abolitionism
blamed for Civil War, 182, 184
Abraham Lincoln (film), 267–8, 274
Abraham Lincoln’s Clemency (film), 188
Abrams, Hiram, 241
actors and actresses
Biograph repertory, 70–1
in blackface, 85, 87–8, 224
casting Birth, 83–9
extras’ payment, 89
rehearsals, 89–91
Adams, Henry, 212
Adams, Herbert Baxter, 32, 211
Addams, Jane, 138, 164
critique of film, 140, 141, 142
The Adventures of Dollie (film), 67–8
advertising and publicity
initial campaign for Birth, 115–25
promotion of Birth, 3
African-Americans. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); race and racism
Afro-American Council, Des Moines, 158
After Many Years (film), 76
Age (newspaper), 237
Agee, James, 4–5, 279, 282
Ainslie, George, 161
Aitken, Harry, 78, 80, 92, 262
on Boston opening, 144
distribution, 118–20
later years and retirement, 261, 270–2
production costs and, 97–8
promoting Birth, 115
remake plans, 258, 259, 260–1
sound version, 242
Triangle distribution, 166
Aitken, Roy E., 7, 8, 78, 92
on cinema owners, 125
distribution, 118–20
effective minority protest, 249
later career, 270, 271
production costs, 97–8
promotion, 115
on a remake, 258
remake plans, 262
retirement, 261, 271–2
sound version, 242
Aitken, Spottiswoode, 274
cast in Birth, 87
alcohol prohibition, 219
Alden, Mary, 87, 273
Alexandra, Queen, 264
Allan, Robert E., 247–8
Allen, Cleveland G., 140
Allen, Henry J., 240, 241
Allen, Woody
Celebrity, 262
Aller, Joe, 71, 99, 101
Allinson, Thomas W., 153
Allston, Philip J., 144, 223, 224
America (Griffiths), 266
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 247–8, 285
American Film Institute, 10
American Gigolo (film), 8
American Historical Association, 174
American Mutoscope and Biograph Company. See Biograph Company
Anderson, Benedict, 209
Anderson, Charles W., 138
Arbuckle, Roscoe “Fatty,” 231
Armstrong, Joseph G., 154
Arvidson, Linda Johnson (Griffith), 52
acting career, 67, 70
and Griffith’s writing, 65–6
marriage to Griffith, 64, 85
Asquith, Elizabeth, 264
L’Assassinat du Duc de Guise (film), 106
Association of School Film Libraries, 246
audiences
Birth’s declining appeal, 244–5
black response to Birth, 222–5
changing character of, 125–7
context for Birth, 206–16
first reception of Birth, 3
nickelodeons, 113–14, 125
passivity, 225
at premiere, 20, 25–6
southern states, 161
violence and Birth, 249–51
“Auld Lang Syne,” 107
The Avenging Conscience (film), 79, 89
Ayers, Edward, 214
Baker, Pete, 61
Baker, Ray Stannard, 214
Baldwin, James, 278
Baldwin, Roger, 247, 248
Baltimore Sun (newspaper), 175, 204
Bancroft, George, 211
Banzhof, Albert, 74, 119, 242
Banzhof, E. J., 98
Barcus, Robert B., 156–7, 157
Barker, Edwin L., 166
Barrett, W. A., 135
Basic Instinct (film), 8
The Battle at Elderbush Gulch (film), 21, 73, 74, 83
The Battle (film), 68
The Battle of the Sexes (film), 78, 267
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (Century Company), 91
Baustead, Annie H., 61
Beach, Rex, 116
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 105, 107
Belasco, David, 76
Men and Women, 62
Bellows, Barbara, 178
Benét, Stephen Vincent, 267
Benshoff, Harry M., 281
Bentley, Dr. Charles E., 151, 165
Berg, Charles, 107
Bernardini, Daniel, 80
Bernhardt, Sarah, 61, 106
Bernstein, Matthew, 7
Beveridge, Albert J., 212
Bigelow, Anson O., 159
Biograph Company
actors for, 70–1
competition with Edison, 68–9
Griffith directs for, 66–7, 67–74
Griffith leaves, 74
technical and editorial, 71
working relations within, 71–2
Birth of a Nation: 4*29*1992 (documentary), 10
The Birth of a Nation (film)
anti-communist/communist argument, 254–8
anxiety about sex, 217, 217–19, 221–2
audience response, 3, 13, 125–7, 222–5
battlefield sequences, 92–3
black actors in, 87–8
black characters, 224
as The Clansman, 15–16
context of, 206–16, 227–30
continuing controversy, 277–8
copyright in public domain, 262
critical view of, 3–6, 245–6, 249
deleted scenes, 104–5
design and costume, 174–7
distribution to cheaper theatres, 241
DVD release of, 277
editing of, 102–5, 281
eminent supporters, 141–2
emotional appeal, 116
film project set up, 79–80
finances, 3, 92, 97–8, 118
first release of Birth, 118–20
Hampton epilogue, 145, 153, 224–5
as history, 14, 171–7, 204–6
length of, 3
myth of the Lost Cause, 178–86
negatives of, 16–17, 101–2
plot of, 6
premiere of, 13, 15–17
preparation and filming of, 89–96
private screenings in Washington, 111–13
protests against, 6–11, 9–11
publicity and promotion, 13, 115–25, 120
from protest, 133, 248–9
remake considered, 9, 258–63
revival of Klan, 231–5
scenario for, 81–3
social effects of, 249–53
sound version, 242–9, 244
still photos from
Flora Cameron, 18
Gus’s trial, 23
hospital scene, 19
story of, 17–25
style-substance dichotomy, 278–85
title change, 115
See also censorship; Dixon Jr., Thomas; Griffith, David Wark; Ku Klux Klan; NAACP; race and racism
The Birth of a Race (film), 166–7
Bitzer, G. W. (Billy), 67
aiming for Brady photographs, 177
film development, 101–2
first screenings, 117
on Griffith, 99, 100, 101
Griffith’s cameraman, 71
production costs, 97
on rehearsals, 90
on shooting Birth, 93, 94–5
techniques and innovations, 75–6
Black, Hugo, 245
The Black Hood (Dixon), 269
Blankenburg, Rudolph, 155
Blassingame, John, 213
Bledsoe, Benjamin Franklin, 272–3
Blight, David W., 178–9
Bogle, Donald, 11, 163, 281
Bolshevism, 230
Bolshevism on Trial (film), 269
Booth, John Wilkes, 20, 88
editing scene with, 103
historical detail, 189
historical reference, 174, 176
portrayal in Birth, 96
Bounty (film), 8
Bowers, Claude G.
The Tragic Era, 191
Bowling for Columbine (Moore), 262–3
Bowser, Eileen, 13, 75, 76, 77, 181
Brady, Matthew, 91, 96, 174, 176
Brandt, Joe, 166
Breen, Joseph, 269
Breil, Joseph Carl, 106–9, 124, 242
“The Motif of Barbarism,” 12
Breitinger, J. Louis, 154
Brennan, George H., 48, 53–4
Brenon, Herbert, 123
Bring Him In (film), 269
British Film and Video Council, 10
Brocj, Henry, 250
Broken Blossoms (film), 242, 265, 274
Brooks, Dr William H., 137
Brown, Karl, 16, 87, 281
on editing Birth, 102–5
on Griffith, 99, 100
on historical detail, 177
invents the “slate,” 102
Klan and audiences, 224
on the premiere, 20–1, 25
on rehearsals, 89–90
on sets, 91
on shooting Birth, 92, 94–5
Brown, Katherine, 261
Brown, S. Joe, 158
Brownlow, Kevin, 5, 281
Brunson, R. J., 202
Brutality (film), 72
Bryan, William Jennings, 34
Bush, W. Stephen, 4–5, 104, 108, 281
Bussey, Harriet. See Dixon, Harriet
Butler, David, 275
Cabiria (film), 106, 114–15, 122
Cameron, Lucille, 220–1
Camille (film), 106
Campbell-Copeland, T.
The Soldier in Our Civil War (with Mottelay), 177
Capehart, H. J., 230
Capitol Theater, New York City, 236–7
Carli, Philip C., 13
Carruthers, William Alexander, 179
Carter, Everett, 283
Casey, John S., 143
Catholicism, 234, 237–8
Celebrity (film), 262
censorship
ACLU’s argument, 247–8
Arbuckle case, 231
Birth banned, 6
Boston cuts, 143–4
cuts to Birth scenes, 138–40
fight against principle of, 238–9
freedom of expression and, 133
Lusk Bill, 235–6
Mutual Film precedent, 132–3
National Board approves Birth, 129–31
official structures for, 70, 131
Spirit of ’76, 272–3
studying Birth, 245–6
sum of NAACP efforts, 168–9
See also NAACP; National Board of Censorship
The Century (magazine), 187
Ceruti, E. Burton, 130, 238
Chadwick, Bruce, 12–13, 179, 279
Chalmers, David M., 234, 241
Chambers, Robert W., 266
Chandler, James, 12
Chaplin, Charlie, 265
Chattanooga Daily Times (newspaper), 51
Chinese immigrants, 214–15
cinemas
music in, 124, 242
sexual morality and, 6
cinematography. See Bitzer, G. W.; film and filmmaking
Civil War
Birth’s portrayal of, 17–21
depiction of war in Birth, 208–9
Dixon family experience of, 27–9
effect on Griffith family, 57–9
as a film genre, 181–2
Griffith researches, 91–2
as “Lost Cause,” 178–86, 255
recent historiography, 184–5
theme in Griffith films, 68
veterans in audiences, 126
See also Reconstruction
The Clansman: An Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan (Dixon), 258
adaptation for film, 81
first attempts to film, 53–4
Griffith sets up film project, 79–80
original title of Birth, 3
plot summary of, 43–7
publication of, 43
The Clansman (play), 12
banned, 132, 142
different reception from film, 162
play version, 47–51
reception of play, 51–3
riots in Philadelphia, 154
Clarke, Edward Young, 234–5
class
changing audiences, 126–7
nickelodeon audiences, 4, 113–14
Classmates (film), 67
Clifton, Elmer, 85, 88, 275
Clune, William H.
audience figures, 125
Dixon’s Fall of a Nation, 269
financial contribution, 97, 119
offers to destroy film, 238
premiere at Clune’s Auditorium, 13, 15–17, 103
publicity material, 120
Cobleigh, Rolfe, 146
The Color Purple (film), 262
Columbia Theater, Detroit, 4
Comagor, C. W., 240
Commission on Interracial Cooperation, 242–3
Committee on Industrial Organization (CIO), 254
Communism and anti-communists
black support, 254
Dixon and, 270
Greensboro Massacre, 10
protests against Birth, 14
Stern’s attack on critics, 256–7
Comrades (Dixon), 52, 269
film version, 269
Confederate Veteran (magazine), 179
Connelly, Thomas, 178
Considine Jr., John, 267–8
Cook, Raymond Allen, 47, 81
Cooke, John Esten, 179
Cooper, Judge William Fenimore, 152–3
Cooper, Margaret, 83, 93
Cooper, Miriam, 85, 94, 273
Corbett, Jim, 219
Cosmopolitan (magazine), 66
Coulter, E. Merton, 191
Courtney, Samuel Edward, 147, 223
Courtney, Susan, 12
Cox, Dr. Alexander W., 144, 223, 224
Cox, James M., 228
Crabbe, Charles C., 241
Cranstone, E. L., 256–7
Creel, George, 227
The Cricket on the Hearth (film), 75
Cripps, Thomas, 6, 132, 169, 254
The Crisis (journal), 131
Crisp, Donald, 88, 174, 275
Criterion Theatre, New York City, 114
Crowell, Josephine, 19, 273
Cukor, George, 268
Cuniberti, John, 11, 103
Cupid’s Pranks (film), 67
Curley, James Michael
NAACP Boston campaign and, 141–6, 149–50
photograph of, 143
Cushing, Grafton D., 147, 148
Cusick, John F., 142, 150
The Daily Worker (newspaper), 254
Damrosch, Margaret Blaine, 149
Daniel, Pete, 51–2, 249
Daniels, Jonathan, 258–9
Daniels, Josephus P., 112
Daugherty, Harry M.
The Inside History of the Harding Administration (with Dixon), 270
Davies, Marion, 267
Davis, Jefferson, 58, 178
Davis, Jonathan M., 240
Davis, Natalie Zemon, 213
Davis, Richard Harding, 116
Day, Caroline Bond, 251
De Grasse, Sam, 88
De l’esprit des lois (Montesquieu), 211
De Vaull, William, 87
Dearborn, Ned H., 245
DeLacey, Ralph, 90
Delluc, Louis, 264
DeMille, Cecil B., 273
King of Kings, 7
remake talk, 259
Dempster, Carol, 265, 266, 274
Dharamputra (film), 8
Diawara, Manthia, 225, 262
Directors Guild of America, 10–11
Dix, Dorothy, 205
Dixon, Amanda, 27–9, 31
Dixon, Clarence, 30, 31
Dixon, Harriet (née Bussey, first wife), 34
Dixon, Madelyn Donovan (second wife), 261, 262, 270
Dixon Jr., Thomas, 12
acting career, 53
Anglo-Saxonism, 211
anti-communist sequel, 258–9
attacks censorship attempts, 148
on audience enthusiasm, 206–7
buys interest in play, 48
death of, 261, 270
dislike of Stevens, 205
education of, 31–3
film production company, 268–9
finances of, 52, 98
friendship with Wilson, 111
Griffith buys rights from, 79–80
historical details, 196–8, 201–2
Klan appearance, 195
marriage to Harriet, 34
Mayor Mitchel meeting, 138–9
photograph of, 28
pirated film copies, 246
religion and, 32, 33–5
response to film screenings, 117
role in the film, 26
screenplays, 269
Southern point of view, 171
in state legislature, 33
suggested title change, 115
use of Scott, 203
war and Reconstruction experience, 27–31
works of
The Black Hood, 269
Comrades, 52
The Flaming Sword, 258–9, 270
The Inside History of the Harding Administration (with Daugherty), 270
later fiction, 269–70
The Love Complex, 269
The Man in Gray, 269
A Man of the People, 269
The One Woman, 42–3, 52
The Root of Evil, 52
The Sins of the Father, 52–3
The Sun Virgin, 270
The Traitor, 52
worries about sex, 218
writing career, 35–7
See also The Clansman
Dixon Sr, Thomas, 27–9, 30, 31
Dougherty, Lee “Doc,” 71
Douglass, Carl, 16
Douros, Magistrate, 236
Dowd, Judge Thomas H., 147, 150
Dramatic Mirror (newspaper), 4–5
Dream Street (film), 266
Dressed to Kill (film), 8
Drink’s Lure (film), 219
Drums of Love (film), 267
A Drunkard’s Reformation (film), 70, 75, 219
Du Bois, W. E. B., 141, 160, 165
campaign against Birth, 169, 282
defends Reconstruction, 206
in Dixon’s novel, 258, 270
New York campaign, 137
photograph of, 137
power struggle with NAACP, 168
The Souls of Black Folks, 167
The Star of Ethiopia pagent, 167–8
on wartime context, 227
Dubois, Ellen, 278
Dunning, William Archibald, 206, 218
Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction, 191
Reconstruction, Political and Economic, 1865–1877, 191
Dyer, Frank, 69
Dyer, Richard, 11, 85
Eagle, Oscar, 62, 64
Early, Jubal, 178
Easton, Walter P., 149
Edison Pictures, 68–9, 106, 231
Eisenstein, Sergei, 284
Elinor, Carli, 16
Eliot, Charles W., 148
Ely, Richard T., 32–3
Emerson, Congressman, 158
Enoch Arden (film), 72
Epoch Producing Company, 13, 98, 105
Aitkens and, 271, 272
copyright dispute, 262
distribution of Birth, 118–20, 241
Epping, J. C., 98
Equal Rights League, 228
The Escape (film), 79
Espionage Act, 272–3
Essanay films, 75
Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction (Dunning), 191
ethnic groups. See race and racism
Evening American (newspaper), 117
Evening Globe (newspaper), 117
Evening Journal (newspaper), 204–5
Evening Mail (newspaper), 117
Everett, Anna
Returning the Gaze, 12
Everson, William K., 6, 11, 77
Experimental Cinema (journal), 255
Fairbanks, Douglas, 116, 265
The Fall of a Nation (film), 268–9
The Fall of Troy (film), 6
Falsely Accused! (film), 66–7
Famous Players-Lasky Film Company, 106, 265, 267, 271, 273
Farmers’ Alliance, 40
Fast, Howard
Freedom Road, 256
feminism, 8
Ferguson, Judge, 154–5
Fields, W. C., 267
Fildew, Billy, 102
film and filmmaking
Birth’s innovations, 278–81
Civil War as a genre, 181–2
controversial films, 7–8
early U.S. context, 3–4
educational legal status, 173
frame count, 245
gaining respectability, 114–15, 116
Griffith’s techniques, 74–7
historical representation and, 171–4
increased demand for films, 68–9
innovative techniques, 75–7
introduction of sound, 53
lengths of films, 72
the Pathé camera, 94–5
racial stereotypes, 132
representations of Lincoln, 188
rivalry with live theatre, 4
sex and, 6
shooting Birth, 94–6
social effects on audiences, 249–53
synchronized sound, 242, 245
film criticism
audience passivity, 225
on creative roles, 122
on pioneering role of Birth, 5
recent work on Birth, 11–13
study of Birth, 245–6, 249
style-substance dichotomy, 283–4
film reviews (general)
early screenings of Birth, 117–18
first release of Birth, 121–5
responses to Birth, 4–5
Fitzmorris, Charles, 151
Fitzsimmons, Bob, 219
Flagler, Henry, 265
The Flaming Sword (Dixon), 258–9, 270
Fleener, Nicki, 145
Fleming, Walter L., 141, 191, 195
The Prescript of the Ku Klux Klan, 192
Flexner’s (Bernard) Book Store, Louisville, 61
A Fool and a Girl (Griffith), 65, 66
The Foolish Virgin (film), 269
A Fool’s Errand: By One of the Fools (Tourgée), 192–5
A Fool’s Revenge (film), 105
For the Love of Gold (film), 75
Ford, Charles E., 53
Ford, John, 273, 275
Ford, Wally, 259
Forman, Henry James
Our Movie-Made Children, 251–2
Forrest Gump (film), 263
Forrest Theater, Philadelphia, 155
Fort Apache, the Bronx (film), 8
Foster, Will, 167
Fox, Steven R., 150
Fox Films, 265
Frank, Leo M., 232
Franklin, John Hope
influence of Birth, 206
on Tourgée, 193
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 208
Frazier, Edward Franklin, 251
Freedmen’s Bureau, 21, 196
Wilson on, 200
Freedom Road (Fast), 256
Freeman, Edward A.
History of the Norman Conquest, 211
Freeman, William, 89, 123
French, Daniel Chester, 186
Frissell, Hollis B., 145
Frissell, S. S., 140
Frobisher School of Drama, 33
The Fugitive (film), 68
Fulton, A. R., 102
Funkhouser, Major Lucius C., 151
Gage, Howard, 174
Gaige, Crosby, 48
Gaines, Jane, 11, 12, 169
Garner, James W., 191
Gaye, Howard, 88
The Gentle Cyclone (film), 269
Gessner, Robert R., 245–6
Gibson, Charles Dana, 116
Gibson, Dr William, 10
The Girl Who Stayed Home (film), 265, 273
Gish, Dorothy, 70, 83–4
Gish, Lillian, 20, 70, 282
on actors, 89
black actors and, 87
cast in Birth, 83, 85
copyright dispute, 262
earlier career, 83–4
on editing of Birth, 102, 105
on film preparations, 90–1
on Griffith, 99, 100–1, 171
on Griffith’s turning point, 263
The Hearts of the World, 264
later career, 274
later Griffith films, 265, 266
loyalty to Griffith, 78
on the musical score, 107
photographs of, 19, 84, 217
on shooting Birth, 92, 93–4, 95
Gleaves, Richard H., 174
Gobineau, Joseph de, 210, 216
Godard, Jean-Luc
Je Vous Salue Marie, 8
The Godfather (film), 8
Goines, P. A., 160–1
Goldman, Eric F., 186
Goldstein, Robert J., 97, 176–7
Spirit of ’76, 272–3
Goldwyn, Sam, 271
Gone With the Wind (film), 9, 268
inspires Birth remake plans, 259–60, 261
Lost Cause myth, 181–2
Gordon, John B., 178
Grant, Madison
The Passing of a Great Race, 213
Grant, Ulysses S., 29
death of, 180
historical reference, 174, 175, 176
Lee’s surrender, 176, 178
portrayal of, 88
The Great Love (film), 264
The Great Train Robbery (film), 75, 76
The Greatest Question (film), 273
The Greatest Thing in Life (film), 264
Greaves, William, 282
Greene, Graham, 5
Greensboro Massacre, 10
Gregory, Thomas B., 142
Grieg, Edvard, 107
Grieveson, Lee, 172
Griffin, Linda Arvidson Johnson. See Arvidson, Linda
Griffin, Sean, 281
Griffith, Charles B., 240–1
Griffith, David Wark
acting career, 61–4
in films, 67
in One Woman, 52
plays Lincoln, 63
stage names, 62
appearance and character, 99
images of, 84
musical ability, 105
Nerney on, 152
relationships with actresses, 85
defending Birth
in Boston, 142–3
copyright dispute, 262
fights censorship, 133
Mayor Mitchel meeting, 138–9
NAACP and, 134
remake plans, 258, 259
directing career, 21, 166
The Battle of Elderbrush Gulch, 21
at Biograph, 67–74
Birth most successful film, 268
Civil War genre, 181–2
finances, 119
later films, 263–8
leaves Biograph, 74
Papers of, 13
praise for Birth, 278–81
professional ability, 74–7
reputation, 13
signs with Zukor, 271
working on Birth, 98–101
ideas and opinions
expressed racism of, 80, 191, 254–5, 278–85
prohibition of alcohol, 219
Reconstruction controversy, 190–200
revived Klan and, 239
on World War I, 208
making Birth
casting, 83–9
cheered at premiere, 25–6
editing, 16
interested in The Clansman, 54
photographs of, 56
rehearsals, 89–92
response to film screenings, 117
shooting, 92–6
synchronized sound, 242
view of film as history, 171–7
White House screening, 111
personal life
biographies of, 11
death of, 261, 268
at Lofty Green Farm, 55–60
in Louisville, 61
reinvention of own past, 255
writing career
early attempts, 65–6
filmscripts, 66–7
Griffith, Jacob Wark (father), 55–9, 201
Griffith, Lawrence. See Griffith, David Wark
Griffith, Mary (née Oglesby, mother), 56–8, 60, 62
Griffith, Mattie (sister), 60
Griffith, Ruth (sister), 60
Griffith, Thurston (cousin), 201
Griffith, Wheeler (sister), 58
Griffith, Will (brother), 59
Griffith family
history of, 55–6
move to Louisville, 60–1
slavery and, 59
Grindon, Leger, 279
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 209
The Guardian (newspaper), 141
The Guerrilla (film), 68
Guinn v. United States, 132
Gunning, Tom, 69, 76, 77, 114
Hackett, Francis, 138
Hackett, James K., 65
Haddock, William, 54
Hallinan, Charles T., 133
Hallowell, J. Mott, 150
Hamilton, J. G. de Roulac, 191
Hampton, Benjamin
A History of the Movies, 5
Hampton, L., 98
Hampton Institute, 145, 164, 225
Hare, Harlow, 278–9
Harper’s Pictorial History of the Civil War, 176
Harrison, J., 98
Harrison, Louis Reeves, 77
Harrison, Mr. and Mrs. Carter H., 151
Harron, Robert, 70, 85, 88, 273
Hart, Albert Bushnell, 165
Hart, William S., 265
Hay, John, 184, 186–7, 212
Hayes, Rutherford B., 179
Haynes, Hunter C., 167
Hays, Arthur Garfield, 247
Hays, Will, 239
NAACP appeals to, 248
remake plans, 259
sound version of Birth, 242–3
Hays Code. See Production Code
Haywood, Rev. Oscar, 239
Hearst, William Randolph, 267
The Heart of an Outlaw (film), 70
The Hearts of the World (film), 255, 264, 273
Heck, William A., 159
Hegel, Georg W. F., 210
Henabery, Joseph E.
copyright dispute, 262
directing career, 275
on Griffith, 99, 100
Lincoln and, 88, 89, 174
on rehearsals, 90
on shooting Birth, 93
Henderson, Robert M., 11, 73
Herbert, Victor, 268
Herndon, William Henry, 186–7
Herrick, Howard, 124
Higham, John, 215
Hill, Elias, 204
His Trust (film), 68, 72, 80
His Trust Fulfilled (film), 68, 80
history
academic arguments, 172
film as documenting, 171–7
See also Civil War; Reconstruction; United States
History of the American People (Wilson), 21, 175
Anglo-Saxonism, 211
A History of the American People (Wilson), 192, 198–200
History of the Anglo-Saxons (Turner), 211
History of the Germanic People (Tacitus), 211
A History of the Movies (Hampton), 5
History of the Norman Conquest (Freeman), 211
Hitler, Adolf, 209, 254
Hodges, Elijah, 227
Hofstadter, Richard, 210
Holden, William W., 29–30
Holmes, Rev. John Haynes, 135
Home Sweet Home (film), 79, 83, 85
homosexuality, 8
The Honor of His Family (film), 68
hooks, bell, 223, 225
House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), 255–6
The House with Closed Shutters (film), 68
Howe, Elizabeth M., 192, 195
Howe, Frederic C., 131, 134, 136, 137, 160, 164
Howells, William Dean, 36
Huff, Theodore, 11
Huntingdon, R. J., 98
Huston, Walter, 268
Hutchinson, Earl Ofari, 278
Hylan, John F., 228
In Old Kentucky (film), 68, 181
In the Border States (film), 68
In Washington’s Time (Griffith), 65
Ince, Ralph, 76, 188
Ince, Thomas H., 76, 166, 181, 270
The Informer (film), 68
Inscoe, John C., 12, 162
The Inside History of the Harding Administration (Dixon and Daugherty), 270
Inslee, Charles, 67
Intolerance (film), 65, 242, 263–4, 266, 271, 273, 274
“The Invisible Empire” (Tourgée), 192–5
Isn’t Life Wonderful (film), 267
Ivanhoe (Scott), 211
Jackson, Helen Hunt
Ramona, 64
Jackson, R. R., 152
Jacobs, Lewis, 279, 281
The Rise of the American Film, 5, 255, 256
Janowitz, Jane, 164
Janowitz, Rose, 163, 166
Japan, 213, 214–15
Jay Ward Enterprises, 262
Je Vous Salue Marie (film), 8
Jeffries, Jim, 132
Jerome, V. J.
The Negro in Hollywood Films, 257–8
Jesionoswki, Joyce, 13
Jewel Theater, Denver, 247
Jews, 215
Johns Hopkins University, 32–3
Johnson, Andrew, 44, 202
Johnson, Arthur, 67, 70
Johnson, Jack, 132, 145, 219–21
Johnson, Linda Arvidson. See Arvidson, Linda
Johnson, Robert, 160
Johnson, Tom L., 134
Johnston, Joseph E., 180
Johnston, Mary, 179
Jones, Sir William, 209
Jones, Wesley L., 149
Jordan, Michael J., 146
Journal of Commerce (newspaper), 118
Jozajtis, Kris, 13
Judith of Bethulia (film), 64, 73–4, 78, 263, 266
Kagan, Norman, 208
Kalem Company, 85, 181
multireel productions, 114
Kansas City Journal (newspaper), 175
Kaufman, J. B., 13
Kauser, Alice, 48
Keil, Charlie, 13, 284
Kemble, George, 242, 244
Kemble, John M.
The Saxons in England, 211
Kennaday, Paul, 135
Kennedy, Jeremiah J.
Biograph Company and, 69
relations with Griffith, 71, 73–4
Kennedy, John Pendelton, 179
Killiam, Paul, 262
Kinemacolor of America, 53–4
King, Rodney, 10, 277
King, Wilbur, 157
King of Kings (film), 7
Kirkwood, James, 70
Kitchen, Claude, 142
Klaw and Erlanger, 73, 74, 115
Kleine, George, 120
Knight, Arthur, 5, 279
Knights of Pythias, 154
Knox, George L., 224
Koszarski, Richard, 163, 271
Kracauer, Siegfried, 279
Ku Klux Klan
anti-communism and, 254
anti-Klan films, 269
audience cheers, 126, 127
Depression-era decline, 241
Dixon and, 38, 46–7, 201–2
film scenario, 82–3
Griffith’s library and, 192
history versus Birth, 201–4, 203
Justice White and, 112
Laurens riot, 204
musical score and, 107
NAACP fights revival of, 235–41
in North Carolina, 30
portrayal in Birth, 21–5, 194–5
setting and plot, 6
still photos, 23, 25
remake plans and, 261
revival of, 14, 231–5, 235–41, 245
screenings of Birth, 125
uses Birth to recruit, 9, 239, 249
widens scope, 234
Wilson on, 198, 199, 200
Ku Klux Klan—Its Origins, Growth and Disbandment (Lester and Wilson), 192
Lady in the Dark (film), 269
Lady of the Pavements (film), 267
Laemmle, Carl, 71, 163
Lang, Robert, 12, 16, 103, 188, 205
Langum, David J., 220
Lasky. See Famous Players-Lasky
The Last Temptation of Christ (film), 8
Lawrence, Florence, 70, 71
Lea, Homer, 213
Leab, Dan, 163
Leach, George E., 238
League for Political Education, 133
LeBlanc, Paul, 122
Lee, General Robert E.
dappled gray horse of, 99
historical reference, 174, 175, 176
portrayal of, 19, 20, 88
surrender of, 58, 96, 176, 178, 189
Lee, Jennie, 85
Legion of Decency, 7
Lejeune, Caroline, 5
Leonard, Marion, 70
The Leopard’s Spots (Dixon), 37–42, 79, 82
Lerner, Neil, 11–12
Lester, J. C.
Ku Klux Klan—Its Origins, Growth and Disbandment (with Wilson), 192
Levenson, Joseph, 239–40
Lewis, Ralph, 85, 274
Lewis, William, 146, 150
Liberty Theater, New York City, 115
audience figures, 125
bars black attendance, 140
Dixon’s Fall of a Nation, 269
NAACP campaign, 135, 139
ticket prices, 121
Liberty Theatre, New York city, 117–18
The Life of George Washington (film), 72
The Life of Moses (film), 72
The Life of Napoleon (film), 72
Lincoln, Abraham
assassination of, 95–6, 96, 103, 188, 189–90, 190
in Dixon’s novel, 44
Griffith plays onstage, 63
Henabery’s role as, 88
historical reference, 174–6
Kentucky and, 57–8
legend of, 186–90, 208
from Lost Cause viewpoint, 183–4
and Mrs. Stowe, 36
political argument of, 184–5
portrayal in film, 19–20, 82, 188–90
Lincoln, Elmo, 274
Lincoln’s Dream (film). See The Birth of a Race
Lippmann, Walter, 234
The Little Tease (film), 73
Lloyd George, David, 264
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 212
Loeb, Jacques, 138
London, Jack, 213
London Life (play), 63
The Lonedale Operator (film), 77
The Lonely Villa (film), 77
Long, Walter, 23, 87, 274
Lord, Daniel, 7
Los Angeles Times (newspaper), 277–8
Loud, Joseph P., 142, 144, 147, 148, 165
Loud, Mary Hallowell, 165
The Love Complex (Dixon), 269
The Love Flower (film), 265
Lustman, Charlie, 277
Lynch, John R., 206
Lynchings. See violence and unrest
Lyon, Esther, 62
Lyons, Charles, 8
McAfee, Colonel Lee Roy, 29, 30, 201
McCall, Samuel W., 148
McCarthy, Joseph J., 120
Boston campaign, 149
defends Birth, 141–2
historical sources, 175, 192
injunction against Chicago, 152
publicity campaign, 116–18, 122, 123
McClennon, Dr. James J., 248
McClure, Sam, 187
McClure’s Magazine, 187
MacCullough (Campbell) Players, 53–4
McCutcheon, George, 66, 67
McDaniel, Matthew, 10
MacDowell, Melbourne, 64
McGruder, Aaron, 278
McGuire, W. D., 134, 136
McKelway, Alexander J., 219
McKinley, William, 180
Majestic Film Company, 78
turns down The Clansman, 80, 98
The Man in Gray: A Romance of North and South (Dixon), 269
A Man of the People: A drama of Abraham Lincoln (Dixon), 269
The Man Who Knew Lincoln (film), 188
Mann Act, 220–1
Mann, Alexander, 142
Manners, Lady Diana, 264
Manning, A. E., 224
Man’s Genesis (film), 85
Mantle, Burns, 117
The Mark of the Beast (film), 269, 270
Marks, Martin, 107, 108
Marlowe, Julia, 61
Marsh, Mae, 18, 70, 83, 266, 273–4
cast in Birth, 85
Marsh, Marguerite, 85
Martin, Bob, 194
Marvin, Arthur, 67
Marvin, Henry, 69, 71, 73–4
Marx, Karl, 254
The Massacre (film), 72–3, 74
Mayer, David, 13
Mayer, Louis B., 118, 119
Meffert Stock Company, 62–3
Méliès, George, 75
Mellett, Lowell, 249
Men and Women (Belasco), 62
Merritt, Russell, 12, 114, 202
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 271
Micheaux, Oscar
Within Our Gates, 11, 12
Midnight Express (film), 8
Miller, Maude Murray, 156
Miller, Paul D. (DJ Spooky), 277
Milliken, Carl E., 243, 248, 258, 260
A Million and One Nights (Ramsaye), 5
Les Misérables (film), 72
Mississippi Valley Historical Association, 174
Mitchell, Alice Miller, 251
Mitchell, John Purroy, 104, 120, 136, 138–9
historical truth, 175
publicity campaign, 122, 123
Mitchell, Margaret
Gone With the Wind, 9, 259
Mitchell, Theodore, 115–18
Mitry, Jean, 5, 94, 279
Mme. Sans-Gêne (film), 106
Money Train (film), 8
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat
De l’esprit des lois, 211
Montgomery Advertiser (newspaper), 51
Monty Python’s Life of Brian (film), 8
Moore, Fred R., 137, 138, 237
Moore, Hammond, 162
Moore, Michael
Bowling for Columbine, 262–3
Moore, Owen, 70, 78
The Mother and the Law (film), 263
Motion Picture News (magazine), 278
Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), 53, 69–70
Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA), 7, 239, 248
remake plans, 258, 259–61
See also Hays, Will; Production Code
Motley, John Lothrop, 211
Mottelay, Paul F.
The Soldier in Our Civil War (with Campbell-Copeland), 177
The Moving Picture World, 117, 181
Müller, Max, 210
Munsey, Frank, 187
Münsterberg, Hugo, 251
Museum of Modern Art, 256, 257
music
editing, 102, 103
orchestra at premiere, 15–16
performance of, 4, 114, 124
score for Birth, 107–9
use in films, 105–7
The Music Master (film), 67
The Musketeers of Pig Alley (film), 68
Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio, 132–3, 173
The Mystery of Morrow’s Rest (film), 156
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 14
ability to campaign, 131–4
ACLU confrontation, 247–8
on Birth’s effect, 250
Boston campaign, 141–50, 237–8
Chicago campaign, 150–3
early protest against Birth, 6
fight against revived Klan, 235–41
film to counter Birth, 162–8
growth and change of, 169
Kansas campaign, 157–8, 168, 240–1
later wartime context, 227–30
Los Angeles campaign, 15, 113, 129–31
New York campaign, 113, 136–40, 235–7, 239–40
Ohio campaign, 156–7, 168, 228
other local campaigns, 158–60
papers on Birth, 13
Payne studies and, 252–3
Pennsylvania campaign, 153–5
power struggles within, 168
present day worries about Birth, 277
remake worries, 258–62
rivalries and, 224
sound version of Birth, 243–9
southern states campaign, 160–2, 228, 229
substance over style, 284, 285
sum of campaign efforts, 168–70
tensions over censorship, 133
National Board of Censorship of Motion Pictures, 6
approves Birth, 129, 130–1
on Birth’s qualities, 279
cheers Griffith, 136
creation of, 70
NAACP case against Birth, 134–6
New York City campaign, 137–8
sum of NAACP efforts, 168
National Business League, 223
National Committee for Study of Social Values in Motion Pictures, 251
National Council of Women, 260
National Equal Rights League, 238
National Negro Business League, 166
National Press Club, 112
Natural Born Killers (film), 8
The Negro in Hollywood Films (Jerome), 257–8
Negro National Business League, 144–5
Nelson, Robert J., 230
Neptune’s Daughter (film), 123
Nerney, May Childs, 133
alternate film project, 164–6
Chicago campaign, 151, 152, 153
dismayed by Boston opening, 145
on financial inducements, 157
on Griffith, 152
on harm of Birth, 160, 164, 250
LA campaign against Birth, 134–6
local campaigns, 158
on New York City campaign, 139–40
Pennsylvania campaign, 156
resignation of, 168
southern states, 160
sums up campaign effort, 168
“A New Institution” (Tourgée), 194
The New Republic, 138
New York City Theater Owners’ Association, 240
New York Commercial (newspaper), 117
New York Dramatic Mirror (newspaper), 106
The New York Dramatic Mirror (newspaper), 74–5, 77
New York Press (newspaper), 118
New York Times (newspaper), 117
News and Courier (newspaper), 51
Nichols, Dudley, 261
nickelodeons, 4, 250
mass market audiences, 113–14, 125
Nicolay, John G., 184, 186–7
The Nigger/The Mystery of Morrow’s Rest (film), 156
Noble, Peter, 190–1, 254–5, 256–7
on Birth’s racism, 282
Nolan, Alan T., 180
Nordau, Max, 41
The Northern Schoolteacher (film), 231–2
Nowell, Virginia, 259
Odets, Clifford, 257
Oglesby, Becky, 60
Oglesby, Mary. See Griffith, Mary
Old Isaacs the Pawnbroker (film), 67
The Old Soldier’s Story (film), 181
O’Meara, Stephen, 146
One Exciting Night (film), 266
One Flag at Last (film), 188
The One Woman (Dixon), 42–3
filmed by Dixon, 269
play version, 52, 65
O’Neill, Nance, 64, 73
Oppenheimer, Harry C., 166
Ormont Theater, Orange, 247
Orphans of the Storm (film), 266, 274
Osborne, James M., 136
Our American Cousin (Taylor), 189
Our Movie-Made Children (Forman), 251–2
Ovington, Mary White, 133, 142, 165
Page, Thomas Nelson, 179
Page, Walter Hines, 33, 37
Pallette, Eugene, 218, 274–5
Parker, Theodore, 212
Parkhurst, Rev. Dr. Charles H., 142, 205
Parkman, Francis, 211
Parsons, Louella, 259
The Passing of a Great Race (Grant), 213
Payne, John Howard, 79
Payne Fund Studies, 14
audience reaction to Birth, 9
film’s social effects, 251–3
Peabody, George Foster, 142, 149
Pearson, Roberta E., 76
People’s Institute, 134
Pershing, John J., 227
Peters, Andrew J., 237
Peterson, Ruth C., 252, 253
Phagan, Mary, 232, 233
Phillips, Ulrich B., 206
Pickford, Mary, 70, 78, 85, 265
Pike, James S.
The Prostrate State, 192, 195–8
Pillsbury, Albert E., 150
Pippa Passes (film), 75
Platt, David, 254
Platt, Harry, 255
Playing the Race Card (Williams), 12
Plessy v. Ferguson, 214
Poe, Edgar Allan, 79
Populist Party, 40
Porter, Edwin S., 75, 76, 77
Porter, George D., 154–5
Potamkin, Harry, 255
Pott, August F., 210
Powell, Dilys, 4–5
Prescott, William H., 211
The Prescript of the Ku Klux Klan (Fleming), 192
The Princess in the Vase (film), 67
Prisoner of Zenda (play), 64
Proctor, George D., 4–5, 278
Production Code, 7–8, 260
The Program (film), 8
Progressive Labor Party, 9
prohibition, 219
The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government (Pike), 192, 195–8
Pryor, Sara, 179
Queen Elizabeth (film), 6, 73, 106, 108
Quo Vadis (film), 73, 78, 120
race and racism
the anti-communist argument, 254–8
Aryans and Anglo-Saxons, 209–113, 216–17
Atlanta race riot (1906), 52
audience reactions, 249–53
in Birth, 281–5
black actors in Birth, 13
Boston unrest, 146–7
building solidarity, 150
changing demography, 159
construction of whiteness, 209
continuing unease about Birth, 277–8
deleted scenes, 104
Dixon’s beliefs, 38–9, 41–2
early reports of Birth, 113
ethnic groups in films, 8
Europeans, 215–16
flight to Liberia, 204
Griffith’s own beliefs, 80, 191, 254–5, 281
grounds for banning Birth, 130
growth and change of activism, 169–70
Hampton epilogue, 145, 153, 224–5
Hollywood’s bias, 253
lack of black solidarity, 140
miscegenation issue, 7, 216–22, 234
myth of widespread rape, 203
Oriental immigrants, 214–15
perceived hierarchies, 212–13
populations and, 149–50
portrayal of in Birth, 21–5
protests against Birth, 6–11, 9
reception of play, 51–2
Reconstruction era, 29–31
segregation/Jim Crow laws, 213–14
Southern thought, 40
stereotyped roles, 7, 132, 163
style-substance dichotomy, 283–4
U.S. school desegregation, 9
wartime context of, 227–30
wartime solidarity, 249
white Americans’ fears, 213–16
See also National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Raleigh Hotel, Washington D.C., 112
Ramona (film), 64, 75
Ramsaye, Terry
A Million and One Nights, 5
Ramsdell, Charles W., 191
Ranger, Mae B., 98
Ranke, Leopold von, 173
Ransier, Alonzo J., 174
Rappe, Virginia, 231
Reception. See audiences; film criticism; film reviews
Reconstruction, Political and Economic, 1865–1877 (Dunning), 191
Reconstruction era
Birth’s bias, 204–6
Dixon and, 29–31, 38–9, 44–7
Du Bois defends, 206
end of, 179–80
fear of freed slaves, 213–14
Griffith’s historical sources, 190–200
Lincoln and, 189
portrayal in Birth, 21–5
Reconstruction in South Carolina, 1865–1877 (Reynolds), 192
Reddick, Lawrence, 235, 253, 282
Reed, Willis E., 228
Regent Theater, New York, 4
Regier, Cornelius, 187
La Régle du jeu (film), 8
Reid, Wallace, 273
Reliance-Majestic, 78
religion
Dixon’s career in, 33–5
protests against films, 8
Renoir, Jean, 268
La Régle du jeu, 8
The Reprieve (film), 188
Rescued from the Eagle’s Nest (film), 67
Rettig, Adolph J., 247
Returning the Gaze (Everett), 12
Reynolds, John S.
Reconstruction in South Carolina, 192
Rhodes, James Ford, 141
Riefenstahl, Leni, 10
Triumph of the Will, 8
The Rise of the American Film (Jacobs), 5, 255, 256
Risley, Ned, 62
Robinson, Cedric J., 216
Rocchio, Vincent F., 12
Rockefeller, John D., 34
Rockefeller Foundation, 246
Roediger, David, 209
Rogin, Michael, 11–12, 173, 208, 279
style-substance dichotomy, 284
Rohauer, Raymond, 262
A Romance of Happy Valley (film), 264, 273
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 270
Roosevelt, Theodore, 35, 212, 213, 215
The Root of Evil (Dixon), 52
The Rose of Kentucky (film), 201, 231
Rosen, Marjorie, 5–6
Rosenwald, Julius, 165
Ross, Edward A., 213
Rothapfel, S. F., 235
Rothman, William, 280
Russell, Sylvester, 132
Ryan, Phil A., 261
Sadoul, Georges, 5, 279, 280
St John, Adela Rogers, 97
Saint-Saëns, Camille, 106
Sally of the Sawdust (film), 267
Salter, Harry, 66
Sanborn, Frank B., 146
The Sands of Dee (film), 73, 85
Sanford, Walter, 159
Sarris, Andrew, 262
The Saxons in England (Kemble), 211
Saxton, Alexander, 209
Scarface (film), 7, 8
Scarlet Days (film), 264
Schaeffle, Howard, 140
Schenck, Joseph, 267
Schickel, Richard, 11, 59, 66, 71, 77
on editing Birth, 102
on Gish, 85
on Griffith’s later films, 266, 267, 268
on Griffith’s racism, 147, 282–3
Klan and audiences, 224
on NAACP’s legal grounds, 130
on Stern, 256
Schieffelin, William J., 145
Schlegel, Friedrich von, 210
Scholtz, Abe, 101
Schreiber, Belle, 221
Scorsese, Martin
The Last Temptation of Christ, 8
Scott, Emmett J., 166
Scott, Robert K., 204
Scott, Sir Walter, 12
Ivanhoe, 211
The Lady of the Lake, 203
The Sculptor’s Nightmare (film), 67
Selig Films, 75, 77
multireel productions, 114
Selywn Theater, New York City, 239–40
Selznick, David O., 9, 259, 261
Sennett, Mack, 70, 270
Civilization, 166
The Seventh Son (film), 188
sexual morality
audiences in cinemas, 6
censorship, 132, 147
Dixon and, 205
early cinema and, 7
Mayor Curley’s objections, 142, 150
miscegenation issue, 7, 216–22, 234
Shaw, Albert, 32
She Done Him Wrong (film), 7
Sheldon, Edward
The Nigger, 156
Shepard, David, 278
Sherman, Harry, 119
Sherman, General William T., 29, 185
Sherwin, Louis, 117
Shillady, John R., 228
Sholtz, Abe, 71
Short, William H., 251, 252
Shubert Theater, Boston, 237–8
Sieder, Jill Jordan, 10
Siegmann, George, 85, 88, 217
Sight and Sound (journal), 190–1, 254, 256–7
Silva, John, 11
Simmon, Scott, 11, 231, 283
Simmons, William J., 9, 232–5
Simpson, O. J., 10
Sims Act, 132
Sinn, Clarence, 108
Sinnott, Michael (Mack Sennett), 70
The Sins of the Father (Dixon), 52–3
A Siren of Impulse (film), 85
Sklar, Robert, 251
slavery
Boston anti-slavery campaign, 141
Dixon and, 27–9, 39–40, 42
errors in Birth, 205, 206
Griffith family and, 59
Lost Cause view, 179, 180, 182, 186, 213
portrayal in Birth, 17
reality of, 184
scenes edited out, 104
Uncle Tom’s Cabin and, 35–6
white women, 220–1
Slide, Anthony, 85, 275
Smith, Alfred E., 241
Smith, George W., 230
Smith, Gladys, 84
Smith, Harry C., 155–6
Smith, James (Jimmy), 71, 101
Smith, Rose, 16, 101
Snuff (film), 8
Snyder, M. P., 238
Social Darwinism, 212
The Soldier in Our Civil War (Mottelay and Campbell-Copeland), 176–7
The Songbird of the North (film), 188
Sorlin, Pierre, 13, 184
The Sorrows of Satan (film), 267
The Souls of Black Folks (Du Bois), 167
Spanish-American War, 40, 207, 212
Spears, Jack, 68, 174
Spielberg, Steven
The Color Purple, 262
Spingarn, Joel E., 135, 138, 167, 168
Spirit of ’76 (film), 272–3
Sproul, William C., 230
Staiger, Janet, 9, 12, 13, 253–4
Stalin, Josef, 254, 256, 257
Standard Union (newspaper), 117
Stanley, Max, 85
Stanton, Edwin M., 44, 45, 82
The Star of Ethiopia (pagent), 167–8
State (newspaper), 51
Stephenson, David C., 241
Stern, Seymour, 13, 103, 104
anti-communist argument, 254–8
Griffith’s library and, 191–2
Sterne, Elaine, 163, 164, 166
Stevens, Thaddeus A., 174, 189, 205
Stewart, R. W., 133
Stone Film Library, 246, 259
Storey, Moorfield, 141, 142, 143
Stowe, Harriet Beecher
Dixon responds to, 54
film versions, 53
influence of, 35–7
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 12, 13, 35–8, 41–2
Strand Theater, New York, 4
Stroheim, Erich von, 88, 275
The Struggle (film), 268
Sturges, Preston, 268
Sul-te-Wan, Madame, 87
Sullivan, Lewis J., 147
Sumner, Charles, 17, 21, 88, 174
The Sun (newspaper), 117
The Sun Virgin (Dixon), 270
Sweet, Blanche, 70, 85
Swords and Hearts (film), 68
Tacitus, Gaius Cornelius, 216
History of the Germanic People, 211
Taft, William Howard, 207
Tarbell, Ida M., 187–8
Tarkington, Booth, 116
Taylor, Clyde, 11, 284
Taylor, Sam, 267
Taylor, Stanner E. V., 71
Taylor, Tom
Our American Cousin, 189
Teague, George, 102
A Temporary Truce (film), 72
Ten Eyck, Robert E., 236–7
Testimony Taken by the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 192
Thacher, Thomas C., 149
Thal, Ted, 9, 261
That Royle Girl (film), 267
theater
Civil War melodramas, 177
rivalry with cinema, 4
Thelma (film), 269
Thompson, C. Mildred, 191
Thompson, William H., 151–2
The Three Musketeers (play), 63
Thurstone, L. L., 252, 253
The Toll of the War (film), 188
Totaro, Donato, 284
Tourgée, Albion Winegar, 206
A Fool’s Errand and “The Invisible Empire,” 192–5
trade unions, 254
The Tragic Era (Bowers), 191
The Trail Rider (film), 269
The Traitor (Dixon), 52
Tremont Theater, Boston, 141, 144, 145, 150
Triangle Picture Corporation, 166, 270–1
Triumph of the Will (film), 8
Trotter, William Monroe, 144, 238
Boston campaign, 141, 145–7, 149, 228
True Heart Susie (film), 264
Truman, Harry S, 255
Tulley, Judge, 237
Tumulty, Joseph P., 149
Turner, George Kibbe, 220
Turner, Nat, 213
Turner, Sharon
History of the Anglo-Saxons, 211
Turner Classic Movie Channel, 10
Tuskegee Institute, 144, 151
alternate film project and, 164, 165
Twilight Revellers, 62
Tyler, Elizabeth, 235
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 12, 13
Dixon responds to, 35–8, 41–2, 54
film versions, 53, 124
play version, 47–8
Underhill, John G., 165
United Artists, 265
United Daughters of the Confederacy, 179
United States
Cold War attitudes, 255–8
context of nationhood, 206–16
cultural diversity, 207–8
desegregation of schools, 9
government offices view Birth, 3
historical aspects in Birth, 14
migration and immigration, 214–15
party politics, 40–1
setting and plot of Birth, 6
social change, 159–60
Southern thought on race, 40
wartime solidarity, 227–30
Washington screenings of Birth, 111–13
See also Civil War; Reconstruction
Universal Films, 265
film to challenge Birth, 163–4
An Unseen Enemy (film), 84
Up From Slavery (Washington), 166
Usai, Paolo Cherchi, 13
Vance, Mark, 4–5, 278
Variety (newspaper), 118, 278
vaudeville, 114
Velez, Lupe, 267
Vesey, Denmark, 213
Villa, Francisco (Pancho), 227
Villard, Oswald Garrison, 137, 140, 168
violence and unrest
in Boston, 146–7
Laurens riot, 204
objection to film portrayal, 8
in Philadelphia, 154, 155
postwar riots, 231
resulting from Birth, 160, 161, 249–51, 278
war in Birth, 208–9
See also Ku Klux Klan
Vitagraph Company, 72, 77, 106, 114
Waco Herald (newspaper), 176
Wade, Wyn Craig, 232, 233
Wagenknecht, Edward, 75
Wagner, Richard, 107–8
Wake Forest College, 31–2, 34, 39
Wald, Lillian, 136–7
Walker, William, 223
Walling, William English, 165
Walsh, David I., 146, 148
Walsh, Raoul, 88, 275
as Booth, 96, 174
on shooting Birth, 92
Walthall, Henry B., 19, 70, 101, 181, 274, 279
cast in Birth, 83
Walton, Lester, 132, 140, 237
Wark Productions, 264
The Warriors (film), 8
Wars of the Primal Tribes (film), 74
Washington, Booker T., 42, 138, 139, 144, 146, 151
alternate film and, 165, 166
death of, 169
factions and rivalries, 224
Up From Slavery, 166
Washington, Geraldine, 277
Watson, Tom, 232
Way Down East (film), 265, 266, 274
Weber, Carl Maria von, 107
Webster, Daniel, 209
Weinberg, Herman G., 279
The Welcome Burglar (film), 76
What Drink Did (film), 219
Wheeler, General Joe, 58
When Knights Were Bold (film), 67
When Lincoln Was President (film), 188
Where Men Are Men (film), 269
White, Justice Edward D., 112, 149
White, Mimi, 174
White, Walter F., 231, 235, 239, 240–1, 245
ACLU and, 247–8
against remake, 259, 260
on reaction to play, 52
on sound version, 243
The White Caps (film), 231
The White Rose (film), 266, 273
Wibecan, George E., 137
Wilkins, Roy, 261
Willard, Jess, 220
Williams, Charles B., 156
Williams, Linda, 13, 177
Playing the Race Card, 12
race and national identity, 222
Williams, Martin, 11
Williamson, Joel, 40
Willis, Frank B., 156, 157
Wilson, Butler R., 146, 150
Wilson, D. L.
Ku Klux Klan (with Lester), 192
Wilson, Ellen Axon, 111
Wilson, R. Butler, 237, 238
Wilson, Tom, 87
Wilson, Woodrow, 141
Anglo-Saxonism, 211
association with Dixon, 32–3, 149
commutes Goldstein’s sentence, 273
Dixon’s praise of, 34
A History of the American People, 21, 175, 192, 198–200
named as film’s supporter, 142
photograph of, 112
Southern origins, 207
views Birth at the White House, 111
Wimpenny, O., 98
Winchell, Walter, 260, 261
The Wind (film), 274
Windows (film), 8
Wing Toy (film), 269
Wise, Rabbi Stephen S., 137
Within Our Gates (film), 11, 12
women
black characters in Birth, 223
miscegenation issue, 216–22
suffrage, 236
Woods, Frank E., 71, 79, 81, 104
Woods, Robert, 88
World War I, 208
Goldstein’s trial, 272–3
national solidarity and race, 227–30
Wortman, Frank (Huck), 90–1, 177
Yacowar, Maurice, 224, 281–2
The Yaqui Cur (film)
Year of the Dragon (film), 8
Young Men’s Hebrew Association, 245
Zakham (film), 8
Zemeckis, Robert
Forrest Gump, 263
Zittel, C. F., 117, 204–5
Zukor, Adolph, 73, 78, 265
Griffith signs with, 264, 267
merger with Triangle, 271
Queen Elizabeth, 106