Engraving of Abd el-Kader in combat during the 1840s

Desert horsemen, mid-19th century

Camel caravan at the El-Kantara Oasis, Algeria

Kabylie Mountain Road, Algeria

Portrait of Marshal Thomas-Robert Bugeaud, depicted as Govener-General of Algeria, by Charles-Philippe Larivière

Engraving of General August Lamoricière

The Chateau of Amboise, where Abd el-Kader was held captive

Painting of Louis-Napoleon announcing the liberation of Abd el-Kader on October 16, 1852, by Ange Tissier, 1861. Abd el-Kader’s mother, Lalla Zohra, kisses the hand of Louis-Napoleon.

Portrait of Emperor Napoleon III, by Alexandre Cabanel, c. 1865

Abd el-Kader with his most faithful companions, photo by Louis-Jean Delton, 1865

Photo of Abd el-Kader at his home in Damascus, attributed to Gustave Le Gray, c. 1860

A Damascus street, photo by Félix Bonfils, c. 1860

Painting of Abd el-Kader protecting the Christian community of Damascus during the riots of 1860, by Jean-Baptiste Huysmans, 1861

The destruction of the Christian quarter of Damascus, photo by Francis Bedford, 1862

Abd el-Kader, photo by Étienne Carjat, 1865