1 Paul Krugman, “Fall of American Empire,” New York Times, June 18, 2018, cited in Nathan J. Robinson, “Liberalism and Empire,” Current Affairs, July 17, 2018: https://www.currentaffairs.org/2018/07/liberalism-and-empire.
1 Viet Thanh Nguyen, The Sympathizer (New York: Grove Press, 2015), 190.
2 Jasbir Puar, Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007), xviii.
3 Mike Wendling, “The (Almost) Complete History of ‘Fake News,’” BBC, January 22, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-42724320 (accessed June 17, 2018).
4 Editorial Board, “Blaming America First,” New York Times, February 7, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/opinion/blaming-america-first.html (accessed June 17, 2018) (emphasis added).
5 See Jaap Kooijman, Fabricating the Absolute Fake: America in Contemporary Pop Culture (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2008), 52.
6 Tanine Allison, “How to Recognize a War Movie: The Contemporary Science-Fiction Blockbuster as Military Recruitment Film,” in A Companion to the War Film, ed. Douglas A. Cunningham and John Nelson (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell, 2016), 255.
7 Saidiya V. Hartman and Frank B. Wilderson III. “The Position of the Unthought,” Qui Parle 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 196.
8 Natsu Taylor Saito, Meeting the Enemy: American Exceptionalism and International Law (New York: New York University Press, 2010), 229.
9 Nelson Maldonado-Torres, “Fanon and Decolonial Thought,” in Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory, ed. Michael A. Peters (Singapore: Springer, 2017), 800.
10 Joy James, Seeking the Beloved Community: A Feminist Race Reader (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2013), 285.
11 Donald Pease, “Preface,” in Literary Counterhistories of US Exceptionalism, ed. Joseph Darda, special issue, LIT: Literature Interpretation Theory 25.2 (2014): 74.
12 Hortense J. Spillers, “‘The Little Man at Chehaw Station’ Today,” boundary 2 30, no. 2 (2003): 6.
13 Ibid., 7.
14 Aslı Bâli and Aziz Rana, “Constitutionalism and the American Imperial Imagination,” University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 85 Issue 2, (March 2018): 260.
15 Lisa Lowe, The Intimacies of Four Continents (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015), 137.
16 Ibid., 3.
1 Joy James, Seeking the Beloved Community, 199.
2 Jasbir K. Puar, Terrorist Assemblages, 112.
3 Kyoo Lee, “When Fear Interferes with Freedom: Infantilization of the American Public Seen Through the Lens of Post-9/11 Literature for Children,” in Constructing the Nation: A Race and Nationalism Reader, ed. Mariana Ortega and Linda Martín Alcoff (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009), 49.
4 Aslı Bâli and Aziz Rana, “Constitutionalism,” 259.
5 Joy James, Seeking the Beloved Community 198.
6 K. J. Holsti, “Exceptionalism in American Foreign Policy: Is it Exceptional?” European Journal of International Relations 17, no. 3 (2010): 384.
7 Jason Dittmer, “Captain America’s Empire: Reflections on Identity, Popular Culture, and Post-9/11 Geopolitics,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95, No. 3 (Sep., 2005): 630.
8 Ibid.
9 Robert Jewett and John Shelton Lawrence, Captain America and the Crusade Against Evil (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004), 34–35.
10 George W. Bush, “Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People,” September 20, 2001, http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/20/gen.bush.transcript/ (accessed June 18, 2018).
11 Donald Pease, “Preface,” 75.
12 Carrie Tirado Bramen, American Niceness: A Cultural History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2017), 7–8.
13 Holsti, “Exceptionalism,” 395–396.
14 Puar, Terrorist Assemblages, 113.
15 Jasbir K. Puar and Amit Rai, “Monster, Terrorist, Fag: The War on Terrorism and the Production of Docile Patriots,” Social Text 20, No. 3 (2002): 119–120.
16 Ibid., 122.
17 Nikhil Pal Singh, Race and America’s Long War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017), 36.
18 Lisa Lowe, “Metaphors of Globalization,” in Interdisciplinarity and Social Justice: Revisioning Academic Accountability, ed. Ranu Samantrai, Joe Parker, and Mary Romero (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2010), 51–52.
19 Junaid Rana, “The Racial Infrastructure of the Terror-Industrial Complex,” Social Text 34, no. 4 (2016): 113.
20 Ibid., 122.
21 Ibid., 125–129.
22 Neferti X. M. Tadiar, “Empire,” Social Text 100, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Fall 2009): 114.
1 Sandy Grande, Red Pedagogy: Native American Social and Political Thought (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004), 31–32, cited in Andrea Smith, “The Indigenous Dream—A World Without an ‘America,’” in Theological Perspectives for Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness: Public Intellectuals for the Twenty-First Century, eds. Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Mary McClintock Fulkerson, and Rosemary P. Carbine (New York: Palgrave, 2013), 4.
2 “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Emancipation,” The Fire Next Time, in James Baldwin: Collected Essays, ed. Toni Morrison (1963; repr., New York: Library of America, 1998), 292.
3 Dave Zirin, “By Having the Washington R*dskins Host a Game on Thanksgiving, NFL Owners Show Their True Colors,” The Nation, November 17, 2017, https://www.thenation.com/article/by-having-the-washington-rdskins-host-a-game-on-thanksgiving-nfl-owners-show-their-true-colors/ (accessed June 19, 2018).
4 DaShanne Stokes, “5 Studies That Prove Dan Snyder is Wrong About ‘Redskins,’” Indian Country Today, April 21, 2014, http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/04/21/5-studies-prove-dan-snyder-wrong-about-redskins (accessed June 19, 2018).
5 C. Richard King, Redskins: Insult and Brand (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2016), 169.
6 Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz and Dina Gilio-Whitaker, “All the Real Indians Died Off”: And 20 Other Myths About Native Americans (Boston: Beacon Press, 2016), 8–9.
7 Alexis Shotwell, Against Purity, 38–39.
8 Christopher Hitchens, “Minority Report,” The Nation, Oct. 19, 1995: 5.
9 See, for example, Andrea Smith, Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015).
10 Saito, Meeting the Enemy, 63.
11 Patrick Wolfe, “Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native,” Journal of Genocide Research 8, no. 4, (December 2006): 388.
12 John Two-Hawks, “The First Thanksgiving: It Didn’t Happen that Way,” Native Circle, http://www.nativecircle.com/first-thanksgiving-myth.html (accessed June 19, 2018).
13 Saito, Meeting the Enemy, 69.
14 “Declaration of Independence,” http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/index.html (accessed June 18, 2018).
15 Donald F. Tibbs and Tryon P. Woods, “The Jena Six and Black Punishment: Law and Raw Life in the Domain of Nonexistence,” Seattle Journal for Social Justice, vol. 7, no. 1 (November 2008): 245, n. 58.
16 Ibid., 247.
17 Ibid.
18 Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (Boston: Beacon Press, 2015), 80.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid., 78–83.
21 Boyd Cothran, “Enduring Legacy: U.S.-Indigenous Violence and the Making of American Innocence in the Gilded Age,” The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14 (2015): 567.
22 Ibid., 567–570.
23 Ibid., 570.
24 Ibid., 571.
25 Sylvia Wynter, “On How We Mistook the Map for the Territory and Reimprisoned Ourselves in Our Unbearable Wrongness of Being, of Désêtre: Black Studies Toward the Human Project,” in Not Only the Master’s Tools: African American Studies in Theory and Practice, ed. Lewis R. Gordon and Jane Anna Gordon (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2006), 139–140.
26 Smith, “The Indigenous Dream,” 7–8.
27 “Free Leonard Peltier,” www.whoisleonardpeltier.info/home/about-peltier/activist/ (acessed June 19, 2018).
28 For a detailed analysis of the process of “colonial unknowing” regarding connections between anti-Blackness and the conquest of the Americas, see Tiffany Lethabo King. “New World Grammars: The ‘Unthought’ Black Discourses of Conquest.” Theory & Event 19, no. 4 (2016).
29 Kelly Lytle Hernández, City of Inmates: Conquest, Rebellion, and the Rise of Human Caging in Los Angeles, 1771–1965 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017), 9.
30 Saito, Meeting the Enemy, 36.
31 Wolfe, “Settler Colonialism,” 390.
32 Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang, “Decolonization is not a Metaphor,” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, Vol.1, No.1 (2012): 10.
33 Ibid.
34 Lowe, The Intimacies of Four Continents, 20.
35 Tuck and Yang, “Decolonization,” 36.
1 Saidiya Hartman, Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008), 6.
2 Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, 722.
3 Tisa Wenger, Religious Freedom: The Contested History of an American Ideal (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017), 2.
4 “Universalizing Settler Liberty: An Interview with Aziz Rana,” Jacobin, August 4, 2014, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2014/08/the-legacies-of-settler-empire/ (accessed June 19, 2018); see also Aziz Rana, The Two Faces of American Freedom (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014).
5 For an in-depth account of liberalism’s global narratives of “freedom overcoming slavery,” see Lisa Lowe’s pathbreaking The Intimacies of Four Continents: “My study could be considered an unlikely or unsettling genealogy of modern liberalism, which examines liberalism as a project that includes at once both the universal promises of rights, emancipation, wage labor, and free trade, as well as the global divisions and asymmetries on which the liberal tradition depends, and according to which such liberties are reserved for some and wholly denied to others. In this sense, the modern distinction between definitions of the human and those to whom such definitions do not extend is the condition of possibility for Western liberalism, and not its particular exception. This genealogy also traces the manners in which the liberal affirmations of individualism, civility, mobility, and free enterprise simultaneously innovate new means and forms of subjection, administration, and governance,” 3.
6 Lisa Lowe, “History Hesitant,” Social Text 125, Vol. 33, no. 4 (December 2015): 89.
7 Salamishah Tillet, “Jesse Owens, a Film Hero Once Again,” New York Times, February 12, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/14/movies/jesse-owens-movie-race.html (accessed June 19, 2018).
8 George Shulman, “Hope and American Politics,” Raritan (Winter 2002): 17.
9 Hartman, Lose Your Mother, 40.
10 See, for example, the Britannica encyclopedia entry on “The Founding Fathers and Slavery,” Brittanica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Founding-Fathers-and-Slavery-1269536 (accessed June 19, 2018).
11 K. J. Holsti, “Exceptionalism,” 397.
12 James, Seeking the Beloved Community, 120–121.
13 Tibbs and Woods, “Jena Six,” 247.
14 For a brief representative sample, see: Angela Y. Davis, Are Prisons Obsolete? (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003); Saidiya Hartman, Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007); Joy James, “Introduction: Democracy and Captivity,” in The New Abolitionists: (Neo)Slave Narratives and the Contemporary Prison Writing, ed. Joy James (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005), xxi-xlii; Sarah Haley, No Mercy Here: Gender, Punishment, and the Making of Jim Crow Modernity (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016); Assata Shakur, “Women in Prison: How We Are,” in The New Abolitionists: (Neo)Slave Narratives and the Contemporary Prison Writing, ed. Joy James (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005), 79–90; Dennis Childs, Slaves of the State: Incarceration from the Chain Gang to the Penitentiary (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015); Frank B. Wilderson III, Red, White & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010).
15 See Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: The New Press, 2012) and Angela Davis, Are Prisons Obsolete?
16 David M. Oshinsky, Worse than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice (New York: Free Press, 2016), 20.
17 Calvin L. Warren, Ontological Terror: Blackness, Nihilism, and Emancipation (Durham: Duke University Press, 2018), 109.
18 Gerald Horne, The Counter-Revolution Of 1776: Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America (New York: New York University Press, 2014), 18.
19 See Danny Haiphong, “White Supremacy Continues to Provide Protection for Imperialism,” Black Agenda Report, June 17, 2015, https://blackagendareport.com/white_supremacy_protects_imperialism (accessed: June 19, 2018).
20 “‘Counter-Revolution of 1776’: Was U.S. Independence War a Conservative Revolt in Favor of Slavery?” Democracy Now (video), June 27, 2014, https://www.democracynow.org/2014/6/27/counter_revolution_of_1776_was_us (accessed June 19, 2018).
21 Saidiya Hartman, “The Time of Slavery,” The South Atlantic Quarterly, 101:4 (2002): 771.
22 Ibid.
23 Hartman, Lose Your Mother, 6.
24 Christina Sharpe, Monstrous Intimacies: Making Post-Slavery Subjects (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010), 26.
25 Lisa Lowe, The Intimacies of Four Continents, 13; See also Saidiya Hartman, Scenes of Subjection; James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987); and Dean Spade, Normal Life: Administrative Violence, Critical Trans Politics, and the Limits of Law (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015).
26 For a detailed overview of how the American Revolution led to the spread and development of revolutionary Pan-Africanism, including the significance of the understudied Ethiopian Regiment, see Sylvia Frey, “The American Revolution and the Creation of a Global African World,” in From Toussaint to Tupac The Black International Since the Age of Revolution, eds. Michael O. West, William G. Martin, and Fanon Che Wilkins (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 47–71.
27 Ibid., 47, 60.
1 Saito, Meeting the Enemy, 229.
2 The Fire Next Time, 292.
3 Lisa Yoneyama, Cold War Ruins: Transpacific Critique of American Justice and Japanese War Crimes (Durham: Duke University Press, 2016), 16.
4 Aimé Césaire, Discourse on Colonialism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000), 36.
5 James Q. Whitman, Hitler’s American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law (Princeton University Press, 2017), 12.
6 Jacques R. Pauwels, Myth of the Good War: The USA in World War II (Toronto: Lorimer, 2003), 35.
7 Ibid., 35–37.
8 Ibid., 57.
9 Ibid., 47.
10 Lisa Yoneyama, Cold War Ruins, 20. Yoneyama reminds us of something else that is often lost in the way we remember Pearl Harbor: “Significantly, the ‘surprise attack’ narrative on Pearl Harbor that remains the mainstay of America’s just-war narrative conveniently erases the fact that Hawai’i was an American colony at the time. Such an elision disavows the history that the Japanese attack on the U.S. colonial military outpost was an instantiation of Japan’s own liberal just-war propaganda for racial and anti-colonial emancipation.” Ibid.
11 Dougal Macdonald, “71st Anniversary of Dresden Fire Bombing: Allied War Crime Prelude to the Cold War,” Global Research, https://www.globalresearch.ca/71st-anniversary-of-dresden-fire-bombing-allied-war-crime-prelude-to-the-cold-war/5507765 (accessed June 20, 2018).
12 For an excellent discussion on how the U.S. attempted to “‘normalize’ its confinement of Japanese Americans under the euphemistic rhetoric of ‘evacuation’ and ‘relocation,’” as well as how ideologies of race, sexuality, and citizenship were reinforced and contested in the internment camps, see Tina Takemoto, “Looking for Jiro Onuma: A Queer Meditation on the Incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II,” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, vol. 20, no. 3 (2014): 241–275.
13 Rob Edwards, “Hiroshima Bomb May Have Carried Hidden Agenda,” New Scientist, July 21, 2005, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7706-hiroshima-bomb-may-have-carried-hidden-agenda/ (accessed June 20, 2018).
14 Ward Wilson, “The Bomb Didn’t Beat Japan . . . Stalin Did,” Foreign Policy, May 30, 2013, http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/05/30/the-bomb-didnt-beat-japan-stalin-did/ (accessed: June 20, 2018).
1 Eslanda Robeson to Sorors in Delta Sigma Theta, Aug. 4, 1948, in “Correspondence,” PERC; Eslanda Robeson, box 9, folder 17: “Notes for Progressive Party” speech, n.d., in “Writings,” PERC; and series E of “Writings,” PERC; cited in Barbara Ransby, Eslanda: The Large and Unconventional Life of Mrs. Paul Robeson (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), 125.
2 Paul Robeson, Speech given to Civil Rights Congress in New York City, June 28, 1950.
3 For an excellent history of U.S. imperial involvement with Korea, see Stephen Gowans, Patriots, Traitors and Empires: The Story of Korea’s Struggle for Freedom (Montreal: Baraka Books, 2018).
4 Nayoung Aimee Kwon, Intimate Empire: Collaboration and Colonial Modernity in Korea and Japan (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015), 210.
5 “US and S Korea accused of war atrocities,” The Guardian, January 17, 2000, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jan/18/johngittings.martinkettle (accessed June 20, 2018).
6 Tim Beal, North Korea: The Struggle Against American Power (London: Pluto Press, 2005), 47.
7 Bruce Cumings, “Why Did Truman Really Fire MacArthur? . . . The Obscure History of Nuclear Weapons and the Korean War Provides the Answer,” History News Network January 10, 2005, https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/9245 (accessed June 20, 2018).
8 Bruce Cumings, “Nuclear Threats Against North Korea: Consequences of the ‘forgotten’ war,” Asia Pacific Journal, vol. 3 (1), (January 13, 2005): 5, http://www.tlaxcala-int.org/imp.asp?lg=&reference=20285 (accessed June 20, 2018). See also: Conrad Crane, American Airpower Strategy in Korea (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2000); and Jon Halliday and Bruce Cumings, Korea: The Unknown War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988).
9 Bruce Cumings, Preface to I. F. Stone’s The Hidden History of the Korean War: 1950–1951 (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1988), Cited in Sheldon Richman, Trump’s “Fire and Fury” Wouldn’t Be the First for North Korea,” Counterpunch, August 11, 2017, https://www.counterpunch.org/2017/08/11/trumps-fire-and-fury-wouldnt-be-the-first-for-north-korea/ (accessed June 20, 2018).
10 Bruce Cumings, The Korean War: A History (New York: Modern Library, 2011), 159.
11 Dong-Choon Kim, “Forgotten War, Forgotten Massacres: The Korean War (1950–1953) as Licensed Mass Killings,” Journal of Genocide Research. 6:4 (2004): 533.
12 Bruce Cumings, North Korea: Another Country (New York: The New Press, 2004), 12–14.
13 Cumings, The Korean War, 112.
14 Oliver Holmes, “What is the US military’s presence near North Korea?” The Guardian, August 9, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/09/what-is-the-us-militarys-presence-in-south-east-asia (accessed June 20, 2018).
15 Tessa Morris-Suzuki, “Remembering the Unfinished Conflict: Museums and the Contested Memory of the Korean War,” The Asia-Pacific Journal, vol. 7 (29), no. 4 (July 20 2009), https://apjjf.org/-Tessa-Morris-Suzuki/3193/article.html (accessed June 20, 2018).
16 See Gavan McCormack, “North Korea and a Rules-Based Order for the Indo-Pacific, East Asia, and the World,” The Asia-Pacific Journal, vol. 15 (22), no. 3 (November 15, 2017): 5: “The stance of the US and its allies in threatening, denouncing, and refusing to negotiate is patently illegal and criminal.”
17 Shane J. Maddock, Nuclear Apartheid (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014), 300.
18 Ibid., 2.
19 As McCormack notes: “Utterly dwarfed in terms of conventional weapons, and increasingly inferior not only to the United States but also to South Korea (which is about double its size in terms of population and perhaps 10 times greater in terms of GDP), North Korea appears to have concluded that its only plausible defense lies in nuclear weapons and delivery systems. Such a perception can hardly be seen as irrational,” (“North Korea,” 2–3).
20 See Barbara Ransby, Eslanda, 185–187; 203; Vincent J. Intondi, African Americans Against the Bomb: Nuclear Weapons, Colonialism, and the Black Freedom movement (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2015), 67–68; Lawrence Lamphere, “Paul Robeson, Freedom Newspaper, and the Korean War,” in Paul Robeson: Essays on His Life and Legacy, ed. Joseph Dorinson and William Pencak (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2002), 133–142; W.E.B. Du Bois, “I Speak for Peace,” September 24, 1950, reprinted in Pamphlets and Leaflets by W.E.B. Du Bois, ed. Herbert Aptheker (White Plains: Kraus-Thomson, 1986), cited in Vincent J Intondi, African Americans Against the Bomb, 41.
21 Du Bois, “I Speak for Peace.”
1 Kelly Brown Douglas, “Charlottesville And The Truth About America,” Black Theology Project, August 13, 2017, https://btpbase.org/charlottesville-truth-america/ (accessed June 21, 2018).
2 Alexis Shotwell, Against Purity: Living Ethically in Compromised Times (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016), 38.
3 Jared Sexton, Amalgamation Schemes: Antiblackness and the Critique of Multiracialism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), 11. See: Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Farrington (New York: Grove, 1963); and Colette Guillaumin, Racism, Sexism, Power, Ideology (New York: Routledge, 1995).
4 Theodore W. Allen, The Invention of the White Race (New York: Verso, 2012).
5 See Jared Sexton, “People-of-Color Blindness: Notes on the Afterlives of Slavery,” Social Text 103, vol. 28, no. 2 (Summer 2010): 31–56.
6 Yoni Applebaum, “Take the Statues Down,” The Atlantic, August 13, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/take-the-statues-down/536727/ (accessed June 21, 2018).
7 Tibbs and Woods, “Jena Six,” 242.
8 Katie Walker Grimes, Christ Divided: Antiblackness as Corporate Vice (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2017), xxii-xxiii.
9 Kirstine Taylor, “Untimely Subjects: White Trash and the Making of Racial Innocence in the Postwar South,” American Quarterly, vol. 67, no. 1 (March 2015): 55–79.
10 Ruth Wilson Gilmore, Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 28.
11 Peter Wagner and Bernadette Rabuy, “Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2017,” Prison Policy Initiative, March 14, 2017, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2017.html (accessed June 21, 2018).
12 Joy James (ed.), The Angela Y. Davis Reader (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1998), 75.
13 Stephen Dillon, “Possessed by Death The Neoliberal-Carceral State, Black Feminism, and the Afterlife of Slavery,” Radical History Review, Issue 112 (Winter 2012): 117.
14 See Tryon P. Woods’ discussion of Ava DuVernay’s documentary, 13th, where he critiques the common liberal tendency to label this exception clause as a mere “loophole.” “The 13th Amendment,” he writes, “does not bear a ‘loophole’ that opportunists and racists alike have been able to exploit across the eras. The clause in question is more accurately termed a design feature, not a design flaw.” Tryon P. Woods, “Campaign Cover Stories & Fungible Blackness, Part 2,” Abolition Journal, November 8, 2016, https://abolitionjournal.org/campaign-cover-stories-fungible-blackness-part-2/ (accessed June 21, 2018).
15 Ibid. See also Calvin Warren, Ontological Terror, 92: Referring to the emancipated slave, Warren writes, “This new man is the property of all whites, the universal slave. The transformation (emancipation) is really just a move from the particular (single master) to the universal (community of whites/Mitsein), a transformation that retains slavery in essence. Thus, [Orlando] Patterson’s notion of life is not a gift of freedom for blacks at all, but a reconfiguration of antiblack mastery.”
16 See Morgan Bassichis, Alexander Lee, and Dean Spade, “Building an Abolitionist Trans & Queer Movement with Everything We’ve Got,” in Captive Genders: Transembodiment and the Prison Industrial Complex, ed. Eric Stanley and Nat Smith (Oakland: AK Press: 2011), 15–40.
17 Calvin Schermerhorn, “Slave Trading in a Republic of Credit: Financial Architecture of the US Slave Market, 1815–1840,” Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies, Volume 36, Issue 4 (2015): 586–87.
18 See “Slave Market,” in Mapping the African American Past, http://maap.columbia.edu/place/22 (accessed June 21, 2018).
19 Alan Singer, “Wall Street Was a Slave Market Before It Was a Financial Center,” Huffington Post, January 17, 2012, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alan-singer/wall-street-was-a-slave-m_b_1208536.html (accessed June 21, 2018).
20 Zenia Kish and Justin Leroy, “Bonded Life: Technologies of Racial Finance From Slave Insurance to Philanthrocapital,” Cultural Studies 29, no. 5–6 (2015): 630–651. See also Peter James Hudson, Bankers and Empire: How Wall Street Colonized the Caribbean (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017); K-Sue Park, “Money, Mortgages, and the Conquest of America,” Law & Social Inquiry, vol. 41, issue 4 (Fall 2016): 1006–1035; and Peter James Hudson “On the History and Historiography of Banking in the Caribbean,” where he advocates “an approach that considers the history of banking as a history of racial capitalism through which the history and practices of North American banking in the region were always already embedded in and shaped by ideologies of white supremacy”: Small Axe 18, 1(43) (2014): 37.
21 Jon Schwarz, “Colin Kaepernick Is Righter Than You Know: The National Anthem Is a Celebration of Slavery,” The Intercept, August 28, 2016, https://theintercept.com/2016/08/28/colin-kaepernick-is-righter-than-you-know-the-national-anthem-is-a-celebration-of-slavery/ (accessed June 21, 2018).
22 Lyra D. Monteiro, “Race-Conscious Casting and the Erasure of the Black Past in Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton,” The Public Historian Vol. 38 No. 1, (February 2016): 89–98. In one of her many poignant critiques of the musical, Monteiro writes, “every scene in the play contains an opportunity for an enslaved character—from the tavern where the revolutionaries meet in act 1, to the Winter’s Ball where Hamilton meets his future wife, Eliza. In the showstopping tune ‘The Room Where It Happens,’ in which Aaron Burr (played by Leslie Odom Jr.) laments his exclusion from the dinner where Hamilton, Jefferson, and Madison made secret decisions, the line ‘No one else was in the room where it happened’ completely erases the slaves who would have been in that room serving dinner,” 94. “This pattern of erasing the presence of black bodies continues throughout the play,” she observes, “as the role of people of color in the Revolution itself is silenced,” 94. Thus, the musical reinforces typical anti-black discourses where the slave occupies what Saidiya Hartman calls “the position of the unthought.” See Hartman and Willderson III, “Position of the Unthought.”
23 Ishmael Reed, “‘Hamilton: the Musical:’ Black Actors Dress Up like Slave Traders . . . and It’s Not Halloween,” Counterpunch, August 21, 2015, https://www.counterpunch.org/2015/08/21/hamilton-the-musical-black-actors-dress-up-like-slave-tradersand-its-not-halloween/ (accessed June 21, 2018).
24 Alex Nichols, “You Should Be Terrified That People Who Like ‘Hamilton’ Run Our Country,” Current Affairs, July 29, 2016, https://www.currentaffairs.org/2016/07/you-should-be-terrified-that-people-who-like-hamilton-run-our-country (accessed: June 21, 2018).
25 Janice Kaplan, “Why Has ‘Hamilton’ Become Broadway Gold?” Daily Beast, August 6, 2015, https://www.thedailybeast.com/why-has-hamilton-become-broadway-gold (accessed June 21, 2018).
26 “Lin-Manuel Miranda: The Power of Financial Knowledge,” Morgan Stanley, March 15, 2017, https://www.morganstanley.com/articles/lin-manuel-miranda (accessed June 21, 2018).
27 For a perceptive critique of Miranda’s attempt to portray Alexander Hamilton as a populaist, see Jason Frank and Isaac Kramnick, “What ‘Hamilton’ Forgets About Hamilton,” New York Times, June 10, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/11/opinion/what-hamilton-forgets-about-alexander-hamilton.html (accessed August 3, 2018): “Hamilton, with his contemptuous attitude toward the lower classes, was perfectly comfortable with the inegalitarian and antidemocratic implications of his economic vision. One has to wonder if the audiences in the Richard Rodgers Theater would be as enthusiastic about a musical openly affirming such convictions. No founder of this country more clearly envisioned the greatness of a future empire enabled by drastic inequalities of wealth and power.”
28 Nichols, “You Should Be Terrified That People Who Like ‘Hamilton’ Run Our Country.”
29 Ibid.
30 Hartman and Wilderson, III, “The Position of the Unthought.”
31 See: Erica Armstrong Dunbar, Never Caught: The Washingtons’ Relentless Pursuit of Their Runaway Slave, Ona Judge (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017); and Marcus Rediker, The Fearless Benjamin Lay: The Quaker Dwarf Who Became the First Revolutionary Abolitionist (Boston: Beacon Press, 2017).
32 Jodi Byrd and Justin Leroy, “Structures and Events: A Monumental Dialogue,” Bully Bloggers, September 20, 2017, https://bullybloggers.wordpress.com/2017/09/20/structures-and-events-a-monumental-dialogue/ (accessed June 21, 2018).
1 Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor (ed.), How We Get Free: Black Feminism and the Combahee River Collective (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2017), 10–11.
2 Kirstine Taylor, “Untimely Subjects,” 56.
3 Tom Shatel, “The Unknown Barry Switzer—Poverty, Tragedy Build Oklahoma Coach into a Winner,” Chicago Tribune, December 14, 1986, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-12-14/sports/8604030680_1_big-eight-coach-aren-t-many-coaches-oklahoma (accessed June 21, 2018). It should be noted that, according to Wikipedia, author Ralph Keyes does not attribute this quote to Switzer but “to an unknown author following an investigatigation in his book”: https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Barry_Switzer (accessed October 5, 2018).
4 Daniel R. Smith, “The Meritocracy is a Smokescreen for Inherited Privilege,” The Conversation, January 10, 2017, http://theconversation.com/the-meritocracy-is-a-smokescreen-for-inherited-privilege-70948 (accessed June 21, 2018).
5 See Cheryl I. Harris, “Whiteness as Property,” Harvard Law Review, vol. 106, no. 8 (June 1993): 1707–1791.
6 For a comprehensive scholarly treatment of the United States’ racial wealth gap, see Thomas M. Shapiro, Toxic Inequality: How America’s Wealth Gap Destroys Mobility, Deepens the Racial Divide, and Threatens Our Future (New York: Basic Books, 2017).
7 “The Road to Zero Wealth,” Institute for Policy Studies, September 11, 2017, http://www.ips-dc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/The-Road-to-Zero-Wealth_FINAL.pdf (accessed June 21, 2018).
8 See Janelle Jones, John Schmitt, and Valerie Wilson, “50 years after the Kerner Commission,” Economic Policy Institute, February 26, 2018, http://www.epi.org/publication/50-years-after-the-kerner-commission/ (accessed June 21, 2018); and Valerie Wilson and Janelle Jones, “Working Harder or Finding it Harder to Work,” Economic Policy Institute, February 22, 2018, https://www.epi.org/publication/trends-in-work-hours-and-labor-market-disconnection/ (accessed June 21, 2018).
9 Ryan Cooper and Matt Bruenig, “Foreclosed: Destruction of Black Wealth During the Obama Presidency,” People’s Policy Project, December 2017, http://peoplespolicyproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Foreclosed.pdf (accessed June 21, 2018); see: Michael Powell, “Bank Accused of Pushing Mortgage Deals on Blacks,” New York Times, June 6, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/07/us/07baltimore.html (accessed June 21, 2018); Algernon Austin, “A good credit score did not protect Latino and black borrowers,” Economic Policy Institute, January 2012, https://www.epi.org/publication/latino-black-borrowers-high-rate-subprime-mortgages/ (accessed June 21, 2018), cited in Cooper and Bruenig.
10 For a compelling history and analysis of the racial elements of welfare reform, see: Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (New York: Vintage, 1993); and Kenneth J. Neubeck and Noel A. Cazenave, Welfare Racism: Playing the Race Card Against America’s Poor (New York: Routledge, 2001).
11 Antonio Moore, “The Racial Wealth Gap in 60 Seconds,” Inequality.org, April 10, 2017, https://inequality.org/research/racial-wealth-gap-60-seconds/ (accessed June 21, 2018); see also Joshua Holland, “The Average Black Family Would Need 228 Years to Build the Wealth of a White Family Today,” The Nation, August 8, 2016, https://www.thenation.com/article/the-average-black-family-would-need-228-years-to-build-the-wealth-of-a-white-family-today/ (accessed: June 21, 2018).
12 Ivana Kottasová, “The 1%Grabbed 82% of all Wealth Created in 2017,” CNN Money, January 22, 2018, http://money.cnn.com/2018/01/21/news/economy/davos-oxfam-inequality-wealth/index.html (accessed June 21, 2018).
13 Heike Paul, Myths that Made America (Bielefeld, Germany: Transcript-Verlag, 2014), 369–370.
14 Cooper and Bruenig, “Foreclosed.”
15 Lisa Guerrero, “One Nation under a Hoop: Race, Meritocracy, and Messiahs in the NBA,” in Commodified and Criminalized: New Racism and African Americans in Contemporary Sports, eds. David J. Leonard and C. Richard King (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010), 141.
16 Kooijman, Fabricating the Absolute Fake, 48.
17 Yvette Carnell, “Even Black Celebs Are Broke,” Breaking Brown, April 4, 2016, http://breakingbrown.com/2016/04/even-black-celebs-broke-martin-actress-tisha-campbell-martin-husband-200-cash/ (accessed June 21, 2018).
18 Matt Taibbi, “Hurricane Sandy and the Myth of the Big Government-vs.-Small-Government Debate,” Rolling Stone, November 1, 2012, https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/hurricane-sandy-and-the-myth-of-the-big-government-vs-small-government-debate-20121101 (accessed June 21, 2018).
19 Ibid.
20 Christine E. Ahn, “Democratizing American Philanthropy,” in The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond the Non-Profit Industrial Complex, ed. INCITE! (Durham: Duke University Press, 2017), 66.
21 Heike Paul, Myths, 378. See also: Bassichis, Lee, and Spade, “Building an Abolitionist Trans and Queer Movement with Everything We’ve Got,” 27: “Oprah’s well-publicized giveaways—as well as a range of television shows that feature ‘big wins’ such as makeovers, new houses, and new cars—have helped to create the image of social change in our society as individual acts of ‘charity’ rather than concerted efforts by mass groups of people to change relationships of power. These portrayals affirm the false idea that we live in a meritocracy in which any one individual’s perseverance and hard work are the only keys needed to wealth and success. Such portrayals hide realities like the racial wealth divide and other conditions that produce and maintain inequality on a group level, ensuring that most people will not rise above or fall below their place in the economy, regardless of their individual actions. In reality, real social change that alters the relationships of power throughout history have actually come about when large groups of people have worked together toward a common goal.”
22 For an excellent discussion of how marriage policies have served anti-black and anti-poor agendas, including how anti-illegitimacy laws have “prevented children born out of wedlock from accessing certain benefits and privileges have been used in the US to specifically target black people for exclusion,” see Morgan Bassichis and Dean Spade, “Queer Politics and Anti-Blackness,” in Queer Necropolitics, eds. Jin Haritaworn, Adi Kuntsman, and Silvia Posocco (New York: Routledge, 2014), 197–198.
23 Grimes, Christ Divided, 74.
24 Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2006), 121.
25 “The King Philosophy,” The King Center, http://www.thekingcenter.org/king-philosophy#sub4 (accessed: June 21, 2018).
26 Hartman and Wilderson, III, “The Position of the Unthought,” 198.
27 Carole Boyce Davies, Left of Karl Marx: The Political Life of Black Communist Claudia Jones (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008), 217.
1 Claudia Jones, “For the Unity of Women in the Cause of Peace!” Political Affairs 30, no. 2, (February 1951): 157.
2 See Tony Perucci, Paul Robeson and the Cold War Performance Complex: Race, Madness, Activism (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012), 162.
3 Tamara K. Nopper and Mariame Kaba, “Itemizing Atrocity,” Jacobin, August 15, 2014, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2014/08/itemizing-atrocity/ (accessed June 22, 2018).
4 Oren Dorell, “U.S. $38B Military Aid Package to Israel Sends a Message,” USA Today, September 14, 2016, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/09/14/united-states-military-aid-israel/90358564/ (accessed June 22, 2018).
5 “The Genocide of the Palestinian People: An International Law and Human Rights Perspective,” Center for Constitutional Rights, August 25, 2016, https://ccrjustice.org/genocide-palestinian-people-international-law-and-human-rights-perspective (accessed June 22, 2018).
6 Kali Akuno, “Operation Ghetto Storm,” November 2014, http://www.operationghettostorm.org/uploads/1/9/1/1/19110795/new_all_14_11_04.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).
7 Adam Andrzejewski and Thomas W. Smith, “The Militarization of Local Police Departments,” Open the Books Snapshot Report, May 2016, https://www.openthebooks.com/assets/1/7/OTB_SnapshotReport_MilitarizationPoliceDepts.pdf (June 22, 2018).
8 Alice Speri, “Israel Security Forces Are Training American Cops Despite History of Rights Abuses,” The Intercept, September 15, 2017, https://theintercept.com/2017/09/15/police-israel-cops-training-adl-human-rights-abuses-dc-washington/ (accessed June 22, 2018).
9 “Invest-Divest,” The Movement for Black Lives, https://policy.m4bl.org/invest-divest/ (accessed June 22, 2018).
10 “Black Lives Matter in Palestine to Protest US-Funded ‘Genocide,’” Telesur, July 31, 2016, https://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Black-Lives-Matter-in-Palestine-to-Protest-US-Funded-Genocide-20160731-0009.html (accessed June 22, 2018).
11 For a rich collection of essays on the subject, see Michael L. Butterworth (ed.), Sport and Militarism: Contemporary Global Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 2017). See also: Tricia Jenkins, “The Militarization of American Professional Sports: How the Sports–War Intertext Influences Athletic Ritual and Sports Media,” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 37, no. 3 (2013): “In the case of the sports–war intertext, the military exploits sports to boost recruitment, to promote a sense of national unity, especially during times of conflict, to glorify its members through pageantry and athletic ritual, and to downplay the seriousness of combat by likening military service to sport. The military is not the only party involved in this type of exploitation of sports, however; fans, sports organizers, the media, and even athletes are complicit too,” 258.
12 Emma Niles, “How the Pentagon Paid for NFL Displays of Patriotism,” Truthdig, September 26, 2017, https://www.truthdig.com/articles/pentagon-paid-nfl-displays-patriotism/ (accessed June 22, 2018).
13 Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Senate Passes $700 Billion Pentagon Bill, More Money Than Trump Sought,” New York Times, September 18, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/18/us/politics/senate-pentagon-spending-bill.html (accessed: June 22, 2018).
14 Nick Turse, “Tomgram: Nick Turse, A Wider World of War,” TomDispatch, December 14, 2017, http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176363/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_a_wider_world_of_war (accessed June 22, 2018).
15 Les Neuhaus, “US Military Stretched Thin in 50 African Nations,” Observer, December 1, 2017, http://observer.com/2017/12/us-military-has-presence-in-50-of-54-african-countries/ (accessed June 22, 2018).
16 David Theo Goldberg, “Militarizing Race,” Social Text 129, vol. 34, no. 4 (December 2016): 30.
17 As P. Khalil Saucier and Tryon P. Woods note: “. . . we follow black radical thought in viewing legal abstractions like ‘democracy’ in relation to material political practices . . . As such, democracy proves to be embedded within enslavement rooted in captivity, and a leitmotif for social parasitism. Democracy first emerges as a political value only among the Western European societies that were already deeply invested in the slave trade, and struggles internal to these societies for democratic inclusion were premised upon the concomitant expansion of slaveholding.” “Introduction,” in Conceptual Aphasia in Black: Displacing Racial Formation, ed. P. Khalil Saucier and Tryon P. Woods (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016), 14.
18 Michael Harriot, “Google Just Dropped $11,000,000 to Make Sure #BlackLivesMatter,” The Root, February 24, 2017, https://www.theroot.com/google-just-dropped-11-000-000-million-to-make-sure-b-1792711820 (accessed June 22, 2018).
19 Christina Sharpe, “Blackness, Sexuality, and Entertainment,” American Literary History, vol. 24, no. 4 (Winter 2012): 829.
20 See: Andrea J. Ritchie, Invisible No More: Police Violence Against Black Women and Women of Color (Boston: Beacon Press, 2017); Joe Macaré, Maya Schenwar, and Alana Yu-lan Price (eds.), Who Do You Serve, Who Do You Protect? Police Violence and Resistance in the United States (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2016); and Kristian Williams, Our Enemies in Blue Police and Power in America (Oakland: AK Press, 2015).
21 Barbara Ransby, Eslanda, 278.
22 Carole Boyce Davies, Left of Karl Marx, 217. See also: Erik S. McDuffie, Sojourning for Freedom: Black Women, American Communism, and the Making of Black Left Feminism (Durham: Duke University Press, 2011); and Ashley D. Farmer, Remaking Black Power (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017): “Increased contact with African, Asian, and Latin American liberation struggles and leaders, coupled with the intractable problem of black poverty at home, propelled activists toward political ideologies that could account for the interrelationship of racism, capitalism, and imperialism . . . As women in these organizations often noted, however, they rarely accounted for their gender-specific experiences with imperialist politics and economic oppression.” 184–185.
23 See Chapter 7 of this book.
24 Tony Perucci, “The Red Mask of Sanity: Paul Robeson, HUAC, and the Sound of Cold War Performance,” TDR/The Drama Review, vol. 53, issue 4 (Winter 2009): 34. See also Penny M. Von Eschen, Race Against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937–1957 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), 103, cited in Perucci, “Red Mask,” 34.
25 For excellent resources on the importance of internationalist visions to Black radical thought, See Keisha N. Blain, Set the World on Fire: Black Nationalist Women and the Global Struggle for Freedom (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018); Robyn C. Spencer, The Revolution Has Come: Black Power, Gender, and the Black Panther Party in Oakland (Durham: Duke University Press, 2016); Ashley D. Farmer, Remaking Black Power; Brenda Gayle Plummer, In Search of Power: African Americans in the Era of Decolonization, 1956–1974 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012); Carol Anderson, Eyes off the Prize: The United Nations and the African American Struggle for Human Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); and Michael O. West, William G. Martin, Fanon Che Wilkins (eds.) From Toussaint to Tupac; The Black International since the Age of Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009).
26 “Interview with Angela Davis,” Black Panther, November 1, 1969, quoted in Robyn C. Spencer, “Merely One Link in the Worldwide Revolution: Internationalism, State Repression, and the Black Panther Party, 1966–1972,” in Michael O. West, William G. Martin, and Fanon Che Wilkins (eds.), From Toussaint to Tupac: The Black International since the Age of Revolution, 220.
27 Barbara Ransby, Eslanda, 195.
28 See Sylvia Frey, “American Revolution,” 47–71.
29 For an online archive of the Third World Alliance newsletter, Triple Jeopardy, see https://www.flickr.com/photos/27628370@N08/sets/72157605547626040/ (accessed June 22, 2018). Special thanks to Robyn Spencer for sharing this link.
30 Tony Perucci, Paul Robeson, 39.
31 Barbara Ransby, Eslanda, 186.
32 Lisa Lowe, The Intimacies of Four Continents, 170.
33 Billy Perigo, “How the U.S. Used Jazz as a Cold War Secret Weapon,” Time, December 22, 2017, http://time.com/5056351/cold-war-jazz-ambassadors/ (accessed June 22, 2018).
34 M. S. Handler, “Malcolm X Seeks U.N. Negro Debate,” New York Times, August 13, 1964, https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/13/malcolm-x-seeks-un-negro-debate.html (accessed June 22, 2018).
35 Joshua Bloom and Waldo E. Martin Jr., Black against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016), 1.
36 Lisa Lowe, The Intimacies of Four Continents, 171. For an account of how impoverished Black women played a critical role in the intellectual formation of Black internationalist organizing, see Keisha N. Blain, Set the World on Fire.
37 Tom Miles, “U.S. Police Killings Reminiscent of Lynching, U.N. Group Says,” Reuters, September 23, 2016, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-police-un/u-s-police-killings-reminiscent-of-lynching-u-n-group-says-idUSKCN11T1OS (accessed June 22, 2018).
38 See: https://www.ecns.cn/2015/06–26/170804.shtml.
39 See homepage of “The Black Alliance for Peace,” https://blackallianceforpeace.com/#overview (accessed June 22, 2018).
40 Von Eschen, Race Against Empire, 189.
1 Joy James, Seeking the Beloved Community, 167.
2 Thora Siemsen, “On working with archives: An interview with writer Saidiya Hartman,” The Creative Independent, April 18, 2018, https://thecreativeindependent.com/people/saidiya-hartman-on-working-with-archives/ (accessed June 22, 2018).
3 Audre Lorde, “A Litany for Survival,” in Lorde, The Black Unicorn, (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1978), 31–32.
4 “World Press Freedom Index,” Reporters Without Borders, https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2016 (accessed June 22, 2018).
5 Mathew Ingram, “Most Trump Supporters Don’t Trust the Media Anymore,” Fortune, Feburary 1, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/02/01/trump-voters-media-trust/ (accessed June 22, 2018).
6 Dara Lind, “Unite the Right, the Violent White Supremacist Rally in Charlottesville, Explained,” Vox, August 14, 2017, https://www.vox.com/2017/8/12/16138246/charlottesville-nazi-rally-right-uva (accessed June 22, 2018).
7 Dean Spade, Normal Life, 2.
8 Huey P. Newton, War Against the Panthers: A Study of Repression in America (New York: Harlem River Press, 1996), 4.
9 Ibid., 10.
10 Bruce Bartlett, Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party’s Buried Past (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2008), 110.
11 Newton, War, 3.
12 Chandan Reddy, Freedom With Violence (Durham: Duke University Press, 2011), 2. For another example of how the U.S. state operates in such a way that the freedom of some depends on the state perpetrating violence against others, see Reddy’s discussion of hate crimes legislation: “With the disproportionate arrests, convictions, and incarcerations of blacks and Latinos, it is fair to assume that these new penalties alongside the expansion of the federal government’s policing power for the purposes of eradicating hate violence and enforcing civil rights laws will have a disproportionate impact on youth of color, or at least will deepen ideologies that advance the policing practices of the racialized liberal security state as an answer to the persistent contradictions, conflicts, and struggles of the radically uneven accumulation of wealth by race that characterizes US capitalism,” 10.
13 Davies, Left of Karl Marx, 147–149.
14 Ibid., 185.
15 Cyril Briggs, testimony, in Hearings, 78. “Hearings before the Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, Eighty-fifth Congress, Second Session, Part 1,” September 2 and 3, 1958 . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1959. Quoted in Minkah Makalani, In the Cause of Freedom: Radical Black Internationalism from Harlem to London, 1917–1939 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 225.
16 “COINTELPRO Revisited—Spying & Disruption,” FBI Domestic Intelligence Activities, August 25, 1967, http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/RANCHO/POLITICS/COINTELPRO/COINTELPRO-FBI.docs.html (accessed June 22, 2018).
17 See Deborah Elizabeth Whaley, Black Women in Sequence: Re-inking Comics, Graphic Novels, and Anime (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016), 28–66.
18 See Barbara Ransby, Ella Baker and the Black Freedom movement: A Radical Democratic Vision (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 129–130.
19 Andrew Lanham, “When W. E. B. Du Bois Was Un-American,” Boston Review, January 13, 2017, http://bostonreview.net/race-politics/andrew-lanham-when-w-e-b-du-bois-was-un-american (accessed June 22, 2018).
20 “Complete Transcript of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassination Conspiracy Trial,” http://www.thekingcenter.org/sites/default/files/KING%20FAMILY%20TRIAL%20TRANSCRIPT.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).
21 Danny Haiphong, “Independent Journalist Corner: A Conversation with Daniel Patrick Welch,” Black Agenda Report, March 7 2018, https://www.blackagendareport.com/independent-journalist-corner-conversation-daniel-patrick-welch (accessed June 22, 2018).
22 Saucier and Woods, “Introduction,” in Conceptual Aphasia in Black, 6.
23 “Black Panther Greatest Threat to U.S. Security,” Desert Sun, Number 296, July 16, 1969, https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19690716.2.89 (accessed June 22, 2018).
24 “Hoover Memo on Black Panthers’ Breakfast for Children Program,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, May 15, 1969, https://genius.com/Federal-bureau-of-investigation-hoover-memo-on-black-panthers-breakfast-for-children-program-annotated (accessed June 22, 2018).
25 See: Bloom and Martin, Black Against Empire; and Newton, War Against the Panthers.
26 Nikhil Pal Singh, “The Whiteness of Police,” American Quarterly, vol. 66, no. 4 (December 2014): 1095.
27 For an excellent overview of state violence against women and gender-nonconforming people of color, especially the historical function of law enforcement officers in policing and punishing women’s bodies, see Ritchie, Invisible No More.
28 Benjamin Franklin, “A Conversation Between an Englishmen, a Scotchman and an American on the subject of Slavery,” London Public Advertiser, January 30, 1770. Quoted in Singh, “The Whiteness of Police,” 1098.
29 Eric L. Muller, American Inquisition: The Hunt for Japanese American Disloyalty in World War II (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 145.
30 Saucier and Woods, “Introduction,” in Conceptual Aphasia in Black, 17.
31 Peter Maas, “Obama’s Gift to Donald Trump: A Policy of Cracking Down on Journalists and Their Sources,” The Intercept, April 6, 2016, https://theintercept.com/2016/04/06/obamas-gift-to-donald-trump-a-policy-of-cracking-down-on-journalists-and-their-sources/ (accessed June 22, 2018).
32 Leighton Akio Woodhouse, “Obama’s Deportation Policy Was Even Worse Than We Thought,” The Intercept, May 15, 2017, https://theintercept.com/2017/05/15/obamas-deportation-policy-was-even-worse-than-we-thought/ (accessed June 22, 2018).
33 Claudia Rankine, Citizen: An American Lyric (London: Penguin Books UK, 2015), 151.
34 See Simone Browne, Dark Matters (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015): “Dark Matters stems from a questioning of what would happen if some of the ideas occurring in the emerging field of surveillance studies were put into conversation with the enduring archive of transatlantic and its afterlife, in this way making visible the many ways that race continues to structure surveillance practices,” 11.
35 Lisa Marie Cacho, Social Death: Racialized Rightlessness and the Criminalization of the Unprotected (New York: New York University Press, 2012), 6.
36 Ibid.
37 A. Naomi Paik, Rightlessness: Testimony and Redress in U.S. Prison Camps since World War II (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016), 11.
38 For helpful resources that offer alternatives to policing, see INCITE! (ed.), Color of Violence: The INCITE! Anthology (Durham: Duke University Press, 2016); Andrea Smith, Conquest; Ching-In Chen, Jai Dulani, and Leah Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha (eds.), The Revolution Starts at Home: Confronting Intimate Violence Within Activist Communities (Oakland: AK Press, 2016).
39 Kristian Williams, Our Enemies in Blue, 149. See also: Ritchie, Invisible No More; Jordan T. Camp and Christina Heatherton (eds.), Policing the Planet: Why the Policing Crisis Led to Black Lives Matter (Brooklyn: Verso, 2016).
40 See Alondra Nelson, Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight Against Medical Discrimination (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011): “Following Fanon, the Panthers also recognized how medicine could serve as a vehicle of social control; indeed, it might be said that their mission to police the police was extended onto biopolitical terrain. The Panthers’ characterization of the power exercised by the medical-industrial complex as neglect resulting in genocide signaled the group’s sensitivity both to how the black body had been a site of domination historically—as expressed, for example, in its analogizing of the suffering of slavery with that of sickling—and to blacks’ vulnerability to the constriction of health rights, to which the activists responded with clinics and initiatives,” 187.
1 Hartman and Wilderson III, “The Position of the Unthought,” 193.
2 Christina Sharpe, “The Lie at the Center of Everything,” Black Studies Papers, 1 (2014): 197.
3 See Travis J. Tritten, “Veterans Groups: NFL Players Who Kneel During National Anthem are ‘Ungrateful,’” Washington Examiner, September 25, 2017, http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/veterans-groups-nfl-players-who-kneel-during-national-anthem-are-ungrateful/article/2635521 (accessed June 24, 2018) and Lee Moran, “Samantha Bee Skewers Fox News’ Hypocrisy Over NFL Protests,” Huffington Post, September 28, 2017, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/samantha-bee-nfl-protests-fox-news_us_59cc9828e4b05063fe0f2276 (accessed June 24, 2018).
4 Moran, “Samantha Bee Skewers Fox News’ Hypocrisy Over NFL Protests.”
5 Brian R. Warnick, “Oppression, Freedom, and the Education of Frederick Douglass,” Philosophical Studies in Education, vol. 39 (2008): 29.
6 Eugene D. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York: Vintage, 1976).
7 Josh Cole, “The Excuse of Paternalism in the Antebellum South: Ideology or Practice?,” Paper written for Dr. Mark Voss-Hubbard HIS4940 “Early American History” class, Fall 2005, 31, http://www.eiu.edu/historia/Cole.pdf (accessed June 24, 2018).
8 Ibid., 38–39.
9 Hartman, “The Time of Slavery,” 758.
10 Lisa Lowe, “History Hesitant,” 86.
11 Shaun King, “When White Men Keep Lists of ‘No-Good Niggers,’” The Intercept, September 26, 2017, https://theintercept.com/2017/09/26/nfl-national-anthem-pittsburgh-steelers-mike-tomlin-pennsylvania-fire-chief-donald-trump/ (accessed June 24, 2018).
12 Ibid.
13 Margaret Biser, “I Used to Lead Tours at a Plantation. You Won’t Believe the Questions I Got About Slavery,” Vox, August 28, 2017, https://www.vox.com/2015/6/29/8847385/what-i-learned-from-leading-tours-about-slavery-at-a-plantation (accessed June 24, 2018).
14 Ibid.
15 Thavolia Glymph, Out of the House of Bondage: The Transformation of the Plantation Household (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
16 Ibid., 163.
17 Joy James, Seeking the Beloved Community,” 120–121. For similar narratives offered in the UK context, See Lisa Lowe, The Intimacies of Four Continents, 13: “liberal abolitionist arguments were less important to the passage of the Slave Trade Act and the Slavery Abolition Act than were the dramatic revolts and everyday practices of enslaved peoples themselves.” See also Hartman, Scenes of Subjection; James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak; and Dean Spade, Normal Life.
18 Calvin Warren, Ontological Terror, 92.
19 Connie Wun, “Racialized and Gendered Violence Permeates School Discipline,” Truthout, November 2, 2015, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/33481-racialized-and-gendered-violence-permeates-school-discipline (accessed June 24, 2018). See also Connie Wun, “Against Captivity: Black Girls and School Discipline Policies in the Afterlife of Slavery,” Educational Policy, vol. 30, no. 1 (2016): 171–196.
20 Dave Zirin, “The NFL Chose to Tank Its Season Rather Than Sign Colin Kaepernick,” The Nation, January 2, 2018, https://www.thenation.com/article/the-nfl-chose-to-tank-its-season-rather-than-sign-colin-kaepernick/ (accessed June 24, 2018).
1 Neferti X. M. Tadiar, “Remaindered Life of Citizen-Man, Medium of Democracy,” Southeast Asian Studies, vol. 49, no. 3 (December 2011), 468.
2 Gloria Wekker, White Innocence: Paradoxes of Colonialism and Race (Durham: Duke University Press, 2016), 17.
3 Scott A. Sandage, Born Losers: A History of Failure in America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006), 265.
4 Toby Miller, “US Imperialism, Sport, and ‘the Most Famous Soldier in the War,’” in A Companion to Sport, ed. David L. Andrews and Ben Carrington (Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing, 2013), 229.
5 See: Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White; Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Richard Rothstein, The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2017).
6 Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States (New York: Harper Collins, 2015), 413.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid., 417.
9 See, for example, Stephen Dillon’s discussion of Assata Shakur and Angela Davis in “Possessed by Death,” 114: “Although [Assata] Shakur’s essay does not name neoliberalism explicitly, we can read it as a black feminist theorization of neoliberalism at the very moment of its emergence. Indeed, it is a narration of the drastic racialized and gendered restructurings of social and economic life in the 1970s United States from the perspective of someone detained for resisting those changes. Written by a captured member of the underground black liberation movement, the text names the discourses and (state) violence neoliberalism requires yet erases. Neoliberalism is most certainly an economic doctrine that prioritizes the mobility and expansion of capital at all costs, but its mechanisms exceed the liberation of the market from the repression of the state. By reading black feminist texts from the 1970s as implicit theories of neoliberalism, we can come to understand the formation and implementation of neoliberalism in a new light. Shakur not only connects an emergent neoliberalism to a rapidly expanding prison regime, she also links the contemporary prison to chattel slavery—an institutional, affective, and discursive connection apprehended by Angela Davis’s phrase, ‘From the prison of slavery to the slavery of prison.’”
10 Ibid., 117–118. See also Lisa Duggan, The Twilight of Equality? Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and. the Attack on Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press, 2003), 1–21, quoted in Dillon, 117.
11 See Social Security Administration, https://www.ssa.gov/cgi-bin/netcomp.cgi?year=2014 (accessed June 24, 2018).
12 Jill Cornfield, “Bankrate survey: Just 4 in 10 Americans have savings they’d rely on in an emergency,” Bankrate, January 12, 2017, https://www.bankrate.com/finance/consumer-index/money-pulse-0117.aspx (accessed June 24, 2018).
13 Jay Shambaugh and Ryan Nunn, “Why Wages Aren’t Growing in America,” Harvard Business Review, October 24, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/10/why-wages-arent-growing-in-america (accessed June 24, 2018).
14 Jenane Sahadi, “The richest 10% hold 76% of the wealth,” CNN Money, August 18, 2016, http://money.cnn.com/2016/08/18/pf/wealth-inequality/index.html (accessed June 24, 2018).
15 “Statement on Visit to the USA, by Professor Philip Alston, United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights,” United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, December 15, 2017, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22533 (accessed June 24, 2018).
16 Anupama Jacob, “The Supplemental Poverty Measure: A Better Measure for Poverty in America?” Policy Brief for Center for Poverty Research, University of California Davis, Volume 1, Number 6, https://poverty.ucdavis.edu/sites/main/files/file-attachments/jacob_poverty_measures_brief.pdf (June 24, 2018).
17 Alston, “Statement on Visit to the USA.”
18 Jon Jeter, “It’s Not the Dow, Stupid! Underpaid Workforce Imperils US and Global Economies,” MintpressNews, February 2, 2018, https://www.mintpressnews.com/its-not-the-dow-stupid-underpaid-workforce-imperils-us-and-global-economies/237090/ (accessed June 24, 2018).
19 “A Pound of Flesh: The Criminalization of Private Debt,” American Civil Liberties Union, February 2018, https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/022318-debtreport_0.pdf (accessed June 24, 2018).
20 Paula Chakravartty and Denise Ferreira da Silva, “Accumulation, Dispossession, and Debt: The Racial Logic of Global Capitalism—An Introduction,” American Quarterly, vol. 64, no. 3 (September 2012): 362.
21 See Western Regional Advocacy Project, “Without Housing,” 2006, https://wraphome.org//wp-content/uploads/2008/09/2010%20Update%20Without%20Housing.pdf (accessed June 24, 2018).
22 Craig Willse, “Neo-liberal Biopolitics and the Invention of Chronic Homelessness,” Economy and Society vol. 39, no. 2 (May 2010): 173.
1 Hartman, Scenes of Subjection, 4.
2 Shakur, “Women in Prison: How We Are,” 60, quoted in Dillon, “Possessed by Death,” 117.
3 Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements, ed. George Breitman (New York: Grove Press, 1994), 8, quoted in Tryon P. Woods, “A Re-Appraisal of Black Radicalism and Human Rights Doctrine,” in R. Khalil Saucier and Tryon P. Woods (eds.), On Marronage (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2015), 270.
4 For a representative sample of scholarly works analyzing the cultural politics of sports, see Janelle Joseph, Sport in the Black Atlantic: Crossing and Making Boundaries (London: Bloomsbury, 2015); Jessica Luther, Unsportsmanlike Conduct: College Football and the Politics of Rape (Brooklyn: Akashic Books, 2016); David J. Leonard, Playing While White: Privilege and Power on and off the Field (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2017); David L. Andrews and Michael L. Silk (eds.), Sport and Neoliberalism Politics, Consumption, and Culture (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2012); David J. Leonard, Kimberly B. George, and Wade Davis (eds.), Football, Culture and Power (New York: Routledge, 2016); Michael Silk, The Cultural Politics of Post-9/11 American Sport: Power, Pedagogy and the Popular (New York: Routledge, 2011); Stanley I. Thangaraj, Constancio Arnaldo, Christina B. Chin (eds.), Asian American Sporting Cultures (New York: New York University Press, 2016); Jorge Iber, Samuel Regalado, Jose Alamillo, and Arnoldo De Leon (eds.), Latinos in U.S Sport A History of Isolation, Cultural Identity, and Acceptance (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2011).
5 Glymph, Out of the House of Bondage, 6.
6 Ibid. Glymph continues: “The ideology of domesticity required enslaved women to work for the plantation household as if their own interests were involved. Their failure to do so made it hard for mistresses to meet the emerging standards of domesticity.”
7 Ibid.
8 Dillon, “Possessed by Death,” 121.
9 Ibid.,
10 See, for example, Robert Elias, The Empire Strikes Out: How Baseball Sold U.S. Foreign Policy and Promoted the American Way Abroad (New York: The New Press, 2010): “As a collaborator in U.S. expansionism, baseball had to be white as well. African Americans had been banned from MLB since the 1880’s, and the last black played in the minor leagues in 1898—the inception date of America’s rising new empire. At stake wasn’t just who could play the game, but also who owned it . . . Baseball helped reinforce the white supremacy essential for rationalizing U.S. foreign policy. Combining gunboat and dollar diplomacy, the United States occupied one Latin American nation after another, usually to promote American financial interests in sugar, bananas, mining, and banking. Glorifying the benefits of the American way for local populations, U.S. companies routinely sponsored baseball as tangible proof of gringo superiority, hoping to Americanize their Latino workers along the way,” 49. See also: James D. Cockcroft, Latinos in Beisbol: The Hispanic Experience in the Americas (Danbury, CT: Franklin Watts, 1996); Gerald R. Gems, “Sports, Colonialism, and United States Imperialism,” Journal of Sport History, 33:1 (Spring 2006): 3–25; and Gerald R. Gems, “Sport, War and Ideological Imperialism,” Peace Review, 11:4 (1999): 573–78.
11 Gilmore, Golden Gulag, 242.
12 Steven W. Thrasher, “Super Slaves,” Radical History Review, vol. 2016, issue 125 (2016): 172; see William C. Rhoden, $40 Million Slaves: The Rise, Fall, and Redemption of the Black Athlete (New York: Broadway Books, 2007).
13 Matt Taibbi, “The NFL Draft, Decoded,” Men’s Journal, April 19, 2010, https://web.archive.org/web/20100421064046/http://www.mensjournal.com/the-nfl-draft-decoded.; quoted in Thrasher, 173; See also Daina Ramey Berry, The Price For Their Pound of Flesh: The Value of the Enslaved from Womb to Grave, in the Building of a Nation (Boston: Beacon Press, 2017).
14 Thomas Oates and Meenakshi Gigi Durham. “The Mismeasure of Masculinity: The Male Body, Race, and Power in the Enumerative Discourses of the NFL Draft,” Patterns of Prejudice, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2004, 317.
15 Thrasher, “Super Slaves,” 174.
16 Ibid., 175.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Ritchie, Invisible No More, 42.
20 Kelly Brown Douglas, Stand Your Ground: Black Bodies and the Justice of God (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2015), 129.
21 Robin Bernstein, Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights (New York: New York University Press, 2011), 94.
22 Ibid., 145.
23 Ibid., 243.
24 Donald McRae, “Jaylen Brown: ‘Sport is a mechanism of control in America,’” The Guardian, January 9, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jan/09/jaylen-brown-boston-celtics-nba-interview (accessed June 25, 2018).
25 Shaun King, “The NCAA Says Student-Athletes Shouldn’t Be Paid Because the 13th Amendment Allows Unpaid Prison Labor,” The Intercept, February 22, 2018, https://theintercept.com/2018/02/22/ncaa-student-athletes-unpaid-prison/ (accessed June 25, 2018): “This is not just bad optics. It gets to the heart of what the multibillion-dollar enterprise that is the NCAA thinks not just of its athletes, but of its core business model. It is, in essence, admitting that student-athletes are working as slave laborers and, as such, do not deserve fair compensation.”
26 Hartman, Scenes of Subjection, 24. See also Christina Sharpe, “Blackness, Sexuality, and Entertainment,” where she comments on the work of Hartman, Hortense Spillers, Frank Wilderson and Tavia Nyong’o who all examine “. . . a problematic of enjoyment in which pleasure is inseparable from subjection, will indistinguishable from submission, and bodily integrity bound to violence,” 827–828.
27 See chapter 10.
28 Hartman, Scenes of Subjection, 7–8
29 Kimberly Juanita Brown, “Saving Mr. Jefferson: Slavery and Denial at Monticello,” in On Marronage, ed. R. Khalil Saucier and Tryon P. Woods (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2015), 110.
30 Lisa Lowe,The Intimacies of Four Continents, 150.
31 Joy James, “Introduction,” The New Abolitionists, xxiii. See also: Angela Davis, “From the Prison of Slavery to the Slavery of Prison: Frederick Douglass and the Convict Lease System,” in The Angela Y. Davis Reader; David Oshinsky, Worse Than Slavery; Sarah Haley, No Mercy Here; Dylan Rodríguez, Forced Passages: Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals and the U.S. Prison Regime (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006); Dennis Childs, Slaves of the State; Alex Lichtenstein, Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South (London: Verso, 1996); Ruth Wilson Gilmore, Golden Gulags; Loïc Wacquant, Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009).
32 Beth E. Richie, Arrested Justice: Black Women, Violence, and America’s Prison Nation (New York: New York University Press, 2012), 103.
33 Maurice L. Johnson II, “A Historical Analysis: The Evolution of Commercial Rap Music,” Master’s Thesis (Florida State University), 2011, 5.
34 Connie Wun, “Anti-Blackness as Mundane: Black Girls and Punishment beyond School Discipline,” in Conceptual Aphasia in Black: Displacing Racial Formation, ed. P. Khalil Saucier and Tryon P. Woods (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016), 81.
35 Ibid., 79.
36 Saidiya Hartman, Scenes of Subjection, 206.
37 Wun, “Anti-Blackness as Mundane,” 80. See also Monique W. Morris, Pushout: The Criminalization of Black Girls in Schools (New York: New Press, 2017).
38 For a rich history of resistance and rebellions in Los Angeles prisons, See Kelly Lytle Hernández’s discussion of the “rebel archive” in City of Inmates, 197: “Therefore, what the rebel archive guided me upriver to see was how currents of elimination flow through the nation’s carceral core. The swells of imprisonment and the attending realities of poverty, deportation, illness, and premature death, punctuated by all the police killings that surge through Native, black, and brown communities, are, in settler colonial terms, acts of elimination. From this perspective, disrupting the roots of mass incarceration in the United States will require addressing the structure of conquest, its eliminatory logic, and what it means for all of us, but especially for Native peoples and racialized communities targeted to ‘progressively disappear n a variety of ways.’” See also Lorenzo Veracini, Settler Colonialism A Theoretical Overview (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 16.
39 Stefano Harney and Fred Moten, The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study (New York: Minor Compositions, 2013), 42.
40 Tryon P. Woods, “Something of the Fever and the Fret: Antiblackness in the Critical Prison Studies Fold,” in P. Khalil Saucier and Tryon P. Woods (eds.), Conceptual Aphasia in Black: Displacing Racial Formation (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016), 149.
1 Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2016), 29.
2 Michael Parenti, The Face of Imperialism (New York: Routledge, 2011), 4.
3 James Baldwin, “An Open Letter to My Sister, Angela Y. Davis.”
4 Lisa Lowe, The Intimacies of Four Continents, 39.
5 See Neferti X. M. Tadiar, “Life-Times of Becoming Human,” Occasion: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, vol. 3 (March 15, 2012): “It is in this context that I have described and continue to think about our political moment in terms of a complex, potentially antagonistic relation between a war to be human and becoming human in a time of war. The war to be human consists most spectacularly of the political-military project and the atrocities exemplified by the global war against terrorism, which continues to be waged by the United States and its subsidiary militaries throughout the world. The violence of this new imperial project to secure and further aggrandize the privileges and powers enjoyed as well as bequeathed by the already human within a capitalist order is amply documented and yet, woefully, so willfully ignored,” 2.
6 See Neferti X. M. Tadiar, “Life-Times of Disposability within Global Neoliberalism,” Social Text 115, vol. 31, no. 2 (Summer 2013): 19–47.
7 See Richard Peet, Unholy Trinity: The IMF, World Bank and WTO (London: Zed Books, 2009); Michael Hudson, Super Imperialism: The Origin and Fundamentals of U.S. World Dominance (London: Pluton Press, 2003); Gloria Thomas Emeagwali (ed.), Women Pay the Price (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1995); Patrick Bond, Against Global Apartheid – South Africa Meets the World Bank, IMF and International Finance (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2004); Leo Zeilig (ed.), Class Struggle and Resistance in Africa (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2009).
8 Asad Ismi, Impoverishing a Continent: The World Bank and the IMF in Africa (Halifax: Halifax Initiative, 2004), 11–13.
9 Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1965).
10 Karen McVeigh, “World is Plundering Africa’s wealth of ‘billions of dollars a year,’” The Guardian, May 24, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/may/24/world-is-plundering-africa-wealth-billions-of-dollars-a-year (accessed June 25, 2018).
11 “DR Congo: UN advises prudent use of abundant resources to spur development,” UN News, October 10, 2011, https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/10/390912-dr-congo-un-advises-prudent-use-abundant-resources-spur-development (accessed June 25, 2018).
12 Mark Curtis, “Gated Development—is the Gates Foundation always a force for good?” Global Justice Now, June 2016, http://www.globaljustice.org.uk/sites/default/files/files/resources/gjn_gates_report_june_2016_web_final_version_2.pdf (accessed June 25, 2018).
13 Abram Lutes, “Empires of Aid and Compassion: Foundations as Architects of Neoliberalism,” Peripheral Thought, February 5, 2018, https://peripheralthought.blog/2018/02/05/empires-of-aid-and-compassion-foundations-as-architects-of-neoliberalism/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
14 Colin Todhunter, “Gates Foundation is spearheading the neoliberal plunder of African agriculture,” Ecologist, January 21, 2016, https://theecologist.org/2016/jan/21/gates-foundation-spearheading-neoliberal-plunder-african-agriculture (accessed June 25, 2018).
15 David Pilling, “Chinese investment in Africa: Beijing’s testing ground,” Financial Times, June 13, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/0f534aa4-4549-11e7-8519-9f94ee97d996 (accessed June 25, 2018).
16 Maximilian Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte: NATO’s War on Libya and Africa (Montreal: Baraka Books, 2012), 193.
17 See Dambisa Moyo, Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010).
18 Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte, 189.
19 Anthony Lake, Christine Todd Whitman, Princeton N. Lyman, and J. Stephen Morrison; “More Than Humanitarianism: A Strategic U.S. Approach Toward Africa,” Council on Foreign Relations Task Force Report, January 2006, retrieved from: https://www.cfr.org/report/more-humanitarianism (accessed June 25, 2018), 8.
20 Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte, 198 and 21. See also: William T. Cavanaugh, “The Unfreedom of the Free Market,” in David L. Schindler and Doug Bandow (eds.), Wealth, Poverty, and Human Destiny (Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2003).
21 For an excellent overview of AFRICOM, especially in its role with the U.S. invasion of Libya, see chapter 4 of Maximilian Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte.
22 Khaled Al-Kassimi, “The U.S informal empire: US African Command (AFRICOM) expanding the US economic-frontier by discursively securitizing Africa using exceptional speech acts,” African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, vol.11, 11 (November 2017): 301–316.
23 Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte, 237, cited in Al-Kassimi, “The U.S informal empire,” 309.
24 See AFRICOM’s mission statement: http://www.africom.mil/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
25 See Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte.
26 Brad Hoff, “Hillary Emails Reveal True Motive for Libya Intervention,” Foreign Policy Journal, January 6, 2016, https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2016/01/06/new-hillary-emails-reveal-true-motive-for-libya-intervention/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
27 Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte, 258.
28 Thomas Mountain, “30,000 Bombs Over Libya,” Counterpunch, September 2, 2011, https://www.counterpunch.org/2011/09/02/30000-bombs-over-libya/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
29 See Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte, where he exposes the double standard of the U.S. referring to Gaddafi’s opponents as rebels: “In contrast, in Afghanistan, where NATO and the U.S. fund, train, and arm the Karzai regime in attacking ‘his own people’ (like they do in Pakistan), the armed opponents are consistently labelled ‘terrorists’ or ‘insurgents,’” 260.
30 Ibid., 207.
31 Joeva Rock, “Militarized Humanitarianism in Africa,” Foreign Policy in Focus, May 14, 2014, http://fpif.org/militarized-humanitarianism-africa/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
32 Scott Shane, “Western Companies See Prospects for Business in Libya,” New York Times, October 28, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/29/world/africa/western-companies-see-libya-as-ripe-at-last-for-business.html (accessed June 25, 2018).
33 See Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte, 190.
34 Ibid., 196.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid., 237.
37 Al-Kassimi, “The U.S Informal Empire,” 306.
38 Whaley, Black Women in Sequence, 115.
1 Joy James, Seeking the Beloved Community, 274.
2 Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation, 8.
3 Michael Parenti, “Foreword,” in Gregory Elich, Strange Liberators: Militarism, Mayhem, and the Pursuit of Profit (Coral Springs, FL: Llumina Press, 2006), iii.
4 Dave Zirin and Jules Boycoff, “The US is not fit to host the Olympics,” Al Jazeera, September 10, 2015, http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/9/the-us-is-not-fit-to-host-the-olympics.html (accessed June 25, 2018).
5 For a fascinating examination on how language of “consent” and “benevolent assimilation” is used to obscure U.S. imperial military violence in the Philippines, see Victor Román Mendoza, Metroimperial Intimacies: Fantasy, Racial-Sexual Governance, and the Philippines in U.S. Imperialism, 1899–1913 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015), 21 and 24: “The pervasive language around Philippine ‘consent’ to U.S. governance intimated a relationship of mutual hierarchical bonds. Such a trope, which no other colonial power at the time deployed, proves integral to U.S. exceptionalist discourse.”
6 Joy James, Seeking the Beloved Community, 275.
7 Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte, 305.
8 Ibid.
9 For two notable critiques of human rights practice and discourse, see: Randall Williams, The Divided World: Human Rights and Its Violence (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010); and Nicola Perugini and Neve Gordon, The Human Right to Dominate (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).
10 Edward S. Herman and David Peterson, The Politics of Genocide (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011), 22–23.
11 Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte, 297–298.
12 Herman and Peterson, The Politics of Genocide, 17–18.
13 Ibid., 18.
14 Daniel Kovalik, “Samantha Power, Henry Kissinger & Imperial Delusions,” Counterpunch, June 16, 2016, https://www.counterpunch.org/2016/06/16/samantha-power-henry-kissinger-imperial-delusions/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
15 Herman and Peterson, The Politics of Genocide, 30–31.
16 Vanessa Beeley, “Examining the Truth about Syria and the White Helmets,” The Wall Will Fall, January 30, 2018, https://thewallwillfall.org/2018/01/30/examining-the-truth-about-syria-and-the-white-helmets/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
17 Stephen Gowans, Washington’s Long War on Syria (Montreal: Baraka Books, 2017).
18 Williams, The Divided World, xxxi.
19 Alana Abramson, “Here’s How Many Nuclear Weapons the U.S. Has,” Time, August 9, 2017, http://time.com/4893175/united-states-nuclear-weapons/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
20 Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte, 257.
21 For an important discussion of how the U.S. manipulates discourses of disability rights to further its imperial objectives, see Jasbir K. Puar, The Right to Maim: Debility, Capacity, Disability (Durham: Duke University Press, 2017), 71–72: “. . . [disability] exceptionalism renders the United States an advanced and progressive nation of disability awareness, accommodation, and incorporation while projecting backwardness and incapacity of modernity onto those Others elsewhere. Less examined, however, is how this transnational deployment of exceptionalism works not only as a process of Othering to retain copyright as the progenitor and arbiter of ableist modernity, but more trenchantly as camouflage of what I am calling the biopolitics of debilitation.”
22 Michael Parenti, “The Logic of U.S. Intervention,” in Masters of War: Militarism and Blowback in the Era of American Empire, ed. Carl Boggs (New York: Routledge, 2003), 24.
23 Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte, 291.
24 Glenn Greenwald, “Trump’s Support and Praise of Despots Is Central to the U.S. Tradition, Not a Deviation From It,” The Intercept, May 2, 2017, https://theintercept.com/2017/05/02/trumps-support-and-praise-of-despots-is-central-to-the-u-s-tradition-not-a-deviation-from-it/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
25 Rich Whitney, “US Provides Military Assistance to 73 Percent of World’s Dictatorships,” Truthout, September 23, 2017, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/42020-us-provides-military-assistance-to-73-percent-of-world-s-dictatorships (accessed June 25, 2018).
26 Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte, 304.
27 Perugini and Gordon, The Human Right to Dominate, 13.
28 See “The blockade remains in force and is tightening,” Granma, October 25, 2017, http://en.granma.cu/cuba/2017-10-25/the-blockade-remains-in-force-and-is-tightening (accessed June 25, 2018).
29 See, for example, Maximilian Forte’s introduction in Maximilian Forte (ed.), Good Intentions: Norms and Practices of Imperial Humanitarianism (Montreal: Alert Press, 2014), 28–29: “We should, if we are being honest with ourselves, also consider other norms and practices, such as Cuba’s socialist internationalism. In the latter case, no permanent military bases resulted from Cuba coming to the aid of Angola; Cuban assistance was requested and mutually understood as an act of solidarity; there was no lucrative, extractive gain as a result of Cuba mobilizing to send troops and doctors to Angola; and, Angola’s sovereignty was not undermined, rather it was defended by Cuba. Therefore, a consideration of the stakes, aims, methods, and the whole politics of intervention need to be clearly thought out and articulated. What there should not be is any more of the reflex ‘cries’: ‘something must be done,’ ‘we cannot stand idly by,’ and so forth—complex situations require maturity and political acumen, not trivial passion.”
30 Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte, 279.
31 Ibid.
32 Ben Norton, “Close U.S. ally Saudi Arabia kicks off 2016 by beheading 47 people in one day, including prominent Shia cleric,” Salon, January 2, 2016, https://www.salon.com/2016/01/02/close_u_s_ally_saudi_arabia_kicks_off_2016_by_beheading_47_people_in_one_day_including_prominent_shia_cleric/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
33 Bryan Schatz, “The Obama Years Have Been Very Good to America’s Weapons Makers,” Salon, March/April 2016, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/05/obama-international-arms-weapons-deals/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
34 Adam Weinstein, “The Real Largest State Sponsor Of Terrorism,” Huffington Post, March 16, 2017, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-real-largest-state-sponsor-of-terrorism_us_58cafc26e4b00705db4da8aa (accessed June 25, 2018).
35 See Jakob Reimann, “One Last Chance for Peace in Yemen,” Foreign Policy in Focus, May 4, 2016, http://fpif.org/one-last-chance-peace-yemen/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
36 Medea Benjamin, “U.S. Weapons Sales Are Drenched in Yemeni Blood,” Foreign Policy in Focus, August 24, 2016, http://fpif.org/u-s-weapons-sales-drenched-yemeni-blood/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
37 Whitney Webb, “U.S.’ Role In Saudi’s War On Yemen May Include Torture,” Mint Press News, June 24, 2017, https://www.mintpressnews.com/unitedstates-saudi-war-yemen-torture/229215/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
38 Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation, 29.
39 Forte, Good Intentions, 17.
40 For a helpful scholarly resource addressing the question of how to “live in and with empire,” see Carole McGranahan and John F. Collins (eds.) Ethnographies of U.S. Empire (Durham: Duke University Press, 2018).
1 “Don’t Liberate Me,” in Color of Violence, ed. INCITE!, 118.
2 Teju Cole, “The White-Savior Industrial Complex,” The Atlantic, March 21, 2012, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/03/the-white-savior-industrial-complex/254843/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
3 Césaire, Aimé. Discourse on Colonialism, 39.
4 Richard Stupart, “7 Worst International Aid Ideas,” Matador Network, February 20, 2012, https://matadornetwork.com/change/7-worst-international-aid-ideas/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
5 Ibid.
6 Inderpal Grewal, Saving the Security State: Exceptional Citizens in Twenty-First-Century America (Durham: Duke University Press, 2017), 60.
7 Ibid., 66.
8 Cole, “The White-Savior Industrial Complex.”
9 Ibid.
10 “Malala Yousafzai Fast Facts,” CNN, March 29, 2018, https://www.cnn.com/2015/08/20/world/malala-yousafzai-fast-facts/index.html (accessed June 25, 2018).
11 Jeffrey St. Clair and Alexander Cockburn, “How Jimmy Carter and I Started the Mujahideen,” Counterpunch, January 15, 1998, https://www.counterpunch.org/1998/01/15/how-jimmy-carter-and-i-started-the-mujahideen/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
12 Grewal, Saving the Security State, 77.
13 James Risen, “U.S. Identifies Vast Mineral Riches in Afghanistan,” New York Times, June 13, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/world/asia/14minerals.html (accessed June 25, 2018).
14 Nerida Chazal and Adam Pocrnic, “Kony 2012: Intervention Narratives and the Saviour Subject,” International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 5(1) (2016), 103.
15 Sverker Finnström, “KONY 2012, Military Humanitarianism, and the Magic of Occult Economies,” Africa Spectrum, vol. 47, no. 2/3 (2012), 130–131.
16 “Uganda: US Help Against Rebels Overdue,” Al Jazeera, October 15, 2011, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/10/2011101591032110944.html (accessed June 25, 2018).
17 Keir Forgie, “US Imperialism and Disaster Capitalism in Haiti,” in Good Intentions, ed. Maximilian Forte, 58.
18 Ibid., 70.
19 “Haitian Workers Fight for Higher Minimum Wage Suppressed by Clinton’s State Department,” Telesur, May 22, 2017, https://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Haitians-Workers-Fight-for-Higher-Minimum-Wage-Suppressed-by-Clintons-State-Department-20170522-0037.html (accessed June 25, 2018).
20 Afua Hirsch, “Oxfam Abuse Scandal is Built on the Aid Industry’s White Saviour Mentality,” The Guardian, February 20, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/feb/20/oxfam-abuse-scandal-haiti-colonialism (accessed June 25, 2018).
21 Virgil Hawkins, “The Price of Inaction: The Media and Humanitarian Intervention,” Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, May 14, 2001, https://sites.tufts.edu/jha/archives/1504 (accessed June 25, 2018).
22 See Dylan Rodriguez, “The Meaning of ‘Disaster’ Under the Dominance of White Life,” in What Lies Beneath: Katrina, Race, and the State of the Nation, ed. South End Press Collective (Boston: South End Press, 2007).
23 See Grewal, Saving the Security State, 33–48.
24 Ibid., 46.
25 See Jordan Flaherty, Floodlines: Community and Resistance from Katrina to the Jena Six (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2010).
26 Paul Buchheit, “Morbid Inequality: Now Just SIX Men Have as Much Wealth as Half the World’s Population,” Common Dreams, February 20, 2017, https://www.commondreams.org/views/2017/02/20/morbid-inequality-now-just-six-men-have-much-wealth-half-worlds-population (accessed June 25, 2018).
27 Richard Stupart, “7 Worst International Aid Ideas.”
28 Belén Fernández, “Celebrity ‘Charity’: A Gift For a Vicious System,” Al Jazeera, December 3, 2017, https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/celebrity-charity-gift-vicious-system-171203082049847.html (accessed June 25, 2018).
29 Ifi Amadiume, Male Daughters, Female Husbands: Gender and Sex in an African Society (London: Zed Books, 1987), 7; cited in Maximilian Forte, “Introduction,” in Good Intentions, ed. Maximilian Forte, 26–27.
30 “Introduction,” in Good Intentions, ed. Maximilian Forte, 26.
31 Ben Suriano and William T. Cavanaugh, “The Nation State Project, Schizophrenic Globalization, and the Eucharist: An Interview with William T. Cavanaugh,” The Other Journal, December 11, 2007, https://theotherjournal.com/2007/12/11/the-nation-state-project-schizophrenic-globalization-and-the-eucharist-an-interview-with-william-t-cavanaugh/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
32 See INCITE! (ed.) The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond the Non-Profit Industrial Complex (Durham: Duke University Press, 2017).
33 See Julie Wark and Daniel Raventós, Against Charity (Oakland: AK Press, 2018).
1 Holsti, “Exceptionalism in American Foreign Policy,” 384.
2 Boyd Cothran, Remembering the Modoc War: Redemptive Violence and the Making of American Innocence (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2014), 197.
3 Dylan Rodriguez, Forced Passages, 47.
4 Aaron Mehta, “The Pentagon is planning for war with China and Russia—can it handle both?” Defense News, January 30, 2018, https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2018/01/30/the-pentagon-is-planning-for-war-with-china-and-russia-can-it-handle-both/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
5 For an excellent account of how refusing to vote in the general election can serve as an effective anti-imperial act of resistance, see Jason Goldfarb, “The Case For Not Voting: In Defense of the Lazy, Ungrateful, and Uniformed,” Counterpunch, June 17, 2016, https://www.counterpunch.org/2016/06/17/the-case-for-not-voting-in-defense-of-the-lazy-ungrateful-and-uniformed/ (accessed June 25, 2018). Particularly compelling is how Goldfarb dismantles myths such as: “it’s your duty to vote,” “if you don’t vote you can’t complain,” “voting for the lesser of the two evils,” “what if everyone chose not to vote?”, “change can’t come about if you don’t participate in the process,” etc.
6 Roger Harris, “The Real Problem With US Elections Isn’t Russia,” Counterpunch, January 5, 2018, https://www.counterpunch.org/2018/01/05/the-real-problem-with-us-elections-isnt-russia/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
7 Jon Schwarz, “Jimmy Carter: The U.S. Is an ‘Oligarchy With Unlimited Political Bribery,’” The Intercept, July 30, 2015, https://theintercept.com/2015/07/30/jimmy-carter-u-s-oligarchy-unlimited-political-bribery/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
8 Michael Doran, “The Real Collusion Story,” National Review, March 13, 2018, https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/03/russia-collusion-real-story-hillary-clinton-dnc-fbi-media/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
9 Adam Entous, Devlin Barrett, and Rosalind S. Helderman, “Clinton campaign, DNC paid for research that led to Russia dossier,” Washington Post, October 24, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/clinton-campaign-dnc-paid-for-research-that-led-to-russia-dossier/2017/10/24/226fabf0-b8e4-11e7-a908-a3470754bbb9_story.html?utm_term=.242846282a10 (accessed June 25, 2018).
10 Daniel Kovalik, The Plot to Scapegoat Russia: How the CIA and the Deep State Have Conspired to Vilify Putin (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2017), 165.
11 Aamer Madhani, Brad Heath, and John Kelly, “WikiLeaks: CIA hacking group ‘UMBRAGE’ stockpiled techniques from other hackers,” USA Today, March 7, 2017, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/03/07/wikileaks-cia-hacking-group-umbrage-stockpiled-techniques-other-hackers/98867462/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
12 Eric Bradner, “John Brennan defends CIA after torture report in rare press conference,” CNN, December 12, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/11/politics/john-brennan-defends-cia-after-torture-report/index.html (accessed June 25, 2018).
13 Stephen Kinzer, “Trump Is Gutting the National Endowment for Democracy, and That’s a Good Thing,” Common Dreams, March 15, 2018, https://www.commondreams.org/views/2018/03/15/trump-gutting-national-endowment-democracy-and-thats-good-thing (accessed June 25, 2018).
14 Ibid.
15 “Background to ‘Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections: The Analytic Process and CyberIncident Attribution,” Office of the Director of National Intelligence, January 6, 2017, https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICA_2017_01.pdf (accessed June 25, 2018).
16 Ibid.
17 Joseph Tanfani, “Russians targeted election systems in 21 states, but didn’t change any results, officials say,” Los Angeles Times, June 21, 2017, http://www.latimes.com/politics/washington/la-na-essential-washington-updates-russians-targeted-election-systems-in-1498059012-htmlstory.html (accessed June 25, 2018).
18 Aaron Maté, “MSNBC’s Rachel Maddow Sees a ‘Russia Connection’ Lurking Around Every Corner,” The Intercept, April 12, 2017, https://theintercept.com/2017/04/12/msnbcs-rachel-maddow-sees-a-russia-connection-lurking-around-every-corner/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
19 Matt Taibbi, “The New Blacklist,” Rolling Stone, March 5, 2018, https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/taibbi-russiagate-trump-putin-mueller-and-targeting-dissent-w517486 (accessed June 25, 2018).
20 Kevin Johnson, “FBI probing release of CIA hacking tools,” USA Today, March 8, 2017, https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/taibbi-russiagate-trump-putin-mueller-and-targeting-dissent-w517486 (accessed June 25, 2018).
21 Patrick Martin, “The CIA Democrats: Part one,” World Socialist Website, March 7, 2018, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2018/03/07/dems-m07.html (accessed June 25, 2018).
22 Tony Perucci, Paul Robeson and the Cold War Performance Complex, 27.
23 Gerald Horne, Paul Robeson: The Artist as Revolutionary (London: Pluto Press, 2016), 112.
24 Ibid., 60.
25 See Ransby, Eslanda.
1 Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor (ed.), How We Get Free, 10.
2 Hoda Katebi, “On International Working Women’s Day, Please Understand Complexity,” Joojoo Azad, March 8, 2018, http://www.joojooazad.com/2018/03/on-international-working-womens-day.html (accessed June 25, 2018).
3 Liza Featherstone, “Hillary Clinton’s Faux Feminism,” Truthout, February 28, 2016, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/35006-hillary-clinton-s-faux-feminism (accessed June 25, 2018).
4 Donald E. Pease, The New American Exceptionalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009), 210.
5 Ibid., 210.
6 Pierre Wilbert Orelus, Race, Power, and the Obama Legacy (New York: Routledge, 2016), 138–139.
7 Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, “Black Faces in High Places,” Jacobin, May 4, 2015, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/05/baltimore-uprising-protests-freddie-gray-black-politicians (accessed June 25, 2018).
8 Featherstone, “Hillary Clinton’s Faux Feminism.”
9 See Richie, Arrested Justice.
10 Diana Johnstone, Queen of Chaos: The Misadventures of Hillary Clinton (Petrolia, CA: Counterpunch, 2015), 26.
11 Hillary Clinton, “Why America is Exceptional,” Time, October 13, 2016, http://time.com/collection-post/4521509/2016-election-clinton-exceptionalism/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
12 Nicholas Kristof, “Trump’s Threat to Democracy,” New York Times, January 10, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/10/opinion/trumps-how-democracies-die.html (accessed June 25, 2018).
13 For further critiques of this liberal nostalgia for how things were before Donald Trump, see Jedediah Purdy, “Normcore,” Dissent, Summer 2018, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/normcore-trump-resistance-books-crisis-of-democracy (accessed August 3, 2018): “What unifies the crisis-of-democracy genre is the failure to understand this, that the present moment is not an anomalous departure but rather a return to the baseline—to the historical norm, one might say.”
14 Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page, “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens,” Perspectives on Politics, vol.12, issue 3 (September 2014), 564–581.
1 Dean Spade, Normal Life, 139.
2 Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor (ed.), How We Get Free, 12.
3 See Lisa Lowe, The Intimacies of Four Continents, 6–7: “We see the longevity of the colonial divisions of humanity in our contemporary moment, in which the human life of citizens protected by the state is bound to the denigration of populations cast in violation of human life, set outside of human society. Furthermore, while violence characterizes exclusion from the universality of the human, it also accompanies inclusion or assimilation into it. Such violence leaves a trace, which returns and unsettles the apparent closure of the liberal politics, society, and culture that establish the universal. Race as a mark of colonial difference is an enduring remainder of the processes through which the human is universalized and freed by liberal forms, while the peoples who created the conditions of possibility for that freedom are assimilated or forgotten. The genealogy of modern liberalism is thus also a genealogy of modern race; racial differences and distinctions designate the boundaries of the human and endure as remainders attesting to the violence of liberal universality.”
4 Eli Massey and Yasmin Nair, “Inclusion in the Atrocious,” Current Affairs, March 22, 2018, https://www.currentaffairs.org/2018/03/inclusion-in-the-atrocious (accessed June 25, 2018).
5 Gordon Lubold, “U.S. Spent $5.6 Trillion on Wars in Middle East and Asia: Study,” Wall Street Journal, November 8, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/study-estimates-war-costs-at-5-6-trillion-1510106400 (accessed June 25, 2018).
6 Dean Spade, “Under the Cover of Gay Rights,” 37 N.Y.U. Review of Law and Social Change 79, (2013): 87.
7 Glenn Greenwald, “GCHQ’s Rainbow Lights: Exploiting Social Issues for Militarism and Imperialism,” The Intercept, May 18, 2015, https://theintercept.com/2015/05/18/exploitation-social-issues-generate-support-militarism-imperialism/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
8 See “StandWithUs Booklets and Brochures,” http://www.standwithus.com/booklets/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
9 Dean Spade, “The Right Wing Is Leveraging Trans Issues to Promote Militarism,” Truthout, April 5, 2017, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/40109-the-right-wing-is-leveraging-trans-issues-to-promote-militarism (accessed June 25, 2018).
10 See http://www.standwithus.com/booklets/lgbt/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
11 See, for example, the website, “If Americans Knew,” http://ifamericaknew.org/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
12 Spade, “Under the Cover of Gay Rights,” 92. See also Reddy, Freedom With Violence.
13 Spade, Normal Life, 149.
14 Dean Spade, “Their Laws Will Never Make Us Safer,” in Against Equality: Queer Revolution, Not Mere Inclusion, ed. Ryan Conrad (Oakland: AK Press, 2014), 5.
1 Hoda Katebi, “Please Keep Your American Flags off my Hijab,” JooJoo Azad, January 23, 2017, http://www.joojooazad.com/2017/01/keep-your-american-flags-off-my-hijab.html (accessed June 25, 2018).
2 Taylor, From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation, 29.
3 Carolyn Marvin and David W. Ingle, Blood Sacrifice and the Nation: Totem Rituals and the American Flag (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 85. See also William T. Cavanaugh, The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
4 William T. Cavanuagh, “The Root of Evil,” America Magazine, July 29-August 5, 2013, https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/root-evil (accessed June 25, 2018).
5 Carolyn Marvin and David W. Ingle, “Blood Sacrifice and the Nation: Revisiting Civil Religion,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion, vol. LXIV, issue 4 (October 1 1996): 770.
6 Goldberg, “Militarizing Race,” 33.
7 Tom Secker and Matthew Alford, “EXCLUSIVE: Documents expose how Hollywood promotes war on behalf of the Pentagon, CIA and NSA,” Medium, July 4, 2017, https://medium.com/insurge-intelligence/exclusive-documents-expose-direct-us-military-intelligence-influence-on-1-800-movies-and-tv-shows-36433107c307 (accessed June 25, 2018).
8 Allison, “How to Recognize a War Film,” 256.
9 Ibid., 257.
10 Mia Fischer, “Commemorating 9/11 NFL-Style: Insights Into America’s Culture of Militarism,” Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 38(3), 2014, 214.
11 Michael L. Butterworth and Stormi D. Moskal, “American Football, Flags, and ‘Fun’: The Bell Helicopter Armed Forces Bowl and the Rhetorical Production of Militarism,” Communication, Culture & Critique 2 (2009): 429.
12 See http://www.armedforcesbowl.com/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
13 Sarah Lazare, “The Untold Story of Memorial Day: Former Slaves Honoring and Mourning the Dead,” AlterNet, May 30, 2016, https://www.alternet.org/civil-liberties/untold-story-memorial-day-former-slaves-honoring-and-mourning-dead (accessed June 25, 2018).
14 Sylvester A. Johnson, “African Americans, the Racial State, and the Cultus of War: Sacrifice and Citizenship,” Social Text 129, vol. 34, no. 4, (December 2016): 62.
15 Alasdair MacIntyre, “A Partial Response to My Critics,” in After MacIntyre: Critical Perspectives on the Work of Alasdair MacIntyre, ed. John Horton and Susan Mendus (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1994), 303, cited in William T. Cavanaugh, Migrations of the Holy: God, State, and the Political Meaning of the Church (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2011), 36–37. See also Paul W. Kahn, Political Theology: Four New Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 23: “In a crisis, it remains true today that the secular state does not hesitate to speak of sacrifice, patriotism, nationalism and homeland in the language of the sacred,” Kahn writes. “The state’s territory becomes consecrated ground, its history a sacred duty to maintain, its flag something to die for.”
16 James Carden, “New Study: The Communities Most Affected by War Turned to Trump in 2016,” The Nation, July 13, 2017, https://www.thenation.com/article/new-study-communities-most-affected-by-war-turned-to-trump-in-2016/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
17 Frederick Douglass, “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?” July 5, 1852, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/what-to-the-slave-is-the-fourth-of-july/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
18 Zareena Grewal, “Lights, Camera, Suspension: Freezing the Frame on the Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf-Anthem Controversy,” Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society, 9:2 (2007): 109–122.
19 Hoda Katebi, “Please Keep Your American Flags off my Hijab.”
20 Ibid.
1 Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark (New York: Vintage Books, 1992), 46.
2 Lisa Lowe, Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996), 2.
3 Tamara K. Nopper, “Strangers to the Economy: Black Work and the Wages of Non-Blackness,” in Conceptual Aphasia in Black: Displacing Racial Formation, ed. P. Khalil Saucier and Tryon P. Woods (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016), 101.
4 See: Mariana Ortega and Linda Martín Alcoff, Constructing the Nation: A Race and Nationalism Reader (New York: State University of New York Press, 2009); and Mayanthi L. Fernando, “Exceptional Citizens: Secular Muslim Women and the Politics of Difference in France,” Social Anthropology, vol. 17, issue 4 (2009): 379–392.
5 Martha d. Escobar, “No One is Criminal,” in Abolition Now! Ten Years of Strategy and Struggle Against the Prison Industrial Complex, ed. Critical Resistance (Oakland: AK Press, 2008), 64. See also Martha D. Escobar, Captivity Beyond Prisons: Criminalization Experiences of Latina (Im)migrants (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016), 63.
6 See, for example, Nopper, “Strangers to the Economy,” 87–102; and Katie Grimes’ chapter, “Nonwhiteness Will Not Save Us: The Persistence of Antiblackness in the ‘Brown’ Twenty-First Century,” in Grimes, Christ Divided, 147–176.
7 Escobar, “No One is Criminal,” 57.
8 Ibid., 63.
9 Lisa Lowe, “The Gender of Sovereignty,” S&F Online, issue 6.3 (Summer 2008), http://sfonline.barnard.edu/immigration/print_lowe.htm (accessed June 25, 2018).
10 See Woodhouse, “Obama’s Deportation Policy Was Even Worse Than We Thought.”
11 Aviva Chomsky, “Clinton and Obama Laid the Groundwork for Donald Trump’s War on Immigrants,” The Nation, April 25, 2017, https://www.thenation.com/article/clinton-and-obama-laid-the-groundwork-for-donald-trumps-war-on-immigrants/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
12 Dara Lind, “Hillary Clinton wants child migrants sent back. Here’s what that would look like,” Vox, June 19, 2014, https://www.vox.com/2014/6/19/5819076/hillary-clinton-deport-send-back-message-asylum-unaccompanied-expedited-border (accessed June 25, 2018).
13 For excellent resources on the intersection of American identity and queer immigrant archives, see: Martin F. Manalansan IV, “The ‘Stuff’ of Archives: Mess, Migration, and Queer Lives,” Radical History Review, issue 120 (Fall 2014): 94–107; and Nayan Shah, Stranger Intimacy: Contesting Race, Sexuality, and the Law in the North American West (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011).
14 Lisa Lowe, Immigrant Acts, 22.
15 Kelly Lytle Hernández, “Amnesty or Abolition? Felons, illegals, and the case for a new abolition movement,” Boom: A Journal of California, vol. 1, no. 4 (2011): 57.
16 Ibid., 56.
17 “America’s mass deportation system is rooted in racism,” The Conversation, February 26, 2017, https://theconversation.com/americas-mass-deportation-system-is-rooted-in-racism-73426 (accessed June 25, 2018).
18 For an excellent historical overview of the U.S. border patrol, see Kelly Lytle Hernández, Migra! A History of the U.S. Border Patrol (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010).
19 See Tina Takemoto, “Looking for Jiro Onuma.”
20 Joel Olson, The Abolition of White Democracy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), xxi.
21 For one of the most perceptive critiques of multiculturalism, see Vincent Lloyd’s discussion of Sylvia Wynter in Vincent W. Lloyd, Religion of the Field Negro: On Black Secularism and Black Theology (New York: Fordham University Press, 2016), 93.
22 Raúl Al-qaraz Ochoa, “Legalization Kills Revolution: The Case Against Citizenship,” Un Pueblo Sin Fronteras, December 27, 2010, https://antifronteras.wordpress.com/2010/12/27/legalization-kills-revolution-the-case-against-citizenship/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
23 For an insightful analysis of how the liberal, racial, and gendered politics of movement operate in the Palestinian context, see Hagar Kotef, Movement and the Ordering of Freedom: On Liberal Governances of Mobility (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015).
24 David Bacon, “When NAFTA was passed two decades ago, its boosters promised it would bring ‘First World’ status for the Mexican people. Instead, it prompted a great migration north,” Political Research Associates, October 11, 2014, https://www.politicalresearch.org/2014/10/11/globalization-and-nafta-caused-migration-from-mexico/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
25 James North, “How the US’s Foreign Policy Created an Immigrant Refugee Crisis on Its Own Southern Border,” The Nation, July 9, 2014, https://www.thenation.com/article/how-uss-foreign-policy-created-immigrant-refugee-crisis-its-own-southern-border/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
26 Lisa Lowe, The Intimacies of Four Continents, 6.
27 Andrea Smith, “The Indigenous Dream, 11.”
28 Paisley Currah, “The State,” Transgender Studies Quarterly, 1 (1–2) (2014), 197.
29 Bianca C. Williams, The Pursuit of Happiness: Black Women, Diasporic Dreams, and the Politics of Emotional Transformation (Durham: Duke University Press, 2018), 7.
30 Ibid., 11.
31 For an excellent example of how Indigenous communities seek to decolonize and create steps to create full communal autonomy from the nation-state (in this case, from Mexico), see Mariana Mora, Kuxlejal Politics: Indigenous Autonomy, Race, and Decolonizing Research in Zapatista Communities (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2018).
32 Andrea Smith, “Foreword,” in Harsha Walia, Undoing Border Imperialism (Oakland: AK Press, 2013), xiii.
1 Christina Sharpe, In the Wake: On Blackness and Being (Durham: Duke University Press, 2016), 22.
2 Hartman, Lose Your Mother, 100.
3 “Introduction,” in Octavia’s Brood: Science Fiction Stories from Social Justice Movements, ed. Adrienne Maree Brown and Walidah Imarisha (Oakland: AK Press, 2015), 3.
4 Rory Fanning, “Why Do We Keep Thanking the Troops?” TomDispatch.com, October 26, 2014, http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/175912/tomgram%3A_rory_fanning,_why_do_we_keep_thanking_the_troops/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
5 “Actor Morgan Freeman says the US is ‘at war’ with Russia,” BBC, September 21, 2017, http://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-41345249/actor-morgan-freeman-says-the-us-is-at-war-with-russia (accessed June 25, 2018).
6 Trevor McCrisken, American Exceptionalism and the Legacy of Vietnam: US Foreign Policy Since 1974 (New York: Palgrave, 2003), 190.
7 Maximilian Forte, “A Flickr of Militarization: Photographic Regulation, Symbolic Consecration, and the Strategic Communication of ‘Good Intentions,’” in Good Intentions, 188.
8 Belén Fernández, “Iraq, 15 years on: A toxic US legacy,” Middle East Eye, March 16, 2018, http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/iraq-15-years-toxic-us-legacy-1536228276 (accessed June 25, 2018).
9 Department of Justice Report, March 23, 2015, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-releases-report-philadelphia-police-departments-use-deadly-force (accessed June 25, 2018).
10 See Dylan Rodriguez, “‘Mass Incarceration’ Reform as Police Endorsement,” Black Agenda Report, February 28, 2018, https://www.blackagendareport.com/mass-incarceration-reform-police-endorsement (accessed June 25, 2018). See also Micol Seigel, Violence Work: State Power and the Limits of Police (Durham: Duke University Press, 2018).
11 Lisa Lowe, “Reckoning Nation and Empire: Asian American Critique,” in A Concise Companion to American Studies, ed. John Carlos Rowe (West Sussex, U.K.; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 231.
12 Ibid.
13 Saidiya Hartman, “Slavery, Human Rights, and Personhood,” presented at “Human Rights and the Humanities,” National Humanities Center, March 20, 2014.
14 “Will losing health insurance mean more US deaths? Experts say yes,” The Guardian, June 24, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/24/us-healthcare-republican-bill-no-coverage-death (accessed June 25, 2018).
15 “Study: US is an oligarchy, not a democracy,” BBC, April 17, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-27074746 (accessed June 25, 2018).
16 Alston, “Statement on Visit to the USA.”
17 Greg Robb, “Why American capitalism doesn’t work for all Americans, says Nobel winner Angus Deaton,” Marketwatch, December 14, 2017, https://www.marketwatch.com/story/nobel-prize-winning-economist-angus-deaton-model-of-american-capitalism-that-lifted-working-class-seems-to-be-broken-2017-12-13 (accessed June 25, 2018).
18 Gregg Zoroya, “Pentagon report justifies deployment of military spy drones over the U.S.,” USA Today, March 9, 2016, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2016/03/09/pentagon-admits-has-deployed-military-spy-drones-over-us/81474702/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
19 Fanning, “Why Do We Keep Thanking the Troops?”
20 Vincent Emanuele, “Veterans Day in Trump’s America,” Counterpunch, November 11, 2016, https://www.counterpunch.org/2016/11/11/veterans-day-in-trumps-america/ (accessed June 25, 2018). For a detailed study of “Lockheed Martin’s campaign to scare us into spending more on defense,” see William D. Hartung, Prophets of War: Lockheed Martin and the Making of the Military-Industrial Complex (New York: Nation Books, 2012), 270.
21 Sarah Jaffe, “Trump’s Austerity Budget Increases Military Recruiters’ Power to Prey on Youth,” (Interview with Rory Fanning), Truthout, March 24, 2017, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/39978-trump-s-austerity-budget-increases-military-recruiters-power-to-prey-on-youth (accessed June 25, 2018).
22 Henry A. Giroux, “Disney, Militarization and the National Security State After 9/11,” Truthout, August 23, 2011, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/2879:disney-militarization-and-the-national-security-state-after-911 (accessed June 25, 2018).
23 See, for example, Keisha N. Blain, Set the World on Fire; Anne Garland Mahler, From the Tricontinental to the Global South: Race, Radicalism, and Transnational Solidarity (Durham: Duke University Press, 2018); Gerald Horne, Facing the Rising Sun: African Americans, Japan, and the Rise of Afro-Asian Solidarity (New York: NYU Press, 2018).
24 Simeon Man, “Aloha, Vietnam: Race and Empire in Hawai’i’s Vietnam War,” American Quarterly, vol. 67, no. 4 (December 2015): 1105; see Haunani-Kay Trask, “Birth of the Modern Hawaiian Movement,” Hawaiian Journal of History, vol. 21 (1987): 127. See also Simeon Man, Soldiering through Empire: Race and the Making of the Decolonizing Pacific (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2018).
25 Daniel Moattar, “Prisons Are Using Military-Grade Tear Gas to Punish People,” The Nation, April 28, 2016, https://www.thenation.com/article/prisons-are-using-military-grade-tear-gas-to-punish-inmates/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
26 Belén Fernández, “Iraq, 15 years on.”
27 Sarah Jaffe, “Trump’s Austerity Budget.”
28 Connie Wun, “Against Captivity,” 173.
29 Aziz Rana, “The Left’s Missing Foreign Policy,” N+1, March 28, 2018, https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/the-lefts-missing-foreign-policy/ (accessed June 25, 2018).
30 Sara Ahmed, The Cultural Politics of Emotion (New York: Routledge, 2004), 189.
31 See Warren, Ontological Terror, 172, and Ashon T. Crawley, Blackpentecostal Breath: The Aesthetics of Possibility (New York: Fordham University Press, 2016).
32 Manalansan IV, “The ‘Stuff’ of Archives,” 106.