Two books were particularly useful in my research for this biography: Commander of the Faithful: The Life and Times of Emir Abd el-Kader, by John W. Kiser, provides a vivid, detailed account of the long era of combat between the Algerians and the French conquerors, as well as the Emir’s later life. For emphasis on the spiritual side of Abd el-Kader and its contribution to his worldly role, I found many helpful insights in Ahmed Bouyerdene’s book, Emir Abd el-Kader: Hero and Saint of Islam.
Abd el-Kader. Lettre aux Français. Algiers: Editions ANEP, n.d.
Ageron, Charles-Robert. Modern Algeria: A History from 1830 to the Present. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1991.
Arquilla, John. Insurgents, Raiders, and Bandits: How Masters of Irregular Warfare Have Shaped Our World. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2011.
Bennoune, Mahfoud. The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Blunt, Wilfrid. Desert Hawk: Abd el Kader and the French Conquest of Algeria. London: Methuen, 1947.
Bouyerdene, Ahmed. Emir Abd el-Kader: Hero and Saint of Islam. Translated by Gustavo Polit. Bloomington, IN: World Wisdom, 2012.
Burton, Isabel. The Inner Life of Syria, Palestine, and the Holy Land. London: Henry S. King, 1875.
Chodkiewicz, Michel. The Spiritual Writings of Amir ‘Abd al-Kader. Albany: State University of New York, 1995.
Clayton, Vista. The Phantom Caravan, or Abd El Kader, Emir of Algeria. Hicksville, NY: Exposition Press, 1975.
Danziger, Raphael. Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians: Resistance to the French and Internal Consolidation. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1977.
Daumas, Eugène. The Horses of the Sahara. Translated by Sheila M. Ohlendorf. Austin, TX: University of Texas, 1968.
———. The Ways of the Desert. Translated by Sheila M. Ohlendorf. Austin, TX: University of Texas, 1971.
Djebar, Assia. Fantasia: An Algerian Cavalcade. Porstmouth, NH.: Heinemann, 1993.
Étienne, Bruno. Abdelkader. Paris: Hachette/Pluriel, 2010.
Fawaz, Leila Tarazi. An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
Harik, Elsa Marston. “The Civilizing Mission of France in Algeria: The Schooling of a Native Population.” In The Politics of Education in Colonial Algeria and Kenya, by Elsa Marston Harik and Donald G. Shilling. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1984.
Heavner, Rachel, ed. Abd-el-Kader in British and American Literature. Review of the Center for the Studies of the Literatures and Arts of North Africa (CELAAN), Vol. 6, Numbers 1 & 2, Spring 2008, Sara-toga Springs, NY, Skidmore College.
Kiser, John W. Commander of the Faithful: The Life and Times of Emir Abd el-Kader. Rhinebeck, NY: Monkfish Book Publishing, 2008.
Koulakssis, Ahmed, and Gilbert Meynier. L’Émir Khaled, premier za’im? Identité algérienne et colonialisme français. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1987.
Mishaqa, Mikhayil. Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the 18th and 19th Centuries. Translated by Wheeler M. Thackston, Jr. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988.
Ruedy, John. Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, 2005.
Sullivan, Antony Thrall. Thomas-Robert Bugeaud: France and Algeria, 1784-1849: Politics, Power, and the Good Society. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1983.
Wolf, John B. The Barbary Coast: Algiers Under the Turks 1500 to 1830. New York: W. S. Norton, 1979.