1. For coercion, see: Ray, Illustrated History, 151–152. For fraud, see: Upton, “Origins of Canadian Indian Policy,” 56. For failure to implement Treaties, see: Sprague, Canada’s Treaties with Aboriginal People, 13. For taking land without Treaty, see: Fisher, Contact and Conflict.
2. See: Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 222.
3. Barron, “Indian Pass System.”
4. For an example, see: An Act to amend and consolidate the laws respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1880, chapter 28, section 72, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 75.
5. An Act for the gradual enfranchisement of Indians, Statutes of Canada 1869, chapter 42, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 11.
6. For an example, see: An Act further to amend “The Indian Act, 1880,” Statutes of Canada 1884, chapter 27, section 3, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 93.
7. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6810, file 470-2-3, volume 7, Evidence of D. C. Scott to the Special Committee of the House of Commons Investigating the Indian Act amendments of 1920, (L-2)(N-3).
8. Canada, “Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy,” page 20 of 24-page portable document format file.
9. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1931, 60.
10. Indian Residential Schools Settlement – Official Court Website, http://www.residentialschoolsettlement.ca/schools.html (accessed 5 February 2015).
11. Prime Minister Stephen Harper, Statement of Apology – to former students of Indian Residential Schools, 11 June 2008, http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100015644/1100100015649.
1. TRC, AVS, Shirley Flowers, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, 20 September 2011, Statement Number: SP025.
2. “The Most Northerly Residential School in the British Empire,” Northern Lights, (February 1933): 8, quoted in Rutherdale, Women and White Man’s God, xx.
3. Diffie and Winnius, Foundations, 78–83; Pagden, Peoples and Empires, 56.
4. Howe, Empire, 62–63.
5. Howe, Empire, 21–22.
6. Howe, Empire, 57.
7. Seed, Ceremonies of Possession, 16–40.
8. The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world (accessed 26 February 2012). These examples follow a similar argument presented by Howe, Empire.
9. Bayly, Birth of the Modern World, 440. For Canada, see: Miller, Skyscrapers; Ray, An Illustrated History; Dickason and Calder, A Concise History.
10. Howe, Empire, 13.
11. Howe, Empire, 13.
12. Wood, Empire of Capital, 33.
13. Pagden, Lords of All the World, 14, 15, 20, 22–23.
14. Wood, Empire of Capital, 33.
15. Howe, Empire, 14–16.
16. Bayly, Birth of the Modern World, 435.
17. Bayly, Birth of the Modern World, 434–435.
18. Hobsbawm, On Empire, 67.
19. Hyam, Britain’s Imperial Century, 6–28, 37, 134–144; Lovell, Opium War, 1–16.
20. Wood, Empire of Capital, 74–87.
21. Williams, American Indian, 121–147.
22. Wolfe, “Settler Colonialism,” 394.
23. Howe, Empire, 78.
24. Coates, Canada’s Colonies, 9–10.
25. Curtin, World and the West, 1.
26. Hobsbawm, On Empire, 10.
27. Hyam, Britain’s Imperial Century, 23–25.
28. Gott, Britain’s Empire, 2.
29. Bayly, Birth of the Modern World, 440.
30. Bayly, Birth of the Modern World, 441.
31. Howe, Empire, 70.
32. Waldram, Herring, and Young, Aboriginal Health, 48–55; Herring, “Toward a Reconsideration,” 160. The devastation was so severe that one historian titled his study of impact of colonialism on the Aboriginal people of North America American Holocaust. Stannard, American Holocaust.
33. E. B. O’Callaghan and J. R. Brodhead, eds., Documents Relating to the Colonial History of New York. 15 vols. (Albany, 1856–1883), 10:269, quoted in Eccles, Canadian Frontier, 158.
34. Vaughan, Transatlantic Encounters, 4.
35. Gott, Britain’s Empire, 85.
36. Gilbert Sproat, Scenes and Studies of Savage Life (London, 1868), 3–4, quoted in Fisher, Contact and Conflict, 117.
37. Duff, Indian History, 96.
38. Gott, Britain’s Empire, 152.
39. Gott, Britain’s Empire, 37–38.
40. See, for example: Ray, Indians in the Fur Trade; Francis and Morantz, Partners in Furs.
41. Wolfe, “Settler Colonialism,” 388.
42. McNab, “Herman Merivale,” 280.
43. Bayly, Birth of the Modern World, 432.
44. Bayly, Birth of the Modern World, 433, 439.
45. Wolfe, “Settler Colonialism,” 388, 391, 399.
46. Howe, Empire, 80–81.
47. Howe, Empire, 62.
48. Wood, Empire of Capital, 40–41.
49. Pagden, Lords of All the World, 24.
50. Pagden, Lords of All the World, 26.
51. Pagden, Lords of All the World, 26–27, 32.
52. Diffie and Winius, Foundations, 65–66.
53. Williams, American Indian, 72–73.
54. Frichner, “Preliminary Study,” 7–8; Diffie and Winius, Foundations, 94–95; Pagden, Peoples and Empires, 54.
55. Diffie and Winius, Foundations, 152.
56. Diffie and Winius, Foundations, 152.
57. Diffie and Winius, Foundations, 173–174; Thomas, Rivers of Gold, 116–119.
58. Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic, 11, 23; Pagden, Spanish Imperialism, 14.
59. Wallerstein, European Universalism, 4–5; Williams, American Indian, 97–108; Wood, Empire of Capital, 41.
60. Pagden, Peoples and Empires, 54–55.
61. Pagden, Lords of All the World, 33.
62. Pagden, Lords of All the World, 47.
63. Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic, 11–12; Frichner, “Preliminary Study,” 11; Seed, Ceremonies of Possession, 17–18.
64. H. Verelst, “Some Observations on the Right of the Crown of Great Britain to the North West Continent of America,” PRC co 5/283, f. 5, quoted in Armitage, Ideological Origins, 192.
65. Prucha, Great Father, 15–16.
66. Pagden, Lords of All the World, 82.
67. F. Victoria, De Indis et de Ivre Belli Relectiones, ed. E. Nys, trans. J. Bate (1917), 138–139, quoted in Williams, American Indian, 99.
68. Johnson v. M’Intosh quoted in Banner, How the Indians Lost Their Land, 11.
69. Frichner, “Preliminary Study,” 19.
70. R. v. Sparrow, 1990 CanLII 104 (SCC); R. v. Van der Peet, 1996 CanLII 216 (SCC).
71. Banner, Why Terra Nullius, 95. The court case is referred to as Mabo v. Queensland (No. 2).
72. Wood, Origin of Capitalism, 111.
73. Emeric De Vattel, Le droit de gens ou principes de la loi naturelle, appliqués à la conduite et aux affaires des nations et des souverains (1758), in James Brown Scott, ed. (Washington, 1916), 3:37–38, quoted in Pagden, Lords of All the World, 78–79.
74. Williams, American Indian, 136, 139–141.
75. John Davies, “Observations to the Earl of Salisbury on the State of Ireland,” in The Complete Prose Works of Sir John Davies, ed. Reverend Alexander B. Grosart (St. George’s Blackburn, Lancashire, 1876), 209–210, quoted in Wood, Origin of Capitalism, 159–160.
76. Howe, Empire, 86–87.
77. Howe, Empire, 86–87.
78. Quoted in Curtin, Imperialism, 294–295.
79. Kiernan, Lords of Human Kind, 140, 159–160, 180, 202–203.
80. Edwin W. Smith, Life and Times of Daniel Lindley (London, 1959), 308, quoted in Moorhouse, Missionaries, 77.
81. Mann, “Torchbearers,” 4.
82. Sherard Osborn, The Past and Future of British Relations in China, Edinburgh and London (Edinburgh, 1860), 15, original found in Kiernan, Lords of Human Kind, 153.
83. Reade, Martyrdom of Man, 504.
84. Speech quoted in: Archibald Philip Primrose (5th earl of Rosebery) ... Australian speechlets, 1883–84 [by A. P. Primrose], http://books.google.ca/books?id=CncIAAAAQAAJ&printse c=frontcover&dq=Australian+speechlets,+1883-84+[by+A.P.+Primrose.].&hl=en&sa=X& ei=zN2IUuGdMOTA2gW0vIHYDA&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Australian%20 speechlets%2C%201883-84%20[by%20A.P.%20Primrose.].&f=false (accessed 17 November 2013).
85. Lewis Henry Morgan, Ancient Society, or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization (1877; repr., ed. Eleanor Burke Leacock, Cleveland, 1963), 562–563, quoted in Jennings, Ambiguous Iroquois Empire, 19.
86. Canada, Official Report of the Debates of the House of Commons of the Dominion of Canada, third session—fifth Parliament, 48–49, Victoriae, 1885, 4 May 1885, 18:1588–1589.
87. Arthur St. John Adcock, The Prince of Wales’ African Book (London, 1926), quoted in Kiernan, Lords of Human Kind, 210–211.
88. Osborne, Education, 4–7.
89. Thompson, Customs in Common, 387.
90. E. S. Furniss, The Position of the Laborer in a System of Nationalism (Boston, 1920; repr. 1965), 114, quoted in Thompson, Customs in Common, 387.
91. Kelly and Altbach, “Four Faces of Colonialism,” 1–2.
92. Kelly, “Colonialism, Indigenous Society,” 15.
93. Carnoy, “Education as Cultural Imperialism,” 81–82, 90–91.
94. Szasz, Education and the American Indian, 53–54.
95. Australia, “‘Bringing Them Home,’” 25, www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/social_justice/bringing_them_home_report.
96. Bartels and Bartels, When the North Was Red, 12; Bloch, Red Ties, 38.
97. George Simpson to Andrew Colville, 20 May 1822, in Simpson, Fur Trade and Empire, 181.
98. Quoted in Hyam, Britain’s Imperial Century, 164.
99. Kelly, “Colonialism, Indigenous Society,” 12–13.
100. Kelly, “Colonialism, Indigenous Society,” 12–13.
101. Sullivan, Macaulay, 123–124.
102. “Minute on Indian Education,” in Thomas Babington Macaulay, Selected Writings, ed. John Clive and Thomas Pinney (Chicago, 1972), 241, 246–247, quoted in Sullivan, Macaulay, 141, 144.
103. “Enseignement primaire,” Bulletin de l’Enseignement de l’Instruction Publique (Indochine), partie scolaire, 4è Année, 5 (janv. 1925): 276n30, quoted in Kelly, “Colonialism, Indigenous Society,” 19.
104. Samuel Chapman Armstrong, Proceedings of the Department of Superintendence, Circulars of Information 3 (Washington, 1883), 3, quoted in Fear-Segal, White Man’s Club, 103.
105. Kelly and Altbach, “Four Faces of Colonialism,” 2.
106. Thiong’o, Decolonising the Mind, 3.
107. Alfred, Peace, Power, Righteousness, 5.
108. Quoted in Wayne Broehl, Crisis of the Raj: The Revolt of the 1857 through British Lieutenants’ Eyes (Lebanon, New Hampshire, 1986), cited in Gott, Britain’s Empire, 44.
109. Césaire, Discourses on Colonialism, 41.
110. Marshall, Our Empire Story, n.p.
111. Marshall, Our Empire Story, 117–118.
112. Marshall, Our Empire Story, 118.
113. McDiarmid and Pratt, Teaching Prejudice, 45.
114. See: Manitoba Indian Brotherhood, Shocking Truth.
115. Clark, “Representations of Aboriginal Peoples,” 103–111.
116. Howe, Empire, 99–100, 123; Hobsbawm, On Empire, 4–5.
117. Benton-Banai, The Mishomis Book, 111–112.
118. For Canada, see, for example: McMillan and Yellowhorn, First Peoples; for a global perspective, see: Coates, A Global History.
1. For example, see: Fear-Segal, White Man’s Club, 67.
2. King James Version (KJV), Matthew 28:19–20.
3. Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 9.
4. For example, see: Choquette, Oblate Assault, 21.
5. Usher, William Duncan, 41. See also: Choquette, Oblate Assault; Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel; Hyam, Britain’s Imperial Century.
6. Howe, Empire, 85.
7. Howe, Empire, 90; Perry, “Metropolitan Knowledge,” 109–111.
8. For example, see: A. A. den Otter, Civilizing the West, x. See also: Anuik, “Forming Civilization,” 2.
9. Timothy Paul Foran, “Les Gens de Cette Place,” 23–24.
10. For example: Coutts, Road to the Rapids, 15.
11. See: Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 49–50.
12. Hyam, Britain’s Imperial Century, 91–95.
13. Édits, ordonnances royaux, déclarations et arrêts du conseil d’état du Roi concernant le Canada (Québec, 1854–56), 1:5, quoted in Pagden, Lords of All the World, 34.
14. The Three Charters of the Virginia Company of London with Seven Related Documents, intro. Samuel M. Bemis, Jamestown 350th Anniversary Historical Booklets (Williamsburg, 1957), 2, quoted in Pagden, Lords of All the World, 35.
15. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 68, 70.
16. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 55, 97–99.
17. Pagden, Peoples and Empires, 62–65.
18. Axtell, Invasion Within, 91–92.
19. Greer, Jesuit Relations, 5.
20. Greer, Jesuit Relations, 5–6; Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 199; Kamen, Spain’s Road, 279–281.
21. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 199.
22. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 1–20; McCarthy, From the Great River, 3–5.
23. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 1–6; Choquette, Oblate Assault, 1–20; Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 173–176.
24. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 191–192, 194; see also: Choquette, Oblate Assault, 10.
25. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 69–71; McCarthy, From the Great River, 164.
26. Halpérin, “French Lawyers’ Fees,” 217.
27. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 83–84, 201; Gresko, “Gender and Mission,” 50–64; McCarthy, From the Great River, 156.
28. Bruno-Jofre, Missionary Oblate Sisters, 4–12, 131–139.
29. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 159, 164.
30. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 165–169.
31. Prucha, Great Father, 10; Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 66.
32. Szasz, Indian Education, 131–132.
33. Sullivan, Macaulay, 11; Usher, William Duncan.
34. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 169–170; Usher, William Duncan, 8.
35. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 230.
36. Church Missionary Society, “Some landmarks in the history of CMS,” http://www.cms-uk.org/Whoweare/AboutCMS/History/CMStimeline/tabid/184/language/en-US/Default.aspx.
37. For example, see: Usher, William Duncan, 8, 11.
38. Usher, William Duncan, 10.
39. Usher, William Duncan, 11.
40. Moorhouse, Missionaries, 274.
41. Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 74.
42. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 121.
43. Morantz, White Man’s Gonna Getcha, 213.
44. Usher, William Duncan, 20; Morantz, White Man’s Gonna Getcha, 75; Moorhouse, Missionaries, 103.
45. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 9, 15; Encyclopædia Britannica Online, s. v. “Methodism,” http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/378415/Methodism (accessed 25 November 2013).
46. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 16.
47. Quoted in Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 23.
48. John Wesley, Journal, abr. Nehemiah Curnock (New York, 1963), 7, quoted in Szasz, Indian Education, 150.
49. The John Rylands University Library of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, Euerette – Tyerman, MSS, MA, JRL, 24, quoted in Szasz, Indian Education, 155.
50. Szasz, Indian Education, 169.
51. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 216–217.
52. Moorhouse, Missionaries, 33; Rompkey, Story of Labrador, 34, 36–39.
53. For example, see: Rutherdale, Women and White Man’s God; McPherson, “Head, Heart, and Purse”; Hall, “Professionalization of Women Workers.”
54. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 161–162.
55. Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 112–113.
56. McCarthy, From the Great River, 53.
57. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 213–214.
58. Berkhofer, Salvation and the Savage, 9, 98.
59. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 16.
60. John Smith, The missionary’s appeal to British Christians on behalf of southern India (1841), 149, 153, quoted in Kiernan, Lords of Human Kind, 64.
61. William Duncan, Journal no. 2 1857, reel 2154, William Duncan Papers, Special Collections, University of British Columbia, quoted in Higham, Noble, Wretched, and Redeemable, 56.
62. Quoted in Williamson, “Moravian Mission,” 35.
63. Usher, William Duncan, 15; Choquette, Oblate Assault, 16.
64. Thomas Crosby, Among the An-ko-me-num or Flathead Tribes of Indian of the Pacific Coast (Toronto, 1907), 104–105, quoted in Fisher, Contact and Conflict, 139.
65. Axtell, Invasion Within, 77–78, 107.
66. Reuben Gold Thwaites, The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents (Cleveland, 1896–1901), quoted in Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 40.
67. Yukon Territorial Archives, “Annual Address of Mrs. Bompas, President Delivered at Dawson, Y.T. August 13, 1906,” 7, quoted in Rutherdale, Women and White Man’s God, 133.
68. Usher, William Duncan, 16.
69. Pagden, Lords of All the World, 64–72.
70. Prucha, Great Father, 9.
71. John Maclean, The Indians: Their Manners and Customs (Toronto, 1889), 264, quoted in Higham, Noble, Wretched, and Redeemable, 170.
72. Church Missionary Intelligencer, A Monthly Journal of Missionary Information (London, 1849), 76, quoted in Usher, William Duncan, 13.
73. Usher, William Duncan, 13.
74. See, for example: McCarthy, From the Great River, xviii–xxi, 34; Choquette, Oblate Assault.
75. Usher, William Duncan, 4–5, 296–298.
76. Coccola to Bishop Paul Durieu, 28 April 1889, Coccola Correspondence Outward, Archives Deschatelets, Ottawa, quoted in Coccola, They Call Me Father, 21.
77. Axtell, Invasion Within, 81, 279.
78. Jean Leflon, Eugène De Mazenod, trans. Francis D. Flanagan, OMI (New York, 1961), 1:209, quoted in McCarthy, From the Great River, 4.
79. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 52; Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 30.
80. Instructions delivered to Reverend J. W. Tims on his proceeding to the Saskatchewan Mission, 5 June 1883, Archdeacon John William Tims Collection, Glenbow Institute, Calgary, Alberta, quoted in Higham, Noble, Wretched, and Redeemable, 65.
81. Berkhofer, Salvation and the Savage, 3–4.
82. Quoted from John Horden, “News from the Great Lone Land: Letter from the Bishop of Moosonee, January 28, 1892,” Jervois Newnham Papers, Library and Archives of Canada, in Higham, Noble, Wretched, and Redeemable, 63.
83. Usher, William Duncan, 16.
84. Quoted in Whitehead, Cariboo Mission, 18.
85. The Times, 2 June 1840, quoted in Moorhouse, Missionaries, 23.
86. Henry Venn, to James Quaker, 29 November 1853, cited in W. Knight, The Missionary Secretariat of Henry Venn, B. D. (London, 1880), 53, quoted in Usher, William Duncan, 22.
87. Vital Grandin, “Écrits, 1, Visite au pénitencier de Citeaux, Franc, avril 12 1878,” 132, cited in Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 119–120.
88. Peake, Bishop Who Ate His Shoes, 118–128.
89. In the original: “un grand malheur” and “Pas une seule est morte.” Taché to Deschamps, 26 December 1880, Providence Historique, Archives Soeurs Grises de Montréal, Maison-Mère, Montréal, Québec, doc. cxiv, 3, quoted in Carney, “Relations in Education,” 57. Taché to Deschamps, 30 November 1880, Providence Historique, Archives Soeurs Grises de Montréal, Maison-Mère, Montréal, Québec, doc. cii, 3, quoted in Carney, “Relations in Education,” 57.
90. Carney, “Relations in Education,” 57.
91. Coccola, They Call Me Father, 89.
92. McCarthy, From the Great River, xvii.
93. McCarthy, From the Great River, 21.
94. Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 242.
95. Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 174; Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 237, 269–289.
1. H. P. Biggar, A Collection of Documents Relating to Jacques Cartier and the Sieur de Roberval (Ottawa, 1930), 178, quoted in Pagden, Lords of All the World, 33.
2. Dickason with McNab, Canada’s First Nations, 75.
3. Marc Lescarbot, The History of New France [Paris, 1609], trans. W. L. Grant, intro. H. P. Biggar (Toronto, 1907), 2:211–217, quoted in Axtell, Invasion Within, 34; Glenn, American Indian, 19.
4. Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 6; W. L. Grant, ed., Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604–1618 (New York, 1907), 1:323, quoted in Jaenen, Friend and Foe Aspects, 154.
5. For example, see: Eccles, Canadian Frontier.
6. Jaenen, “Education for Francization,” 45–49.
7. Greer, Jesuit Relations, 10–11.
8. Jaenen, “Education for Francization,” 45–48.
9. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 69–70.
10. Axtell, Invasion Within, 12, 49.
11. Axtell, Invasion Within, 50–53.
12. Trudel, Beginnings of New France, 134–135; Louis Hennepin, A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America (London, 1698), 2:6, quoted in Jaenen, “Education for Francization,” 155.
13. Axtell, Invasion Within, 55–56; Jaenen, “Education for Francization,” 50; Grassmann, “Pastedechouan,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/pastedechouan_1E.html (accessed 30 November 2013).
14. Jaenen, “Education for Francization,” 54–55; Trudel, Beginnings of New France, 134–135.
15. Magnuson, Education in New France, 27–28.
16. George M. Wrong, ed., The Long Journey to the Country of the Huron by Father Gabriel Sagard (Toronto, 1939), 130–131, quoted in Jaenen, Friend and Foe Aspects, 94.
17. William F. Ganong, ed., The Description and Natural History of the Coasts of North America (Acadia) by Nicolas Denys (Toronto, 1908), 1:404, quoted in Jaenen, Friend and Foe Aspects, 94.
18. R. G. Thwaites, ed., The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents (New York, 1959), 12:61, quoted in Jaenen, Friend and Foe Aspects, 88.
19. Axtell, Invasion Within, 54.
20. Magnuson, Education in New France, 22–28; Jaenen, “Education for Francization,” 48–61; Axtell, Through Another Glass Darkly, 26; Axtell, Invasion Within, 78–80.
21. Jaenen, Friend and Foe Aspects, 96, 163.
22. Jaenen, Friend and Foe Aspects, 166.
23. Axtell, Invasion Within, 50–53.
24. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 58–59, 73–75.
25. Paul Le Jeune, Jesuit Relations, 5:219 00 21, Relation of 1633, quoted in Greer, Jesuit Relations, 36.
26. Magnuson, Education in New France, 47.
27. Mealing, Jesuit Relations, 120.
28. Jaenen, “Education for Francization,” 55–56, Trigger, “Deadly Harvest,” 159–162; Trudel, Beginnings of New France, 231.
29. Magnuson, Education in New France, 47–50; Trudel, Beginnings of New France, 231; Axtell, Invasion Within, 56–58; Jaenen, “Education for Francization,” 56; Jaenen, Friend and Foe Aspects, 95, 168.
30. Miller, Shingwauk’s Vision, 47–49; Trudel, Beginnings of New France, 141, 232–233; Louis Hennepin, A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America (London, 1698), 2:61, quoted in Jaenen, Friend and Foe Aspects, 157–158, 161; Jaenen, “Education for Francization,” 47, 54; Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 131; Axtell, Invasion Within, 61.
31. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 64; Jaenen, Friend and Foe Aspects, 55; Axtell, Invasion Within, 61–62.
32. Magnuson, Education in New France, 17–28; Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 40; Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 76.
33. Axtell, Invasion Within, 71–90.
34. Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 57–61; Axtell, Invasion Within, 61–62; Jaenen, Friend and Foe Aspects, 181–182.
35. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 82.
36. Jaenen, “Education for Francization,” 57–58; Magnuson, Education in New France, 52–56, Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 82.
37. D. G. Oury, ed., Marie de l’Incarnation, Ursuline (1599–1672). Correspondances (Solesmes, 1951), 809, quoted in Jaenen, “Education for Francization,” 58.
38. Davis, Women on the Margins, 98–113.
39. Magnuson, Education in New France, 57–59; Jaenen, Friend and Foe Aspects, 48.
40. Jaenen, Friend and Foe Aspects, 175–176; Axtell, Invasion Within, 68–69.
41. R. G. Thwaites, ed., Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 1610–1701 (Cleveland, 1896–1901), 52:47n3, quoted in Phillips, Development of Education, 6–7.
42. Axelrod, Promise of Schooling, 4–5; Jaenen, “Education for Francization,” 57–61; Carney, “Aboriginal Residential School,” 16.
43. Audet, “Society and Education,” 80–81, 446; Axelrod, Promise of Schooling, 4–5; Jaenen, “Education for Francization,” 57.
44. Audet, “Society and Education,” 70–83; Moogk, “Les Petits Sauvages,” 38.
45. Vachon, “François de Laval,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/laval_francois_de_2E.html (accessed 30 November 2013).
46. Eccles, Canadian Frontier, 132–186.
1. McMillan and Yellowhorn, First Peoples, 88–89; Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 36–38.
2. Dickason, “Huron/Wyandot,” 264; Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 34–36; McMillan and Yellowhorn, First Peoples, 78, 81.
3. Richter, Facing East, 134–137; Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 37–38.
4. Milloy, “Early Indian Acts,” 56.
5. Jaenen, “French Sovereignty,” 34–38.
6. Banner, How Indians Lost Their Land, 87.
7. Richter, Facing East, 184–185.
8. Banner, How Indians Lost Their Land, 82, 87.
9. The Royal Proclamation of 7 October 1763, reproduced in Getty and Lussier, Long as the Sun Shines, 35.
10. Richter, Facing East, 164–171; Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 54–57.
11. Richter, Facing East, 107.
12. Scott, “Indian Affairs,” 698.
13. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 49–50; O’Toole, White Savage, 64; Brandão, “Covenant Chain,” http://www.syracuseuniversitypress.syr.edu/encyclopedia/entries/convenant-chain.html (accessed 1 July 2013); Jennings, Ambiguous Iroquois Empire, xvii, 186, 188.
14. O’Toole, White Savage, 153–154.
15. Johnson, quoted in Scott, “Indian Affairs,” 699
16. Leslie and Maguire, Historical Development of the Indian Act, 3; Library and Archives Canada, online description (Biography/Administrative history), R10943-0-8-E (formerly MG19-F35), Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Northern District of North America fonds, http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem. displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=107265&rec_nbr_list=107265,104589,2877311,2908556,2895 926,2894998,2873710,2837321,2837207,165438 (accessed 2 December 2013).
17. Gwyn, “Sir William Johnson,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/johnson_william_4E.html (accessed 30 November 2013); O’Toole, White Savage, 116–117; Calloway, Scratch of a Pen, 48–52.
18. James Sullivan, ed., The Papers of William Johnson (Albany, 1921–1962), 3:457, quoted in Borrows, “Wampum at Niagara,” 159.
19. Calloway, Scratch of a Pen, 9.
20. Calloway, Scratch of a Pen, 66.
21. Borrows, “Wampum at Niagara,” 158; Calloway, Scratch of a Pen, 67.
22. Calloway, Scratch of a Pen, 47–48.
23. Anderson, Crucible of War, 161–174; Richter, Facing East, 192–193.
24. Calloway, Scratch of a Pen, 70.
25. Calloway, Scratch of a Pen, 73.
26. Richter, Facing East, 208.
27. Calloway, Scratch of a Pen, 90.
28. Johnson, “Sir William Johnson,” 578.
29. Ray, Illustrated History, 127–129.
30. Getty and Lussier, Long as the Sun Shines, 34.
31. Getty and Lussier, Long as the Sun Shines, 35.
32. Banner, How Indians Lost Their Land, 85.
33. Tobias, “Protection, Civilization, Assimilation,” 128.
34. W. Johnson to W. Gage, 19 February 1764, in James Sullivan, ed., The Papers of William Johnson (Albany, 1921–1962), 4:328–333, quoted in Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 72.
35. Borrows, “Wampum at Niagara,” 162–164.
36. Borrows, “Wampum at Niagara,” 165.
37. Borrows, “Wampum at Niagara,” 166–167.
38. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 76.
39. Banner, How Indians Lost Their Land, 100–104.
40. Banner, How Indians Lost Their Land, 101; Dickason with McNab, Canada’s First Nations, 154.
41. Stanley, “Indians in the War,” 106–107; Dickason with McNab, Canada’s First Nations, 155.
42. Wilson, “Education in Upper Canada,” 190–192.
43. Ray, Illustrated History, 149–150.
44. Schmalz, Ojibwa of Southern Ontario, 120; Ray, Illustrated History, 153–155; Upton, “Origins of Canadian Indian Policy,” 56.
45. Ray, Illustrated History, 151–152.
46. Schmalz, Ojibwa of Southern Ontario, 123; Ray, Illustrated History, 153–155.
47. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 85, 109, 224.
48. Upton, “Origins of Canadian Indian Policy,” 56.
49. Scott, “Indian Affairs,” 707.
50. Graham, Medicine Man to Missionary, 7–8.
51. Ray, Illustrated History, 152.
52. Hibbert, George IV, 71.
53. Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, News Releases 2010, “Fact Sheet – The Brant tract and the Toronto Purchase specific claims,” http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100016064/1100100016065.
54. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 92–93.
55. Stanley, “Indians in the War,” 120.
56. Upton, “Origins of Canadian Indian Policy,” 51.
57. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 94–95; Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 116–117.
58. Schmalz, Ojibwa of Southern Ontario, 146; Ray, Illustrated History, 152–153.
59. Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 117.
60. Ray, Illustrated History, 153.
61. Ray, Illustrated History, 153.
62. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 101–104.
63. Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 82–83.
64. Milloy, A National Crime, 15.
65. Upton, “Origins of Canadian Indian Policy,” 56.
66. Darling to Earl Dalhousie, quoted in Bailey, Sketches of Indian Character, 52.
67. Darling to Earl Dalhousie, quoted in Bailey, Sketches of Indian Character, 52.
68. Aboriginal Tribes, Great Britain, Colonial Office 1834, 39–41, quoted in Graham, Medicine Man to Missionary, 24.
69. Smith, Sacred Feathers, 104–105.
70. Graham, Medicine Man to Missionary, 27; Smith, Sacred Feathers, 151.
71. Smith, Sacred Feathers, 103.
72. Sir George Murray, quoted in Scott, “Indian Affairs,” 724.
73. Leslie, “The Bagot Commission,” 31–33.
74. Milloy, “Early Indian Acts,” 59.
75. Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 82; Belmessous, Assimilation and Empire, 96.
76. Blackstock, “Aborigines Report,” 68.
77. Blackstock, “Aborigines Report,” 69–70.
78. “Meetings for the Sufferings, Information Respecting the Aborigines in the British Colonies. Being Principally Extracts from the report Presented to the House of Commons, By the Select Committee Principally Appointed on that Subject 1838,” 34, quoted in Blackstock, “Aborigines Report,” 79.
79. Blackstock, “Aborigines Report,” 80.
80. Blackstock, “Aborigines Report,” 82.
81. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 170.
82. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 156.
83. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 157.
84. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 156–158.
85. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 106; Graham, Medicine Man to Missionary, 25; Upton, “Origins of Canadian Indian Policy,” 57.
86. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 105.
87. Smith, Sacred Feathers, 194.
88. Smith, Sacred Feathers, 157; Milloy, “Early Indian Acts,” 59–60.
89. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 100–101; Wilson, “‘No Blanket to be Worn,’” 70–71; Upton, “Origins of Canadian Indian Policy,” 57–58.
90. Ray, Illustrated History, 153–155.
91. MacLean, “A Positive Experiment,” 55–56.
92. Upton, “Origins of Canadian Indian Policy,” 58.
93. Smith, Sacred Feathers, 164–166, 182.
94. Leslie, “The Bagot Commission,” 36–37.
95. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 110–114.
96. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 115–117.
97. Ray, Illustrated History, 156.
98. Sprague, Canada’s Treaties, 6.
99. Leslie and Maguire, Historical Development of the Indian Act, 23–26.
100. Tobias, “Protection, Civilization, Assimilation,” 130.
101. Milloy, “Early Indian Acts,” 59; Schmalz, Ojibwa of Southern Ontario, 175.
102. Milloy, “Early Indian Acts,” 60.
103. Milloy, “Early Indian Acts,” 60–61.
1. The Mohawk Institute did not receive government funding from Indian Affairs until 1885. Graham, Mush Hole, 9.
2. Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 67; Carney, “Aboriginal Residential School,” 27.
3. Simcoe to Bishop Mountain, 30 April 1795, as quoted in The Correspondence of John Graves Simcoe, ed. E. A. Cruickshank (Toronto, 1923–1931), 3:349, quoted in Wilson, “Education in Upper Canada,” 193.
4. Simcoe to Bishop Mountain, 30 April 1795, as quoted in The Correspondence of John Graves Simcoe, ed. E. A. Cruickshank (Toronto, 1923–1931), 1:143, quoted in Wilson, “Education in Upper Canada,” 193.
5. Wilson, “Education in Upper Canada,” 194–195.
6. Axelrod, Promise of Schooling, 5–23 (see especially: 11).
7. Wilson, “Education in Upper Canada,” 200–201.
8. J. G. Althouse, The Ontario Teacher, 1800–1910 (Toronto, 1967), 5, quoted in Wilson, “Education in Upper Canada,” 201.
9. Wilson, “Education in Upper Canada,” 201.
10. Wilson, “Education in Upper Canada,” 209–211.
11. Wilson, “Ryerson Years in Canada West,” 216–217.
12. Ryerson, Report on a System, 20–22.
13. Ryerson, Report on a System, 23–24.
14. Ryerson, Report on a System, 9.
15. Peikoff and Brickey, “Creating Precious Children,” 46.
16. Wilson, “Ryerson Years in Canada West,” 216–218.
17. Wilson, “Ryerson Years in Canada West,” 220; Axelrod, Promise of Schooling, 40.
18. Wilson, “Ryerson Years in Canada West,” 224.
19. Wilson, “Ryerson Years in Canada West,” 226.
20. Wilson, “Ryerson Years in Canada West,” 231–238.
21. Axelrod, Promise of Schooling, 24–32.
22. Finkel, Social Policy, 59.
23. Graham, Mush Hole, 7; “Mohawk Institute,” http://www.anglican.ca/relationships/trctemp/histories/mohawk-institute.
24. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 12758, file 451/25-1, part 2, “Closing of Mohawk Institute,” G. D. Cromb, 30 June 1970. [NCA-017713]
25. Szasz, Indian Education, 35.
26. Szasz, Indian Education, 84; Richter, Facing East, 100–101.
27. Richter, Facing East, 100–101.
28. For more detail about Boyle’s legacy, see: Burton, “Crimson Missionaries,” especially: ‘Rules and Orders Respecting the Charity Left by the Will of the Hon. Robert Boyle,’ 132.
29. Szasz, Indian Education, 101–106.
30. Jacob, “New England Company,” 451.
31. Jacob, “New England Company,” 451–453.
32. Jacob, “New England Company,” 452.
33. ‘Rules and Orders Respecting the Charity Left by the Will of the Hon. Robert Boyle,’ quoted in Burton, “Crimson Missionaries,” 132.
34. Burton, “Crimson Missionaries,” 132–133.
35. Hugh Jones, The Present State of Virginia [1724], ed. Richard L. Morton (Chapel Hill, 1956), 114, quoted in Szasz, Indian Education, 74.
36. Benjamin Franklin, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Leonard W. Labaree (New Haven, 1961), 4:483, quoted in Szasz, Indian Education, 77.
37. Fingard, “New England Company,” 29–30.
38. Phillips, Development of Education, 65; Thomas, “Wood, Thomas,” http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=36342 (accessed 4 January 2012).
39. Hamilton, Federal Indian Day Schools, 4–5; Fingard, “New England Company,” 30–32.
40. Aiton, “History of the Indian College,” 160.
41. Minutes of the Indian Committee, 12 September 1822, New England Company, MS 7920/2, 94, quoted in Fingard, “New England Company,” 33.
42. Fingard, “New England Company,” 30–33.
43. Upton, “Gell (Gill),” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/gell_molly_ann_6E.html (accessed 30 November 2013); Fingard, “New England Company,” 33–34.
44. Fingard, “New England Company,” 35–37.
45. Fingard, “New England Company,” 36–37.
46. Upton, “Gell (Gill),” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/gell_molly_ann_6E.html (accessed 30 November 2013).
47. Fingard, “New England Company,” 34.
48. New Brunswick Museum, Sussex Indian Academy papers, docs. 11, 19, 42; Webster ms coll., packet 31, [Walter Bromley], “Report of the state of the Indians in New Brunswick under the patronage of the New England Company, 14th August 1822,” quoted in Upton, “Gell (Gill),” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/gell_molly_ann_6E.html (accessed 30 November 2013).
49. Fingard, “New England Company,” 38.
50. Wilson, “‘No Blanket to be Worn,’” 66; Millman, “Stuart, John,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/stuart_john_1740_41_1811_5E.html (accessed 9 December 2013); Johnston, “Deserontyon, John,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/deserontyon_john_5E.html (accessed 9 December 2013).
51. Carney, “Aboriginal Residential School,” 23.
52. Klinck, “Norton, John,” http://biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?id_nbr=3050 (accessed 18 December 2011); Klinck, “Biography of Mohawk Chief John Norton,” http://www.warof1812.ca/norton.htm; Graymont, “Thayendanegea,” http://biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?id_nbr=2686 (accessed 25 November 2011).
53. Carney, “Aboriginal Residential School,” 23.
54. Carney, “Aboriginal Residential School,” 23; Graham, Medicine Man to Missionary, 13.
55. Graham, Mush Hole, 7.
56. Graham, Mush Hole, 8.
57. Graham, Mush Hole, 15.
58. Graham, Mush Hole, 48.
59. Richardson to Busk, 18 November 1837, quoted in Graham, Mush Hole, 46.
60. Graham, Mush Hole, 48.
61. Graham, Mush Hole, 48–50.
62. Bishop John Strachan, quoted in Hawkins, Annals of the Diocese, 198.
63. Graham, Mush Hole, 7.
64. Graham, Mush Hole, 54.
65. Graham, Mush Hole, 55.
66. Comeau-Vasilopoulos, “Oronhyatekha,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/oronhyatekha_13E.html (accessed 21 August 2014).
67. Graham, Medicine Man to Missionary, 76; Graham, Mush Hole, 7.
68. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 94.
69. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 42.
70. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 45.
71. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 47.
72. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 47–49.
73. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 71.
74. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 44.
75. Smith, Sacred Feathers, 114.
76. Smith, Sacred Feathers, 116–117, 122–123.
77. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 97.
78. MacLean, “Positive Experiment,” 41–43.
79. MacLean, “Positive Experiment,” 24, 40.
80. MacLean, “Positive Experiment,” 49–50.
81. MacLean, “Positive Experiment,” 24.
82. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 97.
83. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 163; Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 86.
84. Graham, Medicine Man to Missionary, 77.
85. United Church Archives, Wesleyan Methodist Church Collection, Box 102, 12C, John Sunday to Reverend Alder, 7 April 1841, quoted in Pettit, “‘Christianize and Civilize,’” 27.
86. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 103, 107.
87. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 111; Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 171.
88. Smith, Sacred Feathers, 1–61.
89. MacLean, “Positive Experiment,” 30.
90. Smith, Sacred Feathers, 79; Smith, “Jones, Peter,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/jones_peter_8E.html (accessed 30 November 2013).
91. Smith, Sacred Feathers, 126.
92. Smith, Sacred Feathers, 79; Smith, “Jones, Peter,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/jones_peter_8E.html (accessed 30 November 2013).
93. Smith, Sacred Feathers, 80.
94. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 162; Smith, “Jones, Peter,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/jones_peter_8E.html (accessed 30 November 2013).
95. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 96; Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 160.
96. Smith, Sacred Feathers, 115.
97. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 96; Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 160.
98. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 98.
99. Prucha, Great Father, 145–148.
100. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 98–99.
101. Toronto, The Christian Guardian, 29 September 1841, quoted in MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 102.
102. Annual Reports of the Missionary Society of the Methodist Church 1841, 217 and 1853–54, xv, quoted in Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 94.
103. Peter Jones, London, 26 December 1844, in “An Address to the Christian Public of Great Britain and Ireland in Behalf of the Indian Youth of Upper Canada, 1845,” quoted in Smith, Sacred Feathers, 195.
104. Leslie, “Bagot Commission,” 40.
105. Smith, Sacred Feathers, 183–184.
106. Smith, Sacred Feathers, 194–195.
107. Report of the Special Commissioners 1858, n.p.
108. Report of the Special Commissioners 1858, n.p.
109. Minutes of the General Council of Indian Chiefs and Principal Men, 4–6.
110. Minutes of the General Council of Indian Chiefs and Principal Men, 6–7.
111. Minutes of the General Council of Indian Chiefs and Principal Men, 20.
112. Minutes of the General Council of Indian Chiefs and Principal Men, 21.
113. Minutes of the General Council of Indian Chiefs and Principal Men, 12.
114. Minutes of the General Council of Indian Chiefs and Principal Men, 22.
115. Minutes of the General Council of Indian Chiefs and Principal Men, 25.
116. Minutes of the General Council of Indian Chiefs and Principal Men, 34.
117. Minutes of the General Council of Indian Chiefs and Principal Men, 23.
118. Pettit, “‘Christianize and Civilize,’” 29.
119. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 109.
120. Ryerson, “Report on Industrial Schools,” 73.
121. Ryerson, “Report on Industrial Schools,” 76.
122. Ryerson, “Report on Industrial Schools,” 73.
123. Ryerson, “Report on Industrial Schools,” 73.
124. Ryerson, “Report on Industrial Schools,” 74.
125. Ryerson, “Report on Industrial Schools,” 75; Ryerson, Report on a System, 13, 32, 60.
126. Ryerson, “Report on Industrial Schools,” 75–76.
127. Ryerson, “Report on Industrial Schools,” 77.
128. Ryerson, “Report on Industrial Schools,” 73.
129. Ryerson, “Report on Industrial Schools,” 74.
130. Report of the Special Commissioners 1858, n.p.
131. Report of the Special Commissioners 1858, n.p.
132. Report of the Special Commissioners 1858, n.p.
133. Report of the Special Commissioners 1858, n.p.
134. Smith, Sacred Feathers, 213.
135. Quoted in Graham, Mush Hole, 8.
136. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 112.
137. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 114–115.
138. The Christian Guardian, 22 December 1852, quoted in MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 115.
139. Annual Reports, Methodist Episcopal Church, Missionary Society in Canada 1851, xii, quoted in Graham, Medicine Man to Missionary, 78.
140. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 112–114.
141. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 114.
142. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 116.
143. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 118, 123.
144. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 118.
145. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 116–117.
146. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 120.
147. MacLean,” Ojibwa Participation,” 119.
148. Pettit, “‘Christianize and Civilize,’” 38–39.
149. Report of the Special Commissioners 1858, n.p.
150. Report of the Special Commissioners 1858, n.p.
151. Report of the Special Commissioners 1858, n.p.
152. Report of the Special Commissioners 1858, n.p,
153. Report of the Special Commissioners 1858, n.p.
154. Report of the Special Commissioners 1858, n.p.
155. Report of the Special Commissioners 1858, n.p.
156. Report of the Special Commissioners 1858, n.p.
157. Pettit, “‘Christianize and Civilize,’” 41.
158. Pettit, “‘Christianize and Civilize,’” 42.
159. Graham, Mush Hole, 8; Pettit,“‘Christianize and Civilize,’” 52.
1. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 48–53, 98.
2. Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, A.6/21, Governor and Committee to George Simpson, 11 March 1823, folio 50, quoted in Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 131.
3. Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 130.
4. George Simpson to Andrew Colville, 20 May 1822, in Simpson, Fur Trade and Empire, 181.
5. Coutts, Road to the Rapids, 21.
6. Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 106.
7. Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 131–132; Eden Colvile to Simpson, 22 December 1851, Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, D.5/32: 398, quoted in Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 107.
8. Friesen, Canadian Prairies, 69–73.
9. Bumsted, Lord Selkirk, 350.
10. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 11–12; Choquette, Oblate Assault, 29–32; Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 99.
11. Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 133–134.
12. Porter, “Anglican Church,” 15–16.
13. Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 99.
14. Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 135.
15. John West, The Substance of a Journal During a Residence at the Red River Colony, British North America: And Frequent Excursions Among the North-West American Indians, in the Years 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823 (London, 1824), 14–15, quoted in Porter, “Anglican Church,” 16–17.
16. Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 135.
17. Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 137; Boon, “Henry Budd,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/budd_henry_10E.html (accessed 7 December 2013).
18. Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 141.
19. John West, The Substance of a Journal During a Residence at the Red River Colony, British North America: And Frequent Excursions Among the North-West American Indians, in the Years 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823 (London, 1824), 96, quoted in Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 136–139.
20. Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 139.
21. Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 140.
22. Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 140–141.
23. Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 142.
24. Library and Archives Canada, Church Missionary Society A.88, Harbridge to Pratt, 26 June 1823, quoted in Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 144.
25. John West, The Substance of a Journal During a Residence at the Red River Colony, British North America: And Frequent Excursions Among the North-West American Indians, in the Years 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823 (London, 1824), 150–151, quoted in Scott, “Cultivating Christians,” 25.
26. Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 147.
27. Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 151; Wille, “John West,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/west_john_7E.html (accessed 7 December 2013).
28. Mooney, “Henry Budd,” http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/budd_henry_1812-75.html (accessed 7 December 2013).
29. Pettipas, Severing the Ties, xxiii.
30. Pannekoek, “Charles Pratt,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/pratt_charles_11E.html (accessed 7 December 2013).
31. Stevenson, “Church Missionary Society,” 44, 140, http://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/28298 (accessed 7 December 2013).
32. Coutts, Road to the Rapids, 21. See also: Pannekoek, “Protestant Agricultural Zions,” 56–58.
33. Coutts, Road to the Rapids, 20; Beaumont, “William Cockran,” http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/33/cockran_w.shtml (accessed 7 December 2013).
34. Schodt, Native American, 100–101; Stevenson, “Red River Indian Mission School,” 156.
35. Margaret Arnett MacLeod, ed., The Letters of Letitia Hargrave (Toronto, 1947), 177, quoted in Schodt, Native American, 104.
36. Levine, “John Macallum,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/macallum_john_7E.html (accessed 7 December 2013).
37. Pannekoek, “David Anderson,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/anderson_david_11E.html (accessed 7 December 2013). See also: SJR [St. John’s Ravenscourt], “History: 1820 to the Present,” http://www.sjr.mb.ca/school-history.
38. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 29–32.
39. Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 100–101.
40. Brooks, “British Wesleyan Methodist Missionary,” 30.
41. Brooks, “British Wesleyan Methodist Missionary,” 28–33; Hutchinson, “James Evans,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/evans_james_7E.html (accessed 7 December 2013).
42. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 35–37.
43. Hutchinson, “Thomas Hassall,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hassall_thomas_7E.html (accessed 7 December 2013).
44. Brooks, “British Wesleyan Methodist Missionary,” 24. Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 101–102.
45. Brooks, “British Wesleyan Methodist Missionary,” 33.
46. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 114–117.
47. Bishop Provencher to Bishop Signay, 8 August 1841, English translation in Erickson, “Bury Our Sorrows,” 21.
48. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 85–86.
49. Erickson, “Bury Our Sorrows,” 21, 29.
50. Duchaussois, Grey Nuns, 40; Erickson, “Repositioning the Missionary,” 120.
51. Erickson, “Bury Our Sorrows,” 27.
52. McCarthy, From the Great River, 10.
53. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 15–17.
54. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 38–47; Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 15–18.
55. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 206.
56. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 17–24.
57. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 43–44.
58. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 51–58.
59. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 28–29, 34; Choquette, Oblate Assault, 51–58.
60. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 24.
61. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 40.
62. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 41.
63. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 55.
64. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 58, 64–65.
65. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 146.
66. Margaret MacLeod, ed., The Letters of Letitia Hargrave (Toronto, 1947), 28:164, quoted in Van Kirk, “Many Tender Ties,” 214–215.
67. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 30–31.
68. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 94–96.
69. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 187–191; Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 69–71.
70. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 73–74.
71. Sister Charlebois, Notes and Sketches Collected from a Voyage in the North-West by a Sister of Charity of Montreal for the furtherance of a Charitable Object (Montreal, 1875), 7, quoted in Erickson, “Repositioning the Missionary,” 121.
72. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 99–100.
73. Goldring, “James Leith,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/leith_james_7E.html (accessed 7 December 2013); Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 104.
74. Pannekoek, “David Anderson,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/anderson_david_11E.html (accessed 7 December 2013).
75. Pannekoek, “Anglican Church,” 73–74.
76. Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 105; Long, “Thomas Vincent,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/vincent_thomas_1835_1907_13E.html (accessed 7 December 2013); Long,“John Horden,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/horden_john_12E.html (accessed 7 December 2013).
77. William Cockran, Journal, 30 September 1830, Library and Archives Canada, MG 17, Class C, C1/M.2, reel 1-77, 14, quoted in Choquette, Oblate Assault, 130.
78. John West, The Substance of a Journal During a Residence at the Red River Colony, British North America: And Frequent Excursions Among the North-West American Indians, in the Years 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823 (London, 1824), 12, quoted in Coutts, Road to the Rapids, 27.
79. Church Missionary Society A77, 12, quoted in Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 221.
80. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 225.
81. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 1–6, 84–87, 97; Choquette, Oblate Assault, 1–20, 224.
82. Bishop Lafleche, quoted in Duchaussois, Grey Nuns, 57.
83. Archives Deschâtelets, HEB 6874, L88L.3, Grollier to Taché, Fort Norman, 20 July 1860, quoted in Choquette, Oblate Assault, 145.
84. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 153.
85. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 175.
86. MacGregor, Father Lacombe, 209.
87. MacGregor, Father Lacombe, 210.
88. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 178.
89. McCarthy, From the Great River, 54; Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 113.
90. Archives Soeurs Grises de Montréal, Grandin to Hainault-Deschamps, 3 May 1862, quoted in Carney, “Grey Nuns and Children,” 291.
91. Methodist Missionary Society Committee Minutes, extracts, Microfilm reel A270, Box 13, Reel 13, Canada 1841–1842, Mason to Secretaries, August 11, 1841, quoted in Brooks, “British Wesleyan Methodist Missionary,” 29.
92. McCarthy, From the Great River, 53.
93. Provincial Archives of Manitoba, MG12E1, Bompas to Schultz, 3 June 1892, quoted in McCarthy, From the Great River, 54.
94. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 60–65; Hutchinson, “James Evans,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/evans_james_7E.html (accessed 17 December 2013).
95. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 158.
96. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 103.
97. Carney, “Relations in Education,” 55.
98. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 73.
99. McCarthy, From the Great River, 157.
100. McCarthy, From the Great River, 156–157.
101. Axelrod, Promise of Schooling, 40.
102. McCarthy, From the Great River, 168, 169.
103. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 66.
104. Carney, “Relations in Education,” 54.
105. Carney, “Relations in Education,” 159.
106. Erickson, “Repositioning the Missionary,” 131.
107. McCarthy, From the Great River, 162.
108. Abel, Drum Songs, 118.
109. Erickson, “Bury Our Sorrows,” 33.
110. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 99–104.
111. Carney, “Grey Nuns and Children,” 292.
112. Erickson, “Repositioning the Missionary,” 131–132.
113. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 105–110.
114. Fisher, Contact and Conflict, 102–103; Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 186–188.
115. McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 77.
116. Duff, Indian History of British Columbia, 59–60.
117. For medical treatment, see: McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 77–78. For the goal of separating Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people, see: TRC, NRA, St. Paul’s Archives – Ottawa, series 2, box 22, folder 1, Family History Bishop Durieu, E. M. Bunoz, “Catholic Action and Bishop Durieu’s System,” unpublished manuscript, 29 January 1941, 2. [OMI-035015]
118. Augustin Demers had been appointed Bishop of Victoria Island in the 1840s, and the geographic extent of his diocese was later extended to include much of present-day British Columbia and Alaska. However, he had few missionaries at his command and enormous territory to cover. As a result, he made few converts. McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 10–13.
119. Gresko, “Louis-Joseph d’Herbomez,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/herbomez_louis_joseph_d_11E.html (accessed 11 September 2014).
120. McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 49–50.
121. McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 89 (Williams Lake), 97 (Stuart Lake), 102 (the Kootenays).
122. Gresko, “Paul Durieu,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/durieu_paul_12E.html (accessed 31 August 2014).
123. McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 58–59. For discussion of the degree to which Durieu was the originator of the system that bore his name, see: Gresko, “Paul Durieu,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/durieu_paul_12E.html (accessed 31 August 2014).
124. TRC, NRA, St. Paul’s Archives – Ottawa, series 2, box 22, folder 1, Family History Bishop Durieu, E. M. Bunoz, “Catholic Action and Bishop Durieu’s System,” unpublished manuscript, 29 January 1941. [OMI-035015]
125. McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 135–137.
126. McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 138–139.
127. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6470, file 890-5, part 1, E. C. Chirouse to F. Devlin, 1 July 1896; [MIS-000002] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 2, E. C. Chirouse to D. C. Scott, 13 August 1923. [GRG-001492]
128. Gresko, “Paul Durieu,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/durieu_paul_12E.html (accessed 31 August 2014). McNally gives the opening as 1862, McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 67.
129. McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 67.
130. McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 67–69.
131. McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 70; Jones Clark, “Saint Mary’s Mission,” 81–82.
132. Jones Clark, “Saint Mary’s Mission,” 87.
133. Jones Clark, “Saint Mary’s Mission,” 89.
134. McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 71; Jones Clark, “Saint Mary’s Mission,” 96–97.
135. Jones Clark, “Saint Mary’s Mission,” 83.
136. TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, L. J. D’Herbomez to Superintendent General Indian Affairs, 5 January 1874. [OMS-000897]
137. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1874, 9–10.
138. Usher, William Duncan of Metlakatla, 8–9, 36.
139. Journal of William Duncan, 7 June 1859, William Duncan Papers 1853–1916, University of British Columbia Library, Vancouver, microfilm/C2154, quoted in Usher, William Duncan of Metlakatla, 47.
140. Usher, William Duncan of Metlakatla, 58–61.
141. Usher, William Duncan of Metlakatla, 64.
142. Usher, William Duncan of Metlakatla, 65–69.
143. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1874, 9, 106.
144. Journal of William Duncan, 19 November 1865, William Duncan Papers, 1853–1916, University of British Columbia Library, Vancouver, microfilm/C2155, quoted in Usher, William Duncan of Metlakatla, 77.
145. Usher, William Duncan of Metlakatla, 83.
146. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1874, 9–10.
147. Usher, William Duncan of Metlakatla, 119–135.
148. Bolt, Thomas Crosby and the Tsimshian, 26–28, 35.
149. Bolt, Thomas Crosby and the Tsimshian, 37, 94.
150. Bolt, Thomas Crosby and the Tsimshian, 34–35.
151. Thomas Crosby, Among the An-ko-me-nums or Flathead Tribes of Indians of the Pacific Coast (Toronto, 1907), 49, quoted in Bolt, Thomas Crosby and the Tsimshian, 35.
152. Bolt, Thomas Crosby and the Tsimshian, 67–68.
153. Hare and Barman, “Good Intentions,” 182–183.
154. Bolt, Thomas Crosby and the Tsimshian, 63.
155. Hare and Barman, “Good Intentions,” 188.
156. Hare and Barman, “Good Intentions,” 190.
157. Thomas Crosby, letter in the Christian Guardian, 4 November 1875 (letter dated 5 September 1875), quoted in Bolt, Thomas Crosby and the Tsimshian, 63.
158. Bolt, Thomas Crosby and the Tsimshian, 64.
159. Bolt, “Thomas Crosby,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/crosby_thomas_14E.html (accessed 1 September 2014).
160. Usher, William Duncan of Metlakatla, 124–135; Bolt, Thomas Crosby and the Tsimshian, 73–77.
1. Berger, Sense of Power, 225; Naylor, Canada in the European Age, 321–323; Conrad and Finkel, Canada, 242–260. For discussion of “manifest destiny,” see: Merk and Bannister, Manifest Destiny.
2. McNeil, Native Claims, 6.
3. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 156; Davin, Report on Industrial Schools, 10. Population figures for this period are only estimates. James Miller cites 12,000 mixed-blood people in 1870, and, in his 1879 report, Nicholas Flood Davin stated that 28,000 people were under Treaty. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 199; Davin, Report on Industrial Schools, 10.
4. House of Commons Debates from the Sixth Day of November, 1867, to the Twenty-Second Day of May, 1868, 200, cited in Milloy, “A National Crime,” 20.
5. An Act for the gradual enfranchisement of Indians, Statutes of Canada 1869, chapter 42, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 11.
6. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1870, 4.
7. An Act to amend and consolidate the laws respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1876, chapter 18, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 24.
8. Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 255.
9. An Act to amend and consolidate the laws respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1867, chapter 18, section 62, subsection 6, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 41; An Act to amend and consolidate the laws respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1880, chapter 28, section 74, subsection 1, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 75.
10. An Act to amend and consolidate the laws respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1880, chapter 28, section 72, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 75.
11. An Act to amend and consolidate the laws respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1880, chapter 28, section 10, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 58.
12. An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1895, chapter 35, section 3, amending An Act respecting Indians, Revised Statutes of Canada 1886, chapter 43, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 141.
13. An Act to amend “The Indian Act, 1880,” Statutes of Canada 1881, chapter 17, section 12, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 90.
14. An Act further to amend “The Indian Act, 1880,” Statutes of Canada 1884, chapter 27, section 1, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 93.
15. An Act further to amend “The Indian Act, 1880,” Statutes of Canada 1884, chapter 27, section 2, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 93.
16. An Act further to amend “The Indian Act, 1880,” Statutes of Canada 1884, chapter 27, section 3, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 93.
17. An Act further to amend “The Indian Act, 1880,” Statutes of Canada 1884, chapter 27, section 16, amending section 99 of the Indian Act, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 98.
18. An Act to amend “The Indian Act,” Statutes of Canada 1881, chapter 17, section 1, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 88.
19. An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1890, chapter 29, section 10, adding section 133 to the Indian Act, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 163.
20. An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1894, chapter 32, section 3, amending section 38 of the Revised Statutes of Canada 1886, chapter 43; An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1895, chapter 35, section 1, amending section 38 of the Revised Statutes of Canada 1886, chapter 43; An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1898, chapter 34, section 2, amending section 38 of the Revised Statutes of Canada 1886, chapter 43, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 125–126.
21. An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1895, chapter 35, section 6, amending section 70 of the Revised Statutes of Canada 1886, chapter 43, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 158.
22. An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1895, chapter 35, section 2, amending section 70 of the Revised Statutes of Canada 1886, chapter 43; An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada, 1898, chapter 34, section 6, amending section 70 of the Revised Statutes of Canada 1886, chapter 43, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 137–138.
23. Carter, Aboriginal People, 115–116.
24. Carter, Aboriginal People, 115–117.
25. Canada, A History of the Vote in Canada, 45–54, 79.
26. Titley, Indian Commissioners, 3–7.
27. Titley, Indian Commissioners, 8; Taylor, “Two Views of the Meaning,” 14.
28. Library and Archives Canada, Department of the Secretary of State of Canada fonds, “Biography/Administrative History,”http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=14&rec_nbr_list=14,15,1610404,1612267,1612067,1610597,1610519,1610452,1610397,1610370 (accessed 14 June 2014).
29. Titley, Indian Commissioners, ix.
30. Leighton, “Victorian Civil Servant,” 104–107.
31. Titley, Indian Commissioners, 31–34.
32. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1883, 99.
33. Library and Archives Canada, MG 29 E 106, Hayter Reed Papers, volume 18, Personnel M-P, Reed to T. M Daly, date illegible, 1893, quoted in Titley, “Hayter Reed,” 112.
34. Leighton, “Victorian Civil Servant,” 111.
35. Hildebrandt, Views from Fort Battleford, 35–36.
36. Hildebrandt, Views from North Battleford, 34–35.
37. Hildebrandt, Views from North Battleford, 37.
38. Ray, Illustrated History, 88–89; McMillan and Yellowhorn, First Peoples, 299–301.
39. Ray, Illustrated History, 165–171; Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 162–165; McMillan and Yellowhorn, First Peoples, 301–306.
40. Conrad and Finkel, Canada, 265.
41. McNeil, Native Claims, 2–3; Naylor, Canada in the European Age, 323.
42. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 142ff.
43. Carter, Aboriginal People, 106–109; Ray, Illustrated History, 199; Friesen, Canadian Prairies, 126.
44. Carter, Aboriginal People, 102; Friesen, Canadian Prairies, 124–128.
45. Ray, Illustrated History, 194–203; Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 199–206; McMillan and Yellowhorn, First Peoples, 306–307.
46. Carter, Aboriginal People, 109. The Métis of Manitoba waged a long court battle for the land they had been promised. In March 2013, the Supreme Court ruled in their favour, finding that the government had failed to implement the land grant provision of the Manitoba Act, 1870. Manitoba Metis Federation Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General), Supreme Court of Canada Judgment, March 3, 2013, http://scc.lexum.org/decisia-scc-csc/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/12888/index.do?r=AAAAAQAFTWV0aXMAAAAAAAAB.
47. Great Britain, Rupert’s Land and North-Western Territory Order (Schedule A), 23 June 1870, http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/constitution/lawreg-loireg/p1t32.html.
48. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 150; Ray, Illustrated History, xiv, 207–208; McMillan and Yellowhorn, First Peoples, 129–165.
49. Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 216. For pre-Treaty diplomacy, see: Milloy, Plains Cree.
50. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 154.
51. Friesen, “Magnificent Gifts,” 205, 212.
52. Erasmus, Buffalo Days, 250.
53. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 153.
54. Friesen, “Magnificent Gifts,” 213.
55. Talbot, Negotiating the Numbered Treaties, 63.
56. Talbot, Negotiating the Numbered Treaties, 80.
57. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 153.
58. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 164–165.
59. Ray, Illustrated History, 212; Taylor, “Canada’s Northwest Indian Policy,” 3.
60. Talbot, Negotiating the Numbered Treaties, 80; Stonechild, New Buffalo, 11–12; Ray, Illustrated History, 210–211.
61. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 156.
62. Ray, Illustrated History, 211. For dates and terms, see: Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Treaty Texts, http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1370373165583/1370373202340 (accessed 28 January 2014).
63. Canada, Department of Indian Affairs, 1871, Secretary of State Howe to Commissioner Simpson, 6 May 1871, 6, quoted in Daugherty, Treaty Research Report, n.p.http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-INTER-HQ/STAGING/texte-text/tre1-2_1100100028661_eng.pdf (accessed 20 January 2014).
64. Stonechild, New Buffalo, 11.
65. Ray, Illustrated History, 156, 212; Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 117–118.
66. Taylor, “Canada’s Northwest Indian Policy,” 5.
67. Library and Archives Canada, RG 10, volume 3650, file 8347, D. Mills to Laird, 1 August 1877, quoted in Titley, Indian Commissioners, 49.
68. For a fuller discussion, see: Friesen, “Magnificent Gifts.”
69. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 137–138.
70. Hildebrandt, First Rider, and Carter, True Spirit and Original Intent, 305.
71. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 170, 178–179.
72. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 157.
73. Morris, Treaties of Canada, 28.
74. Talbot, Negotiating the Numbered Treaties, 67.
75. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 177, 184.
76. Titley, Indian Commissioners, 43.
77. Talbot, Negotiating the Numbered Treaties, 91.
78. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 160; Titley, Indian Commisssioners, 43.
79. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 162.
80. Spry, “William Joseph Christie,”http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/christie_william_joseph_12E.html (accessed 21 January 2014); Turner, “James McKay,”http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/mckay_james_10E.html (accessed 21 January 2014).
81. Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, “Ballendine, Peter,” biographical sheet, http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/b/ballendine_peter.pdf (accessed 21 February 2012); Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1322, FIND015/34312, MIKAN no. 1502641, “Scrip affidavit for McKay, John; born: 1832; father: James McKay; mother: Margaret Gladu (Métis); claim no: 2868; date of issue: Sept. 5, 1878; scrip no: 12299; amount: $160,” (1878), items 1–2; St. Germain, Indian Treaty-Making Policy, 64–65.
82. Dempsey, “Erasmus, Peter,” The Canadian Encyclopedia, Institut Historica/Dominion Institute, http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/peter-erasmus (accessed 28 January 2012).
83. Coates and Morrison, “Treaty Research Report—Treaty Five,” http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100028695 (accessed 12 February 2012). See also:“B. Mode of Life” and “C. Assessing Mode of Life,” in MacIntosh, “From Judging Culture,” 407–411. MacIntosh provides a thorough discussion, explanation, and critique. She points out, for example, that wage labour was more common among ‘Indians’ than stereotyping allowed (or continues to allow). Talbot, Negotiating the Numbered Treaties, 101–102.
84. Morris, Treaties of Canada, 32.
85. Morris, Treaties of Canada, 52.
86. Stonechild, New Buffalo, 13.
87. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 182.
88. Morris, Treaties of Canada, 34.
89. Parker, William Parker, 23.
90. Morris, Treaties of Canada, 28.
91. Morris, Treaties of Canada, 61.
92. Morris, Treaties of Canada, 202.
93. Talbot, Negotiating the Numbered Treaties, 68–69.
94. Morris, Treaties of Canada, 62.
95. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 167.
96. Morris, Treaties of Canada, 106.
97. Erasmus, Buffalo Days and Nights, 244.
98. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 176–177,180–181.
99. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 164.
100. Friesen, “Magnificent Gifts,” 208, 212.
101. Titley, Indian Commissioners, 22–23.
102. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant, 168–169, 179, 183; Talbot, Negotiating the Numbered Treaties, 151; Lindsay and Brown, History of the Pimicikamak People, 58–62, http://www.uwinnipeg.ca/rupertsland/pimdigitalopt.pdf.
103. Morris, Treaties of Canada, 211.
104. Friesen, “Magnificent Gifts,” 211.
105. Talbot, Negotiating the Numbered Treaties, 100.
106. Hildebrandt, First Rider, and Carter, True Spirit and Original Intent, xi, 112, 218, 255.
107. Hildebrandt, First Rider, and Carter, True Spirit and Original Intent, 129.
108. Morris, Treaties of Canada, 315, 319, 323, 333, 345–346, 353, 371.
109. Taylor, “Canada’s Northwest Indian Policy,” 5–6.
110. Provincial Archives of Manitoba, MG12, B1, No. 439, Lieutenant-Governor Morris to Minister of the Interior Campbell, September 1873, quoted in Daugherty, Treaty Research Report, n.p., http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-INTER-HQ/STAGING/texte-text/tre1-2_1100100028661_eng.pdf (accessed 20 January 2014).
111. Morris, Treaties of Canada, 49.
112. Morris, Treaties of Canada, 93.
113. Morris, Treaties of Canada, 185, 215.
114. Morris, Treaties of Canada, 292.
115. See, for example, on Treaty 4: Talbot, Negotiating the Numbered Treaties, 87–88.
116. Carter, Aboriginal People, 132–133.
117. Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 226–227.
118. Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 226–227.
119. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3645, file 7806, J. A. N. Provencher to the Minister of the Interior, 9 May 1877, quoted in Talbot, Negotiating the Numbered Treaties, 159.
120. Pettipas, Severing the Ties, 75
121. Friesen, Canadian Prairies, 309.
122. Hildebrandt, Views from Fort Battleford, 44.
123. Carter, Aboriginal People, 13–138.
124. Hildebrandt, Views from Fort Battleford, 44.
125. Ray, Illustrated History, 215.
126. Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 231.
127. Tobias, “Canada’s Subjugation,” 222.
128. Hildebrandt, Views from Fort Battleford, 47.
129. Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 233.
130. Stonechild, “Indian View,” 263.
131. Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 228–230.
132. Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 222; Stonechild, “Indian View,” 263; Wiebe, “Mistahimaskwa,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/mistahimaskwa_11E.html (accessed 14 July 2014).
133. Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 228–234; Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3697, file 15423, J. Andsell Macrae to department, 25 August 1884, quoted in Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 234.
134. Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 228–230.
135. Stonechild, “Indian View,” 263.
136. Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 234–239.
137. Stonechild and Waiser, Loyal Till Death, 106–117.
138. Stonechild and Waiser, Loyal Till Death, 85–105.
139. Carter, Aboriginal People, 102; Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 241; Ray, Illustrated History, 219.
140. Stonechild and Waiser, Loyal Till Death, 126–145.
141. Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 243–248.
142. Stonechild and Waiser, Loyal Till Death, 168–169.
143. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 23, 271–271, J. A. Macdonald to Lansdowne, 3 September 1885, quoted in Stonechild and Waiser, Loyal Till Death, 221.
144. Stonechild and Waiser, Loyal Till Death, 192–213.
145. Titley, Indian Commissioners, 83.
146. Glenbow Archives, Dewdney papers, box 2, file 38, 587–588, J. A. Macdonald to E. Dewdney, 20 November 1885, quoted in Stonechild and Waiser, Loyal Till Death, 221.
147. Stonechild and Waiser, Loyal Till Death, 221, 226–227.
148. Return to an Order of the House of Commons, 2 May 1887, Canada, Sessional Papers (No. 20b), 1887, 37, quoted in Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, 254.
149. Glenbow Archives, Edgar Dewdney Papers, box 4, file 66, 1414–20, quoted in Stonechild and Waiser, Loyal Till Death, 250–253.
150. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3710, file 19, 550-3, Lawrence Vankoughnet to John A. Macdonald, 14 August 1885, quoted in Barron, “Indian Pass System,” 28.
151. Library and Archives Canada, Dewdney Papers, North-West Rebellion, MG 27, 2076-87, Hayter Reed to Edgar Dewdney, 16 August 1885, quoted in Barron, “Indian Pass System,” 29.
152. Barron, “Indian Pass System,” 30.
153. Carter, Aboriginal People, 163.
154. Canada, Sessional Papers (No. 12), 1890, 165, Reed to Superintendent General, 31 October 1889, copy at http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/indianaffairs/001074-119.01-e.php?page_id_nbr=6766&PHPSESSID=bv7um1pu2kfk5ipd9o9hagoo93 (accessed 25 January 2014).
155. Carter, Lost Harvests, 208–210; Pettipas, Severing the Ties, 76.
156. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 35.
157. Ahenakew, Voices of Plains Cree, 148.
158. Fisher, Contact and Conflict, 1–23.
159. Fisher, Contact and Conflict, 22–26.
160. Fisher, Contact and Conflict, 49–50.
161. Roy and Thompson, British Columbia, 21–23.
162. Fisher, Contact and Conflict, 49–50, 70, 95–96, 157.
163. Fisher, Contact and Conflict, 66–68.
164. Duff, Indian History of British Columbia, 98–100.
165. Fisher, Contact and Conflict, 159–176.
166. Fisher, Contact and Conflict, 175–178.
167. Duff, Indian History of British Columbia, 93–94; Fisher, Contact and Conflict, 191–195.
168. Pettipas, Severing the Ties, 87–106.
169. Quoted in LaViolette, Struggle for Survival, 71.
170. “Impressions regarding missionary efforts among the Indians …,” Glenbow Archives, A.T586A, 3,469, Archdeacon John Williams Tims papers, 1872–1953, 7, quoted in Pettipas, Severing the Ties, 97.
171. Titley, Indian Commissioners, 136–137.
1. Beggs, Juvenile Delinquency, 10–11.
2. Clifford, “His Dominion,” 315; Avery, ‘Dangerous Foreigners,’ 7–15; Petryshyn, Peasants in the Promised Land, 129–138; Woodsworth, Strangers Within Our Gates, 113–115.
3. Woodsworth, Strangers Within Our Gates.
4. Baratay, “Affairs de moeurs.”
5. Driver, “Discipline Without Frontiers?,” 272–277.
6. F. Demetz, quoted in Anonymous, Une visite à Mettray (Paris, 1864), quoted in Driver, “Discipline Without Frontiers?,” 277–278.
7. Driver, “Discipline Without Frontiers?,” 282.
8. Parker, Uprooted, 190.
9. Prucha, Great Father, 145.
10. Berkhofer, Salvation and the Savage, 14–15.
11. Peyer, Tutor’d Mind, 172.
12. Prucha, Great Father, 147, 152.
13. Prucha, Great Father, 151–154; for removal policy, see: Prucha, Great Father, 183–213.
14. Prucha, Great Father, 183–198.
15. Prucha, Great Father, 214–292.
16. Adams, Education for Extinction, 7.
17. Adams, Education for Extinction, 7–8.
18. Prucha, Great Father, 708–709.
19. Adams, Education for Extinction, 30.
20. John Miles, quoted in Richard Henry Pratt, Battlefield and Classroom: Four Decades with the American Indians, 1867–1904, ed. Robert M. Utley (New Haven, 1964), 243, quoted in Niezen, Spirit Wars, 66.
21. Fear-Segal, White Man’s Club, 4–5.
22. Niezen, Spirit Wars, 55.
23. Fear-Segal, White Man’s Club, 6.
24. Adams, Education for Extinction, 40–47.
25. Fear-Segal, White Man’s Club, 24–25.
26. Adams, Education for Extinction, 51–52.
27. Niezen, Spirit Wars, 46.
28. Fear-Segal, White Man’s Club, 186; Standing Bear, My People the Sioux, 123–133.
29. Luther Standing Bear, My People the Sioux (Boston, 1928), 141, quoted in Niezen, Spirit Wars, 63.
30. Richard Henry Pratt, Battlefield and Classroom: Four Decades with the American Indian, 1867–1904, ed. Robert M. Utley (New Haven, 1964), 283, quoted in Adams, Education for Extinction, 55.
31. Fear-Segal, White Man’s Club, 170.
32. Adams, Education for Extinction, 56–57.
33. Adams, Education for Extinction, 117.
34. Adams, Education for Extinction, 115.
35. Adams, Education for Extinction, 120.
36. Adams, Education for Extinction, 54.
37. Adams, Education for Extinction, 157.
38. Fear-Segal, White Man’s Club, 174–175.
39. White, “Carlisle Barracks Plan,” Indian Time, http://www.indiantime.net/story/2014/04/17/reader-submission/carlisle-barracks-plans-to-restore-indian-school-farmhouse/13640.html (accessed 23 November 2014).
40. McMillan and Yellowhorn, First Peoples in Canada, 93–98.
41. White, “Free to be Kanien’kehaka,” 29, 180–181; personal communication, Louellyn White to Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 17 November 2014.
42. For reports on such instances, see: Norton, “Father of 10 Returned”; [Father of 10 returned from residential school a stranger] Nancy Tarbell Deer, Letter to the editor, Indian Time, 24 February 1984. [seq-2] The records of the Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Centre also report on former Carlisle students who moved to Canada. Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Centre, http://carlisleindian.dickinson.edu/search/node/Canada (accessed 1 December 2014).
43. Adams, Education for Extinction, 56–57.
44. Adams, Education for Extinction, 58.
45. Adams, Education for Extinction, 58–59.
46. Fear-Segal, White Man’s Club, 91.
47. Annual Report, Commissioner of Indian Affairs 1890, clii, quoted in Adams, Education for Extinction, 121.
48. Adams, Education for Extinction, 63–64.
49. Adams, Education for Extinction, 149.
50. Adams, Education for Extinction, 150.
51. Adams, Education for Extinction, 125.
52. Adams, Education for Extinction, 130.
53. Adams, Education for Extinction, 130–131.
54. Adams, Education for Extinction, 132.
55. McConnell to the Secretary of the Interior, 31 October 1899, quoted in Child, Boarding School Season, 57.
56. Child, Boarding School Season, 63.
57. Adams, Education for Extinction, 215–222.
58. Lake Mohonk Conference Proceeding, 1889, 16–17, quoted in Prucha, Great Father, 701–704.
59. Prucha, Great Father, 711.
60. Prucha, Great Father, 816–818.
61. Adams, Education for Extinction, 321–328; Lindsey, Indians at Hampton Institute.
62. Ajayi, Christian Missions in Nigeria, 136–142.
63. Minutes of the 1848 Gold Coast District Meeting, Cape Coast, Methodist Missionary Society Archives London, quoted in Ajayi, Christian Missions in Nigeria, 143.
64. Ajayi, Christian Missions in Nigeria, 142–159.
65. Australia, “Bringing Them Home,” 26–28, 217, www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/social_justice/bringing_them_home_report; Manne, “In Denial,” 1–5.
66. Australia, “Bringing Them Home,” 20–24, www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/social_justice/bringing_them_home_report.
67. Australia, “Bringing Them Home,” 25, www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/social_justice/bringing_them_home_report.
68. Australia, “Bringing Them Home,” 34, www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/social_justice/bringing_them_home_report.
69. Australia, “Bringing Them Home,” 50–51, www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/social_justice/bringing_them_home_report.
70. Australia, “Bringing Them Home,” 89, www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/social_justice/bringing_them_home_report.
71. Australia, “Bringing Them Home,” 79–80, www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/social_justice/bringing_them_home_report.
72. Australia, “Bringing Them Home,” 103, www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/social_justice/bringing_them_home_report.
73. Manne, “In Denial,” 8–9; “Australia, “Bringing Them Home,” 132–192, www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/social_justice/bringing_them_home_report; Read, Stolen Generations, 9, 12, 17, 18, 22.
74. Finkel, Social Policy, 43–44.
75. Bradbury, “Fragmented Family,” 112–115.
76. Bennett, “Taming ‘Bad Boys,’” 72; Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society, 95, 104–107.
77. Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society, 105.
78. Bennett, “Taming ‘Bad Boys,’” 72.
79. Winzer, History of Special Education, 115–120.
80. Bennett, “Turning ‘Bad Boys,’” 212.
81. Archives of Ontario, RG 22, series 15, box 1, number 33, York County Clerk of the Peace, Incorporations of Benevolent Societies, quoted in Bennett, “Turning ‘Bad Boys,’” 213.
82. William H. Howland, Royal Commission on the Relation of Capital and Labour Report, 1889, quoted in Bennett, “Turning ‘Bad Boys,’” 209.
83. Bennett, “Taming ‘Bad Boys,’” 75–76.
84. Bennett, “Taming ‘Bad Boys,’” 76, 85.
85. Bennett, “Turning ‘Bad Boys,’” 215.
86. Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society, 100.
87. Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society, 104.
88. Bennett, “Taming ‘Bad Boys,’” 76.
89. Bennett, “Taming ‘Bad Boys,’” 88–89, 91.
90. Bennett, “Taming ‘Bad Boys,’” 84, 86.
91. Bennett, “Taming ‘Bad Boys,’” 91.
92. Bennett, “Taming ‘Bad Boys,’” 91–92.
93. Bennett, “Turning ‘Bad Boys,’” 216.
94. Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society, 143.
95. Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society, 136.
96. Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society, 138.
97. Parker, Uprooted, xiii.
98. Parker, Uprooted, 19–35.
99. Parker, Uprooted, 70–73; Bagnell, Little Immigrants, 141–149.
100. For a general discussion of the treatment of these children, see: Bagnell, Little Immigrants; Parker, Uprooted; Parr, Labouring Children.
101. Rose, Sake of the Children, 100–104.
102. Parr, Labouring Children, 105.
103. Parr, Labouring Children, 115.
104. Algoma Missionary News and Shingwauk Journal, 1 July 1885, quoted in Wilson, “‘No Blanket to be Worn,’” 75.
105. Canada, Proceedings of the Round Table Conference on Juvenile Delinquency (Ottawa, 1928), quoted in Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society, 115.
106. Bennett, “Turning ‘Bad Boys,’” 222–224.
107. Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society, 112.
108. Bullen, “J. J. Kelso,” 146–148.
1. An Act for the gradual enfranchisement of Indians, the better management of Indian Affairs, and to extend the provision of the Act 31st Victoria, Chapter 42, Statutes of Canada 1869, chapter 6, section 12 (6), reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 13.
2. An Act to amend and consolidate the laws respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1880, chapter 28, section 74, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 75.
3. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1870, 5–6, 25–27. The Mohawk Institute is referred to as the “Six Nations of the Grand River, Number 1 School.”
4. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3679, file 12046, John A. Macdonald, Memorandum to Council, 19 October 1880.
5. L. Vankoughnet, unpublished memorandum to Sir John A. Macdonald, 20 September 1882, Ottawa, Department of Indian Affairs Archives, quoted in Daniels, “Legal Context of Indian Education,” 160.
6. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1878, 8.
7. Parker, Uprooted, 145.
8. Davey, “Rhythm of Work,” 114–117.
9. Wilson, Missionary work, 129, 130–131; Shanahan, Jesuit Residential School, 26.
10. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1877, 7; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1880, 8.
11. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1877, 156.
12. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1878, 8; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs. 1882, xviii–xxviii.
13. Read, “John Stoughton Dennis,” http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=39594 (accessed 27 June 2012).
14. Canada, Sessional Papers 1885, number 116. F., 95–96, J. S. Dennis to Sir John A. Macdonald, 20 December 1878.
15. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1885, 90–91.
16. Thompson, “Nicholas Flood Davin,” http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?id_nbr=6664 (accessed 20 June 2012).
17. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 2.
18. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 1.
19. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 2.
20. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 3.
21. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 2.
22. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 5.
23. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 1, 5; Prucha, Great Father, 746–755.
24. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 5–7.
25. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 7.
26. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 7–9.
27. Bumsted, “McKay, James,” 159–160; Davin, Report on industrial schools, 9.
28. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 11.
29. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 10.
30. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 10.
31. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 10.
32. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 11.
33. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 12.
34. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 13.
35. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 12, 15.
36. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 14.
37. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 13–16.
38. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 15.
39. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 12.
40. Canada, Sessional Papers 1885, number 116, 82, David Laird, 13 March 1879.
41. Canada, Sessional Papers 1885, number 116, 87, Alex, Archbishop to St. Boniface to Colonel Dennis, 29 January 1879.
42. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3708, file 19502, part 1, Northwest Territories and Manitoba – Correspondence and Reports Regarding Roman Catholic Missions, Farms on Reserves, and Destitute Indians. Copy of a letter addressed to the Honourable Mr. Langevin, Minister of Public Works (original stamped 25 May 1880). Online MIKAN no. 2061654 (Original available online as pages 31–36, translations 37–43).
43. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3708, file 19502, part 1, Northwest Territories and Manitoba – Correspondence and Reports Regarding Roman Catholic Missions, Farms on Reserves, and Destitute Indians, Grandin to Macdonald, September 27, 1880. Online MIKAN no. 2061654 (online pages 57-58).
44. Hughes, Father Lacombe, 286.
45. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, Archbishop of Quebec to Sir John A. Macdonald, February 1883. [Microfilm reel C-10118]
46. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, E. Dewdney to Superintendent General Indian Affairs, 16 April 1883. (Microfilm reel C-10118). frames e007673625 to e007673632).
47. Hodgetts, Pioneer Public Service, 217–219, 225.
48. Canada, House of Commons Debates (22 May 1883), 1376.
49. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, L. Vankoughnet to J. A. Macdonald, 11 June 1883. [120.06662]
50. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, Copy of a report of a Committee of the Honourable the Privy Council approved by his excellency the Governor General in Council, on the 19th July 1883. (Microfilm reel C-10118).
51. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1900, 2:44.
52. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, L. Vankoughnet to Father Lacombe, 23 July 1883. [120.06664]
53. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, E. Dewdney to Reverend Thomas Clarke, 31 July 1883. [120.06668]
54. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422-2, E. Dewdney to Superintendent General, 16 June 1884. Microfilm reel C-10118, e007673913.
55. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3833, file 65138, part 2, F. Bourne to Hayter Reed, 2 October 1884. [PUL-009344-0001]
56. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3767, file 33170, G. Mann to Assistant Indian Commissioner, 22 October 1886. Microfilm reel C-10135: frame e007719323.
57. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 266.
58. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3818, file 57799, Hayter Reed to Superintendent General, 14 May 1889. [TAY-003820-0001]
59. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3919, file 116751-1, author unknown to Hayter Reed, 11 July 1889. [PLD-009535-0000]
60. Titley, Indian Commissioners, 129–131, 162–163.
61. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 1.
62. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1889, xi.
63. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, xxi.
64. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 324.
65. Canada, House of Commons Debates (9 May 1883), 1107–1108.
66. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 12; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1883, 104.
67. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 2; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1883, 104.
68. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1895, 350.
69. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 174.
70. Ridley, Snapshots from the North, 112.
71. Porter, “Anglican Church,” 106–108.
72. Coccola, They Call Me Father, 149.
73. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3825, file 60511-1, J. Hugonard to Indian Commissioner, 23 November 1903. [RCA-011007-0001]
74. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1882, 213.
75. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, MG17, B2, Class ‘G’ C.1/P.2, Resolutions regarding the administration of the North-West Canada Missions, 7 April 1903. [PAR-003622]
76. Canada, Sessional Papers 1885, number 116. F., 95–96, J. S. Dennis to Sir John A. Macdonald, 20 December 1878.
77. Canada, House of Commons Debates (9 May 1883), 1101.
78. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 11.
79. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1883, xi.
80. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3764, file 32725-2, H. Reed to Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, 24 February 1891. Microfilm reel C-10134: e007718224–e007718227.
81. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3647, file 8128, Andsell Macrae, 18 December 1886.
1. Little Pine, Little Pine’s Journal, 8–9.
2. Little Pine, Little Pine’s Journal, 11.
3. Little Pine, Little Pine’s Journal, 14.
4. Little Pine, Little Pine’s Journal, 15–16.
5. Little Pine, Little Pine’s Journal, 18–19.
6. Little Pine, Little Pine’s Journal, 20–28.
7. Little Pine, Little Pine’s Journal, 29.
8. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6211, file 469-1, part 1, “Lake Superior Mission. Proposed Industrial Home for Indian Children at Garden River, Algoma District,” 11 March 1873. [SWK-001283-0003]
9. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6211, file 469-1, part 1, Buhgwajjene to Manager, Indian Affairs, 30 September 1873. [SWK-001877-0001]
10. Ford, Smoke from Their Fires, 55–56.
11. Ford, Smoke from Their Fires, 56.
12. Ford, Smoke from Their Fires, 89.
13. Ford, Smoke from Their Fires, 94.
14. Ford, Smoke from Their Fires, 90–93.
15. Ford, Smoke from Their Fires, 105–107.
16. Ford, Smoke from Their Fires, 102–103.
17. Ford, Smoke from Their Fires, 105.
18. Kennedy, Recollections of an Assiniboine chief, 54.
19. Kennedy, Recollections of an Assiniboine chief, 54.
20. Gresko, “Everyday Life,” 80.
21. Kennedy, Recollections of an Assiniboine chief, 54.
22. Kennedy, Recollections of an Assiniboine chief, 54.
23. Kennedy, Recollections of an Assiniboine chief, 54.
24. Kennedy, Recollections of an Assiniboine chief, 55.
25. Kennedy, Recollections of an Assiniboine chief, 56.
26. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1899, 124.
27. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1902, 194.
28. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1903, 135.
29. Pettipas, Severing the Ties, 133.
30. Mountain Horse, My People the Bloods, 15–16.
31. Mountain Horse, My People the Bloods, 17.
32. Mountain Horse, My People the Bloods, 19.
33. Mountain Horse, My People the Bloods, 52.
34. Mountain Horse, My People the Bloods, 109.
35. Mountain Horse, My People the Bloods, vi–viii.
36. Smith, “Frederick Ogilvie Loft (Onondeyoh),” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/loft_frederick_ogilvie_16E.html (accessed 15 August 2012).
37. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3212, file 527787-4, F. O. Loft, 26 November 1919, quoted in Kulchyski, “Considerable Unrest,” 101.
38. Titley, Narrow Vision, 195; Kulchyski, “Considerable Unrest,” 95–117.
39. Loft, “Indian and Education,” 12 June 1909, 2.
40. Loft, “Indian and Education,” 12 June 1909, 2.
41. Loft, “Indian and Education,” 12 June 1909, 2.
42. Loft, “Indian and Education,” 3 July 1909, 5.
43. Loft, “Indian and Education,” 3 July 1909, 5.
44. Loft, “Indian and Education,” 12 June 1909, 2.
45. Loft, “Indian and Education,” 17 July 1909, 4.
46. Loft, “Indian and Education,” 3 July 1909, 5.
47. Loft, “Indian and Education,” 12 June 1909, 2.
48. Morley, Roar of the Breakers, 31.
49. Morley, Roar of the Breakers, 37.
50. Morley, Roar of the Breakers, 43–44.
51. Morley, Roar of the Breakers, 49.
52. Morley, Roar of the Breakers, 51–52.
53. Morley, Roar of the Breakers, 52–54.
54. Morley, Roar of the Breakers, 57.
55. Morley, Roar of the Breakers, 60–61, 70; Patterson, “Peter Reginald Kelly,” http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/peter-reginald-kelly (accessed 11 August 2014).
56. McCullough, “Peyasiw-awasis,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/peyasiw_awasis_15E.html (accessed 6 June 2014).
57. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6294, file 623-1, part 1, Chief Thunderchild to D. C. Scott, 7 September 1923. [THR-000602]
58. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6294, file 623-1, part 1, Chief Thunderchild to D. C. Scott, 7 September 1923. [THR-000602].
59. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6294, file 623-1, part 1, Chief Thunderchild to D. C. Scott, 7 September 1923. [THR-000602].
60. McCullough, “Peyasiw-awasis,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/peyasiw_awasis_15E.html (accessed 6 June 2014).
61. Ahenakew, Voices of the Plains Cree, 14–24.
62. Ahenakew, Voices of the Plains Cree, 75–76.
63. Ahenakew, Voices of the Plains Cree, 133–134.
64. Ahenakew, Voices of the Plains Cree, 130–131.
65. Ahenakew, Voices of the Plains Cree, 132.
66. Ahenakew, Voices of the Plains Cree, 128.
67. Ahenakew, Voices of the Plains Cree, 127–128.
68. Ahenakew, Voices of the Plains Cree, 17–18, 163.
69. Dion, My Tribe the Crees, 118.
70. Dion, My Tribe the Crees, 119.
71. Dion, My Tribe the Crees, 119.
72. Dion, My Tribe the Crees, 119.
73. Dion, My Tribe the Crees, 129.
74. Dion, My Tribe the Crees, 130.
75. Dion, My Tribe the Crees, 131.
76. Dion, My Tribe the Crees, 157–158.
77. Dion, My Tribe the Crees, 158.
78. Dion, My Tribe the Crees, 160.
79. Pettit, “‘To Christianize and Civilize,’” 321.
80. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 7.
81. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 8.
82. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 11.
83. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 11.
84. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 19.
85. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 21.
86. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 40–41.
87. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 12.
88. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 23–24.
89. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 25.
90. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 25.
91. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 26.
92. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 30.
93. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 30.
94. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 49–52.
95. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 66.
96. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 67.
97. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 57.
98. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 58.
99. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 74.
100. Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 75.
101. Baker, Khot-La-Cha, 20.
102. Baker, Khot-La-Cha, 28.
103. Baker, Khot-La-Cha, 29.
104. Baker, Khot-La-Cha, 36.
105. Baker, Khot-La-Cha, 33–34.
106. Baker, Khot-La-Cha, 33–35.
107. Baker, Khot-La-Cha, 31.
108. Baker, Khot-La-Cha, 30.
109. Baker, Khot-La-Cha, 36–37.
110. Baker, Khot-La-Cha, 45–46.
111. Baker, Khot-La-Cha, 46.
112. Baker, Khot-La-Cha, 47–49.
113. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 5–6.
114. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 8–9.
115. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 9.
116. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 20.
117. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 21–22.
118. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 22.
119. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 23–24.
120. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 13.
121. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 22.
122. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 25.
123. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 22.
124. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 23.
125. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 26–27.
126. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 25.
127. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 24–25.
128. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 24.
129. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 25–26.
130. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 25.
131. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 26.
132. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 28–29.
133. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 31.
134. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 31.
135. Goodwill and Sluman, John Tootoosis, 92–94.
136. Goodwill and Sluman, John Tootoosis, 98–103.
137. Goodwill and Sluman, John Tootoosis, 108.
138. Goodwill and Sluman, John Tootoosis, 106.
139. Manuel and Posluns, The Fourth World, 63.
140. Manuel and Posluns, The Fourth World, 65.
141. Manuel and Posluns, The Fourth World, 65.
142. Manuel and Posluns, The Fourth World, 66.
143. Manuel and Posluns, The Fourth World, 66.
144. Manuel and Posluns, The Fourth World, 64.
145. Manuel and Posluns, The Fourth World, 100.
146. Manuel and Posluns, The Fourth World, 71.
147. Manuel and Posluns, The Fourth World, 67.
148. Moran, Stoney Creek Woman, 49–51.
149. Moran, Stoney Creek Woman, 35–42.
150. Moran, Stoney Creek Woman, 53–54.
151. Moran, Stoney Creek Woman, 53.
152. Moran, Stoney Creek Woman, 54.
153. Moran, Stoney Creek Woman, 56.
154. Moran, Stoney Creek Woman, 57.
155. Moran, Stoney Creek Woman, 58.
156. Moran, Stoney Creek Woman, 60–61.
157. Moran, Stoney Creek Woman, 63.
158. Moran, Stoney Creek Woman, 69–70.
159. Moran, Stoney Creek Woman, 88.
160. Moran, Stoney Creek Woman, 94.
161. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 26–28.
162. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 28.
163. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 126.
164. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 40.
165. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 45.
166. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 46.
167. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 60.
168. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 62.
169. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 69.
170. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 144–145.
171. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 80–81.
172. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 34–35.
173. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 53, 84.
174. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 85.
175. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 127.
176. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 126–127.
1. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1884 (for High River, 76; for Battleford, 154; for Qu’Appelle, 161).
2. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1884, 170–181.
3. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1931, 60.
4. For Dewdney’s views, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1890, xii. For Hoey, see: TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B53 2256, P. O. Plourde to Father Charron, 19 September 1938. [OGP-020129]
5. Canada, House of Commons Debates (22 May 1888), 1681.
6. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1889, xi.
7. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1893, xviii.
8. Gaston Carrière, L’Apôtre des Prairies: Joseph Hugonnard, o.mi. 1848–1917 (Montréal, 1967), 38, quoting Father J. Hugonnard in Petites Annales (Paris, 1912), 22: 262–263, quoted in Kennedy, “Qu’Appelle Industrial School,” 73.
9. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 282.
10. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 1, School Files, 1879–1953, A. Sutherland to L. Vankoughnet, 22 April 1883.
11. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, Memorandum, 13, 15 July 1897. [100.00108]
12. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, 10 January 1884. L. Vankoughnet to John A. Macdonald, 10 January 1884.
13. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422-1, E. Dewdney to L. Vankoughnet, 18 November 1884.
14. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6452, file 884-1, part 1, L. Vankoughnet to P. Durieu, 17 October 1889. [AEMR-010307]
15. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6452, file 884-1, part 1, MR C 8773, “Rules and Regulations, Kootenay Industrial School.” [AEMR-011621A]
16. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6014, file 1-1-6 MAN, part 1, Duncan Campbell Scott to Mr. Meighen, 6 June 1920. [NCA-002405]
17. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3647, file 8128, E. Dewdney to Deputy Superintendent General, 20 March 1886; Wasylow, “History of Battleford Industrial School,” 90; Titley, Frontier World, 61.
18. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6014, file 1-1-6 MAN, part 1, Duncan Campbell Scott to Mr. Meighen, 6 June 1920. [NCA-002405]
19. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, xxi.
20. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, Memorandum, 15 July 1897, 38, 39. [100.00108]
21. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3927, file 116836-1A, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, 1 June 1903. [RIS-000047]
22. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, 24 June 1903. [TAY-003529]
23. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6300, file 650-1, part 1, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 6 September 1906. [BVL-000743]
24. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6273, file 583-1, part 1, Martin Benson to Mr. Scott, 8 September 1915. [PLP-000917]
25. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6014, file 1-1-6 MAN, part 1, Russell T. Ferrier to R. Fletcher, 18 May 1922. [NCA-002423-0001]
26. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 4044, file 344441, Tom Lean to J. A. J. McKenna, 22 June 1909. [SBR-001705-0000]
27. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6014, file 1-1-6 MAN, part 1, Russell T. Ferrier to A. B. Fallis, 6 November 1923. [NCA-002431]
28. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6452, file 884-1, part 1, MR C 8773, “Rules and Regulations, Kootenay Industrial School.” [AEMR-011621A]
29. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3920, file 116818, D. L. Clink to Indian Commissioner, 4 June 1895. [EDM-003380]
30. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3920, file 116818, H. Reed to Assistant Commissioner, 28 June 1895. [EDM-003376]
31. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6358, file 758-1, part 1, Reverend Canon Gould to Duncan Campbell Scott, 26 January 1920. [IRC-041334]
32. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6001, file 1-1-1, part 1, “Regulations on the Subject of Indian Schools and Their Inspection, Approved by the Minister of Education for Ontario, and the Department of Indian Affairs,” Geo. W. Ross, 19 April 1884. [BAX-000165]
33. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1914, xxiii.
34. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 150-40A, part 1, Headquarters – Compulsory Attendance of Pupils – Indian Schools, 1904–1933, Microfilm reel C-8149, FA 10-17, Indian Agent, Hagersville to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 20 February 1922; [AEMR-255312] An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1919–1920, chapter 50, section 1, amending Revised Statutes of Canada 1906, chapter 81, section 10, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 178–179.
35. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 150-40A, part 1, Headquarters – Compulsory Attendance of Pupils – Indian Schools, 1904–1933, Microfilm reel C-8149, FA 10-17, Russell T. Ferrier to Mary Gilbert, 20 October 1926. [AEMR-255333]
36. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3647, file 8128, Andsell Macrae, 18 December 1886.
37. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6001, file 1-1-1, part 1, L. Vankoughnet to John A. Macdonald, 26 August 1887.
38. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3818, file 57799, Hayter Reed to Superintendent General, 14 May 1889. [TAY-003820-0001]
39. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3647, file 8128, Andsell Macrae, 18 December 1886.
40. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6001, file 1-1-1, part 1, L. Vankoughnet to John A. Macdonald, 26 August 1887.
41. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Frank Pedley to Reverend and dear sirs, 21 March 1908. [AEMR-120155]
42. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Memorandum, J. D. McLean, 20 July 1897. [AEMR-120110]
43. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3836, file 68557, H. Reed, Suggestions for the Government of Indian schools, 27 January 1890.
44. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, xxxvii.
45. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1890, xiii.
46. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, xxxvi.
47. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, xxxvi.
48. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, xxxvi.
49. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1931, 60.
50. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1940, 186, 187, 200, 209.
51. For example, according to the 1891 Indian Affairs annual report, the Kamloops, Cranbrook, Kuper Island, Middlechurch, St. Boniface, and Elkhorn schools were being funded on a per capita basis. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1891, 221–243. According to the following year’s report, the government was paying all the expenses of seven schools. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1892, 285–307.
52. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1893, 270–296.
53. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, J. McDougall to Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, 28 October 1883.
54. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-2, E. Dewdney to Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 12 January 1884.
55. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, Alex Begg to A. M. Burgess, undated, received 20 September 1883; [AEMR-252135] Wade, “Alexander Begg,” http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=40673 (accessed 14 November 2012).
56. Titley, “Industrial Education,” 375.
57. Titley, “Industrial Education,” 375–376.
58. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives of Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, “Memorial: Members of the Baptist Ministerial Association of the City of Toronto,” to J. J. C. Abbott, 27 May 1892. [AEMR-120099]
59. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, John J. McGee to Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 16 August 1892. [AEMR-120103]
60. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6040, file 160-3A, part 1, Martin Benson to Secretary Indian Affairs, 9 May 1900. [EDH-002457]
61. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Perm. volume 3694, file 14676, Paul Durieu to Thomas Daly, 24 January 1893. [MIS-202057]
62. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6468, file 890-1, part 1, Bunoz to Durieu, 7 October 1895. [MIS-001403]
63. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6458, file 886-1, part 1, Skeena River Agency – Port Simpson United Church Residential School – Establishment – General Administration, 1897–1943, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8779, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, 9 May 1905. [PSM-200747]
64. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6337, file 663-1, part 1, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, 24 February 1904. [THR-000123]
65. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6337, file 663-1, part 1, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, 16 May 1903. [THR-000121]
66. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Glen Campbell to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 23 October 1912. [AEMR-120216]
67. TRC, NRA, Headquarters 777/25-1-007, 02/13–03/65, volume 1, HQ., Assistant Deputy to W. B. L. Donald, 20 February 1913. [GRU-002708]
68. TRC, NRA, Headquarters 777/25-1-007, 02/13–03/65, volume 1, HQ., D. C. Scott to Frank Pedley, 9 April 1913. [GRU-002710]
69. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 305–306.
70. Daniels, “Legal Context,” 165.
71. TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON. Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 6, file 106, E. A. Henry to Dr. Farquharson, 5 February 1908. [RIS-000581]
72. TRC, RBS Series, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3933, file 117657-1, Memorandum for the Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, 18 September 1891. [2058153]
73. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6468, file 890-1, part 1, P. Durieu to C. Sifton, 5 November 1897. [MIS-001414]
74. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6470, file 890-5, part 2, Microfilm reel C-8787, J. D. McLean to A. O’N. Daunt, 6 December 1922. [MIS-004968]
75. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6372, file 764-5, part 3, W. M. Graham to The Secretary, Indian Affairs, 25 May 1926. [MRY-008665]
76. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2.15, box 21, file 1, “Report of the Indian and Eskimo Commission to the Executive Committee MSCC for the year ended June 30, 1938.” [AAC-083306]
77. TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B132 5753, Hayter Reed, 31 October (year illegible). [OGP-010004]
78. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6305, file 652-1, part 1, Hayter Reed to L. Vankoughnet, 8 December 1892. [SMD-001147]
79. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3858, file 81812, to Hayter Reed, 29 August 1891. [120.06695]
80. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, FA 10-17, volume 6041, file 160-5, part 1, 1905–1934, D. C. Scott to Joseph Guy, 28 December 1927. [AEMR-254325]
81. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 7185, file 1/25-1-7-1, Deputy Superintendent General to Charles Stewart, 31 October 1927. [AEMR-120381]
82. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1931, 13.
83. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6088, file 310-1, part 1, John G. Anderson to Duncan C. Scott, 16 October 1922. [FGA-000950-0000]
84. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6088, file 310-1, part 1, Duncan C. Scott, to J. G. Anderson, 27 October 1922. [FGA-000951]
85. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:2, box 55, file 6, S. Gould to D. C. Scott, Ottawa, 18 December 1931. [AAC-090271]
86. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Triennial Report of the Board of Management to the Board of Missions, M.S.C.C. 07/1934, Accession GS 75-2A, Archibald [Fleming], Bishop of the Arctic, “The Arctic,” in S. Gould, General Secretary, Board of Management, M.S.C.C., “Triennial Report of the Board of Management, M.S.C.C.,” 4 July 1934, 353. [AGS-000185]
87. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6112, file 350-10, part 1, W. L. Tyrer to Sutherland, 8 February 1934. [FGA-001100]
88. Although no trace of the decision to award funds to the Catholic school has been found in the archives, by April 1937, the Oblates had begun submitting official Indian Affairs paperwork with regard to the student population at St. Joseph’s. See, for example: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6113, file 351-10, part 1, D. Couture, “Application for Admission to the Ste. Theresa Fort George Catholic Residential School for Louise Jolly,” 1 April 1937. [FTG-003180-0000]
89. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, E. Dewdney to Thomas Clarke, 31 July 1883. [120.06668]
90. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, E. Dewdney to Superintendent General Indian Affairs, 16 April 1883. [AEMR-252120]
91. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, R. Sinclair to J. Macdonald, 23 October 1883. [AEMR-252142]
92. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422-1, Office of the Chief Architect, Department of Public Works to F. H. Ennis, 1 September 1884.
93. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1883, 104.
94. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3924, file 116823, L. Vankoughnet to Sir John A. Macdonald, 15 March 1886.
95. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1891, 222–243.
96. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1892, 288–292.
97. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1892, xii–xiii, 285–307.
98. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1891, 222–243.
99. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1891, 221–243.
100. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1892, 285–307.
101. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6001, file 1-1-1, part 1, Privy Council Order Number 1278, 7 June 1888; [PLD-007312] Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3819, file 58418, J. Hugonnard to Hayter Reed, 11 May 1889; [PLD-009475] Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-4, J. Hugonnard to E. Dewdney, 5 May 1891. [PLD-009435]
102. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-4, E. Dewdney to J. Hugonnard, 13 April 1891. [PLD-009425]
103. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6455, file 885-1, part 1, Memorandum, 25 November 1891. [KUP-091346]
104. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3879, file 91833, Order-in-Council, 22 October 1892. [RIS-000354]
105. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1892, 52.
106. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1892, 53.
107. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1892, 52.
108. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3879, file 91833, Order-in-Council, 22 October 1892. [RIS-000354]
109. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3879, file 91833, Order-in-Council, 22 October 1892. [RIS-000354]
110. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1895, 328–346. In 1896, for example, the federal government was paying all expenses at the new industrial school at Brandon, Manitoba. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, 400–417. A similar practice was followed at the Calgary school in 1897. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1897, 316–332.
111. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3930, file 117377-1A, The Bishop of Rupert’s Land to Hayter Reed, 8 May 1893.
112. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3930, file 117377-1 A, H. Reed to Bishop of Rupert’s Land, 31 May 1893.
113. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3676, file 11422-5, H. Reed to Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, 4 August 1890.
114. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-4, Hayter Reed to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 20 May 1891. [PLD-009429]
115. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 196.
116. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3938, file 121607, the Deputy Superintendent of Indian Affairs to A. E. Forget, 18 January 1895. [RIS-000385-0000]
117. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3938, file 121607, Deputy Superintendent of Indian Affairs to A. E. Forget, 18 January 1895. [RIS-000385-0000]
118. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6255, file 576-1, part 1, Hayter Reed to Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 28 January 1897. [BRS-000200]
119. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3938, file 121/607, A. N. McNeill to principals, 19 January 1898. [PLD-008611]
120. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6211, file 469-1, part 2, Martin Benson to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 24 October 1902. [SWK-001441]
121. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 1, Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 28 November 1902. [MER-000328]
122. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3927, file 116836-1A, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, 19 December 1902. [RIS-000009]
123. Enns, “‘But What Is the Cost?’,” 110–111.
124. Enns, “‘But What Is the Cost?’,” 112–113.
125. Enns, “‘But What Is the Cost?’,” 113.
126. Brown and Cook, Canada, 54–68; Hall, “Sir Clifford Sifton,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/sifton_clifford_15E.html (accessed 17 July 2014).
127. Canada, House of Commons Debates (10 April 1901), 2763.
128. Hall, “Clifford Sifton,” 129.
129. Hall, “Clifford Sifton,” 130.
130. Hall, “Clifford Sifton,” 131–132.
131. Hall, “Clifford Sifton,” 133.
132. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, to J. D. McLean, 15 July 1897. [100.00108, 100.00109]
133. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, Memorandum, 15 July 1897, 45. [100.00108]
134. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, to J. D. McLean, 15 July 1897. [100.00109]
135. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, to J. D. McLean, 15 July 1897. [100.00109]
136. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, to J. D. McLean, 15 July 1897, 16. [100.00109]
137. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, to J. D. McLean, 15 July 1897, 10–11. [100.00109]
138. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, to J. D. McLean, 15 July 1897, 12. [100.00109]
139. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, to J. D. McLean, 15 July 1897, 6. [100.00109]
140. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, to J. D. McLean, 15 July 1897. [100.00109]
141. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, Memorandum, 15 July 1897. [100.00108]
142. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, to J. D. McLean, 15 July 1897. [100.00109]
143. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, to J. D. McLean, 15 July 1897. [100.00109]
144. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, Memorandum, 15 July 1897. [100.00108]
145. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, Memorandum, 15 July 1897. [100.00108]
146. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1897, xxvi–xxvii.
147. Canada, House of Commons Debates (14 July 1899), 7486.
148. Canada, House of Commons Debates (18 July 1904), 6946–6947.
149. Canada, House of Commons Debates (18 July 1904), 6956.
150. Canada, House of Commons Debates (18 July 1904), 6946.
151. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3964, file 149874, Martin Benson to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 24 March 1902. [RIS-000351]
152. TRC, NRA, ACC-AB-Diocese of Calgary Affidavit of Records, 3,81,18,1-12, A. Van Thiel to Bishop of Calgary and Saskatchewan, June 1899. [CGY-081709] For Thiel’s position, see: Lewis, “Anglican Church,” 8.
153. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6211, file 469-1, part 2, Martin Benson to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 24 October 1902. [SWK-001441]
154. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6211, file 469-1, part 2, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 24 June 1903. [SWK-001445]
155. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 1, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 16 March 1906. [MER-000344]
156. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3927, file 116836-1A, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, 2 October 1903. [RIS-000057]
157. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6318, file 657-1, part 1, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 15 November 1904. [MDD-000532]
158. TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada Archives, Acc. No. 1979, 199C, box 5, file 72, R. B. Heron to R. P. McKay, 4 June 1905. [RIS-000209]
159. Porter, “Anglican Church,” 55–56.
160. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1904, xxvii–xxviii.
161. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, MG17, B2, Class ‘G’ C.1/P.2, Church Missionary Society, “Resolutions Regarding the Administration of the North-West Canada Missions,” 7 April 1903. [PAR-003622]
162. Porter, “Anglican Church,” 43.
163. Blake, Don’t you hear, 4.
164. Blake, Don’t you hear, 5.
165. Blake, Don’t you hear, 7.
166. Blake, Don’t you hear, 7–8.
167. Blake, Don’t you hear, 8.
168. Blake, Don’t you hear, 11.
169. Blake, Don’t you hear, 12.
170. Blake, Don’t you hear, 17.
171. Blake, Don’t you hear, 19.
172. Blake, Don’t you hear, 35.
173. Blake, Don’t you hear, 40.
174. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3928, file 117004-1, “Report on Indian Missions and Schools,” Presented to the Diocesan Synod, Diocese of Calgary, J. W. Tims, August 1908; [OLD-008159] The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 5, file 68, “Report of the Synod’s Commission on Indian Affairs,” 5 December 1904. [RIS-000246]
175. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Frank Pedley to Reverend and dear sirs, 21 March 1908. [AEMR-120155]
176. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Frank Pedley to Reverend and dear sirs, 21 March 1908. [AEMR-120155] For an earlier assessment of salaries, see: Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3647, file 8128, E. Dewdney to Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, 29 December 1885.
177. Blake, Don’t you hear, 9.
178. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Frank Pedley to Reverend and dear sirs, 21 March 1908. [AEMR-120155]
179. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:1, box 48, file 3, Frank Pedley to Norman Tucker, 26 March 1909. [AAC-090228] The schools proposed for closure in Alberta and Saskatchewan were located at Kamsack, File Hills, and Round Lake, on the Peigan Reserve, the Old Sun’s Reserve, the Sarcee Reserve, at Prince Albert (Emmanuel College), the Gordon’s Reserve, Onion Lake, Morley, and on the Blood Reserve.
180. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Frank Pedley to Reverend and dear sirs, 21 March 1908. [AEMR-120155]
181. Canada, House of Commons Debates (14 June 1897), 4076.
182. Canada, House of Commons Debates (30 March 1906), 950.
183. Archives of Saskatchewan, MacKay Papers, Frank Oliver, “Letter to S. H. Blake, 28 January, 1908,” quoted in Wasylow, “History of Battleford Industrial School,” 225–226; Anglican Church General Synod Archives, 75-103, series 2-14, Frank Oliver to A. G. G., 28 January 1908, quoted in Gull, “‘Indian Policy,’” 15.
184. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:1, box 48, file 3, Letter signed by S. H. Blake, Andrew Baird, Hamilton Cassels, T. Ferrier, R. F. MacKay, 22 May 1908; [AAC-090192] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Frank Pedley to Frank Oliver, 9 April 1908. [AEMR-120157] For Blake’s involvement in the MSCC’s Indian Committee, see: Grant, Moon of Wintertime, 192–193.
185. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:1, box 48, file 3, F. Pedley to N. Tucker, 26 March 1909. [AAC-090228]
186. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:1, box 48, file 3, “Report of the Sub-Committee of the Advisory Board On Indian Education,” n.d. [AAC-090231]
187. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3919, file 116751-1A, J. B. Magnan to D. Laird, 12 December 1902; [SBR-003409] Clifford Sifton to Governor General in Council, 23 December 1903. [FAR-000095]
188. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Frank Pedley to Mr. Oliver, 30 May 1908. [120.00294] The schools proposed for closure were located at Kamsack, Grayson, Lestock, Onion Lake, Delmas, the Blood Reserve, the Peigan Reserve, Hobbema, and Cluny.
189. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Frank Pedley to Frank Oliver, 9 April 1908. [AEMR-120157]
190. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6327, file 660-1, part 1, J. Hugonnard to Frank Oliver, 28 March 1908. [PLD-007334]
191. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Superintendent General of Indian Affairs to T. Ferrier, 18 July 1908. [AEMR-016328]
192. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Heron to Frank Oliver, 16 February 1909. [AEMR-120164]