Lewis, Hilda (teacher),
L’Heureux, Jean (translator and recruiter),
L’Heureux, N. P. (Indian agent),
libraries,
Lickers, Foster (student),
Lickers, John (truant officer),
Lickers, N. E. (student),
Lilloet Reserve,
Lindley, Daniel (Presbyterian missionary),
Lindsay, Dr. N. J.,
Linklater, Thomas (student),
Littlechild, Chief Wilton (Commissioner, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada),
Little Pete, Chief,
Little Pine, Chief,
Little Pine Reserve,
Little Plume, Chief,
Little Red River Band,
living conditions. See residential schools
Lizeé, Z. (principal),
“Loaf’ n’ Lard,”
Locke, John (British philosopher),
Lockhart, E. (principal),
Loe, Dr. Fred,
Loft, Frederick O. (student and First Nations political organizer),
Loiuson, Joseph (student),
Lomas, Alfred (Indian agent),
Lomas, William (Indian agent),
London Missionary Society,
Long, Elizabeth (school matron),
Long, Miss (teacher and nurse),
Longboat, Tom (student),
Lorette mission,
Lorne, Lord (Governor General),
Louis, (student),
Louis XIII, King of France,
Lousley, J. A. G. Joseph (principal),
Loutitt, Alfred (student),
Loutitt, Thomas (student),
Lovell, S. (Indian agent),
Loyalist settlers,
Loyola, Ignatius (Society of Jesus founder),
Lucas, I. M. (nurse),
Lucas, Samuel (Indian agent),
Lugger, Robert (Anglican missionary),
Luména, Sister Mary,
Lytton, BC, residential school, St. George’s (Anglican): building construction defects, corporal punishment, deaths, diseases and epidemics, food and diet, influenza, library, measles, milk shortages, principals, problems, runaways, salaries, school farms, sexual abuse, staff, student experiences, whooping cough,
Macadam, Dr. S. E.,
Macallum, John (teacher),
MacArthur, J. (Indian agent),
Macaulay, Thomas (British government agency official),
MacDonald, A. M. (judge),
Macdonald, John A. (prime minister): Aboriginal culture attitudes, Aboriginal marriage practices, Aboriginal policy, arranged marriage, assimilation, day schools, enrolment, farming failures, funding, industrial schools, North-West Rebellion, orphans, pass system, purpose of schools, racist attitudes, relief rations, repressive measures, school buildings construction, teacher qualifications,
Macdonald, S. L. (Indian agent),
MacDonnell, R. G. (local official),
MacInnes, T. R. L. (Indian Affairs),
MacInnis, Dr. D. F.,
Mack, Clayton (student),
MacKay, Hugh (missionary),
Mackay, John (Archdeacon),
Mackay, J. W. (Indian agent),
MacKay, Major D. M. (Indian commissioner),
MacKay, R. P. (Presbyterian church),
MacKenzie, A. F. (Indian Affairs): cadet training uniforms, drownings, fire-escape systems, manual labour, medical care, milk shortages, parental visits policy, parent complaints, recreation and sport, recruitment, runaways, tuberculosis care, vocational training,
Mackey, J. P. (principal): corporal punishment, fire hazards, food and diet, manual labour, medical care, pre-enrolment policy, racial attitudes, runaways, student complaints, tuberculosis, vacation policy, vocational training,
Maclean, John (Methodist missionary),
Macrae, A. J./J. A. (school inspector): corporal punishment, criticisms, language policy, separation of the sexes, sports and «Indianism,»
Macrae, Andsell (school inspector),
MacRitchie, Dr. J. J.,
Magnan, J. P. (Oblate),
Maillard, E. (principal),
Maillard, Father (principal),
Maitland, Sir Peregrine (Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada),
Maliseet ball games,
Maliseet students,
Mallett, Russell (student),
Manass, Elijah (parent),
Mandy, Dr.,
Manitoba: boarding schools, cadet corps training, church-run schools, curriculum, day schools, death rate, education statistics, food dietary scales, Indian Act (1876), industrial schools, land rights, language agreement, laws and regulations, per capita rates, as province, salaries, teacher qualifications, three-tiered system, treaty negotiations, tuberculosis, See also individual residential schools
Manitoba Act (1870),
Manitoba Indian Brotherhood,
Manitoba Industrial School for Boys,
Manitoba School for Boys,
Manitoba School for the Deaf,
Manitoulin Island residential school. See Wikwemikong/Manitoulin Island, Ont., residential school (Catholic)
Mann, Chief William (Fort Alexander Band),
Mann, G. G. (Indian agent),
Manning, C. E. (United church official),
manual labour by students: as child labour, child labour laws, compensation laws, complaints, cooking, daily routine, farming, fatigue duty, as free labour, government policy, half-day system, injuries, ironing, labour-saving technology, laundry, outing system, overwork, parental resistance, payments and annuities, school construction, school-run businesses, trades training, unsafe equipment, See also housekeeping; vocational training
Manual Labour Schools,
Manuel, George (student),
Many Fingers, Albert (student),
Marie, Sister Superior Marguerite,
Marie-Anne, Mother (also known as Esther Blondin),
Marie-Godefroy, Mother,
Marieval residential school. See Grayson, Sask., residential school, Marieval, Cowessess, Crooked Lake (Catholic)
Markle, (school inspector),
Markle, J. A. (Indian agent),
marriage: Aboriginal practices, Aboriginal versus Christian, annuities denied, arranged, discharge policy, inter-racial, status versus non-status,
Marshall, Chief Justice John,
Marshall, Henrietta (writer),
Marshall, John (principal),
Martin, Oliver (student),
Martin, Peter (Oronhyatekha, Mohawk teacher),
Martin, Peter (student),
Martineau, A. L. N. (student),
Martineau, Eric (student),
Martinique,
Mason, William (Methodist missionary, converted to Church of England),
Massett Band,
Matheson, Edward (principal): assimilation, attendance regulations, enrolment, language policy, outing system, staff families,
Matheson, Elizabeth (wife of John Matheson),
Matheson, George (student),
Matheson, John (principal),
Matheson, J. R. (principal),
Matheson, Letitia (teacher),
Mathews, Mr. (principal),
Maurice, Justa (student),
Maurus, P. (principal),
Ma-we-do-pe-nais, Chief,
Maxine George, Chief,
Mayhew, Thomas Jr. (Puritan missionary),
McCabe, Mildred (nurse),
McClelland, (teacher),
McConnell, William J. (U.S. school inspector),
McCrea, John (Indian Affairs),
McCutcheon, R. (Indian agent),
McDonald, (missionary),
McDougall, George (Methodist missionary),
McDougall, John (Methodist missionary),
McDougall, Mrs. J. (wife of John McDougall),
McDougall, William (governor),
McDougall Orphanage. See Morley, Alta., residential school, McDougall Orphanage (Methodist)
McGibbon, Alex (Indian Affairs),
McGill, Dr. Harold (Indian Affairs): budget, church competition, corporal punishment, fire hazards, health and medical care, per capita grants, recruitment, sexual abuse complaints, staff dismissals, tuberculosis care, water supply contamination,
McGrath, Father (principal),
McGuire, James (principal),
McGurk, Sister,
McInnes, Dr. Daniel,
McIntosh, Ont., residential school (Catholic),
McKay, Chief Moses (Fisher River First Nation),
McKay, D. M. (Indian Commissioner),
McKay, H. (principal),
McKay, Hugh (Presbyterian missionary),
McKay, James (Treaty commissioner),
McKay, Rev. John,
McKay, R. P. (Presbyterian church convener),
McKay residential school. See The Pas, Man., residential school, McKay (Anglican)
McKechnie, J. G./J. H. (school inspector),
McKenna, J. A. J. (school inspector/Indian commissioner),
McKenzie, E. A. W. R. (Indian agent),
McKenzie, Eben (Indian agent),
McKitrick, Austin (teacher),
McLaren, Elsie (student),
McLaren, George (principal),
McLaren, Marjory (Presbyterian church official),
McLaren, W. W./Walter (principal),
McLean, J. D. (Indian Affairs): age limits policy, arson, brass bands, cadet corps training, clothing, corporal punishment, criticisms, department secretary, discharge policy, enrolment, food and diet, manual labour, parent complaints, principal duties, teachers, tuberculosis epidemic,
McLeod, A.J. (principal),
McLeod, Edward (school carpenter),
McLeod, Florence (student),
McLeod, Henry (father of Florence and a student),
McLeod, Murdo (teacher),
McMullen, James (Member of Parliament),
McNabb, Melvina (student),
McNally, Bishop J. T.,
McNeill, A. J. (Indian agent),
McRae, Miss (school staff),
McWhinney, W. (principal): punishment, runaways, sexual abuse, sexual activity, staff complaints, staff vacations,
Meadows, Harry (teacher),
meals. See food and diet
Meares Island/Christie/Tofino, BC, residential school, Clayoquot, Kakawis (Catholic), building construction, discipline, fire-escape systems, manual labour, missionary societies and staff, quality of education, school farms,
Mears, F.C. (reporter),
measles,
medical care. See health and medical care
medical officers. See health and medical care
memoirs of students, residential school experiences, See also student experiences (Survivors of residential schools)
meningitis,
menstruation,
Menzies, Mr. (principal),
Menzies, Mrs. (spouse of principal),
Meriam Report (U. S. boarding schools),
Merivale, Herman (British Colonial Office),
Merritt, William Hamilton (militia unit trainer),
Méry, Paul (principal),
Metcalfe, Sir Charles (Governor General),
Methodist Church and missionaries: clothing donations, conversions, disputes among selves, First Nations leaders, goals of education, inter-denominational conflict, missionary societies, northern missions, Ojibway, per capita funding and pupilage, school deficits, school establishment and funding, staff complaints, See also Christianity; church-run schools; United Church of Canada; individual residential schools
Methodist Missionary Society,
Methodist Women’s Missionary Society (MWMS),
Métis: education provision, fur trade, land claims and rights, North-West Rebellion, population, Red River Settlement, resistance to colonization, status versus non-status, students, treaty negotiations,
Metlakatla/Metlakahtla, BC, residential school (Anglican): brass bands, church-run, closing, closure proposal, corporal punishment, enrolment, funding, language policy, overcrowding, school farms, separation of the sexes, sports, staff salaries, staff turnover, student experiences, vocational training,
Metlakatla/Metlakahtla relocation to New Metlakatla (Tsimshian First Nation),
Mettray reformatory,
Mica War,
Middlechurch, Man., residential school, St. Paul’s, Rupert’s Land (Anglican), arranged marriages, building construction defects, cadet corps training, closure proposal, corporal punishment, curriculum standards, discharge policy, diseases and epidemics, farming, fire and closing, fire deaths, food and diet, funding, girls’ activities, graduates, health and medical care, housekeeping, language of instruction, manual labour, menus, outing system, per capita grants, pre-enrolment physical examinations, racism, religious instruction, runaways, school-run businesses, separation of the sexes, sexual abuse, sports, staff concerns, staff conflict, staff workloads, teacher workloads, tuberculosis epidemic, vocational training,
Middleton, G. (teacher),
Middleton, Major General Frederick,
Middleton, Mr. (farmer),
Middleton, Rev./S. H. Samuel (principal),
Migratory Birds Convention Act (1917),
Mi’kmaq (Mi’Mmaq/Mi’kmaw),
Miles, John (Indian agent),
military training recruitment, See also cadet corps training
Miller, (sister of Ruth Miller),
Miller, George (father of Ruth Miller),
Miller, Hazel (student),
Miller, J. R. (historian),
Miller, Ruth (student),
Mills, David (Member of Parliament),
Mimico, Ont., Victoria Industrial School,
Minakijikok (Sabaskong Band),
Minde, Chief Dan (father of Chief Wilton Littlechild),
mining and land claims,
Mission, BC, residential school, St. Mary’s (Catholic): arson, brass bands, building maintenance, church-run, corporal punishment, discipline, diseases and epidemics, enrolment, establishment, female student recruitment, fire-escape systems, fire hazards, food and diet, food complaints, funding, girls’ activities, health and medical care, housekeeping, hunger, influenza, language policy, library, living conditions for staff, manual labour, parental resistance, per capita grants, punishment, recruitment, runaways, school farms, separation of the sexes, sexual abuse, smallpox quarantine, staff, teacher qualifications, truant officers fees, tuberculosis, vocational training, water supply contamination,
missionaries: Aboriginal language, Aboriginal resistance, abuse, advocates, agricultural training, bribery, Catholics, conversion goals, cultural superiority attitudes, distrust, hardships, inter-denominational conflict, isolation of Aboriginal peoples, land rights, language learning, language policy, medical care and social assistance, museum proposal, protection from settlers, separation of nuns and priests, spiritual ceremonies ban, treaty negotiation, women’s auxiliaries, See also individual denominations; individual religious orders
Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate. See Oblates
Missionary Oblates Sisters,
Missionary Oblates Sisters of the Sacred Heart and of Mary Immaculate,
Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada (MSCC),
mission schools. See residential schools
Mississauga chiefs,
Mistahimaskwa, Chief (Big Bear),
Mistawasis day school,
Mitchell, Dr. H. K.,
Mohawk Institute. See Brantford, Ont., residential school, Mohawk Institute (Anglican)
Mohawks. See Six Nations of the Grand River (Mohawk)
Moine, Louise (student): clothing, corporal punishment, discipline, former students as staff, language of instruction, milk shortages, play performance, religious instruction, separation of the sexes, sex education, tuberculosis,
Moir, R. C. (school inspector),
Monica, Sister Mary,
Montfort Fathers,
Montgomery, E. W. (Manitoba health minister),
Montour, Enos (student),
Montréal Grey Nuns Orphanage fire,
Moore, R. H. (Indian agent),
Moore, Thomas O. (Moose Band member),
Moore, W.S. (missionary),
Moose Band,
Moose Factory Island, Ont., residential school, Bishop Horden Hall, Moose Fort (Anglican),
Moose Factory post,
Moose Woods day school,
Moosomin Band,
Moosomin Reserve school,
Moosomin World newspaper,
Morgan, Lewis Henry (anthropologist),
Morgan, Thomas Jefferson (Baptist minister),
Morley, Alta., residential school, McDougall Orphanage (Methodist): deaths, diseases and epidemics, enrolment, establishment, goals, measles, missionaries, punishment, sanitation and water supply, tuberculosis,
Morley, Alta., residential school, Stony (Methodist/United): arson, establishment, fire hazards, hockey team, as means to feed children, music festival, staff salaries, Sun Dance,
Morley Reserve,
Morris, Alexander (Treaty commissioner): cadet corps training, health and medical care, treaty negotiations,
Mortimer, G. C. (Indian agent),
Moses, Chief (Saddle Lake Reserve),
Mountain Horse, Albert (Flying Star student),
Mountain Horse, Joe (student),
Mountain Horse, Mike (student), about, First World War, hair cut short, military and cadet training, sports and recreation,
Mountain Horse, Sikski (mother of Albert),
Mounted Police. See North-West Mounted Police; Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
Mount Elgin, Ont., residential school. See Muncey, Ont, residential school, Munceytown, Mount Elgin, St. Thomas (Methodist/United)
Muncey, Ont, residential school, Munceytown, Mount Elgin, St. Thomas (Methodist/United), accidental deaths, arson, assault, assimilation, bedding shortage, building construction, building maintenance, bullying, clothing, corporal punishment, deaths, deficit, discharge policy, diseases and epidemics, enrolment statistics, establishment, female student recruitment, fire-escape systems, fires, first schools, food and diet, funding, gardening, goals, graduates, health and medical care, housekeeping, hunger, language policy, laundry room, living conditions, low expectations of students, manual labour, military service, milk shortages, pan bread, parental visits policy, pregnancy, punishment, recruitment, runaways, salaries, sanitation, staff, strappings, student complaints, student experiences, teacher workloads, trachoma, truant officers, tuberculosis epidemic, vacation policy, vocational training, water supply contamination,
Murison, W. S.(school inspector),
Murphy, Agnes (student),
Murphy, T. G. (Indian Affairs Minister),
Murray, W. B. (Indian agent),
Muscowequan, Sask., residential school, Lestock, Muskowekwan, Touchwood (Catholic): arranged marriage, concerts and celebrations, deficit, influenza, milk shortages, quality of education, runaways, sexual abuse, staff salaries,
Muscowpetung Reserve,
Museum of Historical and Scientific Exposition,
Musgrove, Rev. Thomas,
Mush Hole. See Brantford, Ont., residential school, Mohawk Institute (Anglican)
music,
Muskowekwan residential school. See Muscowequan, Sask., residential school, Lestock, Muskowekwan, Touchwood (Catholic)
Naessens, Albert (principal): influenza pandemic, language policy, library, manual labour, Oblates and Sisters conflict, outing system, parental resistance, sports,
name change to European names,
Named Register (student deaths),
Nanaimo band,
Napahkesit, Chief (Shoal Lake Band),
Nass River, BC,
National Sanitarium Association,
Native Americans (United States): assimilation, boarding schools report, disease and trachoma, historical context of boarding schools, missionary work,
natural resources,
Nebenaigoching, Chief, Neff, Garnett (lawyer),
Negaskoumat, Charity (student),
Neill, A. W. (Indian agent),
Nelles, Reverend Abraham,
Nelson, Job (Tsimshian First Nation composer),
Nelson, John (principal): corporal punishment, dismissals, language policy, manual labour, recruitment, staff complaints,
Nepaneshkum, Sinclair (student),
Newcombe, E. L. (Member of Parliament),
New England Company: about and founding schools, founded Lytton School, principal dismissal, school grants,
Newfoundland and Labrador: boarding school, influenza, Moravian mission,
New France,
New Metlakatla,
Newnham, Bishop Jervois,
New Westminster, BC, Sisters of St. Ann girls’ school,
New Zealand,
Ngugi Wa Thiong’o (Kenyan writer),
Nibley, Mrs. (parent),
Nicholas, Edward (Methodist missionary),
Nicholson, R. H. (police officer),
Nicolas V, Pope,
Nicoll, Maggie (teacher),
Nicoll, Miss (school matron),
Ninham, Ruth (student),
Nock, David (sociologist),
Nordmann, George (principal),
North Vancouver/Squamish, BC, residential school, St. Paul’s (Catholic): building construction defects, closure recommendations, fire-escape systems, food and diet complaints, influenza, language policy, milk shortages, parent complaints, school farms, staff salaries,
Northwest Canada: Anglican missions, Catholic boarding schools, colonization, internal colonies, Methodist missions, mission schools, treaties,
North West Company,
North-West Mounted Police, See also Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
North-West Rebellion,
North-West Territories (NWT): buildings, curriculum, day schools, discipline policy, education statistics, enrolment policy, food dietary scales, grade distribution, Indian Act (1876), industrial schools, laws and legislation, North West Mounted Police, pre-enrolment physical examinations, three-tiered system, tuberculosis, See also individual residential schools
Northwood, Miss (school staff),
Northwood, Miss (staff),
Norton, Major John (Teyoninhokovrawen),
Norway House, Man., residential school (Catholic). See Cross Lake, Man., residential school, St. Joseph’s, Norway House, Notre Dame Hostel, Jack River Hostel (Catholic)
Norway House, Man., residential school (Methodist/United): building maintenance, compulsory enrolment, corporal punishment, diseases and epidemics, establishment, fire, food and diet complaints, marriages to students, parental resistance, per capita funding and pupilage, principals as missionaries, recruitment, staff conflict, teacher qualifications,
Notre-Dame-des-Anges, Que., school,
Notre Dame des Victoires residential school. See Lac La Biche, Alta., residential school, Notre Dame des Victoires (Catholic)
Nova Scotia: arts and crafts as income, day schools, education statistics, enrolment policy, industrial school opening, laws and legislation, missions, as province, See also individual residential schools
Nowell, Charles (student Tlalis - Stranded Whale),
Numbered Treaties,
nuns. See individual religious orders
nursing. See health and medical care
nutrition. See food and diet
Oakalla, BC jail,
Oblate Indian Welfare and Training Commission,
Oblates: Aboriginal culture attitudes, Aboriginal languages training, Aboriginal rights, about, arson prosecution, building construction, discipline, Durieu System, establishment of schools, Father Lacombe’s ladder, female religious orders conflict, Grey Nuns partnership, language of instruction, living conditions, mission school funding, mission schools in the Northwest, museum proposal, principals, sexual abuse, teacher qualifications, See also Roman Catholic Church and missionaries
Oblate Sisters of Mary Immaculate (OMI),
Observation Home of the London and Middlesex Juvenile Court,
Ochankuga’he (Pathmaker, also known as Daniel Kennedy),
Ochapowace, Daniel (brother of Percy),
Ochapowace, Percy (student),
Ochapowace, Walter (father of Percy),
Ochapowace Reserve,
Ockoniy, A. C. (teacher),
Ockoniy, A. K. O. (teacher),
Ogilivie, Robert (architect),
Ogletree, A. (Indian agent),
O’Grady, F. (principal),
O’Grady, Father (principal),
Ohamil Band,
oil resources and Treaty process,
Ojibways: Bible translation, land transfers, language learning by missionaries, missionaries, request for schools, residential schools for, Treaty process,
Oka mission,
Okanagan Lake, BC, school (Catholic),
Okemassis Band,
Old Bow Fort school (Methodist),
Old Keyam (fictional character in memoir),
Old Sun’s residential school. See Gleichen, Alta., residential school, Old Sun’s (Anglican)
Oliver, Frank (Indian Affairs), O’Meara, Rev. F.,
One Arrow Band,
Oneida students,
Onion Lake, Sask., residential school (Anglican or Catholic): ears twisted,
Onion Lake, Sask., residential school, St. Anthony’s, Sacred Heart (Catholic): admission policy, building, discharge policy, diseases and epidemics, influenza, language policy, manual labour, marriages, measles, milk shortages, parental consent, separation of priests and nuns, staff, student experiences,
Onion Lake, Sask., residential school, St. Barnabas (Anglican): Aboriginal culture attitudes, arson, attendance statistics, building maintenance, cadet corps training, Catholic school competition, closure proposal, diseases and epidemics, enrolment incentives, food and diet complaints, graduates, hunger, influenza, language policy, as means to feed children, newsletter, parent complaints, principal, punishment, quality of education, smallpox, staff families, staff living conditions, students, teacher turnover, vacation policy,
Onion Lake Reserve,
Ontario: cadet corps training, children’s aid societies, church-run schools, classification system, day schools, discipline policy, education statistics, enrolment, health care, Indian Department, industrial schools, land rights, laws and regulations, per capita rates, as province, public education, residential school establishment, salaries, teacher qualifications, treaty negotiations, tuberculosis care, See also individual residential schools
opinions. See attitudes
Order of St. Benedict,
orphanages,
orphans: attendance enforcement, discharge policy, enrolment policy, influenza, marriages, vacation policy,
Orton, Dr. George,
Osborn, Sherard (British explorer),
Osler, Sir William (physician),
Ostergarde, Miss (school nurse),
Ostrander, J. P. B. (Indian agent),
Ottoman empire,
Our Empire History textbook,
out-buildings,
overwork. See manual labour
Owen Sound school,
Paget, F. H. (school inspector),
papacy,
Paquin, J. (principal),
parental and community resistance: admission policy, arrest, attendance, corporal punishment complaints, day school request, demise of residential schools, discharge policy, discipline, distance from reserves, enrolment, food and diet complaints, hunger complaints, manual labour, medical care complaints, problems at Lytton, BC, residential school, quality of education, recruitment, refuse to return children, relief rations withholding, runaways return, school management exclusion, separation of families, sexual abuse complaints, treatment at residential schools, visits and pass system, water and sanitation conditions, See also families
parental consent: admission policy, church-run school enrolment, denied, military enlistment, outing system, separation of families,
parental visits,
Parker, William (police officer),
Parliament Buildings fire,
Parry Sound Reserve,
Pascal, Bishop,
Pasqua, Chief,
Pasqua Reserve,
pass system,
Pastedechouan (student studied in France),
Paterson, Dr. Marcus,
Patrick (brother of Augustine Allan and son of Paul Stanislaus),
Patrick, Allen (student),
Patrick, Sylvester (stepfather of Allen Patrick),
Paul, Andrew (student),
Paul, George (parent),
Paul, Hannah M. (principal),
Paul, Steven (student),
Paul, W. E. J. (Anglican Archdeacon),
Paull, Andrew,
Paull, Andrew (Allied Tribes of British Columbia),
Paul’s Reserve,
Pearson, Mr. (school staff),
Peck, Margaret (teacher),
Pedley, Frank (Indian Affairs): control over graduates, enrolment, marriages, pre-enrolment physical examinations, school closures, separation of families, sexual abuse investigations, staff discipline, staff salaries, tuberculosis,
Peepeekisis Reserve,
Pegahmagabow, Francis (student),
Peguis, Chief (Ojibway),
Peguis Centre day school,
Peigan Indian Agency,
Pelican Lake/Pelican Falls residential school. See Sioux Lookout, Ont., residential school, Pelican Lake, Pelican Falls (Anglican)
Pelly Agency,
Pemutewithinew (son of Chief Withaweecapo),
Penetanguishene Reformatory for Boys,
Pengelly, Roy (school staff),
Penneyfather, R. T. (Indian Department superintendent),
Penneyfather report recommendations,
per capita grants. See funding peritonitis,
Perrault, C. (principal),
Perrault, S. (principal),
Perry, C. C. (Indian commissioner),
Pestalozzi, John Heinrich (Swiss educator),
Peters, (older sister of Clyde Peters),
Peters, Clyde (student),
Peters, Nelson (student),
Petitot, Émile (Oblate),
Pettit, Jennifer (historian),
Peyasiw-awasis, Chief (Thunderchild),
Phelan, Philip (Indian Affairs): parent complaints, pre-enrolment policy, runaways, tuberculosis epidemic, vacation policy,
Phillips, Anna (school staff),
Phillips, Arthur (British explorer),
Phillips, W. J. (fire chief),
Phoenix, Arizona Indian boarding school,
physical abuse. See corporal punishment; sexual abuse
physical exercise,
physical genocide,
Piapot, Chief,
Piapot Reserve: Christianity reaction, dances, day schools,
Pidcock, R. H. (Indian agent),
Pinay, Bernard (student),
Pine Creek, Man., residential school, Camperville (Catholic): arson, buildings, closure recommendations, enrolment, language policy, library, manual labour safety, parent complaints, per capita grants, punishment, runaways, teachers workloads, vocational training,
Pine Creek Band,
Pine Falls, Man., residential school, Fort Alexander (Catholic): corporal punishment, fire-escape system, fire hazards, opening, runaways, staff salaries, tuberculosis,
Pis Qua (Plains Saulteaux),
Pitikwahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker),
Pitts, Dr. C.,
Pitts, Ketha (teacher),
Pitts, R. E. (principal),
Plourde, Omer (Oblate),
pneumonia,
Poitras, G. A. (principal),
police authority and truancy,
Poniki, David (parent of Alice, Clifford, and Rosa),
Pontiac (Odawa (Ottawa) Chief),
Poor Man, Chief Ed,
Poor Man Reserve,
population,
Portage la Prairie, Man., residential school (Presbyterian/United): building construction defects, closure recommendations, day school conversion, fire-escape system, influenza, language policy, manual labour safety, parental resistance, school farms, staff living conditions, vocational training,
Portage la Prairie, Man., treaty process and land rights,
Port Alberni, BC, Alberni residential school (Presbyterian/United): arson, corporal punishment, punishment, school farms, sexual activity, staff salaries, teacher recruitment and qualifications, traditional healers, vocational training complaints,
Port Simpson Band,
Port Simpson/Fort Simpson, BC, residential school, Crosby Home for Girls (Methodist/United): amalgamation, Christmas concert (boys’ home), church-run, closure recommendations, corporal punishment, fire hazards, food and diet inspector reports, grants, isolation, library, marriages, missionary societies, salaries, school farms, staff, teacher turnover,
Portuguese empire,
Potlatch: Alert Bay, bans,
Poulet/Poulette, J. (principal),
Poulette, Edward (student),
Poulette, Richard (student),
Poundmaker, Gabriel (student),
Poundmaker Reserve,
Poundmaker residential school. See Edmonton (St. Albert), Alta., residential school, Poundmaker (Methodist/United)
poverty: discharge policy, enrolment incentives, parents, relief rations, school as means to feed children,
Powless, Flora (parent),
Pragnell, George (inspector),
Pragnell, G. S. (Indian agent),
Prairie Treaties,
Pratt, (principal),
Pratt, Charles (Anglican treaty negotiator),
Pratt, Lieutenant Richard (U.S. school director),
pre-enrolment policy. See enrolment
pregnancy of students,
Presbyterian Church and missionaries (Church of Scotland): annuities, funding, inter-denominational conflict, marriages, missionary attitudes, missionary societies, public education, school administration, See also Christianity; church-run schools; individual residential schools
Presbyterian Foreign Mission Committee (FMC),
Presbyterian Women’s Foreign Missionary Society (PWFMS),
Prewer, George (principal),
Price, J. P. (principal),
Prince, Chief Henry,
Prince, Chief Louis (Sandy Bay Reserve),
Prince Albert, Sask., residential school, Emmanuel College (Anglican),
Prince Albert, Sask., residential school, St. Alban’s, All Saints, St. Barnabas, Lac La Ronge (Anglican),
Prince of Wales, racist attitudes,
principals: contract, deaths, dismissals, duties, female, impact of underfunding, as missionaries, schools as failure, sexual abuse by, staff, staff spouses and conflicts, stress, training requirements,
Programme of Studies for Indian Schools,
Protestant and Roman Catholic churches conflicts. See inter-denominational conflict
Protestant churches: day school petitions, government partnership funding proposal, missionary societies, social reformers, See also Anglican church and missionaries (Church of England); Presbyterian church and missionaries (Church of Scotland)
Protestant Orphan Asylum,
Protestant Reformation,
Provenchar, Joseph (Indian Commissioner),
Provenchar, Joseph-Norbert (Catholic missionary),
public health. See health and medical care
public schools: for Aboriginal children, corporal punishment, curriculum standards, Euro-Canadian parent role, funding and salaries, goals, historical context, non-Aboriginal student timetable, teacher training, textbooks and Aboriginal stereotypes, See also day schools (Indian Affairs)
Public Works and residential schools building construction specifications,
Pugh, J. E. (Indian agent),
Pulvermacher, Sister,
punishment: Aboriginal language use, arson, bedwetting, food theft, hair cut short, for having menstrual period, locked in closet, to maintain order, punishment room, runaways, solitary confinement, swearing, threats of, urinating, See also corporal punishment; discipline; strappings
Punnichy, Sask., residential school. See Gordon’s Reserve, Punnichy, Sask., residential school (Anglican)
pupilage. See enrolment
Puritan missionaries,
Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin Island),
Quamichan Reserve,
Qu’Appelle, Sask., residential school. See Lebret/Qu’Appelle, Sask., residential school, St. Paul’s, Whitecalf (Catholic)
Qu’Appelle Health Unit: See Fort Qu’Appelle Health Unit
Qu’Appelle Reserve tuberculosis epidemic,
Qu’Appelle Valley,
Quebec: day schools, education statistics, French language, industrial schools, land claims, laws and regulations, religious orders, residential schools, treaty negotiations, See also individual residential schools
Quebec Act of 1774,
Quekeapow, Bella (student),
Quesnel, Arthur (student),
Quirt, Bessie (teacher),
racism. See attitudes
railways,
Raley, George (principal),
Ramage, Margaret Jean (school nurse),
Ramsden, J. G. (school inspector),
Ransom, A. (staff),
Ransom, Mrs. A. (staff),
Rat Portage Reserve,
Raymond, George (student),
Raymond, Josephine (staff and first wife of Edward Matheson),
Rayner, H. B. (auditor),
Reade, Winwood (British explorer),
reading, recreational,
Récollets,
reconciliation,
recreation and sports. See extracurricular activities
recruitment of students: female students, forced to go, incentives, influenza, parental resistance, principals as recruiters, struggles, vacation policy, See also enrolment
Red Crow, (son of Chief Edward Red Crow),
Red Crow, Edward (chief),
Red Deer, Alta., residential school (Methodist): buildings, church competition, closing, closure proposal, compulsory enrolment, corporal punishment, deficit, discharge policy, discipline, dismissals of principals, food and diet, girls’ activities, health and medical care, hockey, hunting and fishing, influenza, language policy, library, living conditions, newsletter, overcrowding, per capita grants, petitions, physical abuse, quality of education, recruitment failure, runaways, salaries, school farms, staff and students, staff complaints, staff disappearance, teacher turnover, tuberculosis, vocational training complaints, water supply contamination,
Redgrave, Mr. (farm instructor),
Rednose, Richard (Fort George),
Red Pheasant Reserve school,
Red Pheasant’s Band,
Red River Academy/St. John’s residential school (Anglican),
Red River day school,
Red River Settlement,
Red River War (1874-1875),
reducciones,
Reed, Hayter (Indian Affairs): Aboriginal culture attitudes, in ceremonial dress, church-government partnerships, clothing, compulsory enrolment, corporal punishment, day schools, death rate, dismissal, fire protection instructions, graduates, half-day system, health and medical care, language policy, manual labour, marriages, outing system, overcrowding, parental resistance, parental visits policy, pass policy, per capita grants, recommendations, recruitment, relief rations, repressive measures, separation of families, sexual abuse, spiritual ceremonies ban, staff living conditions, textbooks, truancy regulations, tuberculosis, vacation policy, vocational training,
Reed, Miss (school nurse),
reformatories,
regimentation,
Regina, Sask., residential school (Presbyterian), buildings, cadet corps training, church competition, closing, closure proposal, costs, day schools, deficit, diseases and epidemics, enrolment, female recruitment, fire hazards, food and dietary scales, graduates, health and medical care, heating system failure, housekeeping, lacrosse, language policy, library, manual labour, orphans, outing system, overcrowding, per capita grant rates, pre-enrolment physical examinations, punishment room, quality of education, quarantine, recruitment, salaries, sanitation, school farms, sexual assault, smallpox, staff, student experiences, suicide, teachers, tuberculosis death rate, victimization by other students, vocational training, water supply contamination,
Regina Detention Home,
registers of named and unnamed student deaths,
Regulations Relating to the Education of Indian Children (1894): compulsory enrolment, curriculum standards, truancy, truant officer powers, See also Indian Act (1876)
Reid, Miss (school nurse),
relief rations: compulsory enrolment complaints, cutbacks, farming, parental visits complaints, pass system denial, poverty, violence,
religious instruction: criticisms, language of instruction, residential schools, too much, See also curriculum; education
religious orders. See missionaries; Roman Catholic Church and missionaries
religious rivalry. See inter-denominational conflict
religious school systems. See residential schools
Removal Bill (1830),
Renison, D. D. (principal),
reserves: establishment, Indian Act (1876), as isolated communities, land transfers, missionary, pass system, relocation negotiations, in treaties,
residential schools, Aboriginal culture suppression, Aboriginal language suppression, Aboriginal staff, arson, attendance statistics, buildings, child neglect, as child welfare institutions, closing opposition, closing recommendations, clothing, colonies, colonization context, corporal punishment, costs, criticisms, curriculum, deaths, (See also diseases, epidemics, and illnesses); decline, discipline, diseases, educational record, enrolment, establishment, expansion, failure, female enrolment, fires, first schools, food and diet, French Canada, funding, goals, grade distribution, health and medical care, Indian Affairs challenges, industrial boarding schools, inspection regulations, legacy, living conditions, manual labour, marriage, arranged, models, number of schools, number of students, nursing training failure, for Ojibway, overcrowding, parental resistance, playgrounds, pre-Confederation, pre-enrolment physical examinations, proximity to reserves, punishment, purpose, quality of education, recreation and leisure, recruitment, regulations and guidelines, religious instruction, re-named, runaways, sanitation, schedules, school menus, separation of families, separation of siblings, separation of the sexes, sexual abuse, social services, sports, staff, student experiences (1867-1939), student victimization by students, as system, timetables, truancy, tuberculosis, in the United States, vocational training, See also, for a list of residential schools, TRC, Missing Children and Unmarked Burials, v. Appendix 1, boarding schools; industrial schools; individual residential schools
resistance. See parental and community resistance
Reynolds, Mr. (farm instructor),
Rhodes, F. (principal),
Rice, James (principal),
Rice, S. D. (Methodist missionary/superintendent at Mount Elgin),
Richards, Judge,
Riding Mountain school (Presbyterian),
Ridley, William (Anglican missionary),
Riel, Louis,
Riel, Sara,
right of discovery,
Riley, Mildred (student),
Riou, J. (principal),
Robertson, James (Presbyterian missionary society),
Robertson, Jennie (student),
Robertson, Thomas (school inspector),
Robinson, William (Treaty negotiator),
Robinson-Huron/Robinson-Superior treaties,
Robinson Treaties,
Roe, Mr. (principal),
Rogers, (school inspector),
Rogers, B. (principal),
Roman Catholic and Protestant churches conflicts. See inter-denominational conflict
Roman Catholic Church and missionaries, closures proposal, curriculum, definition of child, disputes among selves, establishment, female labour, French language of instruction, funding, goals, missionary societies, in Northwest Canada, petitions, religious orders, separation of priests and nuns, sexual abuse complaints, suppression of Aboriginal languages, See also Christianity; church-run schools; Jesuits; missionaries; Oblates; Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns); individual residential schools
Roman Catholic Orphanage,
romance,
Roman empire,
Roseau River Reserve,
Rosebury, Lord,
Ross, Elsie (student),
Ross, John (principal),
Ross, John L. (lawyer),
Ross, John T. (principal),
Ross, Mrs. (school matron),
Ross, R. J. (principal),
Ross, Thomas (teacher),
Rothwell, Dr. O. E.,
Round Lake, Sask., residential school (United): Aboriginal culture attitudes, academic progress, building construction defects, church competition, closure recommendations, clothing, corporal punishment, deaths statistics, drownings, fire-escape systems, food and diet reports, half-day system, library, principals, recreation, runaways deaths, sexual activity, staff conflict, teacher critical of school, teacher qualifications, tuberculosis epidemic, vacation policy,
Royal, Harry (student),
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP): arrest warrants for runaways, attendance enforcement, truant officer powers, See also North-West Mounted Police
Royal Proclamation (1763),
Ruaux, E. (principal),
runaways and truants, arrests, chained, compulsory attendance, corporal punishment, day schools regulations, death inquests, deaths, discharge policy, for employment, expulsion, food complaints, hair cut short, homesickness, hunger, Indian Act, Juvenile Delinquents Act, legislative authority, living conditions, locked up, manual labour, marriage, not returning to school, older students, parental resistance to return, police authority, policy failure, punishment room, retrieval fees, search instructions, sexual abuse, in shackles, solitary confinement, strappings, strategies, thefts, truant officers, vacation policy,
Rupert’s Land Order (1870),
Rupert’s Land residential school. See Middlechurch, Man., residential school, St. Paul’s, Rupert’s Land (Anglican)
Russell (student),
Russell, J. W. (Methodist missionary),
Russell, Manitoba,
Ruttan, J. H. (Methodist Treaty negotiator),
R. v. Sparrow,
R. v. Van der Peet,
Ryan, Father F. C.,
Ryan, Rev. J. J.,
Ryder, (father of Peter Ryder),
Ryder, Peter (student),
Ryerson, Egerton (Methodist educator), corporal punishment, Credit River school, educational philosophy, establishment of residential schools, industrial school training,
Ryerson report on industrial boarding schools,
Sabaskong Band,
Sacks, Catherine (student),
Sacred Heart residential schools. See Fort Providence, NWT, residential school, Fort Providence Boarding Home, Sacred Heart (Catholic); Onion Lake, Sask., residential school, St. Anthony’s, Sacred Heart (Catholic); Saddle Lake/St. Paul, Alta., residential school, Blue Quills, Sacred Heart (Catholic)
Saddle Lake Reserve,
Saddle Lake/St. Paul, Alta., residential school, Blue Quills, Sacred Heart (Catholic): hunger, language policy, marriage and discharge policy, newsletter, parental resistance, strapping, vacation policy, whooping cough,
Sadekanarktie (Onondaga Chief),
Sailors, John (student),
St. Alban’s residential school. See Prince Albert, Sask., residential school, St. Alban’s, All Saints, St. Barnabas, Lac La Ronge (Anglican)
St. Albert (Edmonton), Alta., residential school, Youville (Catholic): arson, building, female student recruitment, funding, illnesses, language of instruction, library, living conditions, Oblates, punishment, tuberculosis,
St. Albert (Edmonton), Alta., residential school (Methodist/United). See Edmonton (St. Albert), Alta., residential school, Poundmaker (Methodist/United)
St. Andrew’s residential school. See Whitefish Lake, Alta., residential school, St. Andrews (Anglican)
St. Anne’s residential school. See Fort Albany, Ont., residential school, St. Anne’s (Catholic); Shubenacadie, NS, residential school, St. Anne’s (Catholic)
St. Anthony’s residential school. See Onion Lake, Sask., residential school, St. Anthony’s, Sacred Heart (Catholic)
St. Barnabas residential school. See Onion Lake, Sask., residential school, St. Barnabas (Anglican); Prince Albert, Sask., residential school, St. Alban’s, All Saints, St. Barnabas, Lac La Ronge (Anglican); T’suu Tina, Alta., residential school, Sarcee, St. Barnabas (Anglican)
St. Boniface, Man., residential school, St. Boniface College (Catholic): closure proposal, clothing, deficit, discharge policy, discipline, enrolment, girls’ activities, manual labour, parental resistance, pre-enrolment physical examinations, recruitment, religious instruction, school farms, sewing, sports facilities, teachers,
St. Bruno’s residential school. See Joussard, Alta., St. Bruno’s residential school (Catholic)
St. Charles Convent orphanage fire (Quebec City),
St. Eugene’s residential school. See Cranbrook, BC, residential school, St. Eugene’s, Kootenay (Catholic)
Saint-Fabian, Sister (nun/teacher),
St. Francis Xavier, Man., day school,
St. Francis Xavier, BC, residential school. See Calais, BC, residential school, Sturgeon Lake, St. Francis Xavier (Catholic)
St. George’s residential school. See Lytton, BC, residential school, St. George’s (Anglican)
St. Henri residential school. See Delmas, Sask., residential school, Thunderchild, St. Henri (Catholic)
St. Henry’s residential school. See Fort Vermilion, Alta., residential school, St. Henry’s (Catholic)
St. John’s residential school. See Chapleau, Ont., residential school, St. John’s (Anglican); Red River Academy/St. John’s residential school (Anglican); Wabasca, Alta., residential school, St. John’s, John’s Mission Wapuskaw (Anglican)
St. Joseph’s industrial school. See High River, Alta., residential school, St. Joseph’s, Dunbow industrial school (Catholic)
St. Joseph’s residential school. See Cluny, Alta., residential school, Crowfoot, St. Joseph’s, St. Trinité (Catholic); Fort George, Que., residential school, St. Joseph’s Mission, Residence Couture, Sainte-Thérèse-del’Enfant-Jésus (Catholic); Fort Resolution, NWT, residential school, St. Joseph’s (Catholic); Fort William, Ont., residential school, St. Joseph’s (Catholic); Spanish, Ont., residential schools, Girl’s/Boy’s, Charles Garnier, St. Joseph’s, St. Peter’s, St. Anne’s (Catholic); Williams Lake, BC, Cariboo, St. Joseph’s residential school (Catholic)
St. Margaret’s residential school. See Fort Frances, Ont., residential school, St. Margaret’s (Catholic)
St. Martin’s boarding school. See Desmarais-Wabasca, Alta., residential school, Wabisca Lake, Alta., St. Martin’s (Catholic)
St. Mary’s Immaculate Conception residential school. See Cardston, Alta., residential school, St. Mary’s, Blood (Kainai), Immaculate Conception (Catholic)
St. Mary’s residential school. See Kenora, Ont., residential school, St. Mary’s (Catholic); Mission, BC, residential school, St. Mary’s (Catholic)
St. Michael’s residential school. See Duck Lake, Sask., residential school, St. Michael’s (Catholic)
St. Michael’s residential school. See Alert Bay, BC, residential school, St. Michael’s, Alert Bay Girls’ Home/Boys’ Home (Anglican)
St. Olivier, Sister,
St. Patrick’s Home,
Saint-Paul-des-Métis residential school. See St. Paul’s, Alta., Saint-Paul-des-Métis residential school
St. Paul residential school. See Saddle Lake/St. Paul, Alta., residential school, Blue Quills, Sacred Heart (Catholic)
St. Paul’s, Alta., Saint-Paul-des-Métis residential school: arson,
St. Paul’s Hostel. See Dawson City, YT, residential school, St. Paul’s Hostel (Anglican)
St. Paul’s residential school. See Cardston, Alta., residential school, St. Paul’s, Blood (Kainai) (Anglican); Lebret/Qu’Appelle, Sask., residential school, St. Paul’s, Whitecalf (Catholic); Middlechurch, Man., residential school, St. Paul’s, Rupert’s Land (Anglican); North Vancouver/Squamish, BC, residential school, St. Paul’s (Catholic)
St. Peter’s residential school. See Hay River, NWT, residential school, St. Peter’s (Anglican)
St. Peter’s school (Red River settlement),
St. Phillips residential school. See Fort George, Que., residential school, St. Phillip’s (Anglican); Kamsack/Fort Pelly, Sask., residential school, St. Phillips (Catholic)
St. Thomas, Ont., residential school. See Muncey, Ont, residential school, Munceytown, Mount Elgin, St. Thomas (Methodist/United)
St. Trinité residential school. See Cluny, Alta., residential school, Crowfoot, St. Joseph’s, St. Trinité (Catholic)
salaries. See staff; teachers
Salles, J. B. (principal),
Sam, (parent),
Sam, (student),
Samson, (Cree), Samson, Chief,
Sanatorium Board of Manitoba,
sanatorium care,
Sandercock, Rev. K.L. (principal),
Sanderson, Maurice (student),
Sandoval, Mary (student),
Sandy Bay, Man., residential school (Catholic): building maintenance, corporal punishment, fire-escape system, fire hazards, language policy, opening, parental resistance, runaways, salaries, sanitation and water supply, teacher qualifications, vacation policy,
Sandy Bay Reserve,
sanitation. See water and sanitation
Sapp, Allen (student),
Sarcee, Alta., residential school. See T’suu Tina, Alta., residential school, Sarcee, St. Barnabas (Anglican)
Sarcee Reserve,
Sardis BC Coqualeetza Institute. See Chilliwack/Sardis, BC, residential school, Coqualeetza Institute (Methodist/United)
Saskatchewan: boarding schools, buildings, church-run schools, curriculum, death rate, health care, industrial schools, per capita rates, public schools, salaries, teacher qualifications, trades training, treaty negotiations, tuberculosis, See also individual residential schools
Saskatchewan Anti-Tuberculosis League (SATL),
Satan, (school bully),
Saul, D. C. (police),
Saultreaux Band,
Saultreaux language and culture,
Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., residential school, Shingwauk/Wawanosh Home (Anglican): Aboriginal culture attitudes, apprenticeship training, arson, cadet training, church-run, closing, clothing, corporal punishment, deficit, enrolment, female student recruitment, fire (1873), fire hazards, funding, influenza pandemic, language policy, library, manual labour, measles, opening, orphans, physical examinations, principal, punishment, recruitment, religious instruction, runaways, schedule, school-run businesses, sexual abuse, staff, teacher workloads, tuberculosis epidemic, uniforms, vacation policy, whooping cough,
Saunders, Andrew (parent),
Savignon (Aboriginal man sent to France),
sawmills,
Sawyer, Joseph (Mississauga chief),
school buildings,
school farms, See also farming and gardening
school inspectors. See Indian Affairs
school meals. See food and diet
school-run businesses,
schools. See boarding schools; day schools; grammar schools; industrial schools; public schools; residential schools
Schools Branch (Indian Affairs),
school uniforms. See uniforms
Scollin, Constantine (Catholic missionary),
Scott, Duncan Campbell (Indian Affairs): annual reports, appointment and Aboriginal policy, assimilation, building construction defects, building maintenance, church-run schools, clothing, corporal punishment, curriculum standards, discharge policy, enrolment recommendations, fire protection instructions, food and diet, Frederick Loft, graduates, hunger, influenza pandemic, language of instruction, library of Aboriginal culture, living conditions, manual labour, missionary conflict, overcrowding, per capita funding, principals, problems at Lytton school, reformatories, runaways, school inspection regulations, sexual abuse, spiritual ceremonies ban, spread of disease, staff, teacher qualifications, trachoma, tuberculosis epidemic, vacation policy, vocational training,
Scott, Elizabeth (teacher),
Scott, James (staff),
Scott, John (principal),
Scott, Thomas,
seamstresses,
Sechelt, BC, residential school (Catholic),
Seenum, Chief James (Pakan) (Cree),
Seghers, Bishop Charles John,
self-government. See Aboriginal self-government
Selkirk, Lord and the Selkirk Settlers,
Selkirk Settlers and confrontation with Métis,
Semmens, John (inspector and principal): building maintenance, bullying complaints, career end, corporal punishment, language policy, parent complaints, recruitment, staff complaints, student death investigation,
Seneca, Ruth (student),
separation of families: Australian boarding schools, British immigrant children, criticisms, Davin Report, goals, government policy, as a parable (a young tree), parental affection, parental resistance, parents missing children, residential school experience, sibling separation, as social service,
separation of priests and nuns,
Serrand, Paul (principal),
Service, S. (police),
Settlement Agreement,
settler colonies. See colonization and colonial settlers
Seven Oaks,
Seven Years’ War,
sewage. See water and sanitation
sewing,
sex education,
sexual abuse: accounts of, memoirs, not discussed, parental resistance, perpetrators unpunished, by priests, by principals, reformatories, by staff, supervision, lack of, by teachers, victimization by other students,
Seymour, Dr. M. M.,
Shack, Sybil (teacher),
Shepherd, Priscilla,
Shepherd, Sherman (Anglican minister/principal),
Shepherd, W. W. (principal),
Sheppard, Mr. (principal),
Shepphird, Eleanor (staff and second wife of Edward Matheson),
She-Sheep’s band,
Shingle Point, YT, residential school (Anglican),
Shingoose, Charlie Junior (student),
Shingoose, Chief (Waywayseecappo Band),
Shingwauk, Chief,
Shingwauk Home. See Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., residential school, Shingwauk/Wawanosh Home (Anglican)
Shingwaukonse (Garden River Chief),
Shoal Lake, Ont., residential school. See Kenora/Shoal Lake, Ont., residential school, Cecilia Jeffrey (Presbyterian/United)
Shoal Lake Band,
Shore, Egerton (Methodist missionary),
Shoup, William (principal),
Shubenacadie, NS, residential school, St. Anne’s (Catholic): Aboriginal students, building, as child-welfare facility, corporal punishment, discipline, disease and medical care, fire hazards and smoking, food and diet, graduates, housekeeping, hunger, manual labour, medical care, opening, outing system, parent complaints, pre-enrolment policy, runaways, sewing, student experiences, tuberculosis, vacation policy, vocational training,
Sibbald, (school inspector),
siblings. See families
Sierra Leone,
Sifton, Clifford (Indian Affairs), budget cuts, corporal punishment, disease, immigration, industrial schools, pre-enrolment physical examinations, sexual abuse,
Signay, Joseph (Archbishop of Quebec),
Siksika (Blackfoot),
Sillery reserve in Quebec,
Simcoe, John (lieutenant-governor),
Simes, Dr. A. B.,
Simpson, George (Hudson’s Bay Company governor),
Simpson, Wemyss (Indian Commissioner),
Sims, C. L. D. (Indian agent),
Sims, Rev. (recorded as Anglican missionary J.W. Tims),
Sinclair, J. (principal),
Sinclair, Justice Murray (Mizana Gheezhik) Chair, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,
Sinnott, Archbishop Alfred,
Sintaluta Reserve,
Sioux language,
Sioux Lookout, Ont., residential school, Pelican Lake, Pelican Falls (Anglican),
Sioux Reserve,
Sisters of (the)Assumption,
Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns), about, female student recruitment, language of instruction, living conditions, mission schools, partnership with Oblates, relocating, staff, See also Roman Catholic Church and missionaries
Sisters of Notre Dame,
Sisters of Providence,
Sisters of St. Ann: about, conflict with Oblates, female staff, fire, salaries, school,
Sitting Bull (Tatanka-Iyotanka),
Six Nations of the Grand River (Mohawk), activist, corporal punishment lawsuit, games, land, language, ran school, student recruitment, treaty annuity, See also Brantford, Ont., residential school, Mohawk Institute (Anglican)
Skidegate, BC day school (Methodist),
Skynner, Frank (Indian Affairs),
slave trade,
smallpox,
Smart, James (Indian Affairs): about, annual report, compulsory enrolment policy, manual labour, parental resistance, recruitment payments to parents, tuberculosis, vocational training,
Smith, A. G. (school inspector),
Smith, Donald (Hudson Bay Company factor),
Smith, Eddy (student),
Smith, Edgar (student),
Smith, Edwin (school gardener),
Smith, Father J. M. (principal),
Smith, Gardner (Indian Affairs?),
Smith, John (missionary),
Smith, John/John F. (Indian agent),
Smith, Miss (teacher),
Smith, Peter (student),
Smith, William (student),
Smoker, Maggie (parent of Alice, Clifford, and Rosa),
smoking and fire hazards,
Snake Plain Reserve,
Snell, H. A. (principal),
Soanes, P. R. (principal),
Social Gospel,
social reform,
Society for Missions to Africa and the East,
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge,
Society for the Extinction of the Slave Trade,
Society for the Propagation of the Faith (l’Oeuvre de la Propagation de la Foi),
Society for the Propagation of the Gospell, See also New England Company
Society of Jesus. See Jesuits
Society of the Holy Childhood (l’Oeuvre de la Sainte-Enfance),
Socobie, Edward (student),
solitary confinement as corporal punishment,
Somerset, C. E. (principal): attendance, dismissals of principals, overcrowding, recruitment, runaways, staff salaries, water supply contamination,
Soonias, Sarah (student Sarah Wuttunee),
Soviet Union and residential school assimilation,
Spanish, Ont., residential schools, Girl’s/Boy’s, Charles Garnier, St. Joseph’s, St. Peter’s, St. Anne’s (Catholic): discipline, drownings, food and diet, hunger, influenza, manual labour injuries, per capita grants, punishment, runaways, staff salaries, student experiences,
Spanish empire,
Spanish flu. See influenza
Special Commission on Indian Affairs,
Spinney, Clarence/C.A. (Indian agent),
Spirit dances,
spiritual ceremonies,
sports, See also extracurricular activities; individual sports
Spragge, William (Indian Affairs),
Sproat, Gilbert (Aboriginal Elder),
Sqautepew, Gracie (student),
Squamish, BC residential school. See North Vancouver/Squamish, BC, residential school, St. Paul’s (Catholic)
staff: Aboriginal, complaints, conflict, cook duties, deaths, diseases, dismissals, experiences, farm instructors, female workers, food, former students as staff, living conditions, marriages to students, matron duties, medical care, missionary societies, motivations, pressures, recruitment of women, salaries, staff spouses and conflicts, turnover rates, vacations, workloads, See also teachers
Staley, Edgar (principal),
Stamp, Robert M. (historian),
Standing Bear, Luther (student),
Stanislaus, Paul (father of Augustine Allan),
Stanley (student),
Stanley, E. (police constable),
Star, Mabel (student),
Star Blanket, Alice (student),
Star Blanket Band,
Starlight, Jim (student),
starvation,
status versus non-status Aboriginal people,
Steel, Dr. N. D.,
Steinhauer, Henry Bird (Ojibway Shahwahnegezhik),
Steinhauer, Rev. R. B. (son of Henry Bird Steinhauer),
Stephens, Jack (student),
Stewart, Dr. A. B.,
Stewart, Dr. D. A. (Sanatorium Board of Manitoba),
Sticks, Duncan (student),
Sticks, Johnny (father of Duncan Sticks),
Sticks, Mary (student and sister of Duncan Sticks),
Stocken, Canon,
Stocken, H. W. Gibbon (principal),
Stone, Dr. E. L. (medical officer): appointment, budget cutbacks, food and diet, health and medical care, pre-enrolment policy, recommendations, spread of disease, trachoma, tuberculosis treatment,
Stonechild, Alvin (student),
Stone Child, Ben (student),
Stonechild, Margaret (student),
Stonechild, Millicent (student),
Stonefish, Muriel (student),
Stonefish, Nellie (student),
Stoney Creek Carrier community,
Stony Reserve,
Stoops, Melissa (researcher),
Storkerson, Martina (student),
Strachan, John (Anglican clergy),
Strang, A. (Indian agent),
Strangling Wolf, George (student),
Strapp, Oliver/O. B. (principal),
strappings: being big enough, and chained, excessive, no directives, as rite of passage, runaways, for speaking own language, See also punishment
Strathcona Trust,
Stringer, Bishop Isaac,
Stuart, Dr. A. J.,
Stuart Lake residential school. See Fort St. James, BC, residential school, Stuart Lake (Catholic)
student experiences (Survivors of residential schools), behaviour, belonging to neither culture, bullying, clothing, corporal punishment, discipline, dropouts, enrolment of orphans, farming, female enrolment, food and diet complaints, footwear, graduates, hair cut short, homesickness, housekeeping, hunger, lack of academic progress, language loss, lower expectations for, manual labour, memoirs, name change, non-Aboriginal students taught separately, not prepared to make a living, as numbers, of nuns, outing system, overwork, playgrounds, pregnancy, punishment, regimentation, religious instruction, romance, runaways, separation of families, separation of the sexes, sexual abuse, sexual activity, spiritual ceremonies, staff ate better, strike threats, student resistance, suicide, travelling to school, tuberculosis treatment, victimization by other students, violence towards teachers, vocational training,
student labour. See manual labour
students, registers of named and unnamed deaths,
Sturgeon Lake, Alta. residential school. See Calais, BC, residential school, Sturgeon Lake, St. Francis Xavier (Catholic)
Sturgeon Landing, Sask., residential school (Catholic),
suicide and attempts,
Sulpicians,
Sun Dance (Thirst Dance),
Sunday, John (Alderville chief - Shawundais or Sultry Heat),
supervision,
Survivors Committee,
Sussex Vale, N.B. school,
Sutherland, Arthur (student),
Sutherland, James (student),
Sutherland, J. D. (Indian Affairs),
Sutherland, Rev./Dr. Alexander (Methodist church): Aboriginal culture attitude, discharge policy, missionary society, separation of families, staff complaints, staff salaries,
Suttee, Emma (student),
Swainson, Mr. (principal) and Mrs.,
Sweet, Rev. H. C.,
Sweet Grass day school,
Sweet Grass Reserve,
Swinford, S. (Indian agent),
Sworder, Mr. (school engineer),
syphilis,
system and residential schools,
Szasz, Margaret (historian),
Taché, Alexandre-Antonin (missionary, then bishop): early missionary work and isolation, establishment of schools, funding,
Tamanawas dance,
Tanakdakw Band,
Tappage, Mary Augusta (student),
Tatanka-Iyotanka (Sitting Bull),
Tate, Clifford (student),
teachers: Aboriginal, attitudes towards Aboriginal culture, complaints about, duties, female versus male, inspections, methods, qualifications, recruitment, regulations, requirements, salaries, training, turnover, workloads, See also staff
Tecumseh (Shawnee),
Tennass, Leonard (student),
Tennessee boarding school,
terra nullius (land belonging to no one),
tewaarathon lacrosse ball game,
Texas Lake Band,
textbooks,
Thahontaenrats (Huron),
theatre arts, theft and corporal punishment,
The Pas, Man., residential school, McKay (Anglican): Aboriginal principal, corporal punishment, discipline and role of bells, female versus male teachers, firefighting equipment, fire hazards, food complaints, housekeeping, lack of playground, manual labour, mattresses and bedding, milk shortages, newsletter and student letter exchange, per capita grants, plans to construct, quality of education, quarantine, recruitment, runaways, sanitation and hygiene, staff, staff conflict, staff dismissals and forced retirement, teachers, truant officers, typhoid fever,
The Pas Band,
Thibaudeau, J. E. S. (principal),
Thibault, Father Jean-Baptiste (Catholic missionary),
Thicket Portage, Man.,
Thirst Dance (Sun Dance),
Thomas, Alex (First Nations member),
Thomas, John R. (student),
Thomas, Louis (student),
Thompson, Albert Edward (student),
Thompson, J. (principal),
Thompson, John (federal justice minister),
Thompson, Kenneth (student),
Thompson, Levi (lawyer),
Thompson, Martha (student),
Thorpe, Jim (student),
Thunder Bay. See Fort William, Ont., residential school, St. Joseph’s (Catholic)
Thunderchild, Joseph (student),
Thunderchild boarding school. See Delmas, Sask., residential school, Thunderchild, St. Henri (Catholic)
Thunderchild Reserve,
Thurston, L. (police),
Tims, John/J. W. (principal),
Tims, J. William/John (Anglican missionary),
Titley, Brian (biographer),
Tobias, Clifford (student),
Tobias, John (historian),
Tofino, BC, residential school. See Meares Island/Christie/Tofino, BC, residential school, Clayoquot, Kakawis (Catholic)
toilets,
Tomalin, Miss (school nurse),
Tom Brown’s School Days,
Toney, Joseph (student),
Toney, Leo (student),
Toney, Mrs. Charles (sister of Mary Hammond),
Tooley, Linton (student supervisor),
Tootoosis, John (League of Indians of Western Canada),
Tootoosis, John (student),
Topping, Louise (staff),
Toronto,
Toronto Normal School,
Touchwood residential school. See Muscowequan, Sask., residential school, Lestock, Muskowekwan, Touchwood (Catholic)
trachoma,
trade monopolies,
trades training. See industrial schools; vocational training
traditional way of life. See Aboriginal cultural identity
Trail Rangers,
Treaties: about, British Columbia, cadet corps training (Treaty 3), day schools, education provisions, government exploitation, government interference (Treaty 4), health and medical care, implementation, land transfers, missionary negotiators, negotiations, Numbered Treaties, parental resistance, purposes, reserve system, school establishment, signatories (Treaty 4), termination and end to status, Treaty medals, United States, verbal versus written agreements,
treaty annuities. See annuities
Treaty medals,
Treaty of 1787,
Treaty of 1794,
Treaty of Easton,
Treaty of Ghent,
Treaty of Paris,
Trinidad,
truancy. See runaways and truants
Trudeau, G. E. (principal),
Trutch, Joseph (BC lands commissioner),
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,
Tsimshian First Nation at Metlakatla/Metlakahtla,
T’suu Tina, Alta., residential school, Sarcee, St. Barnabas (Anglican), arranged marriages, enrolment, firefighting equipment, influenza, newsletter, trachoma, tuberculosis,
tuberculosis: about, among Aboriginal communities, annual reports, cemeteries, claimed as hereditary cause, deaths, diagnosis and physical examinations, federal inaction, during Great Depression, health and medical care cutbacks, health units, historical context, immigration and disease, initial period in schools, inquiries, living conditions in schools, medical officers, medical staff, milk shortages, misdiagnosis, names for, nursing care, overcrowding, physical examinations, provincial pressure to prevent spread, recommendations, royal commission, sanatorium care, segregation units, skin tests, spitting ban, spread through schools, students, tent hospitals, treatment, vaccine experimentation,
Tuck, T. H. (school disciplinarian),
Tucker, W. R. (principal),
Turnell, C. M. (principal),
Turner, Elizabeth (teacher),
Turner, L. (Indian agent),
Tweddell, W. G. (Indian agent),
typhoid fever,
Tyson, A.M. (Indian Affairs),
United Baptist Missionary Union,
United Brotherhood. See Moravian mission
United Church Missionary Society,
United Church of Canada, See also church-run schools; Methodist Church and missionaries; missionaries; individual residential schools
United Empire Loyalists,
United States: Aboriginal language and culture bans, assimilation attitudes, boarding schools, colonization, missionaries, religious school system funding,
University of Manitoba,
Unnamed Register (student deaths),
Upper Canada College,
Upton, L. F. S. (historian),
Ursulines,
vacation policy: discharge policy, industrial schools versus boarding schools, orphans, punishment, school experiences, staff, travel costs, treaty annuity withholding,
vaccines,
Valade, Mother Marie-Louise,
Vale, A.J. (principal): bullying and student violence, discipline, duties and salaries, hair cut short, library, runaways, tuberculosis treatment,
Vancouver Trades and Labour Council,
Vankoughnet, Lawrence (Indian Affairs): building construction, compulsory enrolment, corporal punishment instructions, curriculum standards, day schools, enrolment instructions, female recruitment instructions, food policy, funding grants, health and medical care, Indian Affairs management, language policy, parental visits policy, purpose of schools, recommendations, school regulations and guidelines, sexual abuse,
Van Thiel, F. (Anglican church accountant),
Vardon, George (Indian Affairs),
Vaudreuil, Que., school,
Veazey, W. M. (school inspector),
Veile, Arnout (British commissioner),
Venn, Henry (student),
Venn, Rev. Henry,
Verment, Brother,
Verreau, U. (Indian agent),
Victoria Industrial School. See Mimico, Ont., Victoria Industrial School
Vietnam,
Vincent, Thomas (Aboriginal clergy),
Vincent, V. A. (Board of Trade director),
vocational training: failure, graduates, half-day system, manual labour, no longer taught, success story, See also apprenticeships; industrial schools; manual labour
von Fellenberg, Philipp Emanuel (school founder),
voting rights. See enfranchisement
Vowell, A. W. (Indian Affairs): corporal punishment, fire protection, parent complaints, school-run businesses, spiritual ceremonies, teacher qualifications,
Wabasca, Alta., residential school, St. John’s, John’s Mission Wapuskaw (Anglican): building construction, building maintenance, closure recommendation, fire, food complaints, library, principal, staff,
Wabasca, Alta., Watisca Lake residential school. See Desmarais-Wabasca, Alta., residential school, Wabisca Lake, Alta., St. Martin’s (Catholic)
Waddy, J. (Indian agent),
Wadsworth, T. P. (Indian Affairs): Aboriginal culture attitudes, Aboriginal staff, brass bands, cadet corps training, classroom condition, clothing, food and diet reports, health and medical care, language policy, libraries, manual labour,
Wahpeemakwa (White Bear),
Walbridge, Frances M. (teacher),
Waldbrooke, Maud (staff matron),
Walker, Fannie (student),
Wall, Dr. J. J.,
Wapiimoosetoosus, Chief,
Wapuskaw residential school. See Wabasca, Alta., residential school, St. John’s, John’s Mission Wapuskaw (Anglican)
war and colonization,
Warner, Glenn “Pop” (school football coach),
Warner, Miss (school staff),
War of 1812,
War of Independence,
Wasacase, Alec (student),
Washakada residential school. See Elkhorn, Man., residential school, Washakada (Anglican)
water and sanitation: access to, building conditions, contamination, diseases, firefighting, toilets and sewage,
Wawanosh Home. See Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., residential school, Shingwauk/Wawanosh Home (Anglican)
Waywayseecappo Band,
Weatherall, Miss (teacher),
Welch, J. (Oblate),
Wesley, Charles (Methodist missionary),
Wesley, Harry (student),
Wesley, John (Methodist reformer and missionary),
Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society,
West, John (Anglican minister),
Westgate, T. B. R. (Anglican church field secretary): Aboriginal culture attitudes, building maintenance, clothing, corporal punishment, discharge policy, fire-escape systems, fire hazards, joins missionary society, staff, student recruitment,
Wheatley, G. H. (Indian agent),
whippings. See strappings
White Bear Reserve,
Whitecalf residential school. See Lebret/Qu’Appelle, Sask., residential school, St. Paul’s, Whitecalf (Catholic)
Whitecap, Susan (student also known as Mary Angus),
White Eagle school for boys. See Gleichen, Alta., White Eagle school for boys (Anglican)
White Earth Agency,
Whitefish Lake, Alta., residential school, St. Andrews (Anglican): building construction defects, building maintenance, closure recommendations, establishment, fire-escape systems, parental visits policy, staff,
Whitefish Reserve,
Whitehat, Billie (parent),
White Pup, Blackfoot Chief,
White Whale Lake Reserve,
whooping cough,
Whyte, C. W. (principal),
Widow Penna (parent),
Wikwemikong/Manitoulin Island, Ont., residential school (Catholic): Aboriginal culture attitudes, cadet corps training, deficit, discipline, enrolment, female recruitment, funding, girls’ activities, graduates and vocations, library, manual labour, missionary societies and staff, school schedule, vacation policy,
William, Chief,
William, Emile (student),
Williams, A.S. (Indian Affairs),
Williams, Mr. (teacher),
Williams, P. J. (Indian agent),
Williams Lake, BC, Cariboo, St. Joseph’s residential school (Catholic): cadet corps, clothing, corporal punishment and death inquiry, discipline, establishment, firefighting equipment, food and diet, heating, housekeeping and sewing, language policy, manual labour, overcrowding, runaways, school as means to feed children, school-run businesses, sexual abuse, suicide, teacher qualifications, tuberculosis, vocational training,
Wilson, (daughter of E. F. Wilson),
Wilson, A. E. (principal),
Wilson, Aldia (teacher),
Wilson, Dr. Marie (Commissioner, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada),
Wilson, Dr. P. M. (health inspector),
Wilson, Matilda (student),
Wilson, Rev. E. F. (Anglican missionary and principal): Aboriginal self-government, arson, fires, goals, language policy, recruitment, runaways, school establishment and spending, stress, vocational training,
Wilson, R.N. (Indian agent),
Wind River Reservation (Wyoming),
Winnipeg School Board,
Winter, H.L. (school inspector),
Winthrop, John (founder of New England Company),
Withaweecapo, Chief,
Wolf Tail (Blood Reserve member),
Wolseley, Lord Garnet,
Women’s Missionary Society (Presbyterian),
Woods, W. M. (principal),
Woodsworth, James (Methodist missionary),
Woodsworth, J. F. (principal),
Woodsworth, J. S. (founder of Co-operative Commonwealth Federation CCF),
Woomastoogish, Chief (Moose Band),
World War I,
World War II,
Worm, Jim (Head Man of Poor Man Reserve),
Wright, Miss (matron),
Wuttunee, Gilbert (student),
Wuttunee, Peter (student),
Wuttunee, Sarah (student Sarah Soonias),
Xavier, Francis (Jesuit founder),
Yale, BC, residential school, All Hallows girls’ (Anglican),
Yellow Head (Mississauga chief),
Yellowhorn, Tom (First Nations),
Yeomans, Dr. Lilian,
Yeomans, Miss A. (nurse),
York Factory,
Young, Egerton (Methodist missionary),
Youville residential school. See St. Albert (Edmonton), Alta., residential school, Youville (Catholic)
Yukon: church missions, salaries, school funding, tuberculosis, See also individual residential schools
Yukon Anglican Diocese,
Yuzicappi, John (student),
zones of influence,