Namier, Lewis Namier: A Biography, page 245.
Chapter Sixteen
1 Eric Seal note, 23 May 1940: Premier papers, 3/348.
2 Note of 23 May 1940: Premier papers, 3/348.
3 Churchill note, 23 May 1940: Premier papers, 3/348.
4 Letter of 23 May 1940: Churchill papers, 20/13.
5 Letter of 28 May 1940: Premier papers, 3/348.
6 Telegram of 21 June 1940: Premier papers, 3/348.
7 Minute of 25 June 1940: Churchill papers, 20/13.
8 Minute of 28 June 1940: Premier papers, 3/348.
9 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 4 June 1940.
10 Letter of 7 June 1940: Ben-Gurion Archive.
11 Letter of 8 August 1940: Ben-Gurion Archive.
12 David Ben-Gurion, in conversation with the author, 1971.
13 Letter of 2 October 1961: Churchill papers, 2/506.
14 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 20 August 1940.
15 War Cabinet Minutes, 1 August 1940: Cabinet papers, 65/14.
16 Letter of 2 August 1940, to the Earl of Lytton: Churchill papers, 20/6.
17 Telegram to Israel Rokach, 15 September 1940: Churchill papers, 20/14.
18 Minute of 20 November 1940: Churchill papers, 20/13.
19 Minute of 22 November 1940: Churchill papers, 20/13.
20 Telegram of 30 November 1940: Premier papers, 4/51/2.
21 Telegram of 2 December 1940: Premier papers, 4/51/2.
22 Handwritten note, 14 November 1940: Premier papers, 4/51/1.
23 Telegram of 24 December 1940: Premier papers, 4/51/1.
24 Minute of 24 December 1940: Colonial Office papers, 733/419.
25 Telegram sent on 8 January 1941, received 9 January: Churchill papers, 20/32.
26 Letter of 10 January 1941: Churchill papers, 20/32.
27 Handwritten note, 11 January 1941: Churchill papers, 20/32.
28 Minute of 1 February 1941: Premier papers, 3/374/13A.
29 Letter of 1 March 1941: Churchill papers, 20/36.
30 ‘Note of a conversation’, 12 March 1941: Yad Chaim Weizmann, Weizmann Archive.
31 Letter of 10 May 1941: Churchill papers, 20/36.
32 Cabinet memorandum, 19 May 1941: Cabinet papers, 120/10.
33 ‘Joint Declaration by the President and the Prime Minister’, 12 August 1941: Premier papers, 3/485/7; widely reproduced in the British and American newspapers.
34 Prime Minister’s Personal Minute, 20 August 1941: Churchill papers, 20/36.
35 War Cabinet Minutes, 2 October 1941: Cabinet papers, 65/19.
Chapter Seventeen
1 Broadcast of 24 August 1941: Churchill papers, 9/152.
2 National Archives records, HW1/30, 35, 40 and 51.
3 Jewish Chronicle, 14 November 1941.
4 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 27 January 1942.
5 Today, Michael Weizmann’s name is on the Runnymede Memorial to the 20,337 British and Commonwealth airmen lost in the Second World War during operations from the United Kingdom and northern and western Europe, who have no known grave.
6 Prime Minister’s Personal Minute: Premier papers, 1/51/1.
7 Minute of 7 February 1942: Colonial Office papers, 733/446/76021.
8 War Cabinet Minutes, 5 March 1942: Cabinet papers 65/25.
9 Cabinet papers, 66/36.
10 Diary entry, 24 April 1943: Diaries and Papers of Oliver Harvey (Lord Harvey of Tasburgh), page 249.
11 Minute of 5 July 1942: Premier papers, 4/51/9.
12 Prime Minister’s Personal Minute, 10 September 1942: Premier papers 4/52/5.
13 The Times, 7 September 1942.
14 Speech of 8 September 1942: Hansard.
15 Jewish Chronicle, 6 November 1942.
16 Telegram of 2 November 1942: Weizmann papers.
17 Jewish Chronicle, 2 November 1942.
18 Letter of 9 December 1942: Colonial Office papers, 733/438/1.
19 Minute of 11 December 1942: Premier papers, 4/51/2.
20 Foreign Office telegram of 2 February 1943: Colonial Office papers, 733/438/1.
21 Letter of 29 March 1943: Colonial Office papers, 733/438/2.
22 Telegram of 7 May 1943: Colonial Office papers, 733/438/2.
23 Telegram of 27 May 1943: Colonial Office papers, 733/438/3. Haj Amin’s request to Hitler is in the Nuremberg Trial documents, NG 2757.
24 War Cabinet Minutes, 14 December 1942: Cabinet papers, 65/28.
25 Declaration of 17 December 1942, final text: Premier papers, 4/100/3.
26 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 17 December 1942.
27 Report in the Palcor Bulletin, 17 December 1942.
28 Air Ministry papers, 8/433.
29 Churchill War Papers archive.
30 Interview of 7 April 1943: Cabinet papers, 66/36.
31 Winston Churchill (Churchill’s grandson), talk at London University on the fiftieth anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, April 1993: Winston Churchill papers.
32 Telegram of 30 June 1943: Premier papers, 4/51/4.
33 Statistical summary: Colonial Office papers, 733/436.
34 Letter of 5 July 1943: Premier papers, 4/51/8.
35 Letter to the author from Eve Gibson, 17 May 1980. Guy Gibson was killed in action in September 1944.
36 Premier papers, 4/100/9.
37 Premier papers, 4/100/9.
38 Premier papers, 4/100/9.
39 Premier papers, 4/100/9.
Chapter Eighteen
1 In the money values of today, £20 million is in excess of £300 million.
2 Premier papers, 4/52/3.
3 Premier papers, 4/52/3.
4 Prime Minister’s Personal Minute, 11 July 1943: Churchill papers, 20/104.
5 Churchill’s War Papers archive.
6 Weizmann Archive.
7 Churchill War Papers archive.
8 Telegram of 12 January 1944: Churchill papers, 20/179.
9 Notes of a meeting held on 15 February 1944: Israel Defence Force archive.
10 Telegram of 3 April 1944: Central Zionist Archives.
11 Colonial Office papers, 967/89.
12 Defence Committee (Operations), 19 April 1944: Cabinet papers, 69/6.
13 Randolph Churchill’s contact in Cairo was Reuven Zaslani (later Shiloah), a senior Haganah representative. In 1951 he became the first director of the Mossad.
14 Premier papers, 4/51/10.
15 Notes of a meeting held in London on 14 June 1945: Weizmann Archive.
Chapter Ninteen
1 There is a full account of the escapes and their aftermath in Martin Gilbert, Auschwitz and the Allies.
2 Note of 7 July 1944: Premier papers, 4/51/10.
3 Telegram of 7 July 1944, decrypted and seen by Churchill on 18 July 1944: National Archives records: HW1/3084.
4 Premier papers, 4/51/10.
5 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 5 July 1944.
6 Minute of 10 July 1944: Premier papers, 4/51/10.
7 Minute of 6 August 1944. Premier papers, 4/51/10.
8 Minute of 11 July 1944. Foreign Office papers, 371/42809.
9 Letter of 13 July 1944: Churchill papers, 20/138A.
10 Letter of 13 July 1944: Churchill papers, 20/138A.
11 War Cabinet conclusions, 3 July 1944: Cabinet papers, 65/43.
12 Minute of 10 July 1944: Premier papers, 4/51/9.
13 Minute of 26 July 1944: Premier papers, 4/51/9.
14 Telegram of 23 August 1944: Roosevelt papers. Published in Warren Kimball (editor), Churchill and Roosevelt, the Complete Correspondence, Volume Three, pages 286–7.
15 Igo Feldblum, letter to the author, 26 June 2005.
16 Letter of 14 July 1944: Foreign Office papers, 371/43689.
17 Letter of 2 September 1944: Churchill papers, 20/143.
18 Letter of 21 September 1944: Churchill papers, 20/138.
19 Premier papers, 4/51/10.
20 Premier papers, 3/352/4.
21 Foreign Office papers, 371/39454.
22 Foreign Office papers, 371/39454.
Chapter Twenty
1 Oliver Harvey, diary, 20 October 1944: John Harvey (editor), Diaries and Papers of Oliver Harvey (Lord Harvey of Tasburgh), pages 363–4.
2 Discussion of 4 November 1944: Weizmann Archive.
3 War Cabinet Minutes, 6 November 1944: Cabinet papers, 65/44.
4 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 7 November 1944.
5 Churchill to Oliver Stanley, 17 November 1944: Churchill papers, 20/153.
6 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 17 November 1944.
7 Haganah archives.
8 Minute dated 28 January 1945: Premier papers, 3/296/9.
9 Letter of 3 December 1944: Churchill papers, 20/153.
10 Telegram of 28 January 1945: Churchill papers, 20/211.
11 Telegram of 12 February 1945: Churchill papers, 20/223.
12 Telegram of 28 December 1944: Churchill papers, 20/182.
13 Office of Strategic Services (OSS) papers: State Department Archives.
Chapter Twenty-One
1 Telegram of 9 February 1945: Premier papers, 4/77/1A.
2 ‘Memorandum of Conversation between His Majesty Abdul Aziz al Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, and President Roosevelt, 14th February 1945, aboard USS Quincy’: Premier papers, 4/77/1A.
3 William A. Eddy, FDR Meets Ibn Saud, page 32.
4 ‘Memorandum of Conversation between His Majesty Abdul Aziz al Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, and President Roosevelt, 14th February 1945, aboard USS Quincy’: Premier papers, 4/77/1A.
5 William A. Eddy, FDR Meets Ibn Saud, page 33.
6 Charles E. Bohlen, Witness of History, page 203.
7 ‘Memorandum of Conversation between His Majesty Abdul Aziz al Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, and President Roosevelt, 14th February 1945, aboard USS Quincy’: Premier papers, 4/77/1A.
8 Thomas W. Lippman, ‘The Day FDR met Saudi Arabia’s Ibn Saud’, The Link, Volume 38, Issue 2.
9 This letter was the only part of Roosevelt’s discussions with Ibn Saud that was published: the full text appeared in the New York Times on 19 October 1945.
10 Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, page 204.
11 Thomas W. Lippman, ‘The Day FDR met Saudi Arabia’s Ibn Saud’.
12 Sir Laurence Grafftey Smith, letter to the author, 11 February 1985.
13 Sir Laurence Grafftey Smith, in conversation with the author, 1970.
14 War Cabinet Minutes, 19 February 1945: Cabinet papers, 65/51.
15 ‘Cairo Conversations, February 1945’: Premier papers, 4/77/1A.
16 Office of Strategic Services (OSS) papers: State Department Archives.
17 Letter dated 10 March 1945: Premier papers 4/52/2.
18 Undated letter, shown to Churchill on 2 May 1945: Premier papers, 4/52/2.
19 Telegram of 21 May 1945: Foreign Office papers, 954/15.
Chapter Twenty-Two
1 Churchill to Field Marshal Alexander, 29 April 1945: Churchill papers, 20/216.
2 Premier papers, 4/100/11.
3 Telegram of 19 April 1945: Churchill papers, 20/215.
4 Hansard, 19 April 1945.
5 Telegram of 19 April 1945: Churchill papers, 4/100/11.
6 Telegram of 20 April 1945: Spencer-Churchill papers.
7 Buchenwald Camp: The Report of a Parliamentary Delegation: Command Paper No. 6626 of 1945. Churchill’s copy is in Premier papers, 4/100/11.
8 The Reverend Simon Hass, in conversation with the author, 30 November 2006.
9 New York Times, 28 January 1965.
10 Letter of 22 May 1945: Churchill papers, 20/234.
11 Letter of 9 June 1945: Churchill papers. 20/234.
12 Notes of a meeting held in London on 13 June 1945: Central Zionist Archives.
13 Notes of a meeting held in London on 14 June 1945: Central Zionist Archives.
14 Letter of 15 June 1945: Churchill papers, 20/234.
15 Notes of a meeting held in London on 27 June 1945: Central Zionist Archives.
16 Letter of 29 June 1945: Churchill papers, 20/234.
17 Letter of 29 June 1945: Churchill papers, 20/234.
18 Note of 17 June 1945: Churchill papers, 20/234.
19 Notes of a meeting held on 27 June 1945: Central Zionist Archives. Smuts had taken Churchill’s view, that any settlement must wait until the proposed Middle East peace conference.
20 Letter of 20 July 1945: Churchill papers, 20/234.
21 Letter of 6 July 1945: Churchill papers, 20/234.
22 Letter of 13 July 1945: Churchill papers, 20/234.
23 Potsdam protocol: ‘P (Terminal) 6th Meeting’, 5 p.m., 22 July 1945: Cabinet papers, 99/38.
24 Sir Richard Pim, in conversation with the author, 1975.
25 Letter of 19 March 1946: Churchill papers, 2/6.
26 Draft letter of 1 May 1946: Churchill papers, 2/42.
27 Letter of 2 July 1946: Churchill papers, 2/237.
28 Letter of 4 July 1946: Churchill papers, 2/237.
Chapter Twenty-Three
1 Parliamentary Debates, Handsard, 1 August 1946.
2 Letter of 2 August 1946: Churchill papers, 2/8.
Chapter Twenty-Four
1 Letter of 21 August 1946: Churchill papers, 2/46.
2 ‘Main terrorist incidents’, 1 June 1946–6 March 1947: Colonial Office papers, 733/477/3.
3 In the money values of today, £30 million is in excess of £450 million.
4 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 31 January 1947.
5 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 21 March 1947. In the money values of today, £82 million is in excess of £12,000 million.
6 Churchill to Lord Croft, 20 June 1945: Churchill papers, 20/194B.
7 Diary entry, 21 July 1947: Truman papers.
8 Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, Volume Five, page 654.
Chapter Twenty-Five
1 Draft Press Statement: Churchill papers, 2/46.
2 Letter of 26 May 1948: Churchill papers, 4/57.
3 Speech of 28 May 1948: Randolph S. Churchill (editor), Europe United: Speeches 1947 and 1948 by Winston S. Churchill, pages 342–3.
4 Henry Channon diary, 2 June 1948: Robert Rhodes James (editor), Chips, page 426.
5 Letter of 7 June 1948: Churchill papers, 2/153.
6 Letter of 19 July 1948: Churchill papers, 2/146B.
7 Lord Boothby, My Yesterday, Your Tomorrow, pages 211–12.
8 Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, Volume Six, page 597.
9 Sir William Deakin, in conversation with the author, 1972.
10 Letter to Lord Camrose, 4 January 1948: Churchill papers, 1/141.
11 Letter of 14 February 1948: Churchill papers, 1/141.
12 Notes, undated, January–February 1948: Churchill papers, 4/141.
13 Speech of 5 October 1948, gramophone recording: Robert Shillingford papers (Shillingford was the future husband of Churchill’s secretary Lettice Marston).
14 Marcus Sieff, ‘Implications of British policy towards Israel’, 25 October 1948: Churchill papers, 2/46.
15 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 10 December 1948.
16 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 22 January 1949.
17 Letter of 31 January 1949: Churchill papers, 2/163.
18 Letter of 31 January 1949: Churchill papers, 2/46.
19 Letter of 9 February 1949: Churchill papers, 2/46.
Chapter Twenty-Six
1 Quoted in Kay Halle, Irrepressible Churchill, page 90.
2 Letter from Churchill to Mrs Orde Wingate (Laura Wingate), 14 March 1945: Churchill papers, 20/193.
3 Hebrew University Archive.
4 Letter of 24 September 1950: Israel State Archives.
5 Weizmann Archive.
6 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 30 July 1951.
7 Speech of 15 October 1951: Randolph S. Churchill (editor), Stemming the Tide, Speeches 1951 and 1952 by Winston S. Churchill, pages 146–51.
8 Weizmann Archive.
9 Speech of 17 January 1952: Randolph S. Churchill (editor), Stemming the Tide, Speeches 1951 and 1952 by Winston S. Churchill, pages 220–7.
10 New York Herald Tribune, 30 April 1952.
11 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 10 November 1952.
12 Letter of 10 November 1952: Churchill papers, 2/197.
13 Minute of 17 November 1952: Premier papers, 11/207.
14 Minute of 19 November 1952: Premier papers, 11/207.
15 Note of 20 November 1952: Premier papers, 11/207.
16 Edmund de Rothschild, ‘Brinco: The Early Days’, in The Atlantic Advocate, July 1967.
17 Major Edmund de Rothschild, letter to the author, 9 July 1986.
18 Colville diary, 8 January 1953: Sir John Colville, The Fringes of Power, pages 663–4.
19 Telegram of 16 October 1953: Premier papers, 11/941.
20 Defence Committee meeting, 14 October 1953: Cabinet papers, 131/13
21 Cabinet Minutes, 17 November 1953: Cabinet papers, 128/26
22 Diary entry, 18 November 1953: Lord Moran, Winston Churchill, The Struggle for Survival, page 498.
23 Cabinet Minutes, 19 November 1953: Cabinet papers, 131/13.
24 Cabinet meeting of 21 January 1954: Cabinet papers, 128/27.
25 Cabinet meeting of 26 January 1954: Cabinet papers, 128/27.
26 The Times, 18 March 1954.
27 Cabinet meeting of 31 March 1954: Cabinet papers, 128/27.
28 Draft letter initialled by Churchill, 2 April 1954: Premier papers, 11/941.
29 Letter of 13 April 1954: Premier papers, 11/941.
30 Jewish Chronicle, 19 March 1954.
31 Notes of a visit to Chequers: Oscar Nemon papers.
32 Government of Israel State Archives.
33 Note initialled ‘WSC’, 9 February 1955: Churchill papers, 2/197.
34 Letter of 1 February 1955: Churchill papers, 2/197.
35 Shuckburgh diary, 18 February 1955: John Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, Diaries 1951–56, page 251.
Chapter Twenty-Seven
1 Telegram of 24 February 1956: Government of Israel State Archives.
2 Note of 4 March 1956: Churchill papers, 2/341.
3 Speech of 13 April 1956: Randolph S. Churchill (editor), The Unwritten Alliance, 1953–1959 by Winston S. Churchill, pages 257–8.
4 Letter of 13 April 1956: Government of Israel State Archives.
5 Letter of 16 April 1956: Eisenhower papers.
6 Letter of 1 August 1956: Spencer-Churchill papers.
7 Harold Macmillan, diary entry for 5 August 1956: Sunday Times, 5 January 1987
8 ‘Note by Sir Winston’, 6 August 1956: Churchill papers, 2/130.
9 Letter of 11 August 1956: Spencer-Churchill papers. Ten million pounds is the equivalent of £200 million today.
10 Winston S. Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, Volume Four, page 224.
11 Winston S. Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, Volume Four, page 44.
12 Winston S. Churchill, ‘The Dream’, first published by Randolph Churchill in the Sunday Telegraph, 30 January 1966, and then as chapter twenty in Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Volume Eight, pages 364–72.
13 Letter of 11 August 1956: Spencer-Churchill papers.
14 Letter of 3 August 1956: Spencer-Churchill papers.
15 Letter of 15 August 1956: Spencer-Churchill papers.
16 Recollection of Emery Reves: in conversation with the author, 1980.
17 The Times, 5 November 1956.
18 Letters exchanged on 5 November 1956: Churchill papers, 2/216
19 Anthony Montague Browne, recollections: notes for the author, 24 March 1987.
20 Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War and an Epilogue on the Years 1945 to 1957, pages 953–73.
21 Note by Emery Reves, undated: Squerryes Lodge Archive.
22 Letter of 24 February 1957: Squerryes Lodge Archive.
23 Letter of 27 February 1957: Squerryes Lodge Archive.
24 Letter of 15 July 1957: Squerryes Lodge Archive.
25 Letter of 30 May 1958: Churchill papers, 2/369.
26 Letter of 3 September 1959: Churchill papers, 2/128.
27 Letter of 11 September 1959: Churchill papers, 2/128.
28 Letter from Anthony Montague Browne to the Foreign Office, 2 June 1961: Churchill papers, 2/506.
29 Yitzhak Navon, letter to the author, 6 July 1987.
30 Note of 23 September 1961: Churchill papers, 2/519.
31 Telegram sent 27 September 1961: Churchill papers, 2/519.
32 Letter of 2 October 1961: Churchill papers, 2/506.
33 Letter of 12 October 1961: Churchill papers, 2/506.
34 Letter of 14 October 1961: Churchill papers, 2/506.
35 Letter of 23 February 1962: Churchill papers, 1/155.
36 Knesset debates, 26 January 1965.
37 Harry Sacher, ‘The Faithful Friend of Zionism,’ Jewish Chronicle, 29 January 1965.