Notes
Much of the background material for this book was taken from original sources held by the Churchill Archives in Cambridge. “CSCT” refers to papers belonging to the Clementine Spencer Churchill Trust collection, while “CHAR” denotes the Chartwell Papers, belonging to the Winston Spencer Churchill collection, and “CHOH” denotes the Churchill Oral History Collection. When no dates are given for CSCT files, a file number is provided instead.
I also found much of interest in the Library of Congress in Washington, DC, particularly in the as yet unformatted Pamela Harriman papers, abbreviated here as “PHP.” Many of the quotations in the text are taken from taped but unused interviews she gave to her biographer Christopher Ogden. The Averell Harriman Papers too were very useful.
The Roosevelt and other invaluable papers are held by the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library at Hyde Park, New York, denoted here as “FDRL.”
The Asquith, Bonham Carter and Montagu Papers are held at the Bodleian Library, Oxford University.
Introduction
1. Pawle, War and Colonel Warden, 302. In the end, there were about four thousand British, American and Canadian deaths on D-day itself.
2. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 244.
3. Bonham Carter, Churchill as I Knew Him, 18.
4. Nel, Mr. Churchill’s Secretary, 187.
5. CSCT, August 10, 1921.
6. CSCT, August 6, 1928.
7. In fact, they were pale blue.
8. It was a dark reddish gold, turning to silver in middle age.
9. Booth and Haste, Goldfish Bowl, 15.
10. Harris, Attlee, 412.
11. Diana Farr, Five at Ten: Prime Ministers’ Consorts Since 1957 (Andre Deutsch, 1985), 104–105, quoted in Booth and Haste, Goldfish Bowl, 121.
12. Booth and Haste, Goldfish Bowl, 263.
13. Winant, Letter from Grosvenor Square, 46.
1. The Level of Events
1. CSCT, Clementine’s notes for “My Early Life.”
2. Gibb (a member of Lloyd’s), Lloyd’s of London.
3. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 9.
4. Ibid.
5. CSCT, “My Early Life.”
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. CSCT 3/1, essays by Blanche, Countess of Airlie.
11. CSCT, “My Early Life.”
12. Ibid.
13. Beaton, Restless Years: Diaries 1955–63, 146.
14. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 39.
15. Letter from Beatrice Harris to WSC, March 19, 1941, Berkhamsted School.
16. CSCT 3/8.
17. Author’s interview with Shelagh Montague Browne, March 29, 2014.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Asquith, Diaries, 494.
21. Hassall, Edward Marsh, 131.
22. Randolph S. Churchill, WSC 1:2, 989.
23. Winston Churchill, Savrola, 42.
24. Ibid., 19.
25. Birkenhead, Churchill, 112.
26. Shelden, Young Titan, 104.
27. Lee, “A Good Innings,” 97.
28. Fishman, My Darling Clementine, 24.
29. CSCT 2/1.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Former secretary Nonie Chapman, recorded in CHOH 3.
33. CSCT 2/1.
34. Fishman, My Darling Clementine, 26.
35. CSCT, undated.
36. Ibid.
37. Airlie, Thatched with Gold, 125.
38. Fishman, My Darling Clementine, 28.
39. Leslie, Jennie, 280.
40. Bonham Carter, Lantern Slides, August 16, 1908, 163.
41. Asquith Papers, MS Bonham Carter, 153.
2. More Than Meets the Eye
1. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 56.
2. CHAR, September 20, 1908.
3. Bonham Carter, Champion Redoubtable, xxviii.
4. Asquith Papers, Diary of Margot Asquith, MS Eng. d.3206.
5. Bonham Carter, Lantern Slides, 171.
6. Author’s interview with Shelagh Montague Browne.
7. CHAR, August 31, 1895, quoted in Sebba, American Jennie, 208.
8. Quoted in Sebba, American Jennie, 289.
9. Sandys, Young Churchill, 160.
10. Ibid., 107.
11. Jackson, Churchill, 33.
12. Sandys, From Winston with Love and Kisses, 178.
13. Buczacki, Churchill and Chartwell, 41.
14. CSCT, May 3, 1913.
15. Gilbert, WSC, vol. 4, 893–94.
16. CSCT, May 30–31, 1909.
17. CSCT, June 1, 1909.
18. Asquith Papers, MS Bonham Carter, 165.
19. Bonham Carter, Churchill as I Knew Him, 260.
20. Ibid., 235.
21. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 65.
22. CSCT, September 6, 1909.
23. CSCT, September 11, 1909.
24. CSCT, July 27, 1914.
25. CSCT, September 12, 1909.
26. CSCT 1/5, August 7, 1911.
27. CSCT, November 3, 1909.
28. CSCT, November 10, 1909.
29. Vanderbilt Balsan, Glitter and the Gold, 132.
30. Sebba, American Jennie, 212.
31. CSCT, January 30, 1913.
32. CSCT, January 31, 1913.
33. Shelden, Young Titan, 218.
34. Scawen Blunt, My Diaries, September 5, 1909, 267–71.
35. Esher, Journals and Letters, December 1, 1909.
36. Hassall, Edward Marsh, 346.
37. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 100.
38. CSCT, October 18, 1909.
39. Gilbert, WSC, vol. 2, 120.
40. Lord George Riddell, More Pages from My Diary, 1908–1914 (Country Life, 1934), quoted in Morgan, Churchill: Young Man in a Hurry, 317.
41. Addison, Churchill: The Unexpected Hero, 48.
42. Gilbert, WSC, vol. 4, 800.
43. CSCT, September 18, 1909.
44. CSCT, July 14, 1912.
45. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 72.
46. Wilfrid Scawen Blunt Collection, Fitzwilliam Museum 11/1975, January 30, 1911.
47. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 1, 411.
48. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 78.
49. CSCT, December 19, 1910.
50. CSCT, undated, but probably June 3, 1911.
51. Asquith Papers, MS Bonham Carter, 154, Letters to Venetia, October 2, 1911.
52. CHAR, February 10, 1910.
53. CSCT, April 18, 1912.
54. CSCT, March 25, 1912.
55. H. H. Asquith to WSC, quoted in Gilbert, WSC, vol. 2, 1483.
56. Asquith Papers, MS Bonham Carter, 155.
57. Asquith Papers, Diary of Margot Asquith, MS Eng. d.3206.
58. Morgan, Churchill: Young Man in a Hurry, 332.
59. CSCT, July 23, 1913.
60. CSCT 1/8.
61. Fishman, My Darling Clementine, 37.
62. CSCT, June 29, 1911.
63. CSCT, April 29, 1914.
64. CSCT, April 23, 1914.
65. CSCT, April 27, 1914.
66. CSCT 1/8.
67. I am grateful for this summary to Michael Shelden in Young Titan.
3. The Pain and the Pride
1. CSCT, August 14, 1914.
2. CHAR, January 12, 1916.
3. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3, 484; Gilbert, WSC, vol. 3, 59.
4. Asquith, Letters to Venetia Stanley, November 2, 1914, 305.
5. Gilbert, WSC, vol. 3, 824–25.
6. CSCT, September 19, 1914.
7. Asquith Papers, Diary of Margot Asquith, MS Eng. d.3210, fols. 97–113.
8. CSCT, September 26, 1914.
9. Asquith, Letters to Venetia Stanley, October 5, 1914, 263.
10. CSCT 3/16.
11. Bedell Smith, Reflected Glory, 67.
12. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3, 440; Gilbert, WSC, vol. 2, 565.
13. Asquith, Letters to Venetia Stanley, February 26, 1915, 450.
14. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 137.
15. Jenkins, Churchill, 270–71.
16. Bonham Carter, Churchill as I Knew Him, 21.
17. Gilbert, WSC, vol. 7, 1070.
18. Asquith Papers, MS Eng. 27, May 20, 1915.
19. Gilbert, WSC, vol. 3, 459, quoted in Morgan, Churchill, 525–26.
20. Asquith Papers, Diary of Margot Asquith, MS Eng. d.3198–3218, May 20, 1915.
21. Ibid.
22. Asquith Papers, MS Eng. lett. c.542/1, fols. 89–92.
23. Montagu Papers, April 27, 1915.
24. Asquith, Letters to Venetia Stanley, January 10, 1915, 368. For a fuller version of these letters, consult the Asquith Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford University.
25. Ibid., January 26, 1915, 396.
26. Ibid., February 1, 1915, 410.
27. Keith-Lytton to Margot Asquith, May 15, 1915, Asquith Papers, MS Eng. c.6678.
28. Asquith, Letters to Venetia Stanley, 116, referring to letter 342, 479.
29. Fishman, My Darling Clementine, 57.
30. Hassall, Edward Marsh, 479.
31. Fishman, My Darling Clementine, 57.
32. Author’s interview with Edwina Sandys, April 25, 2014.
33. Shelden, Young Titan, 321.
4. I Believe in Your Star
1. CSCT, November 19, 1915.
2. CSCT, November 21, 1915.
3. Ibid.
4. CSCT, November 19, 1915.
5. CSCT, November 23, 1915.
6. Ibid.
7. CSCT, November 27, 1915.
8. CSCT, November 21, 1915.
9. CSCT, March 21, 1916.
10. CHAR, March 15, 1916.
11. Riddell, War Diary, March 1916, 66.
12. CSCT, August 12, 1923.
13. CSCT, November 25, 1915.
14. Jenkins, Churchill, 396.
15. Bonham Carter, Churchill as I Knew Him, 132.
16. Soames, ed., Speaking for Themselves, xiv.
17. CSCT, December 4, 1915.
18. CSCT, December 6, 1915.
19. CSCT, December 17, 1915.
20. CSCT, December 18, 1915.
21. CSCT, December 20, 1915.
22. CSCT, January 7, 1916.
23. CSCT, December 1, 1915.
24. CSCT, December 28, 1915.
25. CHAR, December 30, 1915.
26. CSCT, January 3, 1916.
27. CHAR, January 7, 1916.
28. CHAR, January 9, 1916.
29. CHAR, January 11, 1916.
30. CHAR, January 16, 1916.
31. Bonham Carter, Churchill as I Knew Him, 445.
32. CHAR, February 16, 1916.
33. CSCT, December 17, 1915.
34. CSCT, March 16, 1916.
35. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 1, 591.
36. CHAR, January 29, 1916.
37. CHAR, January 31, 1916.
38. CHAR, January 24, 1916.
39. CSCT, January 27, 1916.
40. CHAR, February 4, 1916.
41. Bonham Carter, Churchill as I Knew Him, 384.
42. CSCT, December 1, 1915.
43. CSCT, December 6, 1915.
44. CSCT, November 28, 1915.
45. CHAR, January 30, 1916.
46. CHAR, February 23, 1916.
47. CHAR, February 27, 1916.
48. CHAR, February 16, 1916.
49. Bonham Carter, Churchill as I Knew Him, 449.
50. Hansard, seventh series, vol. 80, col. 1430, quoted in Jenkins, Churchill, 306.
51. CHAR, March 13, 1916.
52. CSCT, March 13, 1916.
53. CHAR, March 24, 1916.
54. CSCT, March 21, 1916.
55. CHAR, April 6, 1916.
56. CHAR, March 25, 1916.
57. CSCT, March 28, 1916.
5. Married Love
1. Bonham Carter, Churchill as I Knew Him, 466.
2. Ibid., 22.
3. Hough, Winston and Clementine, 365.
4. Beaverbrook, Politicians and the War, 82.
5. CSCT, September 8, 1918.
6. CSCT, September 10, 1918.
7. CSCT, September 15, 1918.
8. CSCT, October 29, 1918.
9. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 213.
10. CHAR, August 11, 1918.
11. Lady Jean Hamilton’s diaries, August 10, 1919, Hamilton Papers, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London.
12. Lady Jean Hamilton’s diaries, June 21, 1918, quoted in Lee, Jean, Lady Hamilton, 198–99.
13. CSCT, October 29, 1918.
14. CSCT, September 12, 1918.
15. Olson, Troublesome Young Men, 163.
6. Loss Unimaginable
1. CSCT, March 9, 1919.
2. Montague Browne, Long Sunset, 124; Colville, Fringes of Power, 677.
3. CSCT, September 14, 1919.
4. Jackson, Churchill, 171.
5. For more details on the Churchills’ homes, see Buczacki, Churchill and Chartwell.
6. Buczacki, Churchill and Chartwell, 91.
7. Ibid., 91–92.
8. Jenkins, Churchill, 187.
9. CSCT, January 27, 1921.
10. CSCT, February 7, 1922.
11. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 223.
12. CHAR, February 21, 1921.
13. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 7.
14. Ibid., 13.
15. Ibid., 15.
16. McKenna Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge; Morgan, Churchill, 282.
17. Leslie, Jennie, 305.
18. CSCT, March 22, 1925.
19. Pearson, Citadel of the Heart, 88.
20. CHAR, January 4, 1922.
21. CSCT, January 22, 1922.
22. CSCT, August 10, 1922.
7. A Country Basket
1. Sarah Churchill, Thread in the Tapestry, 22.
2. Gilbert, WSC, vol. 4, 878.
3. CHAR, November 9, 1922.
4. Buczacki, Churchill and Chartwell, 129.
5. Author’s interviews with Heather White-Smith during 2013–2015.
6. CSCT, February 17, 1924.
7. CSCT, March 15, 1925.
8. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 45.
9. Pearson, Citadel of the Heart, 205.
10. Howells, Simply Churchill, 40.
11. Author’s interviews with former members of staff during 2013–2015.
12. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 283.
13. Author’s interview with Lady Williams, née Jane Portal, June 26, 2013.
14. Buczacki, Churchill and Chartwell, 134.
15. Ibid., 145.
16. Author’s interview with Shelagh Montague Browne, March 29, 2014.
17. CSCT, January 29, 1927.
18. Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 18.
19. Book inscription to Chips Gemmell (one of Clementine’s former personal assistants).
20. Riddell, Lord Riddell’s War Diary, 66.
21. CSCT, September 25, 1928.
22. Author’s interview with Lady Avon, Clarissa Eden, née Churchill, May 15, 2013.
23. CSCT 3/24.
24. Jackson, Churchill, 185.
25. Colville, Inner Circle, 34.
26. Pearson, Citadel of the Heart, 234.
27. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 97.
28. Bonham Carter, Churchill as I Knew Him, 218.
29. CHAR, January 28, 1922.
30. CSCT, February 24, 1924.
31. Author’s interview with Shelagh Montague Browne, March 29, 2014.
32. Thomas, Churchill, 24.
33. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 2, 784.
34. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 238.
35. CHAR, March 31, 1920.
36. CHAR, September 10, 1926.
37. Arthur Ponsonby, quoted in Gilbert, WSC, vol. 5, 118.
38. Stelzer, Dinner with Churchill, 159.
39. Author’s interview with Chips Gemmell, April 23, 2014.
40. Author’s interviews with Heather White-Smith during 2013–2015.
41. Illustrated London News, March 1981.
42. Author’s interview with Shelagh Montague Browne, March 29, 2014.
43. CSCT, February 18, 1932.
44. Author’s interview with Chips Gemmell, April 23, 2014.
45. Ibid.
46. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 266.
47. Ibid.
48. Daily Telegraph, August 16, 2002.
49. Best, Churchill, 29.
50. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 267.
51. Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 67.
52. Author’s interview with Celia Sandys, October 1, 2013.
53. CSCT, September 12, 1909.
54. CSCT, July 23, 1913.
55. Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 10.
56. PHP, box 4.
57. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 267.
58. CSCT, April 8, 1928.
59. John S. Churchill, Crowded Canvas, 56.
60. Evelyn Waugh to Ann Fleming, January 27, 1965, in Waugh, Letters of Evelyn Waugh, 630.
61. Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 5.
62. Ibid., 15.
63. Ibid., 6.
64. Author’s interview with Lady Avon, May 15, 2013.
65. CSCT, March 22, 1925.
8. Temptation and Redemption
1. Jackson, Churchill, 185.
2. CSCT, March 20, 1928.
3. Author’s interview with Lady Avon, May 15, 2013.
4. Ogden, Life of the Party, 93.
5. PHP, box 3.
6. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 180.
7. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 284.
8. Soames, ed., Speaking for Themselves, 277.
9. Bonham Carter, Churchill as I Knew Him, 218.
10. Lysaght, Brendan Bracken, 68.
11. CSCT, January 18, 1931.
12. Cowles, Winston Churchill, 253.
13. James, Bob Boothby, 36.
14. Colville, Fringes of Power, 196.
15. CSCT 1/26.
16. Winston S. Churchill, ed., Never Give In!, 101.
17. Jackson, Churchill, 217.
18. Winston S. Churchill, ed., Never Give In!, 108.
19. CSCT, August 22, 1934.
20. Winston S. Churchill, His Father’s Son, 65.
21. Pearson, Citadel of the Heart, 217.
22. CSCT, April 15, 1935.
23. Author’s interview with John Julius Norwich, June 6, 2013.
24. Winston S. Churchill, His Father’s Son, 75.
25. CSCT, February 17, 1931.
26. CSCT, March 5, 1931.
27. CSCT, November 14, 1928.
28. CSCT, November 12, 1928.
29. CSCT 3/25, Clementine’s diaries, February to March 1931.
30. CSCT, July 25, 1937.
31. Pearson, Citadel of the Heart, 221.
32. Winston S. Churchill, His Father’s Son, 44.
33. Leslie, Cousin Randolph, 8.
34. Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 15.
35. Leslie, Cousin Randolph, 13.
36. Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 16.
37. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 275.
38. CSCT, January 1, 1935.
39. CSCT, January 23, 1935.
40. CSCT, December 29, 1934.
41. CSCT, February 22, 1935.
42. CSCT, February 26, 1935.
43. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 295.
44. Ibid., 266.
45. CSCT, April 11, 1935.
46. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 301.
47. Ibid., 278.
48. Author’s interview with Lady Avon, May 15, 2013.
49. Illustrated London News, March 1981.
50. CSCT, February 21, 1936.
51. Illustrated London News, March 1981.
52. Author’s interviews with Heather White-Smith during 2013–2015.
53. Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 56.
54. Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget, 171.
55. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 306.
56. Pearson, Citadel of the Heart, 271.
57. CSCT, January 7, 1936.
58. CSCT, September 5, 1936.
59. Winston Churchill, Gathering Storm, 155.
60. Pearson, Citadel of the Heart, 213.
61. Best, Churchill, 150.
62. CSCT, February 2, 1937.
63. Manchester, Caged Lion, 373.
64. CSCT, December 19, 1938.
65. CHAR, January 19, 1939.
66. CHAR, December 13, 1938.
67. Gilbert, WSC, vol. 5, 1316.
68. CSCT, July 27, 1939.
9. A World of Accident and Storm
1. Duff Cooper, Diaries, 275.
2. Winston Churchill, Gathering Storm, 320.
3. Ibid., 319.
4. Manchester, Caged Lion, 537.
5. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 127.
6. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 316.
7. Diana Cooper, Trumpets from the Steep, 37.
8. Ibid.
9. Midwife, December 21 1942.
10. Ogden, Life of the Party, 75.
11. Ibid., 69.
12. Ibid., 85.
13. Ibid., 87.
14. Ibid., 121.
15. PHP, box 4.
16. Olson, Citizens of London, 241.
17. Ibid., 243.
18. Colville, Fringes of Power, 36.
19. Ibid., 39.
20. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 371.
21. Colville, Fringes of Power, 38.
22. Gilbert, WSC, vol. 6, 358.
23. Fishman, My Darling Clementine, 139.
24. Gilbert, WSC, vol. 6, 358.
25. Tree, When the Moon Was High, 116–17.
26. Cowles, Era and the Man, 318.
27. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 330.
28. PHP, box 3.
29. CSCT, June 27, 1940.
30. Colville, Fringes of Power, 281.
31. Wheeler-Bennett, ed., Action This Day, 140.
32. PHP, box 3.
33. Colville, Fringes of Power, 125.
34. Ibid., 170.
35. Fishman, My Darling Clementine, 151.
36. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 167.
37. Fishman, My Darling Clementine, 147.
38. Colville, Fringes of Power, 173.
39. Ibid., 251.
40. PHP, box 3.
41. Fishman, My Darling Clementine, 145.
42. CSCT 3/33.
43. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 15.
44. Author’s interview with Lady Williams, June 26, 2013.
45. CSCT 3/33, Clementine’s undated notes on plans for tackling problems in the shelters.
46. CSCT 3/33.
47. Colville, Fringes of Power, 276.
48. PHP, box 3.
49. Colville, Fringes of Power, 195.
50. Ibid., 201.
51. Ibid., 379.
52. Ibid., 413.
53. PHP, box 3.
54. “Lady of No. 10.”
55. Beaton, Years Between, 51.
56. Author’s interview with Lady Avon, May 15, 2013.
57. Winston S. Churchill, His Father’s Son, 180.
58. Colville, Fringes of Power, 375.
59. Thompson, Sixty Minutes, 50.
60. Fishman, My Darling Clementine, 153.
61. Colville, Fringes of Power, 229.
62. Fishman, My Darling Clementine, 154.
63. Ibid., 158.
64. Author’s interviews with former staff during 2013–2015.
65. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 330.
66. Ibid., 317.
67. Colville, Fringes of Power, 177.
68. Ibid., 178.
69. PHP, box 3.
70. Ibid.
71. Meacham, Franklin and Weston, 87.
72. Colville, Fringes of Power, 238.
73. Buczacki, Churchill and Chartwell, 220.
74. PHP, box 3.
75. Ibid.
76. Winston Churchill, Second World War, vol. 2, 226.
77. Ibid., 4.
10. Operation Seduction USA
1. Parrish, To Keep the British Isles Afloat, 125.
2. Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, 277, quoted in Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 87.
3. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 80.
4. Ibid., 243.
5. Ibid., 241.
6. Parrish, To Keep the British Isles Afloat, 192.
7. Hopkins Papers, July 18, 1941, 1 B4F1, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.
8. Murrow Papers, Tufts University, Medford, Mass., December 7, 1940.
9. Alexander Kendrick, Prime Time: The Life of Edward R. Murrow (Little, Brown, 1969), 231, quoted in Olson, Citizens of London, 31–32.
10. Olson, Citizens of London, 31.
11. Ibid., 33.
12. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 134.
13. Brooke, War Diaries, 248.
14. Winant, Letter from Grosvenor Square, 3–4.
15. Colville, Fringes of Power, 382.
16. Winant, Letter from Grosvenor Square, 46.
17. Parrish, To Keep the British Isles Afloat, 146.
18. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 390.
19. CSCT 3/43, dated August 2 but no year.
20. Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 159.
21. Parrish, To Keep the British Isles Afloat, 211.
22. Ibid.
23. CSCT, March 26, 1941.
24. Parrish, To Keep the British Isles Afloat, 210.
25. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 21.
26. Averell Harriman Papers, May 30, 1941, box 159.
27. Parrish, To Keep the British Isles Afloat, 173.
28. Olson, Citizens of London, xvii.
29. Ogden, Life of the Party, 122.
30. Ibid., 167.
31. PHP, box 3.
32. Colville, Fringes of Power, 382.
33. Olson, Citizens of London, 97.
34. Ibid.
35. Bedell Smith, Reflected Glory, 106.
36. Morgenthau, Roosevelt and Morgenthau, 482.
37. Harriman, Special Envoy, 172.
38. CSCT, Mackenzie King to Clementine, June 4, 1944.
39. Harriman, Special Envoy, 29.
40. Averell Harriman Papers, box 159.
41. Beaton, Years Between, 54.
42. Olson, Citizens of London, 117.
43. Maisky, Memoirs of a Soviet Ambassador, 179.
44. Evelyn Waugh to Nancy Mitford, December 1950 (exact date unknown), in Waugh, Letters of Evelyn Waugh, 342.
45. CSCT, August 7, 1941.
46. Harriman, Special Envoy, 112.
47. CSCT, December 19, 1941.
48. Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 145.
49. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 296.
50. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 214.
51. Parrish, To Keep the British Isles Afloat, 205.
52. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Papers, box 75, April 1942, FDRI.
53. CSCT, December 21, 1941.
54. CSCT, December 29, 1941.
55. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 17.
56. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 478.
57. George McJimsey, Harry Hopkins: Ally of the Poor and Defender of Democracy (Harvard University Press, 1987 ), 247–48, cited in Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 343.
58. CSCT, February 12, 1942.
59. PHP, box 3.
60. Lord Beaverbrook Papers, March 3, 1943, cited in Hough, Winston and Clementine, 509.
61. Hopkins Papers, June 24, 1942, 1 B4F1, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.
62. Jenkins, Churchill, 697.
63. Winston S. Churchill, His Father’s Son, 203.
64. CSCT, April 11, 1942.
65. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 356.
66. Gilbert, WSC, vol. 7, 252.
67. Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 11.
68. Ibid., 10.
69. Morgenthau, Diaries, 483.
70. Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 185.
71. Winant, Letter from Grosvenor Square, 171.
72. Averell Harriman Papers, box 159.
73. Robert Meiklejohn Papers, box 211, Library of Congress.
74. Morgenthau, Diaries, September 23, 1944.
75. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 201.
76. Clementine Churchill to Franklin D. Roosevelt, November 1, 1942, FDRL.
77. Diary of Eleanor Roosevelt, October 20, 1942, FDRL.
78. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 664.
79. Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 140.
80. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 662.
81. Diary of Eleanor Roosevelt’s trip to London, box 1364, FDRL.
82. Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 197.
83. Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 397.
11. From FDR to Stalin
1. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 366.
2. Harriman, Special Envoy, 362.
3. Mary Soames, Sunday Times, December 18, 1977.
4. CSCT, January 14, 1943.
5. CSCT, John Martin to private office, undated.
6. National Archives, Kew, PREM 4/72/1.
7. Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 204.
8. Kenneth Pendar, Adventure in Diplomacy: Our French Dilemma (Simon Publications, 2003), 151–52, quoted in Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 213.
9. CSCT, February 5–6, 1943.
10. CSCT, December 10, 1943.
11. Colville, Fringes of Power, 476.
12. BBC Southern Counties Radio, “Letter from Mrs. Churchill.”
13. Maisky, Memoirs of a Soviet Ambassador, 208–9.
14. CSCT, September 13, 1943.
15. CSCT, May 13, 1943.
16. Ibid.
17. CSCT, May 28, 1943.
18. Swift, Roosevelts and Royals, 180.
19. Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 82.
20. Interview with Mary Soames, in Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 21.
21. Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 109.
22. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 699–700.
23. Colville, Churchillians, 112.
24. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 837.
25. Cowles, Era and the Man, 338.
26. Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 228.
27. Colville, Churchillians, 22.
28. Ismay, August 26, 1943, Memoirs, 304.
29. Interview with Mary Soames, in Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 233.
30. Ibid., 236–37.
31. Ward, Closest Companion, 238.
32. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 122–23.
33. Philadelphia Record, August 6, 1943.
34. CSCT, September 23, 1943.
35. Hassett, Off the Record with FDR, 201.
36. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 447.
37. Ward, Closest Companion, 238.
38. Wingate, Lord Ismay, 100.
39. CSCT, November 23, 1943.
40. CSCT, November 26, 1943.
41. Ibid.
42. CSCT, November 23, 1943.
43. Sarah Churchill, Thread in the Tapestry, 62–63.
44. Gilbert, WSC, vol. 7, 89.
45. Meacham, Franklin and Winston, xiii.
46. Ibid., 265.
47. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 151.
48. CSCT, December 2, 1943.
49. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 162.
50. National Archives, previously unlisted but quoted in Soames, ed., Speaking for Themselves, December 16, 1943, 494.
51. Colville, Footprints in Time, 134.
52. National Archives, Cabinet Papers, CAB 120/120, quoted in Soames, Clementine Churchill, 381.
53. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 164.
54. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 379.
55. Ibid., 380.
56. Wheeler-Bennett, ed., Action This Day, 157.
57. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 165.
58. Colville, Fringes of Power, 456.
59. Diana Cooper, Trumpets from the Steep, 182.
60. Colville, Fringes of Power, 457.
61. CSCT, December 24, 1943.
62. Diana Cooper, Trumpets from the Steep, 181.
63. Colville, Fringes of Power, 459.
64. Wheeler-Bennett, ed., Action This Day, 235.
65. Ibid., 263.
66. PHP, box 3.
67. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 241.
68. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 385.
69. Ibid., 386.
70. Colville, Fringes of Power, 467.
71. Parrish, To Keep the British Isles Afloat, 240.
72. Ogden, Life of the Party, 125.
73. Ibid., 173.
74. These include suggestions in Parrish, To Keep the British Isles Afloat, 241.
75. Author’s interview with John Julius Norwich, June 6, 2013.
76. PHP, box 1.
77. Ogden, Life of the Party, 145.
78. PHP, box 3.
79. Bedell Smith, Reflected Glory, 113.
80. Olson, Citizens of London, xv.
81. Testimony from a nurse at Bernard Baruch’s South Carolina estate in New York Times, January 31, 1988, quoted in Parrish, To Keep the British Isles Afloat, 6.
82. Sunday Times, October 31, 1982.
83. Colville, Fringes of Power, 530.
84. Robert Bruce Lockhart, director of the Political Warfare Executive (in charge of propaganda), quoted in Macmillan, War Diaries, 474.
85. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 173.
86. Ibid., 35.
87. Ibid., ix.
88. Dalton, War Diary, 714.
89. Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, 361.
90. Morgenthau, Diaries: Years of War, 336.
91. Colville, Fringes of Power, 506.
92. CSCT, August 17, 1944.
93. CSCT, Clementine’s private diary, September 14, 1944.
94. PHP, box 164.
95. Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 299.
96. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, vol. 3, 332.
97. CSCT, October 8, 1944.
98. Lovell, Churchills, 473.
99. CSCT, December 4, 1944.
100. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 837.
101. Brooke, War Diaries, July 6, 1944, 566.
102. Colville, Fringes of Power, 538.
103. CSCT, December 29, 1944.
104. CSCT, August 12, 1944.
105. CSCT, August 15, 1944.
106. Winston S. Churchill, Memories and Adventures, passim.
107. PHP, box 3.
108. CSCT, January 30, 1945.
109. Colville, Fringes of Power, 537.
110. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 194.
111. Colville, Fringes of Power, January 20, 1945, 554. The quotations are taken from Colville’s more pithy but accurate summary of the letter rather than the less concise words of Attlee himself.
112. Ibid., 554.
113. Ibid., 555.
114. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 232–33.
115. CSCT, February 1, 1945.
116. Colville, Fringes of Power, 568.
117. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 404.
118. Ibid., 404.
119. CSCT, March 29, 1945.
120. CSCT, April 1, 1945.
121. CSCT, April 2, 1945.
122. CSCT 3/49.
123. CSCT, April 6, 1945.
124. CSCT, August 4, 1942.
125. Grace Hamblin Files 1/4, Churchill College, Cambridge.
126. CHOH.
127. CSCT, April 6, 1945.
128. CSCT 3/37.
129. CSCT, April 14, 1945.
130. CSCT, April 21, 1945.
131. Gilbert, WSC, vol. 7, 1341.
132. Pawle, War and Colonel Warden, 373–74.
133. CSCT, May 8, 1945.
134. Eleanor Roosevelt Files, FDRL.
135. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 168.
136. CSCT, May 5, 1945.
137. Clementine’s honor, to be worn on the left breast, gave her the right to free travel on trams, trains and ships on soft seats and in first-class carriages, as well as advantageous accommodation, pension and tax rights in Russia, plus a monthly allowance of twenty rubles.
12. A Private Line
1. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 309.
2. Thomas, Member for Woodford, 130–31.
3. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 279.
4. Pawle, War and Colonel Warden, 399.
5. Mary Soames’s diary, July 26, 1945, quoted in Soames, Daughter’s Tale, 460.
6. Sarah Churchill, Thread in the Tapestry, 88.
7. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 426.
8. Harris, Attlee, 412.
9. Colville, Fringes of Power, 613.
10. James, ed., Chips, 429.
11. CSCT 3/56, July 27, 1945.
12. CSCT, June 1, 1945.
13. Leonard C. Schlup and Donald W. Whisenhunt, eds., It Seems to Me (University Press of Kentucky, 2001), 62, quoted in Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 361.
14. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 310.
15. Ibid., 325.
16. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 428.
17. Addison, “Japanese Surrender.”
18. James, ed., Chips, 411.
19. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 429.
20. Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 78.
21. Beaton, Happy Years, 53.
22. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 439.
23. Ibid., 443.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., 444.
26. Sarah Churchill, Thread in the Tapestry, 94.
27. CSCT, September 12, 1948.
28. Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 366.
29. Gilbert, WSC, vol. 8, 466, quoted in Sandys, Chasing Churchill, 201.
30. White-Smith, My Years with the Churchills, 34.
31. Author’s interview with David Roosevelt, April 19, 2014.
32. FDRL, box 1542.
33. FDRL, box 1683.
34. Author’s interview with Chips Gemmell, April 23, 2014.
35. W magazine, November 9–16, 1979.
36. Illustrated London News, March 1981.
37. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 452.
38. Author’s interview, April 29, 2014.
39. Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 97.
40. Ibid., 95.
41. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 458.
42. Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 139.
43. Beaton, Strenuous Years, various pages.
44. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 475.
45. Bonham Carter, Daring to Hope, 127.
46. Bonham Carter Papers, August 13, 1953.
47. CSCT, October 16, 1953.
48. White-Smith, My Years with the Churchills, 24.
49. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 481.
50. Colville, Churchillians, 64–65.
51. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 741.
52. Ibid., 454.
53. Ibid., 494.
54. Pearson, Citadel of the Heart, 368.
55. Author’s interview with Chips Gemmell, April 23, 2014.
56. Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 207.
57. CHOH 24/4.
58. Horne, Macmillan, various pages.
59. Bonham Carter Papers, 165.
60. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 493.
61. Beaton and Vickers, Beaton in the Sixties, 226.
62. Moran, Struggle for Survival, xii.
63. Longford, Queen Mother, 130.
64. Noël Coward, Diaries, 207.
65. Letter from Clementine to the school, May 24, 1958, Berkhamsted School archives.
66. Author’s interview with Shelagh Montague Browne, March 29, 2014.
67. Author’s interview with Chips Gemmell, April 23, 2014.
68. Author’s interviews with Heather White-Smith during 2013–2015.
69. White-Smith, My Years with the Churchills, 54.
70. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 499.
71. Montague Browne, Long Sunset, 148.
72. PHP, box 3.
73. Coward, Diaries, 322.
74. Sandys, Chasing Churchill, 11.
75. Montague Browne, Long Sunset, 299.
76. Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 204.
77. Thomas, Member for Woodford, 181.
78. Howells, Simply Churchill, 19.
79. CSCT, October 27, 1962.
80. Gilbert, In Search of Churchill, 316.
81. CSCT, October 16, 1962.
82. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 528.
83. Author’s interview with Shelagh Montague Browne, March 29, 2014.
84. Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 206.
85. Howells, Simply Churchill, 168.
86. Sarah Churchill, Thread in the Tapestry, 15.
87. Beaton and Vickers, Beaton in the Sixties, 17.
88. Ibid., 19.
89. Author’s interview with Edwina Sandys, April 25, 2014.
Epilogue
1. Author’s interview with Celia Sandys, October 1, 2013.
2. Author’s interview with Doreen Pugh, September 9, 2013.
3. Winston S. Churchill, His Father’s Son, 462.
4. Author’s interview with David Montgomery, November 28, 2013.
5. Colville, Churchillians, 210.
6. PHP, box 3.
7. Fishman, My Darling Clementine, 464.
8. Moran, Struggle for Survival, 828.