For your reference, the terms that appear in the indexes of volumes of the report published online at http://nctr.ca/reports.php are listed below. Please use the search function on your eReading device to locate terms of interest in the text.
1910 contract: church-government partnership, discipline policy, language policy, per capita funding, teacher qualifications, tuberculosis epidemic care, vacation policy,
Abernathy, Sask., public school,
Aboriginal administration of schools,
Aboriginal cultural identity: arts and crafts, attack on, attitudes toward, autonomy, as barrier to conversion, belonging to neither culture, ceremonies and spiritual practices, clothing, Cree language, cultural genocide, vii, culture suppression, dances, destruction of, versus European, food, hair braids cut, hunting versus farming, maintain, marriage practices, missionary attitudes, museums, names changed, Potlatch, restrictions, Siksika (Blackfoot) language, stereotypes in curriculum, traditional healers, Treaty process and kinship, See also assimilation of Aboriginal people
Aboriginal families. See families
Aboriginal language. See languages and language learning
Aboriginal-led church societies,
Aboriginal people: church-run government, civil rights, communities healthier than schools, farming, food shortages and starvation, impact of colonization, missionaries as advocates, North-West Rebellion, population, poverty, relief rations declined, relocation, request and fundraising for schools, sent to France, status versus non-status, trade and treaty alliances, (see also Treaties); tuberculosis epidemic, See also assimilation of Aboriginal people
Aboriginal policy. See federal government; Indian Affairs
Aboriginal self-government: attack on, band councils, federal government interference, Indian Act (1876), loss of, management of schools, support of, See also enfranchisement
Aboriginal spirituality: versus Christianity, converted to Methodism, financial inducement to convert, identify as Christian, spiritual ceremonies,
Aboriginal staff in residential schools,
Aborigines Protection Society (1837),
abuse. See corporal punishment; sexual abuse
accidents, death and injury: deaths, manual labour injuries,
Act for the better protection of the Lands and Property of the Indians in Lower Canada (1850),
Act for the Gradual Civilization of the Indian Tribes in the Canadas,
Act for the gradual enfranchisement of Indians (1869),
Act for the protection of the Indians in Upper Canada from imposition and the property occupied or enjoyed by them from trespass and injury (1850),
Adams, John (parent),
admission policy: age, incentives, orphans, overcrowding, parental consent, physical health, See also enrolment
Affleck, Lucy (teacher),
Africa, boarding schools,
age limits policy,
agriculture. See farming
Ahchacoosahcootakoopits (Star Blanket Band chief),
Ahenakew, Edward (student), about, becomes minister, File Hills colony, Indian agents, League of Indians of Western Canada, relationship with Matheson family,
Ahousaht Band,
Ahousat, BC, residential school, Ahousaht (Presbyterian/United): arson, Christmas concert, deaths, firefighting equipment, fires, manual labour injuries, punishment, smallpox, staff dismissals and retirement, teacher qualifications,
Ahtahkakoop (Star Blanket),
Aisaans, John (Mississauga chief),
Ajawana (Scraping High/Scraping Hide),
Aklavik, NWT, residential school, All Saints (Anglican),
Alberni residential school. See Port Alberni, BC, Alberni residential school (Presbyterian/United)
Albert, John (student),
Albert, Kenneth (student),
Alberta: brass bands, church-run schools, day schools, death rates, health and medical care, industrial schools, parental resistance, per capita rates, poverty, salaries, school inspectors, teacher qualifications, treaty negotiations, tuberculosis, See also individual residential schools
Alderville, Ont., Alnwick residential school (Methodist): about, enrolment, female student recruitment, health problems, runaways, schedule,
Alert Bay, BC: potlatch, spiritual ceremonies ban,
Alert Bay, BC, residential school, St. Michael’s, Alert Bay Girls’ Home/Boys’ Home (Anglican): arson, brass bands, building conditions, cadet corps training, ceremonies and traditions, discipline, diseases and epidemics, female student recruitment, girls’ activities, manual labour, milk shortages, newsletter, parental resistance, school farms, sexual activity, sports equipment, staff conflict, student experiences, teacher qualifications,
Alexander, Chief,
Alexander, John (student),
Alexander VI (pope),
Alexandra Industrial School for Girls,
Alfred, Taiaiake,
Algonkian Nation,
Allan, Augustine (student),
Allard, J. H. O. (principal),
Allard, Joseph (principal),
All Hallows girls’ residential school. See Yale, BC, residential school, All Hallows girls’ (Anglican)
Allied Tribes of British Columbia,
Allingham, Dr.,
All Saints residential school. See Lac La Ronge, Sask., residential school, All Saints (Anglican); Prince Albert, Sask., residential school, St. Alban’s, All Saints, St. Barnabas, Lac La Ronge (Anglican)
Alnwick residential school. See Alderville, Ont., Alnwick residential school (Methodist)
Althouse, J. G.,
Amelia, Charlotte (staff),
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions,
American Student Volunteer Missionary Union,
Ames, Rev. William,
anaulataq ball game,
Anderson, David (Anglican bishop),
Anderson, Rev.,
Anderson, Thomas G. (Indian Affairs),
Angin, Joseph (principal),
Anglican Church and missionaries (Church of England): with Catholic missionaries, children’s organizations, clothing, establishment in British Columbia, establishment in the North, funding of mission schools, inter-denominational conflict, with Methodist missionaries, missionary lifestyles versus Catholic missionaries, missionary societies, opposition to closure proposal and day schools, per capita funding, religious instruction, religious mission, See also Christianity; church-run schools; missionaries; individual Anglican schools
Anglican Indian and Eskimo Residential School Commission,
Anglican Missionary Society,
Anglican Women’s Auxiliary (WA),
Angus, Mary (student also known as Susan Whitecap),
Angus, Sister,
annuities: denied marriage, manual labour payments, relocation negotiations, truancy fees paid out of, withholding,
Applegarth, Ellen (school staff),
apprenticeships: age, employment, failures, goals, as manual education, overwork, See also vocational training
archery,
Archibald, Adams (lieutenant-governor),
Archibald, M. G. (medical health officer),
Arendarhonons,
Armel, Sister Mary,
Armstrong, General Samuel Chapman,
Arnold, Oliver (schoolmaster and minister),
Arrows band,
arson. See fires
Arthur, C. A. (Indian agent),
arts and crafts,
Artus, G. A. (principal),
Ashby, John (principal): discipline measures, girls’ activities, outing system, staff salaries, staff workloads,
Ashby, Mrs. (school matron),
Ashton, Nelles (principal),
Ashton, Robert (principal),
assault: by staff, by students, See also sexual abuse
assimilation of Aboriginal people: civilization policy, colonial strategy, critical of, measures, self-government undermined, separation from culture and families, through sports, See also Aboriginal cultural identity; federal government; Indian Affairs
Assiniboine Indian Agency,
Association of Indian Workers,
Association of the Holy Childhood,
Asson, Miss (school matron),
Ataeonchronons,
Atanasse, Nellie (student),
Atkin, Edmund (Indian Affairs),
Atkins, John D.C. (U.S. Indian Commissioner),
attendance: coercive measures, compulsory, discharge policy, enforcement, laws and regulations, statistics, See also enrolment
Attignawantans,
Attigneenongnhacs,
attitudes: graduate vocations blocked by prejudice, Indian Affairs, positive, racial prejudice in public schools, racial superiority and colonial settlers, racial superiority and missionaries, racial superiority and staff, as savages,
Atwater, Rev. H. W. (principal),
Aubert, Ignace (Oblate),
Audette, L. A. (judge),
August, Billy (Ahousat Band),
Augustine, (student),
Augustine, Sam (student),
Augustus, Emperor,
Australia,
Awrey, H. N. (Indian agent),
B., Edward (student),
Badger, Isaiah (student),
Bagot, Sir John (Governor General),
Bagot Commission,
Baird, Thomas (Indian Affairs),
Baker, Simon (student),
Baker, W. M. (farm instructor),
Balcarres, Sask., residential school, File Hills (Presbyterian/United): Boy Scouts, building maintenance, bullying, cadet corps training, clothing, corporal punishment, day school request, discipline, fire-escape systems, food and diet complaints, hair cut short, housekeeping, language policy, manual labour, as means to feed children, measles, outing system, principal and staff, principals as missionaries, recruitment for military service, runaways, smallpox, spiritual ceremonies ban, staff ate better, staff conflict, student experiences, suicide, teachers, tuberculosis epidemic,
Baldwin, Miss (teacher),
Ball, F. J. C. (Indian agent),
Ballendine, Peter (missionary and Treaty negotiator),
ball games,
band councils. See Aboriginal self-government
Band of Christian Workers (Aboriginal-led church society),
Bangs, E. J. (Indian agent),
Baptist churches,
Barefoot, Isaac (student),
Barker, George (student),
Barnardo, Dr. Thomas and Barnardo’s Homes,
Barner, Arthur (principal): cooperation with parents, girls’ activities, industrial school concerns, library, resignation, support for schools, teacher dismissal,
Barry, G. H. (school inspector): building maintenance, fire-escape systems, food, positive assessments, sexual abuse, staff, staff salaries,
Batcheler, Alfred (school supervisor),
Batiste, Ellen (student),
Batoche and the North-West Rebellion,
Battleford, Sask., residential school (Anglican): bedding, bells, building, cadet corps training, carpentry, church competition, closing, clothing, corporal punishment, costs, curriculum standards, English language instruction, enrolment, female student recruitment, first school, food and diet, former students as staff, half-day system, health and medical care, housekeeping, hunting to supplement diet, library, manual labour, newsletter, North-West Rebellion, opening, orphans, outing system, overwork, parent complaints, per capita grant rates, quality of education, religious instruction, school farms, sexual abuse, sports, staff families, staffing issues, staff meals, staff salaries, staff workloads, success story, teacher turnover, teaching staff attitudes, treaty grievances, vocational training, water supply,
Battle River, Alberta school proposal (Methodist),
Battle River Reserve,
Baudin, R. (principal),
BC industrial school for boys,
Beanland, Kate (teacher),
Bear, Gilbert (student),
Beardy’s Band,
Beaton, Kenneth (United Church),
Beaulieu, Gilbert (student) l,
Beaulieu, William (parent),
Beauval, Sask., residential school, Lac la Plonge, Île-à-la-Crosse (Catholic), Catholic missionary societies, deaths, diseases and epidemics, fire protection, fires, food shortages, funding, language of instruction, living conditions, measles, pneumonia, religious instruction, tuberculosis,
Beaver, John Felix (parent),
Bedard, Father (principal),
bedding shortage,
bedwetting and punishment,
Beeswax, Leonard (student),
Begbie, Sir Mathew (judge),
Begg, Alexander (rancher),
Begg, Magnus (Indian agent),
Beggs, Thomas (British reformer),
Belanger, Alec (parent),
Belanger, Alex (homeowner),
Belanger, Mrs. (homeowner),
Bell, E. (Indian Affairs),
Ben, Agnes (student),
Benedictine Sisters,
Bennett, (school inspector),
Benson, Martin (Indian Affairs): arson, brass bands, building conditions, cadet corps training, church competition, clothing, criticisms, day schools closing, discharge policy, discipline, fires, food and diet, government interference, language of instruction, manual labour complaints, nursing services, overcrowding, per capita funding, preenrolment physical examinations, quality of education, recruitment complaints, regulations and guidelines, sanitation, teacher recruitment, vacation policy, water supply contamination,
Benton-Banai, Edward (American Indigenous activist),
Berens, Chief,
Berens River Band,
Bernard, Ben (student),
Bertram, Miss (school matron),
Betournay, Albert (Indian Affairs),
Betsy (student),
Beuglet, L. (principal),
Beys, J. B. (Oblate),
Bible,
Big Head, Willie (student),
Bigknife, Charlie (student),
Big River Reserve,
biological genocide,
Bird, E.V. (principal),
Bird, Jessie (student),
Bird, Marjorie (teacher),
Birtle, Man., residential school (Presbyterian), building construction defects, church funding, clothing, corporal punishment, diseases and epidemics, female versus male teachers, fire-escape systems, heating system failure, influenza, library, manual labour complaints, marriages to students, milk shortages, parent complaints, petitions supporting schools, quality of education, runaways, sanitation, sexual abuse, sexual activity, staff complaints, trachoma, water supply,
Bishop Horden Hall, Moose Fort residential school. See Moose Factory Island, Ont., residential school, Bishop Horden Hall, Moose Fort (Anglican)
Blackbird, Susette (student),
Blackburn, Gideon (Presbyterian missionary),
Blackfoot Confederacy,
Blackfoot language translation,
Blackfoot Reserve: arranged marriage, hospital,
Blake, Edward (Member of Parliament),
Blake, Samuel Hume (Anglican church leader), campaign to close residential schools, funding agreement, missionary societies,
Blewett, (Indian agent),
Blondin, Esther (Mother Marie-Anne),
Blood Reserve,
Blood (Kainai) Reserve residential schools. See Cardston, Alta., residential school, St. Mary’s, Blood (Kainai), Immaculate Conception (Catholic); Cardston, Alta., residential school, St. Paul’s, Blood (Kainai) (Anglican)
Blue Quills residential school. See Saddle Lake/St. Paul, Alta., residential school, Blue Quills, Sacred Heart (Catholic)
boarding schools: 1910 contract, Africa, attendance statistics, Australia, changed to industrial schools, in civilization policy, classification system, closings (United States), curriculum, versus day schools, enrolment statistics, versus industrial schools, for infants, as means to feed children, number of schools, per capita grant rates, to replace industrial schools, truancy regulations, United States, See also industrial schools; residential schools
Boening, Henry (principal),
Boitano, Antonio,
Bompas, Selina (Anglican missionary wife),
Bompas, William (Anglican missionary),
Bond Head, Sir Francis (lieutenant-governor),
Bone, Paul (student),
Booth, Frank (Indian agent),
Botterell, Lulu (school matron),
Bourget, Bishop Ignace,
Bourne, F. (missionary),
Bousquet, Father Paul (principal),
Boyd, A. J. (Indian Superintendent),
Boyle, Robert (theologian),
Boys’ Brigade,
Boy Scouts,
Brachet, Joseph (principal),
Bradley, Isaac (parent),
Brandon, Man., residential school (Methodist/United/Catholic): building, bullying, closure proposal, corporal punishment, discipline, federal government funding, food and diet, former students as staff, heating system failure, last of industrial schools, manual labour, as means to feed children, parental resistance, principals, quality of education, racial superiority attitudes, recruitment, religious instruction, runaways, sanitation, sexual activity, staff complaints, staff salaries, teacher salaries, tuberculosis epidemic, water supply,
Brant, Joseph (Mohawk chief),
Brantford, Ont., residential school, Mohawk Institute (Anglican), about, arson, bullying, cadet corps training, clothing, corporal punishment, curriculum, deficits, discipline, drownings, enrolment, female student recruitment, food and diet complaints, former students as staff, graduate successes list, housekeeping, hunger, influenza, language of instruction, library, living conditions, manual labour, milk shortages, Mohawk language, one of first residential schools, orphans, parent complaints, principal’s dismissal, punishment, recruitment, runaways, sexual activity, solitary confinement lawsuits, staff, teachers, textbook use, truant officers, ‘uncontrollables’ sent to reformatories, vacation policy,
Brass, Eleanor (student and daughter of Fred Dieter), about, fear of discipline, File Hills Colony and control, Indian agent and control, positive relationships, spiritual ceremonies ban,
Brass, Russell (student),
brass bands,
Bray, Dr. Thomas,
Breynat, Bishop Gabriel,
Bridger, (teacher),
Brightsand Lake, Sask.,
British Colonial Office,
British Columbia: Aboriginal Catholic population, Aboriginal poverty, arable farm land, arts and crafts model, attendance regulations, boarding school establishment, brass bands, closures proposal, colonization, day schools, death rates, diphtheria, diseases and epidemics, education statistics, fire protection, industrial schools, influenza, land rights, laws and regulations, missions establishment, Oblates, parental resistance, per capita rates, Potlatch, recruitment, religious orders, reserves, residential school establishment, salaries, traditional way of life, treaties, tuberculosis, See also individual residential schools
British Columbia Indian Lands Settlement Act (1920),
British Columbia Industrial School for Boys,
British Columbia Industrial School for Girls,
British Columbia Provincial Police,
British East India Company,
British Empire: attitudes towards Indigenous peoples, colonies in India, colonization and colonial settlers in Canada, education curriculum, in Ireland and Scotland, land rights in Australia, language marginalization, opium trade, worldwide colonization, See also colonization and colonial settlers
British North America Act,
British Religious Tract Society,
Brocket, Alta., residential school (Anglican or Catholic): building construction defects, closure recommendation,
Brocket, Alta., residential school, Sacred Heart (Catholic): corporal punishment, language of instruction, marriage and discharge policy, recruitment,
Brocket, Alta., residential school, St. Cyprian’s, Queen Victoria’s Jubilee Home, Peigan (Anglican): accidental deaths, building maintenance, clothing, corporal punishment, enrolment, fire hazards, food and diet complaints, language policy, recruitment, sexual activity, tuberculosis epidemic,
Brodie, Miss (teacher),
Bromley, Walter (commissioner),
bronchitis,
Brooklyn orphanage fire,
Brophy, (teacher),
“Brother Dave” (staff disciplinarian),
Brother Joseph (staff disciplinarian),
Brouillet, C. (principal),
Brown Tom’s School Days (Enos Montour),
Brunault, Bishop J.,
Bryant, Cornelius (Methodist missionary),
Bryce, Dr. Peter (Indian Affairs chief medical officer), annual report (1907), annual report (1909), annual report (1913), annual reports, death rates of students, health and medical care, medical officer recommendations, physical exercise, rejection of recommendations (1909), spread of disease and trachoma, staff spouses and conflicts, tuberculosis epidemic,
Buck, Ruth (daughter of principal John Matheson),
Budd, Henry (Sakacheweskam),
buffalo decline,
Buhkwujjene, Chief (Ojibway),
building conditions: construction and manual labour, construction defects, disrepair, federal government funding, fire risk, in good repair, heating system failure, overcrowding, problems, sanitation and hygiene, supplies, See also individual residential schools
Building the Canadian Nation (1942) textbook,
Bull Sittingdown (parent),
bullying (victimization of fellow students): complaints, disabled students, by older students, over food, as protection, runaways, student experiences, suicide attempt, young students,
Bunn, George (school inspector),
Bunoz, Bishop,
Bunoz, E. M. (Oblate missionary),
Burk, J. G. (Indian agent),
Burke, Charles (U.S. Commissioner),
Burman, Mrs. (staff),
Burman, W. A. (principal),
Burning, Harrison (student),
Butcher, Margaret (teacher): about, girls’ activities, influenza pandemic, language policy, marriage attitudes, racial superiority attitudes, separation of the sexes, sexual activity of students, staff living conditions, students as numbers, textbook use,
Butler, Adelaide (teacher),
Butler, J. W. (director),
Butterfly, Andrew (Moose Band member),
Buxton, Thomas Foxwell (missionary),
Byers, Dr. Gordon M.,
Byers, E. W. (principal),
Byrne-Grant, W. (principal),
cabbage,
cadet corps training, competitions, disbanded, discipline, publicity for schools, recruitment for military service, uniforms, See also military training recruitment
Cahill, C. (church official),
Cairns, R. H. (principal and school inspector): conflict between priests and nuns, firefighting equipment, girls’ activities, milk shortages, outing system, quality of education criticisms, suicide investigations, teacher qualifications, teacher workloads, tuberculosis, vacation policy,
Calah (student),
Calais, BC, residential school, Sturgeon Lake, St. Francis Xavier (Catholic),
Caldwell, A. E. (principal),
Caldwell, J. D. (Indian agent),
Calf Robe, Ben (student Medicine Pipe Rider),
Calgary, Alta., residential school, St. Dunstan (Anglican): closing, closure proposal, funding, graduates successes, heating system failure, manual labour, sports, staff living conditions, teacher turnover,
Calls to Action,
Cameron, Agnes Dean (journalist),
Cameron, William (parent),
Campbell, Alexander (Indian Affairs),
Campbell, Glen (school inspector),
Camperville residential school. See Pine Creek, Man., residential school, Camperville (Catholic)
Canadian Church Missionary Association,
Canadian Expeditionary Force (Fort Macleod, Alta.),
Canadian Girls in Training,
Canadian Indian Handicrafts Guild,
Canadian Indian Research and Aid Society,
Canadian Pacific Railway,
Canadian Tuberculosis Association (CTA),
Cap-de-la-Madeleine mission,
Cape Croker Reserve students,
Capelle, Miss. (school superintendent),
Capilano, Susan (parent),
Carcross, YT, residential school, Chooulta (Anglican),
Cardinal, Florence (student),
Cardinal, Wanakew Francis (parent),
Cardinal, William (student),
Cardinal-Kissaynees, Frank (parent),
Cardston, Alta., residential school, St. Mary’s, Blood (Kainai), Immaculate Conception (Catholic): building maintenance, corporal punishment, food and diet, health and medical care, language of instruction, living conditions, manual labour, quality of education, spiritual ceremonies bans, teacher qualifications,
Cardston, Alta., residential school, St. Paul’s, Blood (Kainai) (Anglican): building maintenance, cadet corps training, church competition, clothing, corporal punishment, day schools, hair cut short, influenza, language, principals, religious instruction, runaways, salaries, staff families, student experience, vacation policy,
Cardston, Alta., residential schools, Blood Reserve (Anglican or Catholic): building maintenance, church-government partnerships, closure proposal, conflicts, enrolment, principals, runaways, tuberculosis,
Cariboo St. Joseph’s residential school. See Williams Lake, BC, Cariboo, St. Joseph’s residential school (Catholic)
Carion, A. M. (principal): arranged marriage, brass bands, clothing, corporal punishment, expectations of students, food and diet, language of instruction, manual labour, per capita grant,
Carlisle Indian Boarding School, Pennsylvania, U.S.: Aboriginal language policy, about, assimilation, curriculum, discipline, enrolment, food supply, music band, recommendations, sports, student database,
Carlson, Leander (farm instructor),
Carlton Agency,
Carlton Reserve,
Carlyle Reserve,
Carpenter, John (student),
carpentry,
Carrier First Nation,
Carrierre, L. (principal),
Carter, T. H. (Indian agent),
Carthew, Dr. C. E.,
Cartier, Jacques,
Cartwright, Sir Richard,
Case, William (Methodist missionary),
Casswell, H. S. (police),
Cathcart, Mr. (staff),
Catholic Church and missionaries. See Roman Catholic Church and missionaries
Caughnawaga mission,
Cecilia Jeffrey, Ont., residential school. See Kenora/Shoal Lake, Ont., residential school, Cecilia Jeffrey (Presbyterian/United)
cemeteries,
Central School East (Ottawa),
ceremonies and traditions. See Aboriginal cultural identity
Césaire, Aimé,
Chagnon, O. (principal),
Chakita, Mrs. John Tchakta (parent),
Chapleau, Ont., residential school, St. John’s (Anglican), bullying, corporal punishment, discharge policy, discipline, diseases and epidemics, funding, hair cut short, housekeeping, influenza, parental resistance, parent complaints, pre-enrolment physical examinations, runaways, schedule, school-run businesses, sports facilities, tuberculosis, vocational training, water supply, whooping cough,
Charlebois, Bishop,
Charlebois, O. (principal),
Charlebois, Sister,
Charlebois, Sister M. U.,
Charles, Lazarus (student),
Charles, Sister Mary,
Charley, C. (parent),
Charlie, Ellen (student),
Charlotte (Cree student),
Charlotte (student),
Charter of the Virginia Company (1609),
Chatelain, P. (principal),
chicken-pox,
Chief Mountain, Helen (student),
child labour laws,
child separation. See separation of families
child sexual abuse. See sexual abuse
child welfare institutions,
Chilliwack/Sardis, BC, residential school, Coqualeetza Institute (Methodist/United): arranged marriage, arts and crafts preservation, brass bands, building construction, clothing donations, enrolment, food and diet, girls’ activities, graduates, health and medical care budget, housekeeping, influenza, manual labour injuries, matrons, orphans, outing system, parental resistance, parent complaints, payment for school inspection, per capita grant rates, punishment, quality of education, runaways, school farms, separation of the sexes, sexual activity, staff living conditions, student experiences, teacher workloads, theatre arts, tuberculosis, vacation policy,
China and Catholic missionaries,
Chinese empire,
Chirouse, Eugène-Casimir (Oblate missionary and principal),
Chisholm, W. J. (school inspector),
Choinel, L. (principal),
choirs and hymn-singing,
Chonet, Rev. P.,
chores. See manual labour
Christianity: versus Aboriginal spirituality, census, death-bed religious conversions, justification for colonization, mission of conversion, Muscular Christianity, religious books, See also Anglican Church and missionaries; Methodist Church and missionaries; Presbyterian Church and missionaries; Roman Catholic Church and missionaries; United Church of Canada
Christian Missionary Society,
Christianson, M. (school inspector): corporal punishment, discharge policy, fire hazards, graduates, manual labour, milk shortages, parent conflict, runaways, school farms, staff conflict,
Christie, William Joseph (Treaty negotiator),
Christie residential school. See Meares Island/Christie/Tofino, BC, residential school, Clayoquot, Kakawis (Catholic)
church competition. See inter-denominational conflict
church-government partnerships: 1910
contract, Bagot Commission, conflict, funding, historical context,
Church Missionary Society (CMS): about, African schools, enfranchisement, grammar school, phasing out school support, at Red River, relocation of Ojibway,
Church of the Holy Redeemer Parochial School (New York City) fire,
church opposition: closing residential schools, day schools,
church-run government over Aboriginal people,
church-run hospitals,
church-run schools: attendance regulations, cadet corps training, closures proposal, competition, compulsory enrolment, cost over-runs, Davin Report, day schools, definition of child, English versus French language of instruction, enrolment, expansion, goals, government acquiring buildings, government funding, government partnership, versus government-run, historical context, industrial boarding school differences, mission of conversion, number of schools, per capita grants, principals, re-classification, staff conflict, teacher qualifications, too much power, tuberculosis care, zones of influence,
Citeaux, France reformatory,
Civilization Fund Act (1819),
civilization policy. See federal government
Claessen, P. (principal),
Clapham Sect (missionary society),
Clark, Penney (educator),
Clarke, F. J. (Indian agent),
Clarke, Ida (principal),
Clarke, Lavinia (staff),
Clarke, Thomas (principal): building construction, church competition, clothing, corporal punishment, curriculum standards, female student recruitment, health and medical care, language policy, library, opening, parental visits policy, regulations, water supply,
classification system,
Claude, Father E. (principal),
Claus, Courtland (student),
Claus, Paulus (Mohawk chief),
Clayoquot residential school. See Meares Island/Christie/Tofino, BC, residential school, Clayoquot, Kakawis (Catholic)
Cleveland, Ohio school fire,
Clink, D. L. (Indian agent),
clothing: brass band costumes, cadet training uniforms, as enrolment incentive, footwear, government responsibility, inadequate, list, parents buying clothes, prosecution for theft, residential schools, well-dressed in public,
Cluny, Alta., residential school, Crowfoot, St. Joseph’s, St. Trinité (Catholic): arson, building, corporal punishment, diseases and epidemics, enrolment, fire-escape systems, language of instruction, milk shortages, Oblates and Sisters of Providence conflict, punishment, religious instruction, spiritual ceremonies ban, trachoma, tuberculosis, vocational training,
Coccola, Nicolas (principal): about, firefighting equipment, influenza pandemic, language policy, library, milk shortages, missionaries as advocates, racial superiority attitudes, recruitment, vocational training,
Cockran, William (Anglican missionary),
Cody, Bishop J. C.,
Coffin, John (commissioner),
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste (French finance minister),
Colborne, Sir John (lieutenant-governor),
College of the Sacred Heart (St-Hyacinthe) fire,
College of William and Mary,
Collier, John (U.S. Commissioner),
Collins, Rev. Brother,
Colonial and Continental Church Society,
colonization and colonial settlers: assimilation goals, attitudes of racial superiority, balance of power shift, colonies of occupation, colony settler population, conflict and resistance, definition, denial of self-government, Doctrine of Discovery, education goals, empires, impact of, internal colonies, land claims, legacy, Métis resistance, models, New France, papal sovereignty, slave trade, war as just, See also British Empire
Columbus, Christopher,
Comiré, W. (principal),
Common School Act (1816),
Common Schools Act (1846),
Company of One Hundred Associates (Company of New France),
compulsory enrolment. See enrolment
concerts and celebrations,
Confederation of Canada (1867),
Conference of the Narrows,
conflict between churches and federal government. See church-government partnerships
Congregationalist churches,
Congregation of Notre Dame,
Connaught, Duke of,
Constant, Charles (parent),
Constant, Chief P. (The Pas Band),
Constantine, Emperor,
Cooke, Charles Angus (student, then Indian Affairs employee),
cooking,
Copperfield, David (student),
Coqualeetza Institute. See Chilliwack/Sardis, BC, residential school, Coqualeetza Institute (Methodist/United)
Corbett, Dr. F. H.,
Corbett, Dr. F. L.,
Corker, A. W. (principal),
Cornelius, Miss (Oneida teacher),
Cornwall, Henry (Indian agent),
corporal punishment, armed with gun, boarding schools (United States), chained to benches, ears twisted, guidelines, hair cut short, instructions, locked up, male versus female, in presence of other students, reformatories, religious control, runaways reason, school case studies, sentences, shackling, solitary confinement, for swearing, violated Aboriginal norms, See also discipline; punishment; strappings
correctional facilities,
Cote, Marybelle (parent),
Couture, Th. (principal),
Cowessess residential school. See Grayson, Sask., residential school, Marieval, Cowessess, Crooked Lake (Catholic)
Cowley, Abraham (Treaty negotiator),
Cox, Charles (Indian agent),
Craig, H. H. (lawyer),
Cranbrook, BC, residential school, St. Eugene’s, Kootenay (Catholic): brass bands, budget cuts, compulsory enrolment, corporal punishment instructions, curriculum standards, establishment, expectations for students, female versus male teachers, fire-escape systems, fire hazards, food and diet, health and medical care, influenza, language policy, library, manual labour, milk shortages, Oblates and conflict with Sisters of Providence, overcrowding, separation of families, teacher qualifications, tuberculosis,
Cree language and culture,
Creeley, Pauline (student),
Cree Nation: conversions and language learning, North-West Rebellion, reserve, as savage by clergy, Treaty process and grievances,
Crerar, Thomas (Indian Affairs),
cricket,
Criminal Code,
Croisés,
Crooked Lake residential school. See Grayson, Sask., residential school, Marieval, Cowessess, Crooked Lake (Catholic)
crop failures,
Crosby, Emma (wife of Methodist missionary),
Crosby, Mr. (teacher),
Crosby, Thomas (Methodist missionary/school director),
Crosby Home for Girls. See Port Simpson/Fort Simpson, BC, residential school, Crosby Home for Girls (Methodist/United)
Cross Lake, Man., residential school, St. Joseph’s, Norway House, Notre Dame Hostel, Jack River Hostel (Catholic): arson, deaths, female staff, fires, influenza, pre-enrolment physical examinations, punishment, tuberculosis,
Cross Lake Band,
Crowfoot residential school. See Cluny, Alta., residential school, Crowfoot, St. Joseph’s, St. Trinité (Catholic)
Crown Lands Department,
Crowstand residential school. See Kamsack, Sask., residential school, Crowstand (Presbyterian)
Crozier, L. N. F. (North-West Mounted Police Superintendent),
cultural genocide, vii,
culture. See Aboriginal cultural identity
Cunningham, Agnes (aka Mrs. Frank Kissaynees-Cardinal),
Cunningham, Anne (teacher),
Cunningham, Jennie (principal),
Currant, Willie (student),
curriculum: Aboriginal culture and languages, apprenticeship system failure, boarding schools (United States), course outlines, industrial boarding schools, physical exercise, standards, textbooks, vocational skills, See also education; languages and language learning; religious instruction
Currie, H. B. (principal),
Cut Knife Hill and the North-West Rebellion,
Cypress Hills Cree Reserve,
Dagg, James (principal),
Dalgleish, Helen (school matron),
dance: fiddle, give-away, Sun Dance (Thirst Dance), Tamanawas, violations,
Daniels, Mrs.(teacher),
Darling, Major General H. C.,
Daughters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary,
Daunt, A. O’N. (Indian agent): arson, building maintenance, corporal punishment, fire-escape systems,
David, Jones (Red River boarding school superintendent),
Davies, Miss (staff),
Davies, Sir John,
Davin, Nicholas Flood (Indian Affairs): attack on Aboriginal families, church-run schools, education provision in Treaties, residential school establishment,
Davin Report,
Davis, Louis (politician),
Davis, R. S. (Indian agent),
Dawson, Leonard (principal),
Dawson City, YT, residential school, St. Paul’s Hostel (Anglican),
Day, Dorothy (student),
day schools (Indian Affairs): amalgamation, attendance, versus boarding schools, built by Aboriginal people, campaign against, church-government partnerships, church opposition, closing, colony, enrolment, federal government funding, improved schools proposal, industrial boarding schools proposal, number of schools, opposition to closure, parent complaints, versus public education, recommendations, request for, role of, three-tiered system proposal, women’s missionary societies, See also public schools
Deasy, Thomas (Indian agent),
deaths: corporal punishment, death-bed religious conversions, diphtheria, drownings, fires, high rate, influenza, inquests, measles, registers of named and unnamed student deaths, runaways, siblings, smallpox, suicide, tuberculosis epidemic, at U.S. boarding schools, whooping cough,
de Brébeuf, Jean (Jesuit missionary),
de Bretagne, (principal),
de Bretagne, Guy,
de Champlain, Samuel (explorer),
Decorby, J. (Catholic missionary),
deficits. See funding; individual residential schools
Delaney, Maggie (student),
de las Casas, Bartolomé (priest),
de Laval, Bishop François,
Delawares,
Deleary, Ron (student),
de l’Incarnation, Sister Marie,
Delmas, Sask., residential school, Thunderchild, St. Henri (Catholic): amalgamation, attendance regulations, building construction, closure recommendation, fire-escape systems, manual labour, milk shortages, newsletter, Oblates and Sisters of Providence conflict, quality of education, recruitment, staff salaries, student experiences, tuberculosis epidemic, vacation policy,
de Mazenod, Eugène (Oblate),
Demers, Alfred (principal),
Demers, Bishop Augustine,
Demetz, Frederic (reformatory director),
Dennis, J. S. (Department of the Interior),
Denny, Gregory (student),
denominational competition. See interdenominational conflict
denominational schools. See church-run schools
Denovan, Dr. H. J.,
Denten, Mr. (teacher),
Denys, Nicolas (French colonist),
Department of Indian Affairs. See Indian Affairs
Department of Militia and Defence,
Department of the Interior,
de Roberval, Jean de la Rocque (explorer),
des Anges, Sister Marie,
Desmarais-Wabasca, Alta., residential school, Wabisca Lake, Alta., St. Martin’s (Catholic),
de Vattel, Emeric (writer),
de Victoria, Franciscus Vitoria (theologian),
Devlin, (Indian agent),
Dewdney, Edgar (Indian Affairs), Aboriginal culture attitudes, annual report, church-run schools competition, church versus government run schools, clothing, compulsory enrolment, curriculum standards, day schools, death rates, establishment of schools, farming, food and diet, health and medical care, Indian Affairs control, industrial schools costs, language policy, North-West Rebellion, parental resistance, per capita grants, recruitment, relief rations, school purpose, school regulations and guidelines, school schedule, spiritual ceremonies ban,
d’Herbomez, Bishop Louis-Joseph,
Dick, John (Moose Band member),
dietary lists and scales. See food and diet
Dieter, Fred (student and father of Eleanor Brass),
Dilworth, W. J. (Indian agent),
Dion, Joseph (student),
diphtheria,
disabled students and bullying,
discharge policy: age limits policy, arranged marriage, attendance regulations, colony, control, family poverty, hostility from chiefs, Indian Act (1930) amendments, legislative authority and amendments, parent complaints, request for discharge, runaways, threat of prosecution, vacation policy,
discipline, attitudes towards, being big enough, cadet corps training, cancel vacation, complaints, Durieu System, excessive, expulsion, fear of, for inattention and pilfering, parental resistance, parents and affection for children, regimentation, school disciplinarians unable to speak English, strict surveillance, supervision, whistling on Sunday, See also corporal punishment; punishment
diseases, epidemics, and illnesses: bronchitis, chicken-pox, deaths, diphtheria, health and medical care, influenza, measles, meningitis, peritonitis, pneumonia, quarantine, quarantine and isolation, religious control, sanitation and hygiene, sibling deaths, smallpox, staff pressure, syphilis, trachoma, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, whooping cough,
District Public (Grammar) School Act (1807),
Ditcham, George (principal),
Ditchburn, W. E. (school inspector): arson, corporal punishment complaints, principal problems, sexual activity, spiritual ceremonies ban,
Doctrine of Discovery,
Dodds, F. T. (principal),
Dodds, G. A.,
Dodds, George (Indian agent),
Doeg Nation,
Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Province of Canada (DFMS),
Dominion Franchise Act (1934),
“Donation of Constantine” and papacy sovereignty,
Donckele, G. (principal): corporal punishment, discipline by expulsion, food and diet complaints, language policy, parent complaints, school concerts, spiritual ceremonies bans,
Dontenwill, Bishop Augustin,
Don’t you hear the red man calling? (Blake),
Dorais, J. (principal),
Dorchester, Lord,
Douglas, James (Hudson’s Bay Company official),
Downing, Miss (teacher),
Doxtater, Susie (student),
Doyle, J. A. (principal),
drama,
Dreaver, Mary (student),
Dreaver, Mrs. W. F. (parent),
dropouts,
drownings,
Dubois, N. C. D. (principal),
Duck Lake, Sask., residential school, St. Michael’s (Catholic): arson, attendance statistics, day school policy, diphtheria, library, parental resistance, punishment, tuberculosis epidemic and death rate, vacation policy,
Duck Lake Reserve,
du/DuRonquet, Dominique (principal),
Dugas, A.J.A. (principal),
Duke, Ernest (principal),
Dumont, Gabriel (Métis military leader),
Dumoulin, Sévère (Catholic missionary),
Dunbow industrial school. See High River, Alta., residential school, St. Joseph’s, Dunbow industrial school (Catholic)
Duncan, William (Anglican missionary),
Dunn, R. (police sergeant aka Dunne),
Duplanil, John (principal),
Durieu, Bishop Paul: corporal punishment instructions, Durieu System, food budget cuts, Oblates and conflict with Sisters of Saint Ann, per capita grants, sexual abuse,
d’Youville, Marie-Marguerite (Dufrost de Lajemmerais),
Eagle, Charles (student),
Eagle, Edward (false name used by Paul Bone),
Edgar, Josephine (student),
Edmison, J. H. (Methodist church official),
Edmonton (St. Albert), Alta., residential school, Poundmaker (Methodist/United): arson, building construction, church-run, diseases and epidemics, firefighting equipment, housekeeping, infirmary, overwork, pneumonia, punishment, salaries,
Edmonton Catholic residential school. See St. Albert (Edmonton), Alta., residential school, Youville (Catholic)
Edmonton House,
education: Aboriginal culture attitudes, colonization goals, and imperialism, Indian Act (1876) little focus on, Métis, philosophy, provisions in treaties, quality, record of residential schools, before residential schools, sex, See also curriculum; Indian Affairs; religious instruction
Education Act (Ontario 1891),
Edwards, Frank (Indian agent),
Electoral Franchise Act (1885),
Eliot, John (Puritan missionary),
Elizabeth Long Memorial Home for Girls. See Kitamaat/Kitimaat, BC, residential school, Elizabeth Long Memorial Home for Girls (Methodist/United)
Elkhorn, Man., residential school, Washakada (Anglican), brass bands, building construction, cadet training, closing, concerts, deficit, enrolment incentives, food and diet, manual labour payments, meal plans, military service, milk shortages, parental resistance, recruitment, religious instruction, school farms, staff families, staff salaries, teacher qualifications,
Elliott, Abner (student),
Elliott, E. (parent representative),
Ellis (student),
Ellis, Henry (principal),
Emma (student),
Emmanuel College. See Prince Albert, Sask., residential school, Emmanuel College (Anglican)
empires: collapse, colonization and colonial settlers, definition, expansion, justification, legacy, war, See also imperialism
Endicott, James (Methodist church official),
enfranchisement: Aboriginal peoples, assimilation goals, civilization policy, Indian Act (1876), pass system, Treaty process, voting rights, See also Aboriginal self-government
English, (police officer),
English language, teaching and learning of: African boarding schools, curriculum standards, versus French language instruction, graduates, only spoken at dinner, parental contact language, staff unable to speak, translation, See also French language; languages and language learning
Englund, Mary (student),
Enquiries Act,
enrolment: age limits policy, church-government conflict, compulsory, day schools, discharge policy, female versus male students, grade distribution statistics, incentives, Indian Act amendments, industrial boarding schools, low, orphans policy, overcrowding, parental resistance, per capita funding, policy changes, pre-enrolment physical examinations, regulations, statistics, struggles, tuberculosis, See also admission policy; attendance; recruitment
epidemics. See diseases, epidemics, and illnesses
Erasmus, Peter (Treaty interpreter),
Ermineskin residential school. See Hobbema, Alta., residential school, Ermineskin (Catholic)
Es-qua-sis (parent),
Eugene IV (pope),
Euphresia, Sister,
European empires and nations: versus Christianity, colonization, diplomatic relations and land claims, superiority versus inferiority of Aboriginal peoples,
Evans, James (Methodist missionary),
Everett, Dr. H. S.,
Everett, H. (school farmhand),
Ewart, Catherine (Presbyterian church official),
Ewart Training Home,
Ewawoos Band,
expulsion,
extracurricular activities, arts and crafts, ball games, Boy Scouts, brass bands, choirs and hymn-singing, concerts and celebrations, cricket, dance, drama, football, games, Girl Guides, girls’ sports, hockey, King’s Daughters, King’s Sons, lacrosse, playgrounds, reading, recreation and sports, See also cadet corps training
Fahey, Joseph (teacher),
Fahlman, Father T. J. (principal),
Fairlie, John/J.F. (principal),
families: attack on, buying clothes, love for children, parental visits, poverty, sibling death and separation, as unfit, See also parental and community resistance
family separation. See separation of families
Faraud, Henri (Oblate missionary),
farming and gardening, civilization policy, colony, failure by Aboriginal peoples, versus hunting lifestyle, outing system, overwork, relief rations declined, school farms, student complaints, vocational training failure, See also manual labour; school farms
Farrell, Dr. Edward,
Father Lacombe’s Ladder,
fatigue duty and manual labour,
Feather, Archie (student),
federal government: Aboriginal policy, Aboriginal self-government, acquiring church buildings, assimilation goals, church partnerships, civilization policy, control over Aboriginal people, cultural genocide, vii, culture and language policy, day schools, discipline policy, education policy, enrolment policy, File Hills Colony, Indian Act (1876), industrial schools, laws and legislation, medical officer recommendations, North-West Rebellion, repressive measures, residential schools establishment, school policy goals, Treaty process, See also funding; Indian Affairs
federal government funding. See funding
Félicien, Sister,
Female Orphan Asylum,
Ferguson, Dr. George (SATL director),
Ferrier, Russell T. (Indian Affairs): building construction defects, cadet corps training, colony funding and control, corporal punishment, discharge policy, food ration scale and complaints, French versus English language of instruction, milk shortages, overwork complaints, recruitment powers, religious instruction, schedules, school-run businesses, staff salaries, teacher qualifications, tuberculosis epidemic, vacation policy,
Ferrier, T. (Methodist official),
Ferrier, T. (principal),
Fetherston, Miss (teacher),
fiddle dances,
Fiddler, George (student newsletter writer),
File Hills Colony,
File Hills Reserve,
File Hills residential school. See Balcarres, Sask., residential school, File Hills (Presbyterian/United)
Finnie, Miss (staff matron),
fire-escape systems: construction techniques, fire protection instructions, ineffective protection, violations, water supply,
fires and fire hazards, arson, deaths, fire escapes, list of out-buildings, list of schools, locked doors, overcrowding, public buildings, smoking,
A First Book of Canadian History (1928) textbook,
First Nations of the Plains and Parklands,
Fisher River First Nation,
Fishing Lakes First Nation,
Flatfoot, Frank (Pine Creek Band representative),
Fleetham, J. I. (Indian agent),
Fleetham, T. J. (Indian agent),
Flowers, Shirley (student),
food and diet, bread, budget cuts, cabbage, complaints, cooking, dietary lists and scales, hunger, hunting and fishing to supplement, hurt recruitment, insufficient, meal plans, milk shortages, parental resistance, per capita funding, quality, school inspector reports, staff and student meal plans, staff ate better, theft, used as currency,
football,
footwear,
Forbes, G. (principal),
Forget, Amédée (Indian Affairs): admission policy, annuity payments, arranged marriage, corporal punishment, manual labour, pre-enrolment physical examinations, school expenditures, sexual abuse, spiritual ceremonies ban, tuberculosis epidemic death rate,
Forsland, D. E. (police sergeant),
Fort Albany, Ont., residential school, St. Anne’s (Catholic),
Fort Albany Band,
Fort Alexander Band,
Fort Alexander residential school. See Pine Falls, Man., residential school, Fort Alexander (Catholic)
Fort Chipewyan, Alta., residential school, Holy Angels, École des Saints-Anges (Catholic),
Fort Chipewyan Nativity Mission,
Fort Edmonton mission (Methodist),
Fort Frances, Ont., residential school, St. Margaret’s (Catholic),
Fort Garry,
Fort George, Que., residential school, St. Joseph’s Mission, Residence Couture, Sainte-Thérèse-de-l’Enfant-Jésus (Catholic),
Fort George, Que., residential school, St. Phillip’s (Anglican), conversion goals, former students as staff, opening, principal’s contract and duties, sports, staff,
Fort Hall boarding school (Idaho),
Fort Pelly, Sask., residential school. See Kamsack/Fort Pelly, Sask., residential school, St. Phillips (Catholic)
Fort Providence, NWT, residential school, Fort Providence Boarding Home, Sacred Heart (Catholic), Anglican reaction, church-run, food shortages, fundraising, Oblates, staff living conditions,
Fort Qu’Appelle Sanatorium,
Fort Qu’Appelle town hall,
Fort Resolution, NWT, residential school, St. Joseph’s (Catholic),
Fort St. James, BC, residential school, Stuart Lake (Catholic),
Fort Simpson, BC, Crosby Home for Girls. See Port Simpson/Fort Simpson, BC, residential school, Crosby Home for Girls (Methodist/United)
Fort Vermilion, Alta., residential school, St. Henry’s (Catholic),
Fort Walsh,
Fort William, Ont., residential school, St. Joseph’s (Catholic),
Fouquet, Léon (principal),
Francis, (student),
Francis, Chief Dan,
Francis, Leo (false name used by Steven Paul),
Francis I, King of France,
Franklin, Benjamin (founding father U.S.),
Fraser, Dr.,
Fraser, Mr. (principal),
Fraser Lake, BC, residential school, Lejac (Catholic): building, cadet corps training, corporal punishment, discharge policy, fire-escape systems, manual labour, milk shortages, Oblates, parental resistance, runaways, separation of families, spiritual ceremonies ban, student experiences, suicide, teacher not strict enough, tuberculosis, vacation policy, vocational training,
Frayling, R. W. (principal),
French Canada and residential schools (1608-1763),
French empire,
French language: versus English, female staff, religious instruction, suppression of Aboriginal languages, See also English language, teaching and learning of; languages and language learning
Frimley Sanatorium,
Frobisher, Martin (British explorer),
Frog Lake Band and the North-West Rebellion,
Frontenac, Governor,
Fuller, Benjamin (principal),
Fuller, J. L. (school inspector),
funding: 1910 contract, Anglican Church, buildings, by churches, of church-run schools, closing schools, clothing, day schools, enrolment age, File Hills Colony, food and diet, graduates, health and medical care, of industrial schools, link to hunger, Methodist Church, Métis status, Oblates, per capita grant increases, per capita grant limitations, per capita grants cutbacks, of public schools, pupilage, school deficits, staff salaries, treaty versus non-treaty, truancy officers, tuberculosis care,
fur trade,
Gabourie, Herby (student),
Gabriel, Sister Mary,
Gaddie, Glen (student),
Gale, Gervase (teacher),
Gambler, Jean Baptiste (John Muchmaton Gambler),
games,
Gandier, Rev. M. C.,
gardening. See farming and gardening
Garden River First Nation,
Garden River Shingwauk Home. See Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., residential school, Shingwauk/Wawanosh Home (Anglican)
Gardner, Chief,
Gavin, Simon (student),
General, Emmert (student),
genocide, definition,
Gentleman, P. H. (principal),
George, Earl Maquinna (student),
George, Melva (student),
George, T. T. (principal),
German, O. (Anglican church official),
German empire,
germ warfare,
Geurts, J. (principal),
Gibson, E. C. (businessman),
Gideon, James (parent),
Giggle, Mr. (principal),
Gilbert, Sister Mary,
Gillen, A. M. D. (principal),
Gillespie, Dr. J. J.,
Gillespie, Janet (school matron),
Gillespie, Kate (principal),
Gilmour, Miss (teacher),
Gilmour, Neil (principal),
Girard, Dr. F. X.,
Girard, Thomas (Oblate),
Girl Guides,
girls’ sports,
give-away dances,
Givens, Rev. S.,
Gladstone, Manitoba, Board of Trade,
Glass, Mr. (principal),
Gleichen, Alta., residential school, Old Sun’s (Anglican), arranged marriage, competition between schools, corporal punishment, curriculum standards, diphtheria, diseases and epidemics, enrolment, firefighting equipment, fire hazards, parental resistance, pre-enrolment physical examinations, recruitment, staff spouses and conflicts, teacher qualifications, tuberculosis epidemic,
Gleichen, Alta., White Eagle school for boys (Anglican),
Glenelg, Lord (Colonial Office secretary),
Goderich, Lord (colonial secretary),
Gooderham, G. H.,
Goodfish Reserve,
Goodstoney, James (Stoney),
Gordon, Abbie (teacher),
Gordon, Andrew (parent),
Gordon, Andrew (student),
Gordon, David (parent),
Gordon, Edith (student),
Gordon’s Reserve, Punnichy, Sask., residential school (Anglican): Christianity versus Aboriginal culture and identity, corporal punishment, day schools, fire hazards, manual labour safety, menus, principal duties, quality of education, runaways, staff families, student academic progress,
Gould, Canon Sidney (Anglican church official),
government. See federal government
Graham, H. (Indian agent),
Graham, William/W.A./W.M (Indian Affairs): arranged marriage, attendance regulations, building expenses, building in good repair, clothing, colony and control over personal lives, corporal punishment, criticisms, discharge policy, discipline, dismissal, fire-escape systems, firefighting equipment, fire hazards, food and diet complaints, government interference with Aboriginal government, language of instruction, manual labour, milk shortages, overwork complaints, sanitation, sexual abuse, sexual activity, staff complaints of principals, teacher qualifications, tribute to, tuberculosis epidemic care, vocational training, water supply,
Graham, W. M. (Indian agent),
Grain, Dr. O. (Indian Affairs),
grammar schools (pre-Confederation),
Grandin, Bishop Vital: conversions, curriculum, Oblates, parent complaints, reformatories, residential schools support, separation of families, separation of priests and nuns, Treaty process,
Grand River Six Nations. See Six Nations of the Grand River (Mohawk)
Grant, President Ulysses,
grants. See funding
Grape Island Reserve,
Grassy Narrows Band,
Grayson, Sask., residential school, Marieval, Cowessess, Crooked Lake (Catholic): corporal punishment, enrolment incentives, fire-escape systems, as means to feed children, parental resistance, quality of education, vacation policy,
Greasy Forehead (death of daughter),
Great Bear Lake school,
Great Depression,
Great Law of Peace,
Great Peace of Montreal (1701),
Great Spirit,
Green, A. E. (school inspector),
Green, E.A. (Presbyterian minister),
Grenfell Mission, Labrador,
Grey Nuns. See Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns)
Groat, Edward (student),
Grollier, Father (Oblate),
Grosbeck, Lizzie (student),
Groslouis, Paul (student),
Grouard, Alta., residential school, St. Bernard’s, Lesser Slave Lake (Catholic),
Grouard, Bishop,
Grouard, Father,
Guarani peoples,
Gullion, (son of W. E. Gullion),
Gullion, W. E. (Indian agent),
Gunn, Harry (Indian Agent),
Guthrie, Hugh (Minister of Justice),
Guy, Bishop,
Guy, Father Joseph,
Hagan, Michael (principal),
Hahawahi, (father of Wallace Hahawahi),
Hahawahi, Wallace (student),
Haida Gwaii,
Haines, Christine (student),
hair cut short as punishment,
half-day system,
Halifax Boys Industrial School,
Hall, Joseph (principal), arranged marriage, brass bands, girls’ activities, runaways,
Hall, Mary (student),
Hall, Rev. James,
Hall, William (lawyer),
Halliday, W. M. (Indian agent),
Halpin, David (Indian agent),
Hamel, Sister,
Hamilton, A. G. (school inspector), brass band criticisms, clothing, corporal punishment, criticisms, dismissal, fire-escape systems, fire hazards, food and diet complaints, milk shortages, runaways, sexual activity, teachers,
Hamilton, W. J. (school inspector),
Hammond, Mary (student),
Hampton Agricultural School for Negroes,
Hanes, Rev. William R.,
Harbridge, George (schoolmaster),
Hardie, Susan (teacher and former student),
Hardisty, George (Moose Band member),
Hargrave, Letitia (wife of Hudson’s Bay Company official),
Harmand, Jules (French colonizer),
Harris, Wasley (teacher),
Harvard College,
Harvey, Miss (school matron),
Harvie, Elizabeth (Presbyterian church official),
Haskell Institute,
Hassall, Thomas (Aboriginal interpreter),
Haynes, Mrs. (school matron),
Haynes, W. R. (principal),
Hay River, NWT, residential school, St. Peter’s (Anglican): drownings, girls’ activities, library, principal’s duties, staff relations, tuberculosis,
Haythornthwaite, W. (principal),
health and medical care: absence, budget cutbacks, cost statistics, diseases and epidemics, drug treatments, federal government funding, health units, infirmary, medical officers, nursing training failure, parent complaints, pre-enrolment physical examinations, provincial pressure, religious control by nuns, smallpox, staff concerns, staff health, tonsil infections, tuberculosis epidemic,
heating system failures,
Hellmuth College,
hemlock poisonings,
Hendrie, Kezia (school matron),
Hendry, W. A. (principal),
Hennepin, Father Louis,
Henry, Prince of Portugal,
Henry, Rev. E. A. (Presbyterian minister),
Henty, G. A. (writer),
Heron, R. B. (principal): about failures, church competition, day schools, quality of education, school costs, staff conflict,
Hewett, Miss (teacher),
Hicks, Dr. J. L.,
Higgs, S. E. (Anglican missionary),
High River, Alta., residential school, St. Joseph’s, Dunbow industrial school (Catholic): about, age limits policy, brass bands, building construction, bullying, closing, clothing, compulsory enrolment, corporal punishment, costs, deficit, enrolment, female student recruitment, girls’ activities, housekeeping, influenza, language policy, library, manual labour, milk shortages, number of students, outing system, parental resistance, parental visits policy, parent violence, payment for manual labour, per capita grant rates, recruitment, schedule, school farms, sexual abuse, spiritual ceremonies ban, sports, staff salaries, tuberculosis epidemic, vocational training,
Hill, Hilda (student),
Hill, Martha (student),
Hill, Raymond (student),
Hill, Rev. Albert H.,
Hinchcliffe, J. (principal),
Hirst, Florence (teacher),
Hives, Charles/C. F. (principal),
Hobbema, Alta., residential school, Ermineskin (Catholic): building, fire-escape systems, newsletter, orchestra, parental resistance, recruitment failure, school equipment, sexual activity, textbook use, tuberculosis epidemic,
Hochelaga School (Montreal),
hockey,
Hoey, R. A. (Indian Affairs): accidental deaths, church-run versus government school policy, colony funding and control, corporal punishment, federal government funding, fire hazards, graduates, parent conflicts, per capital grants, runaways, school closings recommendations, vacation policy, vocational training,
Hogbin, George (principal),
Hollow Water Reserve,
Holy Angels residential school. See Fort Chipewyan, Alta., residential school, Holy Angels, École des Saints-Anges (Catholic)
Home of the Good Shepherd,
homesickness,
Hooper, Mr. (school staff),
Horden, John (Bible translator),
hospitals,
housekeeping: cooking, graduates, ironing, laundry, outing system, sewing, teacher qualifications, vocational training, See also manual labour
Howe, Joseph (Secretary of State),
Howe, Robert (Indian agent),
Howland, William H. (Toronto mayor),
Hudson, Charles (Indian agent),
Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC): Anglican missions, assimilation attitudes, education, land rights, land transfer, Methodist Missionary Society, missionary support, northern missions, North West Company amalgamation, trade monopoly, treaty negotiations,
Hughes, Nelson (student),
Hughes, Thomas (writer),
Hugonnard, Joseph (principal), Aboriginal culture attitudes, age limits policy, arranged marriages, clothing, compulsory enrolment, day schools, dietary lists, discharge policy, enrolment, female student recruitment, housekeeping, language policy, library, liked by students, manual labour, outing system, parental resistance, parental visits policy, recruitment, relationship with Aboriginal people, religious instruction, runaways, school farms, school-run businesses, spiritual ceremonies ban, staff salaries, student deaths, teacher workloads, tuberculosis epidemic,
hunger,
hunting and fishing,
hunting rights,
Hurlburt, Sylvester (principal),
Huron First Nation,
Huron League,
hygiene. See water and sanitation hymn-singing,
Île-à-la-Crosse residential school. See Beauval, Sask., residential school, Lac la Plonge, Île-àla-Crosse (Catholic)
illnesses. See diseases, epidemics, and illnesses
Immaculate Conception residential school. See Cardston, Alta., residential school, St. Mary’s, Blood (Kainai), Immaculate Conception (Catholic)
immigration,
Improved Day Schools,
Indian, legal definition and status,
Indian Act (1876): Aboriginal policy, adoption of, amendments to, band councils, enfranchisement of Aboriginal peoples, negative reaction, pre-legislation, provisions of, reserves, responsibility for education, status versus non-status, treaty negotiations, See also Regulations Relating to the Education of Indian Children (1894)
Indian Act (1876) amendments: 1880, creation of Department of Indian Affairs, 1884, spiritual ceremonies ban, 1884, 1893, attendance, 1894, annuity payments, 1894, enrolment, 1894, truancy, 1908, Indian Agent not aware of, 1918, spiritual ceremonies ban, 1920, enrolment, 1920, list, 1930, age limits discharge policy, 1933, runaways and truant officers,
Indian Affairs: 1910 contract obligations, Aboriginal policy, Aboriginal principal appointment, annual reports, appointments, assimilation goals, buildings maintenance, cadet corps training, census, church-run school partnerships, civilization policy (pre-Confederation), corporal punishment policy, cost comparison report (United States), curriculum standards, definition of child, department budget, discharge policy, discipline policy, diseases and epidemics, enrolment guidelines, enrolment statistics, establishment, File Hills Colony, fire protection instructions, food and diet, fur trade policy, grade distribution, grant refusal, health and medical care, Indian agents, industrial boarding schools versus residential schools, male versus female student enrolment report, medical officer recommendations, negative attitudes, Northern Canada schools, and North-West Mounted Police, number of schools, number of students, origins of, parent exclusion from school management, policy reflected in Indian Act, Programme of Studies for Indian Schools, regulations and guidelines, relocation negotiations, runaways search policy, sanitation and water supply contamination, school inspectors food and diet reports, school inspectors regulations, sexual abuse, suppression of Aboriginal culture, teacher qualifications requirements, teacher turnover, treaty-making (pre-Confederation), truancy policy, tuberculosis care, zones of influence, See also federal government; funding
Indian agents (Indian Affairs): annuity payment instructions, appointments, arranged marriage, authority, compulsory enrolment, criticisms of, Davin Report, deaths reports, discharge policy, farming, fire protection, food inspections, Indian Act (1876), mission school recommendations, pass system, physical examinations, Potlatch ceremonies, public health instructions, regulations, religious status reports, truancy, tuberculosis care,
Indian Department (pre-Confederation),
Indian national library of Aboriginal culture and identity,
Indian New Deal (United States),
Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, See also, for a list of residential schools, TRC, Missing Children and Unmarked Burials, v. 4, Appendix 1,
Indian Workers Association (Presbyterian),
Indigenous peoples and colonization,
Industrial Revolution,
industrial schools: 1910 contract, age limits policy, attendance statistics, versus boarding schools, budget recommendations, buildings, church competition, church-government partnerships, classification system, closing, closure proposal, construction costs, as creation of residential school system, curriculum, day schools proposal, deficits, enrolment, establishment, failure, federal government funding, federal government policy, government control over Aboriginal peoples, immigration of children, industrial boarding schools and residential schools, the same, institutionalization, living conditions, male student recruitment, models, number of schools, parental resistance, per capita grant rates, purpose, recommendations, recruitment, versus reformatories, re-named as residential schools, replaced by boarding schools, Ryerson report, school farms, as social service, success story, teacher regulations, three-tiered system proposal, trades training, truancy regulations, vacation policy, See also boarding schools; residential schools; vocational training
Industrial Schools Act (Ontario),
Industrial Schools Association of Toronto,
Inkster (nurse),
Innu history in New France,
inquests into deaths,
inspectors. See Indian Affairs
institutionalization versus children’s aid societies,
inter-denominational conflict: competition, for converts, jealousy, missionary societies, zones of influence, See also church-run schools; individual denominations
Inuit: anaulataq ball game, Moravian churches mission, resistance to colonization,
Inuk status versus non-status,
Ireland, Lila (student),
Ireland, Manson (student),
Ireland and colonization,
Ironstar, Lulu (teacher),
Iroquois. See Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)
Iroquois League,
Irwin, (Anglican Archdeacon),
Irwin, J. K. (principal),
Iverach, Rev. David (principal),
Jack, John (student),
Jacobs, Peter (Ojibway converted to Methodism),
Jacobson, Maurice (music adjudicator),
James, W. E. S. (Protestant missionary),
James Robert’s Band,
James Smith’s Band,
Japanese empire,
Jarvis, Samuel (Indian Department),
Jebb, Evelyn (student),
Jesse Ketchum public school (Toronto),
Jesuits: Aboriginal culture attitudes, about, missionary societies, per capita grants, religious curriculum, salaries, staff, See also Roman Catholic Church and missionaries
Jesus Christ,
Jewish Boys’ Orphanage (Shawbridge),
João, King of Portugal,
John, Johnny (school staff),
John, Lazare (student),
John, Mary (student),
Johnson, Allen (student),
Johnson, Basil (student),
Johnson, Beverly (student),
Johnson, C. F. (school director),
Johnson, Evelyn (sister of Pauline Johnson),
Johnson, George (student and parent of Evelyn and Pauline Johnson),
Johnson, Mary (teacher),
Johnson, Pauline (Mohawk writer and daughter of George Johnson),
Johnson, Sir John (British Indian Department),
Johnson, William (Indian Affairs),
Johnson v. M’Intosh and land rights,
Johnston, A.A. (Indian agent),
Johnston, Basil (student),
Jones, David (Red River boarding school superintendent),
Jones, Joseph (principal),
Jones, Mabel (teacher),
Jones, Peter (Ojibway converted to Methodism and also known as Kahkewaquonaby Sacred Feathers),
Jones, Trevor (principal),
Joussard, Alta., St. Bruno’s residential school (Catholic),
Jukes, Dr. Augustus,
Jules, Joe (parent),
Julian, Andrew (student),
Julian, Joe (student),
Julian, Noel (student),
Julius III, Pope,
Juvenile Delinquents Act,
Kah-pah-pah-mah-am-wa-ko-we-ko-chin, Chief (Tom),
Ka-Katche-way (Lac Seul Chief),
Kakawis residential school. See Meares Island/Christie/Tofino, BC, residential school, Clayoquot, Kakawis (Catholic)
Kalmes, Father (principal),
Kamloops, BC, residential school (Catholic): arranged marriage, arson, attitudes towards students, brass bands, clothing, corporal punishment, diseases and epidemics, enrolment, fire, food and diet, housekeeping, hunger, influenza, language policy, manual labour, measles, milk shortages, parental resistance, per capita grants, punishment, sanitation, school farms, sexual abuse, sexual activity, sports equipment, staff conflict, staff salaries, staff stress, student experiences, tuberculosis, vocational training, water supply,
Kamsack, Sask., residential school, Crowstand (Presbyterian), arson, building maintenance, discipline, fire hazards, heating system failure, library, living conditions, punishment, runaways, sanitation, sexual abuse, sexual activity, staff complaints, staff turnover rates, staff vacations, tuberculosis, water supply contamination,
Kamsack/Fort Pelly, Sask., residential school, St. Phillips (Catholic),
Kateri Tekakwitha (Mohawk),
Keane, Henry (Jesuit),
Keeseekoose Reserve,
Keeseekoowenin Reserve,
Kehiwin’s Reserve day school,
Kejick, Chief (Shoal Lake Band),
Kelleher, Cornelius (student),
Kelly, Peter (student),
Kelso, J. J. (journalist),
Kennedy, Daniel (student also known as Ochankuga’he/Pathmaker),
Kennedy, Father T. (principal),
Kennedy, Kathleen (student),
Kennedy, Martin (principal),
Kenora, Ont., residential school, St. Mary’s (Catholic): building construction defects, corporal punishment, fire-escape systems, food and diet complaints, funding, hunger, influenza, murder-suicide, Oblates, quality of education, recruitment for military service, sanitation, teacher workloads, vocational training, water supply,
Kenora/Shoal Lake, Ont., residential school, Cecilia Jeffrey (Presbyterian/United): attendance regulations, brass bands, clothing, corporal punishment, criticisms, diseases and epidemics, influenza, injuries, labour-saving technology, language policy, manual labour, missionary societies, parental visits policy, parent complaints, sexual abuse, sexual activity, staff spouses and conflicts, teacher turnover, tuberculosis,
Kerbrat, Hervé (principal),
Kesepapamotao, Ruben (parent),
King, Doris (student),
King, G. L. George Ley,
King’s Daughters,
King’s Sons,
Kingston, Ont. penitentiary,
Kirkby, (missionary),
Kis-piov Band,
Kitamaat/Kitimaat, BC, residential school, Elizabeth Long Memorial Home for Girls (Methodist/United), closure recommendations, food and diet complaints, girls’ activities, hunger, influenza, language policy, marriage policy, missionary societies, parent complaints, racial superiority attitudes, sexual activity, staff living conditions, textbooks,
Kitwancool Reserve,
Kit-wan-gah Band,
Klondike gold,
Knight, Agnes (school matron),
Knockwood, Isabelle (student),
Knockwood, John (father of Isabelle Knockwood),
Koch, Robert (German physician),
Koochicum, Ivy (student),
Kootenay residential school. See Cranbrook, BC, residential school, St. Eugene’s, Kootenay (Catholic)
Kootenays First Nation,
Kuper Island, BC, residential school (Catholic): Aboriginal culture attitudes, arranged marriage, arson, brass bands, building maintenance, bullying, compulsory enrolment, concerts and celebrations, corporal punishment, deaths, discharge policy, discipline, diseases and epidemics, drownings, expulsion, fire protection instructions, food and diet complaints, goals, influenza, language policy, milk shortages, missionary societies, parental resistance, parent complaints, quality of education, runaways, salaries, school farms, sexual abuse, sexual activity, smallpox, spiritual ceremonies ban, staff, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, vacation policy,
Kwakiutl Band,
Kwakwaka’wakw (Kweka) Nation,
Kwawkewith Agency,
Labobe, Peter (student),
Labobe/LaBobe, Steven (student),
labour. See manual labour
Labouré, Théodore (Oblate),
labour-saving technology and manual labour,
Labrador and Moravian churches mission,
Lac La Biche, Alta., residential school, Notre Dame des Victoires (Catholic), See also Saddle Lake/St. Paul, Alta., residential school, Blue Quills, Sacred Heart (Catholic)
Lac la Plonge residential school. See Beauval, Sask., residential school, Lac la Plonge, Île-àla-Crosse (Catholic)
Lac La Ronge, Sask., residential school, All Saints (Anglican), See also Prince Albert, Sask., residential school, St. Alban’s, All Saints, St. Barnabas, Lac La Ronge (Anglican)
Lacombe, Father Albert (Oblate missionary and principal): age limits policy, complaints, compulsory enrolment, corporal punishment, Father Lacombe’s Ladder, language of instruction, missionary work, parental visits policy, recruitment, sexual abuse, student opinion of, Sun Dance,
lacrosse,
Lac Ste. Anne mission,
Lafferty, Dr. James: annual report, hospitals, nursing training failure, tuberculosis epidemic recommendations,
Lafford, Peter (student),
Lafleche, Bishop,
Lager, Cyril (teacher),
Lahache, Anna (student),
Laird, David (Indian Affairs): compulsory enrolment, corporal punishment, enrolment incentives, health and medical care, parent complaints, per capita grants, pre-enrolment physical examinations, residential school attitude, sanitation, sexual abuse, spiritual ceremonies ban, staff, as Treaty commissioner, tuberculosis epidemic, vocational training, water supply,
land claims: colonial settlers, Métis legal action, mining claims, treaties,
land rights: laws and legislation, Métis, missionary negotiation, ownership, right of discovery, terra nullius (land belonging to no one), treaties,
land transfers: annuities, cost-cutting, relocation, reserves, treaty deficiencies,
Lane, Jennie (student newsletter writer),
Langevin, Bishop Louis-Philippe,
Langevin, Hector (Public Works minister),
Langlois, Father U. (Oblate),
languages and language learning: Aboriginal language preservation, Aboriginal language suppression, Aboriginal language usage, academic failures, curriculum standards, French versus English, punishment, suppression of Aboriginal languages, See also English language, teaching and learning of; French language
La Pierre, Elsie (student),
Lapointe, Sister,
Laronde, Louis (principal),
Lash, J. B. (Indian agent),
laws and legislation: child labour, compensation, land rights, See also Indian Act (1876); individual Acts
lawyers, first Aboriginal lawyer,
League of Indians of Canada,
League of Indians of Western Canada,
LeBillois, Wallace (student),
Lebret/Qu’Appelle, Sask., residential school, St. Paul’s, Whitecalf (Catholic), age limits policy, arranged marriage, arson, attitudes, brass bands, budget, building construction, cadet corps training, clothing, compulsory enrolment, concerts and celebrations, corporal punishment, costs, Davin Report, death rate, deficits, discharge policy, diseases and epidemics, female student recruitment, fire (1904), fire (1932), fire hazards, food and diet, former students as staff, government interference, graduates, hair cut short, health and medical care, housekeeping, hunger, as industrial schools, language of instruction, language policy, library, lunchroom, manual labour, menus, milk shortages, number of students, Oblates, opening, outing system, overcrowding, parental resistance, parental visits policy, parent complaints, per capita grants, pre-enrolment physical examinations, punishment, racial superiority attitudes, recruitment, religious control over medical care, religious instruction, runaways, salaries, sanitation, schedule, school farms, school-run businesses, sexual activity, spiritual ceremonies ban, staff, teacher qualifications, teacher workloads, Treaty truant officer fees, tuberculosis epidemic, water supply contamination,
Lecoq, E. (principal),
Ledingham, R. B. (principal),
Legal, Bishop Emile,
leisure. See extracurricular activities
Leith, James (Hudson’s Bay Company factor),
Lejacq, J. M. J. (principal),
Lejac residential school. See Fraser Lake, BC, residential school, Lejac (Catholic)
Le Jeune, Father Paul,
Lemmens, Bishop John,
Lemmens, J. N. (principal),
Lemmens, Rev. Father,
Lemmens, W. (principal),
Lena (student),
Leonard, Father G. (principal),
Lépine, Father Maurice,
Lepine, M. (principal),
Lesser Slave Lake, Alta., residential school (Catholic). See Grouard, Alta., residential school, St. Bernard’s, Lesser Slave Lake (Catholic)
Lestock residential school. See Muscowequan, Sask., residential school, Lestock, Muskowekwan, Touchwood (Catholic)
Lett, A. R. (principal),
letter writing and parental visits policy,
Le Vern, Father Jean-Louis,
Levern, J. L. (principal),