1 Alexander Dalrymple, An Historical Collection of the Several Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean, Vol. 1, London, 1770, p. xxviii.
2 A translation of Bougainville’s account of the voyage was published in London in 1772 by J. R. Forster, a scientist who would accompany Cook that same year on his second voyage around the world. See Louis de Bougainville, A Voyage Round the World, facsimile edition, Da Capo Press, New York, 1967.
3 J. C. Beaglehole’s edited volumes of Cook’s journals, together with his authoritative biography, remain the standard works on the life and voyages of the explorer. See J. C. Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, 3 vols, Hakluyt Society, Cambridge, 1961; J. C. Beaglehole, The Life of Captain James Cook, Adam and Charles Black, London, 1974.
4 Beaglehole, The Life of Captain James Cook, pp. 239, 276.
5 V. L. Lebedev, ‘Geographical Observations in the Antarctic made by the Expeditions of Cook 1772–1775 and Bellingshausen–Lazarev 1819–1821’, Antarctica: Commission Reports, 1960, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. Interdepartmental Commission on Antarctic Research, Moscow, 1961, p. 4.
6 David McGonigal (ed.), Antarctica: Secrets of the Southern Continent, Simon & Schuster, Sydney, 2008, pp. 133–134.
7 Beverley Hooper (ed.), With Captain James Cook in the Antarctic and Pacific: The private journal of James Burney, Second Lieutenant of the Adventure on Cook’s second voyage 1772–1773, National Library of Australia, Canberra, 1975, p. 27.
8 Journal of John Elliott, January 1773, in Christine Holmes (ed.), Captain Cook’s Second Voyage: The journals of Lieutenants Elliott and Pickersgill, Caliban Books, London, 1984, p. 14.
9 Hooper (ed.), With Captain James Cook in the Antarctic and Pacific, pp. 27–32.
10 Nicholas Thomas, Discoveries: The voyages of Captain Cook, Allen Lane, London, 2003, p. xix.
11 George Forster (edited by Nicholas Thomas et al.), A Voyage Round the World, vol. 1, University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu, 2000, p. 295.
12 Forster, A Voyage Round the World, vol. 1, p. 294.
13 Beaglehole, The Life of Captain James Cook, p. 365.
14 Martin Dugard, Farther Than Any Man: The Rise and Fall of Captain James Cook, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2001, pp. 190–191.
15 Letter, Cook to Admiralty Secretary, 22 March 1775, in Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, p. 693.
16 Dugard, Farther Than Any Man, p. 209.
17 Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, p. 325.
18 Beaglehole, The Life of Captain James Cook, pp. 367–368.
19 Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, p. 604.
20 Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, pp. 605–606.
21 Journal of John Elliott, January 1775, in Holmes (ed.), Captain Cook’s Second Voyage, pp. 40–41.
22 Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, pp. 617–626, 692.
23 Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, pp. 621–626; Michael Hoare (ed.), The Resolution Journal of Johann Reinhold Forster 1772–1775, vol. IV, Hakluyt Society, London, 1982, p. 715.
24 Letter, Cook to Admiralty Secretary, 22 March 1775, in Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, p. 692.
25 Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, p. 625.
26 Hoare (ed.), The Resolution Journal of Johann Reinhold Forster 1772–1775, p. 716.
27 Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, p. 622.
28 Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, p. 625.
29 Frank Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas, 1819–1921, Hakluyt Society, London, 1945, p. 91.
30 Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, pp. 626, 629.
31 Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, pp. 636–637.
32 Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, p. 766.
33 Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, pp. 636–637.
34 Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, Appendix VI, pp. 870–871.
35 Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, pp. 637–638.
36 Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, p. 632.
37 Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, p. 643.
38 Letter, Cook to Admiralty Secretary, 22 March 1775, Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 2, p. 693.
1 Instructions from the Minister of the Navy, in Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas, 1819–1921, p. 14.
2 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas, 1819–1921, p. 12.
3 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas, 1819–1921, p. 26.
4 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas, 1819–1921, p. 33; Robert Cushman Murphy, ‘Captain Bellingshausen’s Voyage 1819–1821’, Geographical Review, vol. 37, no. 2, April 1947, p. 305; Hugh Robert Mill, ‘Bellingshausen’s Antarctic Voyage’, Geographical Journal, vol. 21, no. 2, February 1903, pp. 152–153.
5 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas, 1819–1921, p. 92; Mill, ‘Bellingshausen’s Antarctic Voyage’, p. 153.
6 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas, 1819–1921, p. 117.
7 V. L. Lebedev, ‘Geographical Observations in the Antarctic made by the Expeditions of Cook 1772–1775 and Bellingshausen–Lazarev 1819–1821’, Antarctica: Commission Reports, 1960, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. Interdepartmental Commission on Antarctic Research, Moscow, 1961, p. 14.
8 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas, 1819–1921, p. 128.
9 R. J. Campbell (ed.), The Discovery of the South Shetland Islands: The Voyages of the Brig Williams, 1819–1820, Hakluyt Society, London, 2000, pp. 27–28, 40–51, 64–65; A. G. E. Jones, ‘Captain William Smith and the Discovery of New South Shetland’, Geographical Journal, vol. 141, no. 3, November 1975, p. 454.
10 Campbell (ed.), The Discovery of the South Shetland Islands, pp. 40–55, 59.
11 Campbell (ed.), The Discovery of the South Shetland Islands, pp. 60–61.
12 Jones, ‘Captain William Smith and the Discovery of New South Shetland’, p. 455.
13 Campbell (ed.), The Discovery of the South Shetland Islands, pp. 70–71.
14 ‘The First American Discoveries in the Antarctic, 1819’, American Historical Review, vol. 16, no. 4, July 1911, pp. 794–798; Philip Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, University of Illinois, Urbana, 1959, pp. 31–35.
15 ‘The First American Discoveries in the Antarctic, 1819’, American Historical Review, vol. 16, no. 4, July 1911, pp. 794–798.
16 Campbell (ed.), The Discovery of the South Shetland Islands, pp. 73–75, 79–81, 85–86, 117.
17 Campbell (ed.), The Discovery of the South Shetland Islands, pp. 73–75, 79–81, 85–86, 112; Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 42–43.
18 Campbell (ed.), The Discovery of the South Shetland Islands, p. 88.
19 Campbell (ed.), The Discovery of the South Shetland Islands, p. 88.
20 Campbell (ed.), The Discovery of the South Shetland Islands, pp. 73–75, 80, 89.
21 Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 24–35.
22 Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 31–35; ‘The First American Discoveries in the Antarctic, 1819’, pp. 794–798.
23 Campbell (ed.), The Discovery of the South Shetland Islands, pp. 51, 65, 75.
24 Campbell (ed.), The Discovery of the South Shetland Islands, pp. 82–83.
25 Mill, ‘Bellingshausen’s Antarctic Voyage’, p. 156.
26 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas 1819–1821, pp. 421, 423.
27 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas 1819–1821, p. 410.
28 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas 1819–1821, pp. 411–412.
29 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas 1819–1821, pp. 419–420.
30 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas 1819–1821, pp. 419–420.
31 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas 1819–1821, p. 421.
32 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas 1819–1821, p. 16.
33 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas 1819–1821, pp. 421, 424–427.
34 Edouard Stackpole, The Voyage of the Huron and the Huntress The American Sealers and the Discovery of the Continent of Antarctica, Marine Historical Association, Mystic, 1955, pp. 10–20.
35 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas 1819–1821, p. 425.
36 Stackpole, The Voyage of the Huron and the Huntress, pp. 44–46.
37 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas 1819–1821, pp. 425–426.
38 Edmund Fanning, Voyages Round the World, Collins and Hannay, New York, 1833.
39 William Hobbs, ‘Review of The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas, 1819–1821, by Frank Debenham’, American Historical Review, vol. 53, no. 1, October 1947, p. 107.
40 Stackpole, The Voyage of the Huron and the Huntress, pp. 60–61.
41 The American geographer Professor William Hobbs was Palmer’s foremost advocate during the mid-twentieth century, arguing in several articles, conference papers and books that Fanning’s account of the discussion was ‘more complete’ than Bellingshausen’s. See William Hobbs, ‘Review of The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas, 1819–1821, by Frank Debenham’, p. 107.
42 Stackpole, The Voyage of the Huron and the Huntress, p. 51.
43 Mitterling is probably correct in suggesting that Davis was ‘using the word continent merely to designate a body of land larger than a small island’ (Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, p. 55).
1 Stackpole, The Voyage of the Huron and the Huntress, p. 51.
2 Lebedev, ‘Geographical Observations in the Antarctic made by the Expeditions of Cook 1772–1775 and Bellingshausen–Lazarev 1819–1821’, Antarctica: Commission Reports, 1960, p. 6.
3 Stackpole, The Voyage of the Huron and the Huntress, p. 65.
4 Stackpole, The Voyage of the Huron and the Huntress, p. 78.
5 The British map can be seen in Campbell (ed.), The Discovery of the South Shetland Islands, pp. 76–77.
6 Campbell (ed.), The Discovery of the South Shetland Islands, p. 82.
7 V. L. Lebedev, ‘Who Discovered Antarctica?’, Antarctica: Commission Reports, 1961, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. Interdepartmental Commission on Antarctic Research, Moscow, 1962.
8 Debenham (ed.), The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas, 1819–1921, p. 117.
9 Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, p. 56–59.
10 Introduction by Boggs, in Richard Kane, ‘The Earliest American Sealers in the Antarctic’, 17 February 1954, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #6, ‘The First American Sealers in the Antarctic 1812–1819’ folder, NARA.
11 James Weddell, A Voyage Towards the South Pole Performed in the Years 1822–24, (second edition), Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, London, 1827, p. 2.
12 The pugnacious American geologist William Herbert Hobbs was so sceptical of Weddell’s account of his voyage into the usually ice-choked sea that he described Weddell as a ‘fake explorer’. The allegation sparked a furious argument with a British geographer, Arthur Hinks. See William Herbert Hobbs, ‘The Pack-Ice of the Weddell Sea’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 29, no. 2, June 1939.
13 Weddell, A Voyage Towards the South Pole Performed in the Years 1822–24, p. 44.
14 William Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1975, p. 2; Captain Benjamin Morrell, A Narrative of Four Voyages to the South Sea, North and South Pacific Ocean, Chinese Sea, Ethiopic and Southern Atlantic Ocean, Indian and Antarctic Ocean, from the Year 1822 to 1831, J. & J. Harper, New York, 1832, pp. 30–67, 254; Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 60–66.
15 Weddell, A Voyage Towards the South Pole Performed in the Years 1822–24, pp. 42–43.
16 ‘The South Sea Surveying and Exploring Expedition: Its origin, organization, equipment, purposes, results, and termination’, by Titian Ramsay Peale, c. 1885, Box 1/2, United States Exploring Expedition 1835–1885, SIA; Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 67–81.
17 Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, pp. 13–15.
18 Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 82–87.
19 William Lenz, ‘Narratives of Exploration, Sea Fiction, Mariners’ Chronicles, and the Rise of American Nationalism: “To Cast Anchor on that Point Where All Meridians Terminate” ’, American Studies, vol. 32, no. 2, Fall 1991, p. 54.
20 Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 91, 96; Daniel McKinley, James Eights 1798–1882: Antarctic Explorer, Albany Naturalist, His Life, His Times, His Works, New York State Museum Bulletin 505, Albany, 2005, pp. 40–41.
21 ‘On the Expediency of Fitting Out Vessels of the Navy for an Exploration of the Pacific Ocean and South Seas’, 25 March 1828, American State Papers: Naval Affairs, vol. 3, pp. 189–197.
22 ‘On the Expediency of Fitting Out Vessels of the Navy for an Exploration of the Pacific Ocean and South Seas’, pp. 189–197.
23 ‘On the Expediency of Fitting Out Vessels of the Navy for an Exploration of the Pacific Ocean and South Seas’, pp. 189–197.
24 W. H. B. Webster, Narrative of a Voyage to the Southern Atlantic Ocean, in the Years 1828, 29, 30, performed in H.M. Sloop Chanticleer, under the Command of the Late Captain Henry Foster, F.R.S. &’c by order of the Lord Commissioners of the Admiralty, Richard Bentley, London, 1834, vol. 1, pp. 1–3, and vol. 2, pp. 372–82.
25 Webster, Narrative of a Voyage to the Southern Atlantic Ocean, vol. 1, pp. 136–137; William Herbert Hobbs, ‘The Discoveries of Antarctica within the American Sector, as Revealed by Maps and Documents’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. XXXI, Part 1, January 1939, pp. 50–52.
26 Webster, Narrative of a Voyage to the Southern Atlantic Ocean, vol. 1, pp. 147, 157, 159.
27 McKinley, James Eights 1798–1882, pp. 101–102.
28 ‘Authorization of the Naval Exploring Expedition in the South Seas and Pacific Ocean, and of the Purchase and Payment for Astronomical and Other Instruments for the Same’, 17 March 1830, American State Papers: Naval Affairs, vol. 3, pp. 546–560.
29 McKinley, James Eights 1798–1882, pp. 41–42.
30 Lenz, ‘Narratives of Exploration, Sea Fiction, Mariners’ Chronicles, and the Rise of American Nationalism’, p. 54.
31 ‘Information Collected by the Navy Department Relating to Islands, Reefs, Shoals, Etc., in the Pacific Ocean and South Seas, and Showing the Expediency of an Exploring Expedition in that Ocean and those Seas by the Navy’, 29 January 1835, American State Papers: Naval Affairs, vol. 4, pp. 688–700.
32 ‘Authorization of the Naval Exploring Expedition in the South Seas and Pacific Ocean, and of the Purchase and Payment for Astronomical and Other Instruments for the Same’, 17 March 1830, American State Papers: Naval Affairs, vol. 3, pp. 546–560.
33 ‘Authorization of the Naval Exploring Expedition in the South Seas and Pacific Ocean, and of the Purchase and Payment for Astronomical and Other Instruments for the Same’, 17 March 1830, American State Papers: Naval Affairs, vol. 3, pp. 546–560.
34 ‘On the Policy and Objects of the Exploring Expedition to the Pacific Ocean and South Seas’, 23 February 1829, American State Papers: Naval Affairs, vol. 3, pp. 336–343.
35 ‘Exploring Expedition to the Pacific Ocean and South Seas’, 16 February 1829, American State Papers: Naval Affairs, vol. 3, pp. 308–317.
36 ‘On the Policy and Objects of the Exploring Expedition to the Pacific Ocean and South Seas’, 23 February 1829, American State Papers: Naval Affairs, vol. 3, pp. 336–343.
37 ‘On the Policy and Objects of the Exploring Expedition to the Pacific Ocean and South Seas’, 23 February 1829, American State Papers: Naval Affairs, vol. 3, pp. 336–343; Char Miller, ‘South Sea Fur Company and Exploring Expedition’, in Encyclopedia of Earth, 1 August 2009, www.eoearth.org; Char Miller, ‘James Eights’, in Encyclopedia of Earth, 3 March 2009, www.eoearth.org; For the best account of Eights, see McKinley, James Eights 1798–1882; McKinley has questioned the claims regarding Eights’ association with drugs and the suggestion that Eights was later passed over for the Wilkes expedition because of being homosexual. See McKinley, James Eights 1798–1882, p. 395.
38 McKinley, James Eights 1798–1882, pp. 40, 45.
39 McKinley, James Eights 1798–1882, pp. 46–47, 53–54.
40 Fanning, Voyages Round the World, pp. 476, 480; ‘Information Collected by the Navy Department Relating to Islands, Reefs, Shoals, Etc., in the Pacific Ocean and South Seas, and Showing the Expediency of an Exploring Expedition in that Ocean and those Seas by the Navy’, 29 January 1835, American State Papers: Naval Affairs, vol. 4, pp. 688–700.
41 McKinley, James Eights 1798–1882, pp. 93–94.
42 McKinley, James Eights 1798–1882, pp. 93–94; Fanning, Voyages Round the World, pp. 476, 478–489, 487–488; Miller, ‘James Eights’.
43 J. N. Reynolds, Voyage of the United States Frigate Potomac 1831–4, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1835, pp. ii, 480–514.
44 For some sense of the excitement surrounding the work of these geographical societies, see ‘A Sketch of the Progress of Geography; – and of the Labours of the Royal Geographical Society, during the year 1836–7’, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, vol. 7, 1837.
45 Fanning, Voyages Round the World, pp. 475–476.
46 Morrell, A Narrative of Four Voyages, pp. 29, 68–69; William Lenz, The Poetics of the Antarctic, Garland Publishing, New York, 1995, pp. 20–21.
47 ‘On the Expediency and Importance of Authorizing a Naval Expedition to Explore the Pacific Ocean and South Seas’, 7 February 1835, American State Papers: Naval Affairs, vol. 4, pp. 707–715; ‘On the Expediency of Authorizing an Exploring Expedition, by Vessels of the Navy, to the Pacific Ocean and South Seas’, 21 March 1836, American State Papers: Naval Affairs, vol. 4, pp. 867–873.
48 ‘On the Expediency and Importance of Authorizing a Naval Expedition to Explore the Pacific Ocean and South Seas’, 7 February 1835, American State Papers: Naval Affairs, vol. 4, pp. 707–715; ‘Journal of a Voyage towards the South Pole on Board the Brig “Tula”, under the Command of John Biscoe, with the Cutter “Lively” in Company’ [extract], in George Murray (ed.), The Antarctic Manual, for the use of the Expedition of 1901, Royal Geographical Society, London, 1901 [facsimile edition by Explorer Books, Palistow, no date], pp. 331–332.
49 Hobart Town Courier, Hobart, 30 August 1833.
50 McGonigal (ed.), Antarctica, pp. 276–277; ‘On the Expediency and Importance of Authorizing a Naval Expedition to Explore the Pacific Ocean and South Seas’, 7 February 1835, American State Papers: Naval Affairs, vol. 4, pp. 707–715; John Biscoe and Messrs Enderby, ‘Recent Discoveries in the Antarctic Ocean, from the Log-book of the Brig Tula, commanded by Mr. John Biscoe, R.N.’, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, vol. 3, 1833; John Cumpston, ‘The Antarctic Landfalls of John Biscoe, 1831’, The Geographical Journal, vol. 129, no. 2, June 1963.
51 ‘On the Expediency of Authorizing an Exploring Expedition, by Vessels of the Navy, to the Pacific Ocean and South Seas’, 21 March 1836, American State Papers: Naval Affairs, vol. 4, pp. 867–873.
52 J. N. Reynolds, Address on the Subject of a Surveying and Exploring Expedition to the Pacific Ocean and South Seas, Harper and Brothers, New York, 1836, pp. 21–22, 70.
53 Reynolds, Address on the Subject of a Surveying and Exploring Expedition to the Pacific Ocean and South Seas, pp. 42–44, 70–71.
54 Reynolds, Address on the Subject of a Surveying and Exploring Expedition to the Pacific Ocean and South Seas, p. 96.
55 Reynolds, Address on the Subject of a Surveying and Exploring Expedition to the Pacific Ocean and South Seas, pp. 74, 86, 99.
56 Reynolds, Address on the Subject of a Surveying and Exploring Expedition to the Pacific Ocean and South Seas, p. 93–99.
57 J. N. Reynolds, Pacific and Indian Oceans: The South Sea Surveying and Exploring Expedition: Its Inception, Progress, and Objects, Harper and Brothers, New York, 1841, pp. 399.
58 McKinley, James Eights 1798–1882, pp. 240–42, 246.
59 Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 108–109.
60 Interestingly, the Naval Lyceum was the only organisation to suggest that the expedition should determine whether there was an Antarctic continent, and to predict that its discovery could shed light on the ‘general theory of climate’ and provide information about ‘the distribution of heat on the Globe’. McKinley, James Eights 1798–1882, pp. 242, 253; Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 109–110; Reynolds, Pacific and Indian Oceans, pp. vi–viii.
61 Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 112–14.
62 Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 108–109; Reynolds, Pacific and Indian Oceans, pp. vi–viii.
63 Reynolds, Pacific and Indian Oceans, pp. 304–21, 337.
64 Reynolds, Pacific and Indian Oceans, pp. 374, 382–384.
65 Reynolds, Pacific and Indian Oceans, pp. 345–359.
66 Reynolds, Pacific and Indian Oceans, pp. 398, 406.
67 Reynolds, Pacific and Indian Oceans, pp. 410–420.
68 Reynolds, Pacific and Indian Oceans, pp. 455–456; Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, p. 68; Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, Chapter 8.
69 Reynolds, Pacific and Indian Oceans, pp. i, 503, 509–510.
70 Reynolds, Pacific and Indian Oceans, p. i.
1 Helen Rosenman (trans. & ed.), An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, by Dumont d’Urville, vol. 1, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1987, pp. xli–xlii.
2 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 1, pp. xlv–xlviii; John Dunmore, Visions and Realities: France in the Pacific 1695–1995, Heritage Press, Waikanae, 1997, pp. 158–165.
3 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 1, pp. xlix–li and vol. 2, pp. 322–324.
4 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, pp. 324–325.
5 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, pp. 317–321, 324–329.
6 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, p. 326.
7 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, p. 335.
8 Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, p. 173.
9 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, pp. 335–345.
10 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, p. 344–347.
11 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, p. 347–351.
12 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, p. 350.
13 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, pp. 356–369, 566–567.
14 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, pp. 318–321, 389–445.
15 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, pp. 447–449, 575.
16 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, pp. 451–452; Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 136–140.
17 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, pp. 458, 461–463.
18 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, p. 465; McGonigal, Antarctica: Secrets of the Southern Continent, p. 278; Charles Enderby, ‘Discoveries in the Antarctic Ocean, in February, 1839’, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, vol. 9, 1839.
19 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, pp. 465–469.
20 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, pp. 470–473, 277–278.
21 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, pp. 473–478.
22 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, pp. 486–487; Charles Wilkes, Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition, [First published 1845] Gregg Press, New Jersey, 1970, vol. 1, p. xxx.
23 Wilkes, Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition, vol. 1, pp. xxv–xxxi.
24 Wilkes, Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition, vol. 1, pp. 394–396; Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, pp. 92–98.
25 Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 130–135; Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, pp. 95–104.
26 Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, pp. 107–115.
27 Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 137–140; Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, pp. 143–149.
28 Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, pp. 150–160.
29 Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, pp. 161–168.
30 Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, pp. 169–175; Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 145–146.
31 Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, pp. 175–180.
32 Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, pp. 173, 180–185; Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, p. 144.
33 Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, pp. 180–185.
34 Reynolds, Pacific and Indian Oceans, p. ix.
35 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, p. 489.
36 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, pp. 493–495, 524, 529–530, 577.
37 Explaining the breach of his instructions, Wilkes told the navy secretary that it was done as a matter of courtesy to Ross, who had earlier helped him when he was purchasing instruments for the expedition in London. See Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, p. 155. Copies of Wilkes’ letter and chart can be found in Captain Sir James Clark Ross, A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions During the Years 1839–43, vol. 1, [first published 1847] David and Charles Reprints, Newton Abbot, 1969, pp. 346–352.
38 Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, p. 155; Ross, A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions During the Years 1839–43, vol. 1, pp. 133–134.
39 M. J. Ross, Polar Pioneers: John Ross and James Clark Ross, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal, 1994, pp. 199–204; Charles Enderby, ‘Discoveries in the Antarctic Ocean, in February, 1839’, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, vol. 9, 1839; Ross, A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions During the Years 1839–43, vol. 1, pp. xxv–xxvi, 117.
40 Ross, A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions During the Years 1839–43, vol. 1, pp. 182–190, 349.
41 Ross, A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions During the Years 1839–43, vol. 1, pp. 210–261, 279–85; Ross, Polar Pioneers, pp. 229–232.
42 Ross, A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions During the Years 1839–43, vol. 1, pp. 210–261, 279–285.
43 Ross, A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions During the Years 1839–43, vol. 2, pp. 364–366.
44 A. H. Markham, ‘Antarctic Exploration’, North American Review, vol. 164, no. 485, April 1897, pp. 434, 436.
45 Wilkes, Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition, vol. 2, pp. 360–361.
46 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 2, p. 489.
47 Ross, A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions During the Years 1839–43, vol. 1, pp. 285–299.
1 Rosenman, An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas, vol. 1, pp. lii–liii.
2 Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 160–161; Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, pp. 278–289; ‘The South Sea Surveying and Exploring Expedition: Its origin, organization, equipment, purposes, results, and termination’, by Titian Ramsay Peale, c. 1885, Box 1/2, United States Exploring Expedition 1835–1885, SIA.
3 Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 162–165; Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, pp. 283–289.
4 Mitterling, America in the Antarctic to 1840, pp. 159–163; Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, p. 272; Ross, A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions During the Years 1839–43, vol. 2, pp. 66–67; Ross, Polar Pioneers, p. 235.
5 J. Gordon Hayes, Antarctica: A Treatise on the Southern Continent, Richards Press, London, 1928, pp. 116–119.
6 Ross, Polar Pioneers, p. 250.
7 Ross, A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions During the Years 1839–43, vol. 1, pp. 168–169, 191–192, 266.
8 Ross, A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions During the Years 1839–43, vol. 2, pp. 327.
9 McGonigal, Antarctica, pp. 182–195; William Mills, Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 1, ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, 2003, pp. 160–161.
10 Ross, Polar Pioneers, pp. 271–357; David Stam and Deidre Stam, Books on Ice: British & American Literature of Polar Exploration, Grolier Club, New York, p. 29.
11 McGonigal, Antarctica, pp. 288–289.
12 Klaus Barthelmess, “A Century of German Interests in Modern Whaling, 1860s–1960s’, in Bjorn Basberg et al. (eds), Whaling and History: Perspectives on the Evolution of the Industry, Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, 1993, p. 122; Mills, Exploring Polar Frontiers, vol. 1, p. 169; Karl Fricker, The Antarctic Regions, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London, 1904, pp. 119–121.
13 Fricker, The Antarctic Regions, p. 123.
14 Lynette Cole, ‘Proposals for the First Australian Antarctic Expedition’, Monash Publications in Geography, Monash University, Melbourne, 1990, pp. 19–20.
15 Cole, ‘Proposals for the First Australian Antarctic Expedition’, pp. 19–20.
16 Cole, ‘Proposals for the First Australian Antarctic Expedition’, pp. 22–25, 28.
17 Lance Davis and Robert Gallman, ‘American Whaling, 1820–1900: Dominance and Decline’, and Gordon Jackson, ‘Why Did the British Not Catch Rorquals in the Nineteenth Century?’, in Basberg et al. (eds), Whaling and History, pp. 65–72, 116–117.
18 W. G. Burn Murdoch, From Edinburgh to the Antarctic, [First published 1894] Paradigm Press, Bungay, 1984, pp. xi–xii.
19 J. N. Tønnessen and A. O. Johnsen, The History of Modern Whaling [abridged and translated; first published in Norwegian in 4 vols, 1959–1970], C. Hurst & Co., London, 1982, pp. 149–152; Fricker, The Antarctic Regions, pp. 125–129; Klaus Barthelmess, “A Century of German Interests in Modern Whaling, 1860s–1960s’, in Basberg, et al. (eds), Whaling and History: Perspectives on the Evolution of the Industry, p. 123.
20 Tønnessen and Johnsen, The History of Modern Whaling, pp. 153–155; Michael Rosove, Let Heroes Speak: Antarctic Explorers, 1772–1922, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2000, pp. 61–62; H. J. Bull, The Cruise of the ‘Antarctic’ to the South Polar Regions, Edward Arnold, London, 1896 [Facsimile edition, Paradigm Press, Bungay, 1984], pp. 80, 82, 104–105.
21 Tønnessen and Johnsen, The History of Modern Whaling, pp. 153–155; Rosove, Let Heroes Speak, pp. 61–62, 65–66.
22 Bull, The Cruise of the ‘Antarctic’ to the South Polar Regions, p. 233.
23 Tønnessen and Johnsen, The History of Modern Whaling, pp. 153–155; Rosove, Let Heroes Speak, pp. 61–62, 65–66; Bull, The Cruise of the ‘Antarctic’ to the South Polar Regions, p. 233.
24 Bull, The Cruise of the ‘Antarctic’ to the South Polar Regions, pp. 221–222.
1 Peter Speak, William Speirs Bruce: Polar Explorer and Scottish Nationalist, National Museums of Scotland Publishing, Edinburgh, 2003, pp. 36–37; Murdoch, From Edinburgh to the Antarctic, pp. 363–364.
2 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, s. v. ‘Markham’.
3 Clements Markham, Antarctic Obsession: A personal narrative of the origins of the British National Antarctic Expedition 1901–1904 [edited by Clive Holland], Bluntisham Books, Alburgh, 1986, pp. 2–5.
4 John Murray, ‘The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration’, Geographical Journal, vol. 111, no. 1, January 1894, pp. 1–42.
5 Murray, ‘The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration’, p. 36.
6 Report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
7 Robert Headland, ‘Geographical Discoveries in Antarctica by the Whaling Industry’, in Bjorn Basberg et al. (eds), Whaling and History: Perspectives on the Evolution of the Industry, Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, 1993, pp. 192–193; Hugh Robert Mill, ‘The Geographical Work of the Future’, Scottish Geographical Magazine, February 1895.
8 Fricker, The Antarctic Regions, pp. 278–280; McGonigal, Antarctica, pp. 300–301.
9 ‘Plans for Dr. Cook’s Proposed Antarctic Expedition and Story of the Eskimos and Dogs’, c. 1894, Writings, Container 12, Frederick Albert Cook Papers, LoC; Cook’s account of the Belgica expedition can be found in Frederick Cook, Through the First Antarctic Night 1898–1899, William Heinemann, London, 1900.
10 Brigadier General Greely, ‘Antarctica’, Cosmopolitan, New York, July 1894.
11 For the American imperial expansion at the turn of the twentieth century, and the racial thinking that underpinned it, see James Bradley, The Imperial Cruise: A Secret History of Empire and War, Little Brown, New York, 2009.
12 ‘Peeps into the Beyond: Reminiscences of Voyages of Exploration’, undated typescript by Frederick Cook, Writings, Container 12, Cook Papers, LoC.
13 McGonigal, Antarctica, pp. 292–293.
14 ‘Peeps into the Beyond: Reminiscences of Voyages of Exploration’, undated typescript by Frederick Cook, Writings, Container 12, Cook Papers, LoC; McGonigal, Antarctica, pp. 292–293.
15 McGonigal, Antarctica, pp. 292–293.
16 ‘Peeps into the Beyond: Reminiscences of Voyages of Exploration’, undated typescript by Frederick Cook, Writings, Container 12, Cook Papers, LoC.
17 Untitled and undated account by Cook, c. 1927. Writings, Container 9, Cook Papers, LoC.
18 Cook, Through the First Antarctic Night 1898–1899, pp. 457–463.
19 Untitled and undated account by Cook, c. 1927, Writings, Container 9, Cook Papers, LoC.
20 ‘Peeps into the Beyond: Reminiscences of Voyages of Exploration’, undated typescript by Frederick Cook, Writings, Container 12, Cook Papers, LoC.
21 C. E. Borchgrevink, First on the Antarctic Continent, Being an Account of the British Antarctic Expedition 1898–1900, George Newnes Limited, London, 1901.
22 Daily News, London, 10 August 1898; Daily Chronicle, London, 20 August 1898; Bernacchi diary, 22 August 1898 – 17 February 1899, MS 232/1/1/1, Bernacchi Papers, CM; T. H. Baughman, Pilgrims on the Ice: Robert Falcon Scott’s First Antarctic Expedition, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1999, p. 8; letter, Borchgrevink to Evans, 17 December 1930, M 1/150/2/9/31 Part 1, ANZ.
23 Bernacchi diary, 22 August 1898 – 17 February 1899, MS 232/1/1/1, Bernacchi Papers, CM.
24 Borchgrevink, First on the Antarctic Continent, p. 84.
25 McGonigal, Antarctica, pp. 294–295; Borchgrevink, First on the Antarctic Continent, pp. 6–7, 84, 99, 258.
26 Louis Bernacchi, To the South Polar Regions: Expedition of 1898–1900, Hurst and Blackett, London, 1901, p. 84; Bernacchi diary, 1 March 1899–6 August 1899, MS 232/1/2/2, Bernacchi Papers, CM.
27 Strand Magazine, London, September 1900; Bernacchi diary, 1 March 1899–6 August 1899, MS 232/1/2/2, Bernacchi Papers, CM.
28 Bernacchi, To the South Polar Regions, pp. ix–x.
29 Borchgrevink, First on the Antarctic Continent, p. 7; Bernacchi, To the South Polar Regions, pp. 185–190; McGonigal (ed.), Antarctica: Secrets of the Southern Continent, pp. 294–295.
30 Letter Borchgrevink to Evans, 17 December 1930, M 1/150/2/9/31 Part 1, ANZ; McGonigal, Antarctica, p. 295.
31 Bernacchi, To the South Polar Regions, pp. 282–283.
32 Fricker, The Antarctic Regions, pp. 278–280.
33 Fricker, The Antarctic Regions, pp. 278–280; Erich von Drygalski, The Southern Ice-Continent: The German South Polar Expedition aboard the Gauss 1901–1903, Bluntisham Books, Bluntisham, 1989, pp. iii, 3–15; McGonigal, Antarctica, pp. 300–301.
34 Markham, Antarctic Obsession, pp. 8–10, 13, 23, 65, 71, 75; Westminster Gazette, London, 28 March 1899.
35 Baughman, Pilgrims on the Ice, pp. 19–20.
36 Markham’s lecture in Berlin was reprinted as Clements Markham, ‘The Antarctic Expeditions’, Geographical Journal, vol. XIV, no. 5, November 1899; Markham, Antarctic Obsession, pp. 10–11; Erich Von Drygalski, ‘The German Antarctic Expedition’, Geographical Journal, vol. XVIII, no. 3, September 1901.
37 Peter Speak (ed.), The Log of the Scotia Expedition, 1902–4, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 1992, p. 29.
38 Markham, Antarctic Obsession, pp. 27–28.
39 Speak, William Speirs Bruce, pp. 69–75.
40 Markham, Antarctic Obsession, pp. 32–35, 41–43.
41 Markham, Antarctic Obsession, pp. 43–47.
42 Markham, Antarctic Obsession, p. 121.
43 Letter, Ford to his sister, 7 November 1901, MS 797/80/68/3, Ford Papers, AWMM.
44 Robert Scott, The Voyage of the ‘Discovery’, Macmillan, London, 1905, vol. 1, pp. 148, 280–281, and vol. 2; McGonigal, Antarctica, pp. 296–299; British National Antarctic Expedition, Ephemera, 1902–1904, MS 259, CM.
45 Baughman, Pilgrims on the Ice: Robert Falcon Scott’s First Antarctic Expedition, p. 135.
46 Robert Scott, The Voyage of the ‘Discovery’, Macmillan, London, 1905, vol. 1, pp. 408–409; McGonigal, Antarctica, pp. 296–299; Max Jones (ed.), Introduction to Journals: Captain Scott’s Last Expedition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005, pp. xxii–xxiii; David Yelverton, Antarctica Unveiled: Scott’s First Expedition and the Quest for the Unknown Continent, University Press of Colorado, Boulder, 2000, p. 223; Roland Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1979, Chapters 10–12.
47 Memo, Thomas to Colbeck, 5 February 1904, MS 151, William Colbeck Papers, CM; A. G. E. Jones, Harry Mackay, Master of the Terra Nova, Raven Press, Christchurch, no date, reprinted from Antarctic, vol. 6, no. 9, March 1973.
48 Louis Bernacchi, ‘Topography of South Victoria Land (Antarctic)’, read at the Royal Geographical Society, 18 March 1901, in Murray (ed.), The Antarctic Manual, for the use of the Expedition of 1901, pp. 497, 514.
49 Clements Markham, ‘The First Year’s Work of the National Antarctic Expeditions’, Geographical Journal, vol. XXII, no. 1, July 1903, p. 18; Robert Scott, The Voyage of the ‘Discovery’, pp. 102, 124.
50 Slough Observer, 25 February 1905, MS 797/76/114/1, C. R. Ford Papers, AWMM.
51 Yelverton, Antarctica Unveiled, pp. 329–330.
52 Erich Von Drygalski, ‘The German Antarctic Expedition’, Geographical Journal, vol. XXIV, no. 2, August 1904; McGonigal, Antarctica, pp. 300–301; Drygalski, The Southern Ice-Continent, p. 239.
53 Drygalski, The Southern Ice-Continent, p. 372.
54 Erich Von Drygalski, ‘The German Antarctic Expedition’, Geographical Journal, vol. XXIV, no. 2, August 1904.
55 Christer Lindberg, ‘Otto Nordenskjöld: Ethnographer’ in Aant Elzinga et al. (eds), Antarctic Challenges: Historical and Current Perspectives on Otto Nordenskjöld’s Antarctic Expedition 1901–1903, Royal Society of Arts and Sciences, Göteborg, 2004; Anders Karlqvist (ed.), Sweden and Antarctica, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Stockholm, 1985, pp. 17–37; McGonigal, Antarctica, pp. 302–303.
56 Jean Charcot, ‘The French Antarctic Expedition’, Geographical Journal, vol. 26, no. 5, November 1905; McGonigal, Antarctica, p. 306.
57 Lisbeth Lewander, ‘Gender Aspects in the Narratives of Otto Nordenskjöld’s Antarctic Expedition’, in Elzinga et al. (eds), Antarctic Challenges, p. 115.
58 Lewander, ‘Gender Aspects in the Narratives of Otto Nordenskjöld’s Antarctic Expedition’, p. 115.
59 Speak, William Speirs Bruce, pp. 75–81.
60 Speak (ed.), The Log of the Scotia Expedition, 1902–4, pp. 39, 59, 80, 196.
61 Speak (ed.), The Log of the Scotia Expedition, 1902–4, pp. 147–151, 160, 202.
62 Speak (ed.), The Log of the Scotia Expedition, 1902–4, pp. 146–147, 203.
63 Speak (ed.), The Log of the Scotia Expedition, 1902–4, pp. 175, 209, 215–224.
64 Speak (ed.), The Log of the Scotia Expedition, 1902–4, pp. 224, 237.
65 Letters, MacGregor to Foreign Office, 26 March 1904; Foreign Office to Haggard, 26 April 1904, in Speak (ed.), The Log of the Scotia Expedition, 1902–4, pp. 291–293.
1 Jean Charcot, The Voyage of the ‘Pourquoi-Pas?’: The Journal of the Second French South Polar Expedition, 1908–1910’, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1978, p. 32; Robert Headland, ‘Whalers and Explorers’, in Jan Erik Ringstad (ed.), Whaling and History II: New Perspectives, Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, 2006, p. 50.
2 Tønnessen and Johnsen, The History of Modern Whaling, pp. 158, 164–165; Robert Headland, ‘Geographical Discoveries in Antarctica by the Whaling Industry’, in Bjorn Basberg et al. (eds), Whaling and History: Perspectives on the Evolution of the Industry, Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, 1993, pp. 193–195; Charcot, The Voyage of the ‘Pourquoi-Pas?’, p. 42.
3 Jackson, ‘Why Did the British Not Catch Rorquals in the Nineteenth Century?’, in Bjorn Basberg et al. (eds), Whaling and History, pp. 116–117.
4 Wray Vamplew, Salveson of Leith, Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh, 1975, pp. 136–138.
5 Klaus Barthelmess, ‘An International Campaign against Whaling and Sealing prior to World War One’, in Jan Erik Ringstad (ed.), Whaling and History II: New perspectives, Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, 2006, pp. 153–161.
6 Tønnessen and Johnsen, The History of Modern Whaling, pp. 158, 165–167.
7 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
8 Tønnessen and Johnsen, The History of Modern Whaling, p. 165.
9 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
10 Jorge Guzman Gutiérrez, ‘Whales and Whaling in Chile’, in Ringstad (ed.), Whaling and History II, pp. 69–73.
11 ‘British Policy in the Antarctic’, memorandum by Inter-Departmental Committee, May 1926, ADM 116/2386/377, NA.
12 Tønnessen and Johnsen, The History of Modern Whaling, p. 169.
13 ‘British Policy in the Antarctic’, memorandum by Inter-Departmental Committee, May 1926, ADM 116/2386/377, NA.
14 For Charcot’s account of the voyage, see Charcot, The Voyage of the ‘Pourquoi-Pas?’; J. B. Charcot, ‘The Second French Antarctic Expedition’, Geographical Journal, vol. XXXVII, no. 3, March 1911, p. 241; Hayes, Antarctica, pp. 135–139; McGonigal (ed.), Antarctica, pp. 306–307.
15 Yelverton, Antarctica Unveiled, p. 337.
16 Yelverton, Antarctica Unveiled, pp. 334–346; letter [copy], Shackleton to Scott, 17 May 1907, MS 276/1/1/8a, Bernacchi Papers, CM.
17 Roland Huntford, Shackleton, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1985, pp. 174–184.
18 Ernest Shackleton, The Heart of the Antarctic, William Heinemann, London, 1910, p. 3.
19 Argus, Melbourne, 7 January 1897.
20 David Burke, Body at the Melbourne Club: Bertram Armytage, Antarctica’s forgotten man, Wakefield Press, Adelaide, 2009, p. 48.
21 Letters, David to Lyne, 16 December 1907; Shackleton to Deakin, 23 December 1907, A2/1909/2497, NAA; Huntford, Shackleton, pp. 182, 185, 187–189; Shackleton, The Heart of the Antarctic, p. 2.
22 Huntford, Shackleton, pp. 189, 199.
23 ‘New Zealand Antarctic Post Offices, King Edward VII Land’, extract from P.M.G.’s report for 1907–08, AAMF/W3118/3/1955/2876, ANZ.
24 Hansard, Senate, 6 February 1908, A2/1909/2497, NAA.
25 William Ronson, ‘Stamps of the Arctic and of the Antarctic’, Explorers Journal, June 1962; ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
26 Huntford, Shackleton, p. 312.
27 Harboard diary, 1 January 1908, Arthur Harboard Papers, MS 330, CM.
28 Harboard diary, 6 and 7 January 1908, Arthur Harboard Papers, MS 330, CM.
29 Nimrod Logbook, January 1908–March 1909, Henrik Bull Papers, MS 315, CM; Yelverton, Antarctica Unveiled, pp. 346–347; Huntford, Shackleton, pp. 190–207.
30 Yelverton, Antarctica Unveiled, pp. 346–347; Huntford, Shackleton, pp. 190–207.
31 Letter, Scott to Bernacchi, 25 March 1908, MS 276/1/1/8, Bernacchi Papers, CM.
32 Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, p. 239.
33 Harboard diary, 29 and 30 January 1908, 21 and 27 December 1909 and 1 January 1910, Arthur Harboard Papers, MS 330, CM.
34 Harboard diary, 1 February 1908, Arthur Harboard Papers, MS 330, CM.
35 Huntford, Shackleton, pp. 239–240.
36 Huntford, Shackleton, Chapter XXIV.
37 Huntford, Shackleton, pp. 264–272; Shackleton, The Heart of the Antarctic, pp. 200–209.
38 See, for instance, a letter by Phillip Law along these lines: letter, Law to Landy, 31 December 2001, MS 9458/1/150, Law Papers, NLA; Huntford, Shackleton, pp. 310–311.
39 Shackleton, The Heart of the Antarctic, p. 210.
40 Huntford, Shackleton, p. 272; Hugh Robert Mill, The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton, William Heinemann, London, 1923, p. 144.
41 Shackleton, The Heart of the Antarctic, p. 310.
42 Mill, The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton, pp. 156–180; Yelverton, Antarctica Unveiled, p. 348.
43 Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, pp. 247–248.
44 Jones (ed.), Journals: Captain Scott’s Last Expedition, pp. xxv–xxvi.
45 Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, pp. 215–220; telegrams, James Gordon Bennett, New York Herald, to Cook, 2 and 3 September 1909, and other documents in Correspondence, Container 2, Frederick Albert Cook Papers, LoC.
46 Letters, Heinemann to Cook, and Curtis Brown to Cook, both dated 2 September 1909, and Hallett to Cook, 8 September 1909, and other documents in Correspondence, Container 2, Frederick Albert Cook Papers, LoC.
47 Yelverton, Antarctica Unveiled, p. 348; McGonigal, Antarctica, pp. 320–321.
48 ‘The Indomitable Pathfinder, Amundsen’, Typescript by Cook, c. 1929, Writings, Container 9, Cook Papers, LoC; Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, pp. 88–114, 265, 294–295.
49 Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, vol. XLIII, 1911; Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, p. 222; Wilhelm Filchner, To the Sixth Continent: The second German south polar expedition, Bluntisham Books, Bluntisham, 1994, p. 4; New York Times, New York, 12 March 1910.
50 Hugh Robert Mill, The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton, William Heinemann, London, 1923, p. 184; Scotsman, Edinburgh, 10 January 1910; Glasgow Herald, 11 January 1910; West of Scotland Notes, [undated] pp. 263–265, HH1/1936, Scottish National Antarctic Expedition Papers, NAS.
51 Edward Wilson, Diary of the Terra Nova Expedition to the Antarctic 1910–1912, Blandford Press, London, 1972, p. xix; Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, pp. 268–269.
52 Letter, Shackleton to Scott, 21 February 1910, MS 367/17/2/D, SPRI. I am grateful to Peter FitzSimons for bringing this reference to my attention. Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, pp. 324–325.
53 Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, pp. 282–283.
54 Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, pp. 286–287.
55 Huntford, Shackleton, p. 329.
56 Jones (ed.), Journals: Captain Scott’s Last Expedition, p. xxvi; Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, pp. 317–322.
57 Peter FitzSimons, Mawson and the Ice Men of the Heroic Age: Scott, Shackleton and Amundsen, William Heinemann, Sydney, 2011, pp. 235–236.
58 Crane, Scott of the Antarctic, pp. 441–445.
59 Roald Amundsen, The South Pole: An account of the Norwegian Antarctic expedition in the ‘Fram’, 1910–1912, vol. 1, C. Hurst, London, 1976, pp. 203–205; Raymond Priestley, Antarctic Adventure: Scott’s northern party, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1974, pp. 40–41; Wilson, Diary of the Terra Nova Expedition to the Antarctic 1910–1912, p. 107.
60 Jones (ed.), Journals: Captain Scott’s last expedition, p. 135.
61 Amundsen, The South Pole, vol. 1, pp. 378–389, vol. 2, pp. 113–114; Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, pp. 487–495.
62 Amundsen, The South Pole, vol. 2, pp. 125–132; Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, pp. 487–495; Newspaper cuttings, c. 9 March 1912, Newspaper Cuttings Book, AAD; lecture by Amundsen to the Berlin Geographical Society, 9 October 1912, Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, vol. XLIV, 1912, pp. 822–838.
63 Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, pp. 334, 418–425.
64 Crane, Scott of the Antarctic, pp. 414–419; Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, p. 513.
65 Wilson, Diary of the Terra Nova Expedition to the Antarctic 1910–1912, pp. 231–233.
66 Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, pp. 515–517.
67 Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, pp. 545–560; [no author] Captain Scott’s Message to England, St Catherine’s Press, London, 1913.
68 Huntford, Scott and Amundsen, pp. 518-545; Roald Amundsen, My Life as an Explorer, William Heinemann, London, 1927, pp. 72–73; newspaper cuttings, c. 9 March 1912, Newspaper Cuttings Book, AAD.
69 ‘Captain Roald Amundsen and the Society’, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, December 1927, pp. 572–575.
70 Huntford, Scott and Amundsen; [no author] Captain Scott’s Message to England, St Catherine’s Press, London, 1913. A recent defence of Scott was provided by David Crane’s Scott of the Antarctic.
1 For details of Mawson’s private life, see Philip Ayres, Mawson: A life, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1999.
2 Advertiser, Adelaide, 12 January 1911; Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney, 8 September 1911; Ayres, Mawson, p. 43
3 Ayres, Mawson, pp. 44, 53; Daily Telegraph, Sydney, 14 January 1911.
4 Register, Adelaide, 19 January 1911.
5 Douglas Mawson, ‘The Australasian Antarctic Expedition’, Geographical Journal, June 1911; Ayres, Mawson, pp. 44–53, 55; Huntford, Shackleton, pp. 338–339.
6 Ayres, Mawson, pp. 44–53; Huntford, Shackleton, pp. 338–339.
7 Newspaper cuttings, c. 1914, Newspaper Cuttings Book, AAD.
8 Douglas Mawson, The Home of the Blizzard, Being the Story of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911–1914, vol. 1, William Heinemann, London, 1915, pp. 23–24.
9 Ayres, Mawson, p. 52; ‘Personal Diary of Stanley Taylor, Fireman on the “Aurora” ’, AAD.
10 Register, Adelaide, 18 November 1911.
11 Fred Jacka and Eleanor Jacka (eds.), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, Unwin Hyman, London, 1988, pp. xxxv–xxxvi.
12 Percival Gray, ‘Antarctic Voyages’: Diary aboard the Aurora, 1911–14, 3 January 1912, AAD.
13 Mawson, The Home of the Blizzard, vol. 1, pp. 61–62.
14 Charles Laseron, South with Mawson, Australasian Publishing, Sydney, 1947, p. 61.
15 Mawson, The Home of the Blizzard, vol. 1, pp. 239–242, 296; Ayres, Mawson, pp. 73–75; Jacka and Jacka (eds.), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 153–154, 158, 181; Beau Riffenburgh, Racing with Death: Douglas Mawson – Antarctic Explorer, Bloomsbury, London, 2008, pp. 136–137.
16 Riffenburgh, Racing with Death, pp. 119–127.
17 Riffenburgh, Racing with Death, pp. 128–130; Ayres, Mawson, pp. 73–75; Jacka and Jacka (eds.), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 153–158.
18 Riffenburgh, Racing with Death, pp. 131–133.
19 Ayres, Mawson, pp. 78–79; Jacka and Jacka (eds.), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 159–171.
20 Jacka and Jacka (eds.), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 186, 200; Mawson, The Home of the Blizzard, vol. 1, pp. 77–78 and vol. 2, pp. 102–105, 123–124.
21 ‘Personal Diary of Stanley Taylor’, p. 83, AAD.
22 Mawson, The Home of the Blizzard, vol. 2, p. 135.
23 Mawson, The Home of the Blizzard, vol. 1, p. 271; Jacka and Jacka (eds.), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, p. 171.
24 Jacka and Jacka (eds.), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, p. 162.
25 Newspaper cuttings, c. 1914, Newspaper Cuttings Book, Australian AAD.
26 Newspaper cutting, c. March 1914, Newspaper Cuttings Book, AAD.
27 Newspaper cutting, c. February 1914, Newspaper Cuttings Book, AAD.
28 Riffenburgh, Racing with Death, pp. 178–180.
29 Mawson, The Home of the Blizzard, vol. 1, pp. 264–265; Jacka and Jacka (eds.), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 161–162.
30 Ayres, Mawson, p. 80.
31 Tim Jarvis, Mawson: Life and death in Antarctica, Miegunyah Press, Carlton, 2008, pp. 212–213.
32 Newspaper cutting, c. February 1914, Newspaper Cuttings Book, AAD.
33 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA; Newspaper cuttings, c. 1914, Newspaper Cuttings Book, AAD.
34 ‘Capt. Scott’s Expedition: Lecture Tour, 1913–14, by Commander E.R.G.R. Evans, C.B., R.N.’, PRG 523, Series 11/1, Mawson Papers, SLSA; Ayres, Mawson, pp. 106–110; Riffenburgh, Racing with Death, pp. 182–184.
35 Filchner, To the Sixth Continent: the second German south polar expedition, pp. 194–195, 201–214, 227–235.
36 For Filchner’s account of the German expedition, see Filchner, To the Sixth Continent; New York Times, 8 January 1913.
37 Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney, 1 December 1910, 8 February 1911; McGonigal, Antarctica, p. 321; Shirase Expedition Supporters Association, The Japanese South Polar Expedition 1910–12, A Record of Antarctica, Erskine Press and Bluntisham Books, Norwich and Bluntisham, 2012, pp. 15, 22–23, 45.
38 Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney, 2 May 1911; Cairns Post, Cairns, 15 February 1913;
39 Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney, 1 July and 16 November 1911; Argus, Melbourne, 13 November 1911; Shirase Expedition Supporters Association, The Japanese South Polar Expedition 1910–12, pp. 27, 42, 83, 88.
40 Shirase Expedition Supporters Association, The Japanese South Polar Expedition 1910–12, pp. 92–94.
41 Sydney Morning Herald, 25 March and 5 April 1912; New York Times, New York, 25 March 1912; McGonigal, Antarctica, p. 321; Shirase Expedition Supporters Association, The Japanese South Polar Expedition 1910–12, pp. 172–173, 396–397.
42 Shirase Expedition Supporters Association, The Japanese South Polar Expedition 1910–12, pp. 200, 205, 217–218, 235, 238, 315–316, 319.
43 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
44 Letters, Ikeda to President, RGS, 18 August and 17 September 1912, Keltie to Colles, 27 March 1914; postcard, Ikeda to President, RGS, 20 August 1912, provided courtesy of Hilary Shibata, SPRI; Shirase Expedition Supporters Association, The Japanese South Polar Expedition 1910–12, p. 321.
45 Letters, Newberry to Robbins, 8 March 1906, and Hays to Secretary, American Geographical Society, 20 May 1909, ‘Wilkes Land controversy’ folder, AGS; Edwin Swift Balch, ‘Why America Should Re-Explore Wilkes Land’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 48, no. 191, April 1909.
46 Balch, ‘Why America Should Re-Explore Wilkes Land’.
47 Letter, Littlehales to Adams, 22 October 1909, ‘Wilkes Land controversy’ folder; letter, Robbins to Clarkson, 19 November 1909, ‘Wilkes Land controversy’ folder, AGS.
48 Letter, Huntington to Secretary of the Navy, 7 December 1909, ‘Wilkes Land controversy’ folder, AGS.
49 Letter, Wainwright to James, 1 April 1910, ‘Wilkes Land controversy’ folder, AGS.
50 Letter, Balch to Adams, 18 February 1914, ‘Wilkes Land controversy’ folder, AGS; ‘Antarctic Names’, Edwin Swift Balch, Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, vol. XLIV, 1912, pp. 561–581.
51 Cited in Hayes, Antarctica: A Treatise on the Southern Continent, p. 364.
52 Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, vol. XLIII, 1911.
53 Huntford, Shackleton, p. 350.
54 Hugh Robert Mill, ‘Ten Years of Antarctic Exploration’, Geographical Journal, vol. 39, no. 4, April 1912, p. 375.
55 William Bruce, Polar Exploration, Williams and Norgate, London, 1911, pp. 236, 253.
56 Huntford, Shackleton, p. 362; Ernest Shackleton, South: The Story of Shackleton’s Last Expedition 1914–1917, Century Publishing, London, 1983, pp. xi–xiii.
57 Newspaper cuttings, c. 1914, Newspaper Cuttings Book, AAD.
58 Shackleton, South, p. xiii.
59 When an Austrian member of Filchner’s party announced that he was going back in the Deutschland to lead an expedition of his own to Vahsel Bay and demanded that Shackleton go elsewhere, Shackleton refused to budge. In the event, the Austrian expedition never sailed, being overtaken by the outbreak of war.
60 Shackleton, South, p. xiv–xv; Huntford, Shackleton, p. 368.
61 Unknown author, ‘British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition’, unpublished notes, 5 April 1916. MS 377, CM; Huntford, Shackleton, p. 366.
62 Notes by Churchill, 23 January and 7 February 1914, ADM 1/8368/29, NA.
63 Huntford, Shackleton, pp. 364, 383.
64 Huntford, Shackleton, pp. 390–392.
1 Memo, Amery to Milner, 13 June 1919, AMEL 1/3/42, Leo Amery Papers, CAC.
2 Memo, Amery to Milner, 13 June 1919, AMEL 1/3/42, Leo Amery Papers, CAC.
3 Memo, Amery to Milner, 13 June 1919, AMEL 1/3/42, Leo Amery Papers, CAC.
4 Huntford, Shackleton, pp. 673–685.
5 Margery and James Fisher, Shackleton, Barrie, London, 1957, pp. 442–458; ‘The Voyage of the “Quest” ’, Geographical Review, New York, vol. XIV, 1924, p. 484.
6 Huntford, Shackleton, pp. 451–452, 639.
7 Undated newspaper cuttings, c. 1919, MS 883/31/2, Frank Hurley Papers, NLA; New York Times, 24 and 26 January and 28 October 1920; Simon Nasht, The Last Explorer: Hubert Wilkins – Australia’s unknown hero, second edition, Hachette, Sydney, 2006, p. 94.
8 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic Regions’, report compiled in the Hydrographic Department, 1919, ADM 1/8565/226, NA.
9 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic Regions’, report compiled in the Hydrographic Department, 1919; minute, Learmonth to DCNS, 3 January 1920, ADM 1/8565/226, NA.
10 Memorandum, Amery to Governors General of Australia and New Zealand, 6 February 1920, CO 886/9/22, NA; Sydney Morning Herald, 14 and 23 August 1919.
11 ‘Future Policy of Empire in Antarctic Regions’, memo by Shepherd, 12 January 1921, and other documents in this file, A981/ANT4/Part 1, NAA.
12 Cable, Hughes to Millen, 21 October 1920, A981/ANT4/Part 1, NAA.
13 ‘Future Policy of Empire in Antarctic Regions’, memo by Shepherd, 12 January 1921, and other documents in this file, A981/ANT4/Part 1, NAA.
14 Argus, Melbourne, 3 January 1921.
15 Cable, Hughes to Millen, 29 January 1921; minutes of meeting at Colonial Office, 2 February 1921, A981/ANT4/Part 1, NAA.
16 ‘Memorandum on Control of the Antarctic’, March 1921, CO 886/9/5; note, Learmonth to Director, Naval Intelligence, 10 May 1921, ADM 1/8565/226, NA.
17 Letters, Greene to Colonial Office, 23 October 1911, Mallett to Under Secretary of State, Colonial Office, 23 November 1911, Colonial Office to Foreign Office, 13 December 1911; dispatches, Mallett to Bertie, 18 December 1911, and Bertie to Foreign Office, 19 April 1912, CO 537/1080, CO 537/1080, NA.
18 Letter, Foreign Office to Dominions Office, 4 November 1925, CO 537/1093, NA.
19 ‘Memorandum on Control of the Antarctic’, March 1921, CO 886/9/5; note, Learmonth to Director, Naval Intelligence, 10 May 1921, ADM 1/8565/226, NA.
20 Letter, Marsh to Hughes, 7 June 1921, A981/ANT4/Part 1, NAA.
21 Undated newspaper cuttings, c. 1919, MS 883/31/2, Frank Hurley Papers, NLA.
22 New York Times, 24 December 1920.
23 Nasht, The Last Explorer, p. 97.
24 Nasht, The Last Explorer, pp. 93–102; McGonigal, Antarctica p. 333; further details of the expedition are on the website of the Scott Polar Research Institute.
25 For details on the selection of Marr and Mooney, see the website www.scouting.milestones.btinternet.co.uk/marr.htm.
26 New York Times, 18 September 1921; Huntford, Shackleton, p. 683.
27 Huntford, Shackleton, pp. 688–690; undated newspaper cutting, c. January 1922, MS 883/31/2, Frank Hurley Papers, NLA; Fisher, Shackleton, pp. 479–483.
28 Newspaper cutting, c. February 1922, MS 59, CCC; Marr, Into the Frozen South, pp. 101–102, 186–197; Huntford, Shackleton, pp. 688–691; Fisher, Shackleton, pp. 482–483.
29 Cable, Churchill to Jellicoe, 28 June 1922, ‘Antarctic and Arctic Regions, Control of,’ folder, G48/1/A/3, ANZ.
30 Cable, Jellicoe to Colonial Secretary, 29 July 1922; letter, Devonshire to Jellicoe, 21 November 1922, ‘Antarctic and Arctic Regions, Control of,’ folder, G48/1/A/3, ANZ.
31 Letter, Devonshire to Jellicoe, 1 February 1923, ‘Antarctic and Arctic Regions, Control of,’ folder, G48/1/A/3, ANZ.
32 Cable, Jellicoe to Secretary of State, Colonial Office, 29 July 1922; letter, Duke of Devonshire to Jellicoe, 21 November 1922, ‘Antarctic and Arctic Regions, Control of,’ folder, G48/1/A/3, ANZ; Dominion, Wellington, 14 August 1923.
33 For the correspondence between the French and British governments on this issue in 1911–12, see CO 537/1080, NA.
34 Report to President by Daladier, 21 November 1924, M1/1207/25/1982, ANZ.
35 Memo by Learmonth, 17 September 1924, ADM 116/2386; ‘British Policy in the Antarctic’, memo by Dominions Office, August 1925, CO 537/1081, NA.
36 Telegram, Governor General to Amery, 4 December 1924, ADM 116/2386/49, NA; cable, Governor General to Amery, 16 February 1925, A981/ANT4/Part 4, NAA.
37 Dominion, Wellington, 17 February 1925.
38 Telegram, Amery to Governor General, 18 February 1925, ADM 116/2386/114, NA.
39 ‘The French Claim to Part of the Antarctic Continent’, memorandum by the Hydrographic Department, Admiralty, January 1925, ADM 116/2386/57, NA.
40 New York Times, 6 April 1929.
41 According to the New York Times, the undiscovered continent could cover an area half as large as the United States. New York Times, 12 June 1925.
42 New York Times, 26 April and 12 June 1925; Popular Science, New York, July 1925; Lisle Rose, Explorer: The Life of Richard E. Byrd, University of Missouri Press, Columbia, 2008, Chap. 3; Jeff Maynard, Wings of Ice, Vintage Books, Sydney 2010, pp. 40–44.
43 Letter, Vogt to Chamberlain, 24 February 1925, ADM 116/2386/125, NA.
44 Note by Douglas, 16 March 1925, ADM 116/2386/125; letter, Batterbee to Under Secretary of State, Foreign Office, 29 May 1925, ADM 116/2386/167, NA.
45 ‘Adelie Land’, memo by Henderson, 21 April 1925, A981/ANT4/Part 4, NAA.
46 Memo by the Australian National Research Council, 1925, ADM 116/2386/321, NA.
47 Minutes of Deputation from the Australian National Research Council, 3 July 1925, A981/ANT4/Part 4, NAA.
48 Letter, Forster to Amery, 16 September 1925, ADM 116/2386/318; ‘Notes on the Australian National Research Council’s Memorandum Respecting the “Australian Sector” of the Antarctic’, by Hydrographic Department, January 1926, ADM 116/2386/331, NA; despatch, Amery to Lord Stonehaven, 24 December 1925, A981/ANT4/Part 4, NAA.
49 Letter, Batterbee to Secretary, Admiralty, 29 May 1925; note by Douglas, 18 June 1925, ADM 116/2386/157; letter, Walker to Batterbee, 15 July 1925; minute, Batterbee to Davis,15 July 1925, CO 537/1075, NA.
50 Letter, Davis to Foreign Office, 29 August 1925, CO 537/1075; ‘On the Validity of the French Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, memo by Hydrographic Department, October 1925, CO 537/1081, NA.
51 Letter, Villiers to Dominions Office, 4 November 1925, CO 537/1093, NA; see also minute by Douglas, 4 February 1926, ADM 116/2386/230, NA.
52 Minute, Batterbee to Davis, 26 January 1926, CO 537/1093; ‘British Policy in the Antarctic’, memo prepared by the Inter-Departmental Committee, May 1926, ADM 116/2386/377, NA.
53 Mercury, Hobart, 10 May 1924.
54 Mercury, Hobart, 16 and 20 May 1924.
55 Mercury, Hobart, 20 May 1924.
56 Mercury, Hobart, 28 May 1924; Weekly Press, Christchurch, 18 March 1926.
57 Weekly Press, Christchurch, 18 March 1926.
58 Letter, Fergusson to Amery, 14 April 1925, ‘Antarctic and Arctic Regions, Control of,’ folder, G48/1/A/3, ANZ.
59 Letter, Andvig to New Zealand High Commissioner, 16 September 1925; letter, Andvig to Colonial Office, 26 September 1925, ‘Antarctic and Arctic Regions, Control of,’ folder, G48/1/A/3, ANZ.
60 Letters, Melsom and Melsom to Governor of the Falkland Islands, 21 September 1925, Melsom and Melsom to Colonial Office, 10 October and 11 November 1925, Grindle to Melsom and Melsom, 6 and 25 November 1925, and Amery to Fergusson, 11 January 1926, ‘Antarctic and Arctic Regions, Control of,’ folder, G48/1/A/3, ANZ.
61 Letter, Henderson to Secretary, Prime Minister’s Department, 27 February 1924; ‘Control of Ross Sea in the Antarctic’, memo, 29 March 1924, A981/ANT4, Part 2, NAA.
62 Letter, Harding to Secretary, Admiralty, 23 March 1926; note by Douglas, 3 May 1926, ADM 116/2386, NA.
63 ‘British Policy in the Antarctic’, memo prepared by the Inter-Departmental Committee, May 1926, ADM 116/2386/377, NA.
64 Minutes, Committee on British Policy in the Antarctic, 10, 17 and 18 November 1926, CAB 32/51, NA.
65 ‘Report of the Committee on British Policy in the Antarctic’, 19 November 1926, CAB 32/51, NA.
66 ‘Report of the Committee on British Policy in the Antarctic’, 19 November 1926, CAB 32/51, NA.
67 John Barnes and David Nicholson (eds), The Leo Amery Diaries, Vol. 1: 1896–1029, Hutchinson, London, 1980, p. 482.
1 Letter, Vogt to Chamberlain, 13 May 1927, ADM 116/2386/464, NA.
2 Note by Douglas, 13 June 1927, ADM 116/2386; ‘Notes on the Norwegian Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, Admiralty memo, 7 July 1927, ADM 116/2386/469; letter, Foreign Office to Vogt, August 1927, ADM 116/2386/502, NA; draft note, British Foreign Office to Norwegian Minister, September 1927, M 1/1209/25/2029, ANZ.
3 Memorandum, Acting Prime Minister to Governor-General, 14 January 1927, G 48/1/A/3(1), ANZ.
4 Memo, Acting Prime Minister to Governor-General, 14 January 1927, G 48/1/A/3(1), ANZ; Argus, Melbourne, 23 March 1927; letter, Dixon to Casey, 30 April 1927, A981/ANT4/Part 4, NAA.
5 Kyvind Tofte, ‘Report of Expedition to Peter Island in the Antarctic, 1927’, Whaling Museum, Sandefjord; Robert Headland, ‘Geographical Discoveries in Antarctica by the Whaling Industry’, in Bjorn Basberg, Jan Erik Ringstad and Einar Wexelsen (eds), Whaling and History: Perspectives on the Evolution of the Industry, Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, 1993, p. 197.
6 Lars Christensen, Such Is the Antarctic, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1935, pp. 17–18.
7 Christensen, Such Is the Antarctic, p. 32.
8 ‘Bouvet Island’, Geographical Journal, vol. 72, no. 6, December 1928, p. 537.
9 Note by Douglas, 15 November 1927, ADM 116/2386/532, NA.
10 Headland, ‘Geographical Discoveries in Antarctica by the Whaling Industry’, in Basberg et al. (eds), Whaling and History, p. 197; ‘Bouvet Island’, Geographical Review, vol. 19, no. 3, July 1929.
11 Articles by Bjarne Aagaard, 17–23 March 1928, Newspaper cutting book relating to Bouvet Island, WM.
12 Manchester Guardian, Manchester, Evening News, Daily Express and Daily Sketch, London, 20 January 1928.
13 Times, London, 24 and 25 January and 30 April 1928; Articles by Bjarne Aagaard, 17–23 March 1928, Newspaper cutting book relating to Bouvet Island, WM.
14 ‘Polar Regions’, Geographical Record, vol. 18, no. 4, October 1928,
15 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
16 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
17 Noel Barrett, Was Australian Antarctic Won Fairly?, Honours Thesis, Bachelor of Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, November 2007, p. 29.
18 Headland, ‘Geographical Discoveries in Antarctica by the Whaling Industry’, in Basberg et al. (eds), Whaling and History, p. 197; Christensen, Such Is the Antarctic, p. 33.
19 Rose, Explorer, pp. 7–39.
20 ‘Polar Lands and Explorers’, by Frederick Dellenbaugh, Geographical Review, vol. XVI, 1926; ‘The Polar Flights of Byrd and Amundsen’, Geographical Review, vol. XVI, 1926; Vilhjalmur Stefansson, The Adventure of Wrangel Island, Macmillan, New York, 1925; D. M. LeBourdais, Stefansson: Ambassador of the North, Harvest house, Montreal, 1963, pp. 158–172.
21 Rose, Explorer, pp. 60–100; Maynard, Wings of Ice, pp. 40–44; ‘The Amundsen-Ellsworth Polar Flight’, Geographical Review, New York, vol. XV, 1925, p. 665.
22 Rose, Explorer, pp. 101–116; New York Times, 28 March 1926; telegrams, Byrd to Bowman, 9 January 1926, Byrd to E. S. Evans, c. January 1926; letter, Byrd to Bowman, 28 January 1926, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1926’ folder, AGS; Maynard, Wings of Ice, p. 77.
23 Rose, Explorer, pp. 116–123; Maynard, Wings of Ice, pp. 109–111.
24 Letters, Byrd to Bowman, 24 November 1926, and Bowman to Byrd, 29 November 1926, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1926’ folder, AGS.
25 Rose, Explorer, pp. 123–146.
26 Richard E. Byrd, Skyward, Putnam, New York, 1928, pp. 222–278; Rose, Explorer, pp. 157–165.
27 Letter, Byrd to Bowman, 15 January 1927, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1927–28’ folder, AGS.
28 Rose, Explorer, p. 147.
29 Rose, Explorer, p. 174.
30 Byrd, Skyward, p. 300.
31 Letter, Joerg to Drygalski, 4 August 1926, ‘Erich von Drygalski, Antarctic’ folder; letters, Bowman to Byrd, 20 August, 22 September and 20 December 1926, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1926’ folder, AGS.
32 Byrd, Skyward, pp. 305, 317.
33 Letters, Bowman to Byrd, 3 January, 16 February and 7 June 1927; cable, Bowman to Byrd, 8 July 1927, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1927–28’ folder, AGS.
34 H. H. Clayton, ‘Argentine Interest in Antarctic Exploration’, Geographical Review, vol. XV, 1925, p. 667; memo to Coulter and Pickering, 1 September 1926, enclosing copy of letter from Antonio Pauly, ‘Expeditions and Explorers: Arctic and Antarctic – Miscellaneous’ Folder, AGS.
35 Niagara Falls Gazette, Niagara Falls, 9 April 1927.
36 Letters, Byrd to Bowman, 25 July 1927, and Bowman to Byrd, 28 July 1927, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1927–28’ folder, AGS.
37 New York Times, 5 August 1927; letter, Byrd to Bowman, 6 August 1927, and Bowman to Byrd, 12 August 1927, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1927–28’ folder, American Geographical Society, New York; Rose, Explorer, Chap. 6.
38 Letters, Byrd to Bowman, 14 August 1927, 17 and 22 September 1927 and 13 February 1928, 6 and 19 April 1928 and 3 May 1928, and Bowman to Byrd, 19 and 27 September 1927 and 10 April 1928, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1927–28’ folder, AGS.
39 Byrd, Skyward, p. 303.
40 Nasht, The Last Explorer, pp. 160–173; W. J. Hudson and Jane North (eds.), My Dear P.M.: R.G. Casey’s Letters to S. M. Bruce 1924–1929, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1980, pp. 78–79, 178–179, 341–342.
41 Hudson and North (eds.), My Dear P.M., pp. 341–342.
42 Times, London, 8 June and 10 September 1928.
43 Nasht, The Last Explorer, pp. 174–178; Times, London, 7 June 1928.
44 Memo, Dominions Secretary to Bruce, 3 August 1928, A2910/417/15/9 Part 1, NAA; Dispatch, Foreign Office to Chiltern, 4 September 1928, M 1/1218/25/2296 Part 3, ANZ.
45 Cited in Maynard, Wings of Ice, p. 186.
46 Nasht, The Last Explorer, pp. 179–180.
47 Nasht, The Last Explorer, pp. 181–183; ‘Policy in the Antarctic’, Memo for the Imperial Conference, September 1930, A981/ANT4, Part 8, NAA.
48 Rose, Explorer, pp. 225–226.
49 Cables, Amery to Governor-General, 6 November 1928, and Governor-General to Amery, 8 November 1928, N 1/463/16/8/13, ANZ.
50 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA; Dispatch, Foreign Office to Chiltern, 4 September 1928, M 1/1218/25/2296 Part 3, ANZ.
1 Letter, Bowman to Byrd, 26 September 1928, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1927–28’ folder, AGS.
2 Memorandum by Bowman, undated, ‘Expeditions – A.G.S.: Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928–1930’ Folder, AGS.
3 Navy press release, 28 June 1929, Byrd Papers, RG 56.1, Box 8, Folder 292, BPRC.
4 Richard Evelyn Byrd, ‘The Conquest of Antarctica by Air’, National Geographic Magazine, vol. LVIII, no. 2, August 1930, pp. 127, 168.
5 Letter, Byrd to Bowman, 9 October 1928, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1927–28’ folder, AGS.
6 Letters, Casey to Bruce, 11 April and 9 and 16 May 1929, Hudson and North (eds), My Dear P.M., pp. 492, 510 and 514.
7 ‘Policy in the Antarctic’, memo for the Imperial Conference, September 1930, A981/ANT4, Part 8, NAA.
8 Letters, Casey to Bruce, 11 April, 16 May and 6 June 1929, Hudson and North (eds), My Dear P.M., pp. 492, 514 and 518–519.
9 ‘Policy in the Antarctic’, memo for the Imperial Conference, September 1930, A981/ANT4, Part 8; ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA; Nasht, The Last Explorer, pp. 204–207.
10 Letter, Byrd to Weyland, 28 September 1928, Byrd Papers, Folder I-4, DCL.
11 Byrd, ‘The Conquest of Antarctica by Air’, p. 198; letters, Byrd to Bowman, 3 and 24 May 1928, and Bowman to Byrd, 15 May and 18 June 1928, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1927–28’ folder, AGS.
12 Wallace West, Paramount Newsreel Men with Admiral Byrd in Little America, Whitman Publishing, Racine, 1934, p. 70; Byrd, ‘The Conquest of Antarctica by Air’, p. 207.
13 Byrd, ‘The Conquest of Antarctica by Air’, pp. 216–217; Richard Evelyn Byrd, Little America, Putnam, New York, 1930, pp. 341–342, 345.
14 Lowell Thomas and Lowell Thomas Jr, Famous First Flights That Changed History, Lyons Press, Guildford, Connecticut, 2004, p. 219.
15 Radiograms, [copies] Sulzberger to Byrd, 20 November 1929, and Byrd to Sulzberger, 22 November 1929, ‘Expeditions – A.G.S.: Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928–1930’ Folder, AGS; Byrd, ‘The Conquest of Antarctica by Air’, pp. 219.
16 Byrd, Little America, pp. 351–353, 357.
17 New York Times, 8 December 1929.
18 New York Times, 20 December 1929.
19 New York Times, 1 December 1929.
20 Byrd, Little America, pp. 359, 407–408.
21 Newspaper cutting, c. 10 March 1930, Scrap Book, OV-1/I-101, Bernt Balchen Papers, LoC.
22 West, Paramount Newsreel Men with Admiral Byrd in Little America, p. 20; Byrd, Little America, pp. 155–157.
23 Byrd, Little America, pp. 22, 272.
24 Despatch, Passfield to Dominion Governments, 14 January 1930, M 1/1218/25/2296 Part 3, ANZ; ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
25 Letters, Cook to Loper, 5 and 29 January 1900, Box II: 14, Folder 1; letter, Balch to Loper, 22 February 1904, Box II: 10, Folder 3, Palmer-Loper Families papers, LoC.
26 See letters by Balch to Science, vol. 18, Nos. 445 and 453, 10 July and 4 September 1903; Edwin Swift Balch, ‘Antarctic Nomenclature’, Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, vol. 37, no. 12, 1905; ‘Stonington Antarctic Explorers’, Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, vol. XLI, no. 8, 1909; ‘Palmer Land’, Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, vol. 43, no. 4, 1911; ‘The First Sighting of West Antarctica’, Geographical Review, vol. 15, no. 4, 1911.
27 John Randolph Spears, Captain Nathaniel Brown Palmer, Macmillan, New York, 1922; letters, John Spears to Mrs Loper, 14 and 31 March, 25 April and 7, 20 and 24 May 1921, and Loper to Spears, 21 March 1921, Box II: 6, Folder 12, Palmer-Loper Families papers, LoC.
28 Frank Williams, ‘Lawrence Martin, 1880–1955’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 46, no. 3, September 1956.
29 Letters, Putnam to Loper, 30 September 1927, and Martin to Loper, 6 December 1928, Box II: 8, Folder 1, Palmer-Loper Families papers, LoC.
30 Letters, Casey to Bruce, 30 May and 4 July 1929, in Hudson and North (eds), My Dear P.M., pp. 516 and 534.
31 Despatch, Amery to Governor-General, 5 January 1927, CP 46/2/41; ‘British Policy in the Antarctic’, memorandum by Davis to Comptroller General of Customs, 16 February 1927; letters, Deane to Masson, 21 March 1927, and Masson to Deane, 1 and 25 July 1927, A981/ANT4/Part 4; minute by Henderson, 6 December 1928, A4311/362/5, NAA.
32 ‘Greenland: Correspondence (September, 1919 – September, 1920) with the Government of the Dominion of Canada as to the Recognition of Danish Sovereignty over Greenland’, CO 886/9/6, NA; D. A. Nichols, ‘Greenland, our North-Eastern Neighbour’, Canadian Geographical Journal, vol. XXII, no. 1, January 1941; Gustav Smedal, Acquisition of Sovereignty over Polar Areas, Translated from Norwegian by Chr. Meyer, Oslo, 1930.
33 See documents in A4311/362/5, NAA.
34 Letter, Casey to Bruce, 10 January 1929, A461/J413/1; also see documents in A4311/362/5, NAA.
35 Letter, Casey to Bruce, 6 June 1929, in Hudson and North (eds), My Dear P.M., p. 519.
36 Letter, Mawson to Bruce, 31 January 1929, A461/J413/1, NAA.
37 Times, London, 20 January 1928.
38 Cable, Casey to External Affairs, 20 February 1929, A461/J413/1, NAA.
39 Hansard, 21 February 1929, p. 461; ‘Antarctic Expedition’, draft press release, 7 March 1929, A461/J413/1, NAA.
40 Ayres, Mawson, p. 166.
41 Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, p. 252.
42 Memo by Henderson, c. November 1929, A461/B413/4, NAA.
43 Manuscript by Henderson, 8 February 1960, A981/ANT22, NAA.
44 ‘Manuscript of A. Grenfell Price’s book, “Antarctic Research Expedition 1929–1931”’, PRG 523/15/2, Mawson Papers, SLSA.
45 Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 252–253; Harold Fletcher, Antarctic Days with Mawson: A personal account of the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition of 1929–31, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1984, p. 44.
46 Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, p. 310.
47 Daily News, London, 10 October 1929.
48 Cables, Casey to Trumble, 11 October 1929, and Casey to Mawson, 12 October 1929, A2908/1/E6, NAA.
49 Christensen, Such is the Antarctic, p. 161.
50 Cable, Casey to Mawson, 15 October 1929, A2908/1/E6, NAA, Canberra;
51 ‘Policy in the Antarctic’, memo for the Imperial Conference, September 1930, A981/ANT4, Part 8, NAA.
52 Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 255–256.
53 Barrett, Was Australian Antarctic Won Fairly?, p. 25.
54 Christensen, Such is the Antarctic, pp. 154, 168–170; Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen, ‘The “Norvegia” Antarctic Expedition of 1929–1930’, Geographical Review, vol. 20, no. 4, October 1930; Manuscript by W. Henderson, 8 February 1960, A981/ANT22, NAA.
55 Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 288–289.
56 Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 293, 298.
57 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA; Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 254–346.
58 Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, p. 304.
59 Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, p. 310.
60 Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 311–312.
61 Barrett, Was Australian Antarctic Won Fairly?, p. 33; Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 313–315; Fletcher, Antarctic Days with Mawson, pp. 162–163.
62 Christensen, Such Is the Antarctic, p. 173; Barrett, Was Australian Antarctic Won Fairly?, p. 33; Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 316–317; Fletcher, Antarctic Days with Mawson, pp. 167–170; B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition: Report on Geographic Discoveries and Proclamations by Mawson, 13 January 1930, ADM 1/8827, NA.
63 Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 317–321.
64 Christensen, Such Is the Antarctic, p. 172; B.A.N.Z. ‘Antarctic Research Expedition: Report on Geographic Discoveries and Proclamations by Mawson’, 13 January 1930, p. 2, ADM 1/8827, NA.
65 Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 324–325; Fletcher, Antarctic Days with Mawson, p. 181.
66 Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen, ‘The “Norvegia” Antarctic Expedition of 1929–1930’, Geographical Review, vol. 20, no. 4, October 1930.
1 Gunnar Isachsen, ‘Norwegian Explorations in the Antarctic, 1930–1931’, Geographical Review, vol. XXII, no. 1, January 1932, p. 83.
2 Manuscript by W. Henderson, 8 February 1960, A981/ANT22, NAA; Christensen, Such Is the Antarctic, p. 40.
3 Isachsen, ‘Norwegian Explorations in the Antarctic, 1930–1931’, p. 84.
4 Manuscript by W. Henderson, 8 February 1960, A981/ANT22, NAA; Christensen, Such Is the Antarctic, p. 173.
5 Dundee Courier and Advertiser, Dundee, 6 April 1929.
6 Isachsen, ‘Norwegian Explorations in the Antarctic, 1930–1931’, pp. 85–86; Christensen, Such Is the Antarctic, pp. 198–199.
7 Isachsen, ‘Norwegian Explorations in the Antarctic, 1930–1931’, pp. 86–87, 93; memo, Wingfield to Henderson, 19 May 1931, ADM 1/8753/221, NA.
8 Christensen, Such Is the Antarctic, p. 211.
9 Isachsen, ‘Norwegian Explorations in the Antarctic, 1930–1931’, pp. 93–96; Christensen, Such Is the Antarctic, pp. 202–203, 210–211.
10 Isachsen, ‘Norwegian Explorations in the Antarctic, 1930–1931’, pp. 93–96.
11 Christensen, Such Is the Antarctic, p. 154.
12 ‘Report by Sir Douglas Mawson on the Work of the Expedition in R.S.S. “Discovery” during the Season, 1929–1930’, A461/A413/4, NAA; Manuscript by Henderson, 8 February 1960, A981/ANT22, NAA.
13 Letters, Passfield to Scullin, 6 March 1930, and Scullin to Passfield, 10 May 1930, A461/F413/4, NAA.
14 ‘Policy in the Antarctic’, memo for the Imperial Conference, September 1930; report by Committee on Polar Questions, Imperial Conference, 30 October 1930, A981/ANT4, Part 8, NAA.
15 Manuscript by Henderson, 8 February 1960, A981/ANT22, NAA.
16 Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, p. 352.
17 Memo by Officer for Scullin, 8 July 1931, p. 2, A981/ANT4, Part 8, NAA.
18 Minutes of the Antarctic Committee, 9 August and 26 September 1930, in Manuscript by Henderson, 8 February 1960, A981/ANT22, NAA.
19 Memo, Mawson to Strahan, 22 November 1930; letter, Strahan to Holtz, 24 February 1931, A461/L413/2, NAA.
20 Minutes of the Antarctic Committee, 9 August and 26 September 1930, in Manuscript by Henderson, 8 February 1960, A981/ANT22, NAA.
21 Fletcher, Antarctic Days with Mawson, p. 229.
22 Stuart Campbell, Diary: ‘“Canopy of Ice”: Second Voyage of the British, Australian, New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition 1929–1931, Under the Command of Sir Douglas Mawson aboard S.Y. Discovery’, AAD; Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 362–63.
23 Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, p. 364; letter, Casey to Prime Minister’s Department, 8 January 1931, in Manuscript by Henderson, 8 February 1960, A981/ANT22, NAA.
24 Campbell diary, 28 January 1930, AAD.
25 Ayres, Mawson, p. 197; Campbell diary, 5 January 1931, AAD; Fletcher, Antarctic Days with Mawson, pp. 265–266.
26 Copies of the various BANZARE proclamations can be found in ‘Proclamations read by Sir Douglas Mawson’, 1929–1931, A981/ANT22, NAA; Campbell diary, 5 January 1931, AAD; Tom Griffiths, Slicing the Silence: Voyaging to Antarctica, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2007, pp. 119–120; Fletcher, Antarctic Days with Mawson, p. 266.
27 Campbell diary, 6 February 1931, AAD; Fletcher, Antarctic Days with Mawson, p. 290.
28 Sun, Melbourne, 18 February and 19 March 1930; Headland, ‘Whalers and Explorers’, in Ringstad (ed.), Whaling and History II: New Perspectives, p. 53.
29 Campbell diary, 7–8 February 1931, AAD.
30 Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 374, 377–378; Campbell diary, 11–13 February 1931, AAD.
31 Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, pp. 379–380; Campbell diary, 13 February 1931, AAD.
32 Campbell diary, 18 February 1931, AAD; Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, p. 380–382; Fletcher, Antarctic Days with Mawson, p. 301.
33 Wireless message from Mawson, 16 March 1931, A981/ANT4, Part 8, NAA.
34 Letter, Mawson to Amery, 7 May 1931, AMEL 2/1/21, Leo Amery Papers, CAC.
35 Memos, Wingfield to Henderson, 11 March and 27 May 1931, and other documents in this file, ADM 1/8753/221, NA.
36 Manuscript by W. Henderson, 8 February 1960, A981/ANT22, NAA.
37 For a copy of the poster of Siege of the South, see Jacka and Jacka (eds), Mawson’s Antarctic Diaries, p. 376; undated, draft script for a film of the BANZARE expedition, PRG 523, Series 11/1, Mawson Papers, SLSA.
38 Letter, Scullin to Dominions Secretary, 13 July 1931, A981/ANT4, Part 8, NAA; letter, Law to editor of the Age, 24 November 1988, MS 9458/1/100, Law Papers, NLA.
39 Letter, Casey to Bruce, 10 January 1929, enclosing minutes of the Inter-departmental Committee on the Antarctic, 8 January 1929, A461/J413/1, NAA.
40 The Antarctic Pilot, comprising the Coasts of Antarctica and all Islands Southward of the Usual Routes of Vessels, Admiralty Hydrographic Department, London, 1930, Davis Papers, AAD.
41 Isachsen, ‘Norwegian Explorations in the Antarctic, 1930–1931’, p. 93.
42 Christensen, Such Is the Antarctic, pp. 210–211.
43 Christensen, Such Is the Antarctic, pp. 222–223.
44 Douglas Mawson, ‘The B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition, 1929–31’, Geographical Journal, vol. LXXX, no. 2, August 1932.
45 Mawson, ‘The B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition, 1929–31’, p. 129.
46 Minutes of the Polar Committee, 5 October 1933, M 1/1218/25/2296 Part 3, ANZ.
47 Hansard, 26 May 1933, pp. 1950–1955.
48 Hansard, 26 May 1933, pp. 1950–1952, 1957.
49 Hansard, 26 May 1933, pp. 1952, 1956, 2020.
50 Cable, Commonwealth Government to Australian High Commission, 19 August 1936, A2910/404/16/1 Part 1, NAA.
51 Christensen, Such Is the Antarctic, pp. 214–221
1 Newspaper cuttings, 24 June and 8 July 1930, Clippings 1920s–1930s, Byrd Folder, EC.
2 New York Times, 23 April 1930.
3 Letters, Byrd to Pond, 9 and 24 December 1931, Byrd Papers, I-2, DCL.
4 Letter, Byrd to Harry Byrd, 17 September 1931, Byrd Papers, RG 56.1, Box 1, Folder 37, BPRC.
5 Memo, Byrd to Walden, 22 August 1930, Byrd Papers, I-2, DCL.
6 Newspaper cutting, 8 July 1930, Clippings 1920s–1930s, Byrd Folder, EC.
7 Letter, Byrd to Harry Byrd, 8 February 1931, Byrd Papers, RG 56.1, Box 1, Folder 37, BPRC.
8 Letters, Byrd to Eleanor Roosevelt, 17 September 1931, and Byrd to Harry Byrd, 3 and 16 November 1931, Byrd Papers, RG 56.1, Box 1, Folder 37, BPRC.
9 Undated newspaper cutting, c. 23 June 1930, Scrap Book, OV-1/I-113, Bernt Balchen Papers, LoC.
10 Undated newspaper cutting, c. 19 June 1930, Scrap Book, OV-1/I-113, Bernt Balchen Papers, LoC.
11 Undated newspaper cutting from the New York Times, c. 1931, Laurence Gould folder, EC.
12 New York Times, 24 February 1931.
13 Letter, Byrd to Bowman, 24 February 1931, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1930–35’ folder, AGS.
14 Letter, Bowman to Byrd, 26 February 1931, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1930–35’ folder, AGS.
15 Letters, Bowman to Byrd, 18 and 20 March 1931, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1930–35’ folder, AGS; Detroit Times, Detroit, 24 November 1929.
16 Letter, Bowman to Ranck, 7 February 1929, ‘Wilkins Hearst Antarctic Expedition 1929–30’ folder, AGS.
17 New York Times, 6 February 1932; For an account of Watkins’ expedition, see Jeremy Scott, Dancing on Ice: A 1930s Arctic Adventure, Old Street Publishing, London, 2010.
18 Memorandum by Bowman, undated, ‘Expeditions – A.G.S.: Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928–1930’ Folder, AGS.
19 New York Times, 27 July 1932; letters, Byrd to Bowman, 11 August and 13 October 1932, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1930–35’ folder, AGS; Rose, Explorer, Chap. 10.
20 Time, New York, 2 January 1933; letters, Byrd to Harry Byrd, 24, 28 and 30 January 1933, Byrd Papers, RG 56.1, Box 1, Folder 39, BPRC; Rose, Explorer, Chap. 10.
21 Letters, Harry Byrd to Byrd, 31 January and 27 February 1933, Byrd Papers, RG 56.1, Box 1, Folder 39, BPRC.
22 Letters, Byrd to Bowman, 21 April 1933, and Bowman to Byrd, 11 May 1933, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1930–35’ folder, AGS.
23 Minutes of the Polar Committee, 5 October 1933, M 1/1218/25/2296 Part 3, ANZ.
24 Launcelot Fleming, Colin Bertram and Brian Roberts, ‘Three Antarctic Years: The British Graham Land Expedition of 1934–1937’, Canadian Geographical Journal, vol. XXII, no. 1, January 1941; John Rymill, Southern Lights: The Official Account of the British Graham Land Expedition 1934–1937, Chatto and Windus, London, 1938, pp. 26–31.
25 J. R. Rymill, ‘British Graham Land Expedition, 1934-37’, Geographical Journal, Vol. 91, Nos. 4 and 5, April and May 1938.
26 Letter, Ellsworth to Secretary, Explorers Club, 5 February 1930, enclosing cutting from San Diego Union, 4 February 1930, Ellsworth Folder, EC; Boy’s Life, April 1928.
27 New York Times Magazine, New York, 29 May 1932; Little America Times, 31 December 1934, Byrd Folder, EC; Lincoln Ellsworth, Beyond Horizons, Doubleday, Doran & Company, New York, 1938, pp. 27, 91.
28 Letters, Bowman to Sverdrup, 9 March 1931, and Sverdrup to Bowman, 25 March 1931; cables, Ellsworth to Christensen, 1 May 1931, Ellsworth to Riiser-Larsen, 9 May 1931 and Riiser-Larsen to Ellsworth, 12 May 1931; undated memorandum, ‘Ellsworth Antarctic Expedition, 1932–1933’, probably by Bowman, ‘Expeditions – A.G.S.: Ellsworth Trans-Antarctic flight expedition, 1933’ Folder, AGS.
29 New York Times, 1 March 1935; Ellsworth, Beyond Horizons, p. 255; Nasht, The Last Explorer, pp. 257–259.
30 New York Times, 18 and 21 April 1932; Herald Tribune, New York, 18 April 1932.
31 Letter, Bowman to Ellsworth, 19 July 1933, ‘Expeditions – A.G.S.: Ellsworth Trans-Antarctic flight expedition, 1933’ Folder, AGS.
32 ‘Ellsworth Trans-Antarctic Flight Expedition’, memo, probably by Bowman, c. December 1933, ‘Expeditions – A.G.S.: Ellsworth Trans-Antarctic flight expedition, 1933’ Folder, AGS.
33 ‘Ross Dependency: American Expeditions to the Dependency and Correspondence Relating to these Expeditions’, undated memorandum, c. 1956, M 1/1209/25/2029, ANZ; ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
34 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
35 Ellsworth, Beyond Horizons, pp. 265–268.
36 Ellsworth, Beyond Horizons, pp. 271–290; cablegrams, Wilkins to Bowman, 29 December 1934, and Ellsworth to Bowman, 15 January 1935, ‘Expeditions – A.G.S.: Ellsworth Trans-Antarctic flight expedition, 1933’ Folder, AGS.
37 Little America Times, 31 January 1935, Ellsworth Folder, EC.
38 New York Times, 1 March 1935.
39 Little America Times, 30 April 1935, Balchen Scrap Book Number Two, OV-2, II-1A, Bernt Balchen Papers, LoC.
40 Ellsworth, Beyond Horizons, pp. 298–310.
41 Ellsworth, Beyond Horizons, pp. 310–320.
42 Ellsworth, Beyond Horizons, pp. 319–323.
43 Ellsworth, Beyond Horizons, pp. 323–325.
44 Ellsworth, Beyond Horizons, pp. 327–345.
45 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
46 ‘Ross Dependency: American Expeditions to the Dependency and Correspondence Relating to these Expeditions’, undated memo, c. 1956, M 1/1209/25/2029, ANZ; Ellsworth, Beyond Horizons, p. 362; Little America Times, 31 January 1935, Ellsworth Folder, EC.
47 Letters, Byrd to Bowman, 24 July and 8 August 1933, and Bowman to Byrd, 5 August 1933, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1930–35’ folder, AGS; letters, Harry Byrd to Byrd, 2 and 14 August 1933, Byrd Papers, RG.1, Box 1, Folder 39, BPRC.
48 Letters, Byrd to Bowman, 8 August and 1 September 1933; ‘The Scientific Work of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928–30 and Suggestions on a Scientific Program for the Byrd Antarctic Expedition of 1933–34’, memorandum by Bowman, 20 August 1933, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1930–35’ folder, AGS.
49 Extract from New York World-Telegram, 7 September 1933, M 1/1218/25/2296 Part 3, ANZ, Wellington; Rose, Explorer, pp. 313–314.
50 Letter, Byrd to Bowman, 21 September 1933, and Bowman to Byrd, 9 October 1933, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1930–35’ folder, AGS.
51 ‘Ross Dependency: American Expeditions to the Dependency and Correspondence Relating to these Expeditions’, undated memo, c. 1956, M 1/1209/25/2029, ANZ.
52 ‘Ross Dependency: American Expeditions to the Dependency and Correspondence Relating to these Expeditions’, undated memo, c. 1956, M 1/1209/25/2029, ANZ.
53 Richard Evelyn Byrd, Antarctic Discovery: The Story of the Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition, Putnam, London, 1936, pp. 8, 17–18.
54 Byrd, Antarctic Discovery, pp. 77, 104, 121.
55 Byrd, Antarctic Discovery, pp. 160–163, 170; Rose, Explorer, pp. 287–289, 345.
56 New York Times, 6 February 1932.
57 Stam, Books on Ice, pp. 117–118.
58 Byrd, Antarctic Discovery, pp. 172–176, 234–248; Rose, Explorer, pp. 357–374.
59 Byrd, Antarctic Discovery, pp. 274, 302–307, 317–320, 331.
60 Little America Times, 31 December 1934, Byrd Folder, EC.
61 Letter, Bowman to Mrs Byrd, 19 December 1934, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1930–35’ folder, AGS.
62 Letter, Byrd to Bowman, 8 August 1933, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1930–35’ folder, AGS.
63 Letter, Shook to Governor-General, 21 January 1936; telegram, Dominions Secretary to Governor-General, 20 November 1934, M 1/1218/25/2296 Part 3, ANZ; ‘Ross Dependency: American Expeditions to the Dependency and Correspondence Relating to these Expeditions’, undated memo, c. 1956, M 1/1209/25/2029, ANZ; Rose, Explorer, p. 332.
64 ‘Ross Dependency: American Expeditions to the Dependency and Correspondence Relating to these Expeditions’, undated memo, c. 1956, M 1/1209/25/2029; memo, Forbes to Governor-General, 7 December 1934, M 1/1218/25/2296 Part 3, ANZ.
65 Little America Times, New York, 31 March 1935. Byrd Folder, EC; notice from C. F. Anderson, 27 January 1935, in ‘Diary of a Voyage to Antarctica, 1935’, NZMS 661, William Loudon Papers, ACL.
66 Note, Lindsay to Hull, 27 December 1934; memo, Forbes to Governor-General, 7 December 1934, M 1/1218/25/2296 Part 3, ANZ.
67 Dispatch, Dominions Secretary to Governor-General, 18 December 1934, M 1/1218/25/2296 Part 3, ANZ.
68 Rose, Explorer, p. 381.
69 Little America Times, New York, 28 February 1935. Byrd Folder, EC; Dominion, Wellington, 2 March 1935.
70 Dominion, Wellington, 6 March 1935.
71 Little America Times, New York, 31 May 1935; program of a Testimonial Dinner for Byrd, 5 June 1936, Byrd Folder, EC; Rose, Explorer, p. 384.
72 Letter, Byrd to Bowman, 10 May 1936, ‘Byrd, R. E., 1930–35’ folder, AGS.
73 Business Machines, New York, 12 June 1936; Program of a Testimonial Dinner for Byrd, 5 June 1936, Byrd Folder, EC.
74 Dominion, Wellington, 22 February 1936; ‘Charles Cheney Hyde’, Political Science Quarterly, vol. 67, no. 2, June 1952.
75 Letter, [unclear] to Viereck, 2 January 1936, Byrd Papers, RG 56.1, Box 8, Folder 292, BPRC.
76 Rose, Explorer, pp. 317, 384–386; ‘The Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1933–1935’, probably by Bertrand, c. 1954, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #7, ‘The Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1933–1935’ folder, NARA.
1 Vilhjalmur Stefansson, The Friendly Arctic: The Story of Five Years in Polar Regions, Harrap, London, 1921.
2 Barthelmess, ‘A Century of German Interests in Modern Whaling, 1860s–1960s’, in Basberg, Whaling and History: Perspectives on the Evolution of the Industry, pp. 129–131.
3 ‘Situation in the Antarctic’, memo for Imperial Conference, 4 February 1937, M 1/1209/25/2029, ANZ.
4 Gustav Smedal, Acquisition of Sovereignty over Polar Areas, J. Dybwad, Oslo, 1931, pp. 36–37.
5 Secret memorandum (draft) to Cornish, c. December 1937, A981/ANT26, NAA.
6 Caroline Mikkelsen, the wife of the Thorshavn’s captain, is often claimed to have been the first woman when she stepped ashore in February 1935, but it is now known that she landed on an offshore island. Cape Times, Cape Town, 28 December 1936 and 18 February 1937; New York Sun, 13 February 1937; ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA; F. I. Norman, J. A. E. Gibson and J. S. Burgess, ‘Klarius Mikkelsen’s 1935 landing in the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica: some fiction and some facts’, Polar Record, vol. 34, no. 191, 1998, pp. 295–296.
7 Memo, Cumpston to Acting Secretary, 10 May 1937, A981/ANT 48, Part 3, NAA.
8 ‘Adelie Land’, memo by Cumpston, 15 January 1937; cable, Hodgson to Department of External Affairs, 1 May 1937; memo, Cumpston to Acting Secretary, Department of External Affairs, 10 May 1937, A981/ANT 48, Part 3, NAA.
9 Letter, Mawson to Peterson, 26 July 1937; memo, Stirling to Hodgson, 1 September 1937; letter, Hodgson to Cornish, 24 December 1937; and Secret memo (draft) to Cornish, c. December 1937, A981/ANT26, NAA.
10 Herald, Melbourne, 22 June 1938.
11 M. Ruth Megaw, ‘The Scramble for the Pacific: Anglo-United States Rivalry in the 1930s’, Historical Studies, Vol. 17, No. 69, 1977.
12 Evening Post, Wellington, 6 July 1938; Cabinet Submission by Hughes, 28 June 1938, A4311/365/9/1, NAA; Newspaper cutting, 22 June 1938, J. K. Davis, D.26 folder, Davis Papers, AAD.
13 Letters, Waesche to Kellogg, 3 March 1939 and Kellogg to Waesche, 8 March 1939, RG 126/9/13/9, Part #1, ‘Antarctica, Industries, Whaling’ File, NARA.
14 Congressional Record – House, 11 March 1938, p. 4364; Science, 3 December 1937.
15 J. K. W. and W. O. F., ‘Obituary: Lawrence Martin’, Geographical Review, vol. 45, no. 4, October 1955; Frank E. Williams, ‘Lawrence Martin, 1880–1955’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 46, no. 3, September 1956; letter, Martin to Loper, 11 November 1937, Box II: 8, Folder 1, Palmer-Loper Families papers, LoC.
16 Science, 3 December 1937 and 18 February 1938; letter, Martin to Loper, 9 February 1938, Box II: 8, Folder 1, Palmer-Loper Families papers, LoC; New York Evening Sun, 3 June 1938.
17 New York Times, 17 October 1909.
18 Letter, Hobbs to Harry Byrd, 6 July 1939, Byrd Papers, RG 56.1, Box 1, Folder 43, BPRC.
19 Laurence Gould, ‘Obituary: William Herbert Hobbs’, Geographical Review, vol. 43, no. 3, July 1953; Robert Burnett Hall, ‘William Herbert Hobbs, 1864–1953’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 43, no. 4, December 1953; Clifford Wilcox, ‘World War 1 and the Attack on Professors of German at the University of Michigan’, History of Education Quarterly, vol. 33, no. 1, Spring, 1993.
20 Letters, Hobbs to Loper, 10 September 1937 and Martin to Loper, 23 September 1937, and other documents in these papers, Box II: 14, Folder 3, Palmer-Loper Families papers, LoC.
21 Letters, Hobbs to Loper, 6, 8 and 9 October 1937, 28 February and 3 and 18 March 1938, Box II: 14, Folder 3, Palmer-Loper Families papers, LoC.
22 William Herbert Hobbs, ‘The Pack-Ice of the Weddell Sea’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 29, no. 2, June 1939.
23 William Herbert Hobbs, ‘The Discoveries of Antarctica within the American Sector, as Revealed by Maps and Documents’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. XXXI, Part 1, January 1939.
24 New York Evening Sun, New York, 3 June 1938; undated newspaper cutting, c. April 1938, Box II: 19, Folder 6, Palmer-Loper Families papers, LoC.
25 For a sample of the British responses, see R. N. Rudmose Brown, ‘Antarctic History: A Reply to Professor W. H. Hobbs’, Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 55, May 1939; Arthur Hinks, ‘Review: On Some Misrepresentations of Antarctic History’, Geographical Journal, vol. 94, no. 4, October 1939; R. T. Gould, ‘The Charting of the South Shetlands, 1819–28’, Mariner’s Mirror, vol. 17, no. 3, July 1941; for two American views of Hobbs, see letters, Birdseye to Bowman, 15 May 1939, and Bowman to Birdseye, 19 May 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Islands, Palmer’ File; letter, Byrd to Gruening, 24 May 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 2, ‘Administrative, General, 8 May 1939 to 28 November 1939’ File, NARA.
26 Letter, Byrd to Harold Byrd, 8 June 1937, Byrd Papers, RG 56.1, Box 1, Folder 41, BPRC.
27 Rose, Explorer, pp. 386–398; letter, Byrd to Harold Byrd, 18 June 1937, Byrd Papers, RG 56.1, Box 1, Folder 41, BPRC.
28 Memo, Black to Gruening, 4 May 1938; letters, Black to Gruening, 6 and 7 May 1938, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 1, ‘Administrative, General, 4 May 1938 to 6 May 1939’ File, NARA.
29 Memo, Black to Gruening, 4 May 1938; letters, Black to Gruening, 6 and 7 May 1938, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 1, ‘Administrative, General, 4 May 1938 to 6 May 1939’ File, NARA.
30 New York Times, 6 May 1938; Newspaper cutting, 6 August 1938, RG 126/9/13/11, ‘Publicity, Publications, Press Clippings, Ellsworth Expeditions’ File, NARA.
31 Letter, Redmond to Wright, 21 June 1938, ‘Expeditions: Ellsworth Antarctic Expedition, 1938–’ Folder, AGS.
32 New York Times, 6 May 1938.
33 ‘History and Current Status of Claims in Antarctica’, Secret report by Office of Intelligence Research, 24 November 1947, pp. 64–65, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Antarctica: The Fischer Study’ folder, NARA.
34 Letters, Redmond to Wright, 21 June 1938, and Wood to Redmond, 23 June 1938, ‘Expeditions: Ellsworth Antarctic Expedition, 1938–’ Folder, AGS.
35 Newspaper cutting, 6 August 1938, RG 126/9/13/11, ‘Publicity, Publications, Press Clippings, Ellsworth Expeditions’ File, NARA.
36 Letter, Wilkins to Casey, 6 August 1938; telegram, Wilkins to Casey, c. August 1938; memo, Hodgson to Stirling, 18 November 1938, A981/ANT22, NAA; Newspaper cutting, 31 August 1938, J. K. Davis, D.26 folder, Davis Papers, AAD.
37 Telegram, Wilkins to Casey, 6 September 1938; letter, Hodgson to Wilkins, 12 September 1938, A981/ANT22, NAA.
38 Letter, Wilkins to Hodgson, 16 September 1938; ‘Map of the Antarctic’, undated and unsigned memorandum, c. August 1938; memo, Hodgson to Stirling, 18 November 1938, A981/ANT22, NAA.
39 Letter, Stirling to Hodgson, 19 October 1938; memo, Hodgson to Stirling, 18 November 1938, A981/ANT22, NAA.
40 ‘History and Current Status of Claims in Antarctica’, Secret report by Office of Intelligence Research, 24 November 1947, pp. 64–65, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Antarctica: The Fischer Study’ folder, NARA.
41 Lincoln Ellsworth, ‘My Four Antarctic Expeditions’, National Geographic Magazine, Washington, July 1939; Nasht, The Last Explorer, p. 271.
42 Speech by Ellsworth, 5 December 1944, Ellsworth Folder, EC.
43 ‘Ellsworth Antarctic Expedition 1938–39: Extracts from Report (Sir Hubert Wilkins)’, A981/ANT22, NAA.
44 ‘Ellsworth Antarctic Expedition 1938–39: Extracts from Report (Sir Hubert Wilkins)’, A981/ANT22, NAA; Nasht, The Last Explorer, pp. 171–172.
45 ‘Ellsworth Antarctic Expedition 1938–39: Extracts from Report (Sir Hubert Wilkins)’, A981/ANT22, NAA.
46 Lincoln Ellsworth, ‘My Four Antarctic Expeditions’, National Geographic Magazine, July 1939; ‘Ellsworth Antarctic Expedition 1938–39: Extracts from Report (Sir Hubert Wilkins)’, A981/ANT22, NAA; New York Times, 13 and 16 January 1939.
47 Confidential memo by Black, 1 May 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Ellsworth folder, NARA; Radio message, Wilkins to Hodgson, 13 January 1939; letter, Watt to Mawson, 6 February 1939, and other documents in A981/ANT22, NAA.
48 Newspaper cutting, 27 January 1939, Davis papers, AAD; letter, Mawson to his wife, 30 January 1939, PRG 523/3/4/7, Mawson Papers, SLSA.
49 Letter, Mawson to Hodgson, 3 February 1939, A981/ANT22, NAA.
50 Letter, Head of Marine Branch to Davis, 7 February 1939; newspaper cutting, c. 9 February 1939, Davis papers, AAD; Mercury, Hobart, 10 February 1939.
51 Newspaper cutting, 3 March 1939, Davis papers, AAD; letter, Mawson to his wife, 30 January 1939, PRG 523/3/4/7; letter, Mawson to his wife, 1 March 1939, PRG 523/3/3/7, Mawson Papers, SLSA.
52 Memo, Hodgson to Stirling, London, 17 May 1939, A981/ANT22; ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
53 Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney, 11 February 1939.
54 New York Times, 23 January and 4 February 1939; Herald, Melbourne, 16 February 1939; Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney, 17 February 1939.
55 Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney, 7 February 1939; New York Times, 9 February 1939; letter, Officer to Hodgson, 6 May 1938; ‘Antarctic’, memo by Officer, c. February 1939; memo, Officer to Hodgson, 9 February 1939; telegram, Hodgson to Officer, 10 February 1939, A981/ANT22, NAA.
56 New York Times, 1 March 1939; Newspaper cutting, c. 1 March 1939, RG 126/9/13/11, ‘Publicity, Publications, Press Clippings, Ellsworth Expeditions’ File, NARA.
57 ‘The German Antarctic Expedition of 1938–1939’, Box 2601, ‘ONI: German-Antarctic Expedition’ folder, NARA.
58 New York Times, 1 March 1939.
1 Letter, Black to Gruening, 18 November 1938; memo, Roosevelt to Welles, 7 January 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 1, ‘Administrative, General, 4 May 1938 to 6 May 1939’ File, NARA.
2 Rose, Explorer, pp. 405–408.
3 ‘Conference on cooperative government plans in the Antarctic’, memo by Black, 17 February 1939; ‘United States Government colonization in the Antarctic’, confidential memo by Black, 21 February 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 1, ‘Administrative, General, 4 May 1938 to 6 May 1939’ File, NARA.
4 United States Government colonization in the Antarctic’, confidential memo by Black, 21 February 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 1, ‘Administrative, General, 4 May 1938 to 6 May 1939’ File, NARA.
5 Memo, Black to Gruening, 16 March 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 1, ‘Administrative, General, 4 May 1938 to 6 May 1939’ File, NARA.
6 ‘United States Government colonization in the Antarctic’, confidential memo by Black, 21 February 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 1, ‘Administrative, General, 4 May 1938 to 6 May 1939’ File, NARA.
7 ‘United States Government colonization in the Antarctic’, confidential memo by Black, 21 February 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 1, ‘Administrative, General, 4 May 1938 to 6 May 1939’ File, NARA.
8 Letter, Siple to Gruening, 8 March 1939, RG 126/9/13/1, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Islands, Heard’ File, NARA.
9 ‘United States Government colonization in the Antarctic’, confidential memorandum by Black, 21 February 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 1, ‘Administrative, General, 4 May 1938 to 6 May 1939’ File, NARA.
10 Letter, Siple to Gruening, 8 March 1939, RG 126/9/13/1, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Islands, Heard’ File, NARA.
11 ‘The German Antarctic Expedition of 1938–1939’, [Condensed translation of ‘Die Deutsche Antarktische Expedition 1938–1939’, vol. 1, Leipzig, 1942] 15 November 1946, Records of the Army Chief, Assistant Chief of Staff (G-2), Intelligence Administrative Div., Document Library Branch, Publications (“P”) Files, 1946–51, Box 2601, ‘ONI: German-Antarctic Expedition’ folder, NARA.
12 ‘The German Antarctic Expedition of 1938–1939’, [Condensed translation of ‘Die Deutsche Antarktische Expedition 1938–1939’, vol. 1, Leipzig, 1942] 15 November 1946, Records of the Army Chief, Assistant Chief of Staff (G-2), Intelligence Administrative Div., Document Library Branch, Publications (“P”) Files, 1946–51, Box 2601, ‘ONI: German-Antarctic Expedition’ folder, NARA.
13 Memo, Black to Gruening, 10 March 1939, RG 126/9/13/3, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Expeditions, German’ File, NARA.
14 Letter, Black to Ronne, 17 March 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 1, ‘Administrative, General, 4 May 1938 to 6 May 1939’ File, NARA.
15 Telegram, Byrd to Harry Byrd, 4 April 1939; letters, Byrd to Harry Byrd, 4 April 1939, and Harry Byrd to Byrd, 6 April 1939, Byrd Papers, RG 56.1, Box 1, Folder 43, BPRC.
16 Letters, Black to Gruening, 21 March 1939; Black to Ronne, Wade and Siple, 27 March 1939; Ronne to Black, 28 March 1939; Black to Wade, 4 April 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 1, ‘Administrative, General, 4 May 1938 to 6 May 1939’ File, NARA.
17 Letter, Wade to Black, 1 April 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 1, ‘Administrative, General, 4 May 1938 to 6 May 1939’ File, NARA.
18 Letter, Black to Gruening, 21 March 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 1, ‘Administrative, General, 4 May 1938 to 6 May 1939’ File, NARA.
19 New York Times, 13 April 1939; letter, Geist to Secretary of State, 14 April 1939, RG 126/9/13/3, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Expeditions, German’ File, NARA.
20 Speech by Ellsworth to the American Polar Society, 5 December 1944, Ellsworth Folder, EC.
21 New York Times, 19 April 1939; New York Herald Tribune, 19 April 1939; letters, Black to Hatch, 18 April 1939 and Black to Wade, 25 April 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 1, ‘Administrative, General, 4 May 1938 to 6 May 1939’ File, NARA.
22 Memorandum of Conference, 27 April 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 1, ‘Administrative, General, 4 May 1938 to 6 May 1939’ File, NARA.
23 Letter, Byrd to Black, 18 May 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, Ellsworth folder, NARA.
24 Rose, Explorer, pp. 411–412.
25 Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: Into the Storm, 1937–1940, A History, Random House, New York, 1993, pp. 446–458.
26 Press release by Ickes, 3 June 1939; memo, Gruening to Ickes, 6 July 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 2, ‘Administrative, General, 8 May 1939 to 28 November 1939’ File, NARA.
27 Letter, Byrd to Harold Byrd, 13 June 1939, Byrd Papers, RG 56.1, Box 1, Folder 29, BPRC.
28 Memo, Gruening to Burlew, 9 June 1939, RG 126/9/13/3, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Expeditions, German’ File, NARA.
29 Letter, Burlew to Woodrum, 12 June 1939, RG 126/9/13/3, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Expeditions, German’ File, NARA.
30 Letters, Black to Korff, 20 June 1939, and Gruening to Black, 23 June 1939; memo, Gruening to Burlew, 22 June 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 2, ‘Administrative, General, 8 May 1939 to 28 November 1939’ File, NARA; Magazine cutting, c. June 1939, RG 126/9/13/3, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Expeditions, German’ File, NARA; New York Times, New York, 24 June 1939.
31 Letters, Gruening to Black, 24 June 1939, and Black to Korff, 20 June 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 2, ‘Administrative, General, 8 May 1939 to 28 November 1939’ File, NARA.
32 Telegram, Harry Byrd to Byrd, 30 June 1939, Byrd Papers, RG 56.1, Box 1, Folder 43, BPRC.
33 Memo, Gruening to Ickes, 5 July 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 2, ‘Administrative, General, 8 May 1939 to 28 November 1939’ File, NARA.
34 Memo, Gruening to Ickes, 6 July 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 2, ‘Administrative, General, 8 May 1939 to 28 November 1939’ File, NARA.
35 New York Times, New York, 7 July 1939; letter, Roosevelt to Ickes, 7 July 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 2, ‘Administrative, General, 8 May 1939 to 28 November 1939’ File, NARA.
36 New York Times, 8 July 1939.
37 New York Times, 8 July 1939.
38 New York Times, 8 July 1939; Washington Times-Herald, 10 July 1939.
39 Washington Post, 10 July 1939; New York Times, 14 July 1939; for some of the critical reaction, see Rose, Explorer, p. 411.
40 Letter, Roosevelt to Byrd, 12 July 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 2, ‘Administrative, General, 8 May 1939 to 28 November 1939’ File, NARA.
41 Letter [not sent], Gruening to Byrd, 29 May 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 2, ‘Administrative, General, 8 May 1939 to 28 November 1939’ File, NARA.
42 Memoranda, Gruening to Watson, 13 July 1939, and Roosevelt to Gruening, 17 July 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 2, ‘Administrative, General, 8 May 1939 to 28 November 1939’ File, NARA.
43 Letter, Wilkins to McGregor, 25 July 1939; letter [not sent], Hodgson to McGregor, 28 September 1939, A981/ANT 45, NAA.
44 Daily Telegraph, Sydney, 4 August 1939.
45 Washington Post, Washington, 25 July 1939.
46 Washington Daily News, Washington, 24 July 1939; undated newspaper cutting, c. July 1939, RG 126/9/13/11, ‘Publicity – Publications, Press Clippings’ File, NARA.
47 Letter, Byrd to Gruening, 18 July 1939; memo, Byrd to United States Antarctic Service Committee, 26 July 1939, RG 126/9/13/3, Part #1, ‘Appropriations, Estimates, 1939’ File, NARA; letters, Byrd to Hampton, 18 August 1939, and attached memo, and Byrd to Black, 18 August 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 2, ‘Administrative, General, 8 May 1939 to 28 November 1939’ File, NARA.
48 Letter, Gruening to Byrd, 6 October 1939, RG 126/9/13/3, Part #1, ‘Appropriations, Estimates, 1939’ File, NARA.
49 Minutes, Executive Committee of the United States Antarctic Service, 4 October 1939; letter, Byrd to Gruening, 12 October 1939, RG 126/9/13/3, Part #1, ‘Appropriations, Estimates, 1939’ File, NARA; letter, Byrd to Gruening, 26 October 1939, RG 126/9/13/3, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Islands, Heard’ File, NARA; Radiogram, Byrd to Roosevelt, 26 November 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 2, ‘Administrative, General, 8 May 1939 to 28 November 1939’ File, NARA; letter, Byrd to Gruening, 12 October 1939, RG 126/9/13/13, Part #1, ‘Antarctica, Supplies and Equipment, Airplanes’ File, NARA.
50 Letter, Helm to Executive Committee, 14 February 1940, RG 126/9/13/11, Part #1, ‘Antarctica, Publicity, Photographs’ File, NARA.
51 Dean Freitag and J. Stephen Dibbern, ‘Dr Poulter’s Antarctic Snow Cruiser’, Polar Record, vol. 23, no. 143.
52 Minutes, Executive Committee of the United States Antarctic Service, 4 October 1939, RG 126/9/13/3, Part #1, ‘Appropriations, Estimates, 1939’ File, NARA; letter, Hawthorne to Byrd, 27 September 1939, 2 April 1945, RG 126/9/13/11, ‘Antarctica, Publicity, General’ File, NARA.
53 New York Times, New York, 19 November 1939.
54 Washington Post, Washington, 25 July 1939; New York Times, New York, 29 July 1939; minutes of a Conference of the National Research Council on the Scientific Work of the United States Antarctic Expedition, 28 July 1939, ‘Expeditions. U.S. Antarctic Expedition’ Folder, AGS.
55 Rose, Explorer, pp. 412–413; letter, Roosevelt to Byrd, 25 November 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 2, ‘Administrative, General, 8 May 1939 to 28 November 1939’ File, NARA.
56 Letter, Roosevelt to Byrd, 25 November 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 2, ‘Administrative, General, 8 May 1939 to 28 November 1939’ File, NARA.
57 Letter, Roosevelt to Byrd, 25 November 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 2, ‘Administrative, General, 8 May 1939 to 28 November 1939’ File, NARA.
58 Letter, Black to Hampton, 30 January 1940, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 3, ‘Antarctica, Administrative, General’ File, NARA.
59 Letter, Dawson, to Byrd, 30 November 1939, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 3, ‘Antarctica, Administrative, General’ File, NARA.
60 Minutes, Executive Committee of the United States Antarctic Service, 5 June 1940, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Minutes of Executive Committee’ File, NARA.
61 ‘General Information. The United States Antarctic Service’, Press release, March 1940, RG 126/9/13/11, Part #1, ‘Antarctica, Publicity, Publications, General’ File, NARA.
62 Tim Baughman (ed.), Ice: The Antarctic Diary of Charles F. Passel, Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, 1995, p. 46.
63 ‘General Information. The United States Antarctic Service’, Press release, March 1940, RG 126/9/13/11, Part #1, ‘Antarctica, Publicity, Publications, General’ File, NARA.
64 Rose, Explorer, pp. 414–417; Roger Hawthorne, ‘Exploratory Flights of Admiral Byrd (1940)’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 89, no. 1, April 1945, pp. 398a-398e.
65 Memo, Ickes to Roosevelt, 29 May 1940, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 3, ‘Antarctica, Administrative, General’ File, NARA; Rose, Explorer, pp. 416–417.
66 Cable, Black to Executive Committee, 14 December 1940, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 3, ‘Antarctica, Administrative, General’ File, NARA.
67 Rose, Explorer, pp. 413–414.
68 Newspaper cutting, 15 May 1940, RG 126/9/13/11, ‘Publicity – Publications, Press Clippings’ File, NARA; Washington Post, Washington, 15 May 1940.
69 Minutes, Executive Committee of the United States Antarctic Service, 5 June 1940, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Minutes of Executive Committee’ File, NARA.
70 Minutes, Executive Committee of the United States Antarctic Service, 5 June 1940, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Minutes of Executive Committee’ File, NARA.
71 Newspaper cutting, 15 May 1940, RG 126/9/13/11, ‘Publicity – Publications, Press Clippings’ File, NARA; letter, Roosevelt to Taylor, 27 May 1940, RG 126/9/13/3, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Islands, Heard’ File, NARA.
72 Minutes, Executive Committee of the United States Antarctic Service, 5 June 1940, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Minutes of Executive Committee’ File, NARA.
73 Memo, Ickes to Roosevelt, 29 May 1940, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 3, ‘Antarctica, Administrative, General’ File, NARA.
74 Minutes, Executive Committee of the United States Antarctic Service, 5 June 1940, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Minutes of Executive Committee’ File, NARA.
1 Letter, Emerson to Collins, 15 August 1940, RG 126/9/13/7, Part #1, ‘Antarctica, General, General’ File, NARA.
2 Letter, Roosevelt to Spinden, 22 January 1940, and other documents in Franklin D. Roosevelt Folder, EC.
3 Minutes, Executive Committee of the United States Antarctic Service, 20 September 1940, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Minutes of Executive Committee’ File; memorandum, Judge Advocate General to Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics, 4 October 1940, RG 126/9/13/13, Part #1, ‘Antarctica, Supplies and Equipment, Airplanes’ File; memo, Emerson to MacDonald, 31 October 1940, and other documents in this file, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, Evacuation File, NARA.
4 Radiogram, Berlin to Executive Committee, c. 13 November 1940; press release, 21 November 1940; memoranda, Hampton to Johnson, 3 December 1940, and Johnson to Hampton, 12 December 1940, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 3, ‘Antarctica, Administrative, General’ File, NARA.
5 ‘History and Current Status of Claims in Antarctica’, Secret report by Office of Intelligence Research, 24 November 1947, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Antarctica: The Fischer Study’ folder, NARA.
6 Letter, Lystad to Hampton, 29 March 1941, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 3, ‘Antarctica, Administrative, General’ File; and ‘Report on Evacuation East Base, Antarctica, Return of Bear and North Star’, Press release, March 1941, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, Evacuation File, NARA; R. A. J. English, ‘Preliminary Account of the United States Antarctic Expedition, 1939–1941’, Geographical Review, vol. 31, no. 3, July 1941, pp. 477–478.
7 ‘Report on Evacuation East Base, Antarctica, Return of Bear and North Star’, Press release, March 1941; minutes of Executive Committee, 20 March 1941, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, Evacuation File, NARA; Richard Black, ‘Geographical Operations from East Base, United States Antarctic Service Expedition, 1939–1941’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 89, no. 1, April 1945, pp. 11–12.
8 Letter, Black to Executive Committee, 27 May 1941, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 3, ‘Antarctica, Administrative, General’ File, NARA.
9 Washington Herald, 17 May 1941.
10 Letter, English to Rawson, 13 January 1940, and other documents in RG 126/9/13/11, Part #1, ‘Antarctica, Publicity, Publications, General’ File, NARA.
11 English, ‘Preliminary Account of the United States Antarctic Expedition, 1939–1941’.
12 Memorandum to the Director, Division of Territories and Island Territories, 31 December 1940, RG 126/9/13/6, Part #2, ‘Antarctica, Employees, General’ File, NARA.
13 Cable, Black to Executive Committee, 14 December 1940, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 3, ‘Antarctica, Administrative, General’ File, NARA.
14 Magazine cutting, undated, c. 1941, Clippings – 1940s and later, Byrd Folder, EC.
15 Memo, Hodgson to Stirling, 16 May 1940, A2910/404/16/1 Part 1, NAA.
16 Executive Committee Minutes, 5 September and 4 November 1941, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Minutes of Executive Committee’ File, NARA.
17 Memorandum, Gilmour to Hampton, 24 August 1942, RG 126/9/13/6, Part #2, ‘Antarctica, Employees, General’ File, NARA.
18 ‘Sailing Directions for Antarctica, 1943’, United States Navy Department Hydrographic Office, p. 9, Box 1, Robert B. Klaverkamp Antarctic Collection, SIA.
19 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
20 Executive Committee Minutes, 5 September 1941, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Minutes of Executive Committee’ File, NARA.
21 Letter, Welch to Larus, 2 April 1945, RG 126/9/13/11, ‘Antarctica, Publicity, General’ File, NARA.
22 Executive Committee Minutes, 20 September 1940 and 5 September and 4 November 1941, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Minutes of Executive Committee’ File, NARA.
23 Executive Committee Minutes, 5 September and 4 November 1941, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Minutes of Executive Committee’ File, NARA.
24 Reports on Scientific Results of the United States Antarctic Service Expedition, 1939–1941, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 89, no. 1, April 1945.
25 William Herbert Hobbs, ‘The Discovery of Wilkes Land, Antarctica’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 82, 1940.
26 Lawrence Martin, ‘Antarctica Discovered by a Connecticut Yankee, Captain Nathaniel Brown Parker’, Geographical Review, vol. XXX, no. 4, October 1940.
27 ‘Centenary Celebration. The Wilkes Exploring Expedition of the United States Navy 1838–1840 and Symposium on American Polar Exploration’, program of the American Philosophical Society, 23–24 February 1940, Box II: 8, Folder 1, Palmer-Loper Families papers, LoC.
28 G. R. Crone et al., ‘Obituary: Arthur Robert Hinks, C.B.E., F.R.S. Secretary, 1915–45’, Geographical Journal, vol. 105, no. 3/4, March-April 1945.
29 Arthur Hinks, ‘The Log of the Hero’, Geographical Journal, vol. 96, no. 6, December 1940; William Herbert Hobbs, ‘Early Maps of Antarctic Land, True and False’, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, vol. 26, 1940.
30 Arthur Hinks, ‘Antarctica Discovered: A Reply’, Geographical Review, vol. 31, no. 3, July 1941.
31 Edouard Stackpole, The Voyage of the Huron and the Huntress, pp. 28–32.
32 McKinley, James Eights 1798–1882, pp. 386–387, 390.
33 New York Times, 25 July 1939.
34 Buenos Aires Herald, 8 August 1939, cited in ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
35 New York Times, 25 July 1939.
36 Argentine Decree No. 61,852.M.97, 30 April 1940, A981/ANT 45, NAA; New York Times, 22 May 1940.
37 Dispatch, Department of External Affairs to Australian Chancery, Tokyo, 8 August 1941, A981/ANT 45, NAA; letters, Senoret to Halifax, 11 November 1940, and Balfour to Subercaseaux, 25 February 1941; dispatch, Ovey to Halifax, 25 November 1940, M 1/1209/25/2029, ANZ.
38 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA, Canberra; letter, Ovey to Eden, 14 November 1941, A981/ANT 45, NAA.
39 Letter, Roberts to Mossop, 28 August 1944, ADM 1/16123, NA; letter, Browne to Secretary, Admiralty, 1 December 1941, and other documents in ADM 116, NA; ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
40 Adrian John Howkins, Frozen Empires: A history of the Antarctic sovereignty dispute between Britain, Argentina and Chile, 1939–1959, PhD thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 2008, p. 72.
41 Note, Eden to Hadow, 27 June 1942, A981/ANT 45; ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
42 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA; note by J. C. Mossop, 22 April 1942, ADM 116, NA.
43 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
44 Note by Mossop, 15 September 1943, ADM 1/13321, NA.
45 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA; note by Mossop, 15 September 1943, ADM 1/13321, NA; letters, Black to Department of State, 10 February 1945, and Thoron to Black, 4 April 1945, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 3, ‘Antarctica, Administrative, General’ File, NARA.
46 Note by Mossop, 15 September 1943, ADM 1/13321, NA; medical report, Operation Tabarin, 1944–1946, by Back, May 1946, C.O. 78/218/88027/15, NA; cable, Dominions Secretary to External Affairs Minister, 14 December 1946, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ; Klaus Dodds, Pink Ice: Britain and the South Atlantic Empire, I. B. Taurus, London, 2002, pp. 14–16; ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
47 Dodds, Pink Ice, pp. 15–16; ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
48 Dodds, Pink Ice, p. 15; medical report, Operation Tabarin, 1944–1946, by Back, May 1946; medical report on Lieut. Cdr. J. W. S. Marr, R.N.V.R. by Back, 8 February 1945, C.O. 78/218/88027/15, NA; note, Acheson to Secretary, Admiralty, 8 September 1944, ADM1/18114, NA; cable, Dominions Secretary to External Affairs Minister, 14 December 1946, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ; ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
49 ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
50 Memos, Santiago Chancery to Foreign Office, 13 November 1944 and 12 January 1945, ADM 1/16124, NA.
51 Report of the Sub-committee appointed to consider the future of the Committee, 21 November 1944; minutes of the “Discovery” Committee, 6 December 1944; letter, Smith to Under Secretary, Colonial Office, December 1944, A3317/22/1945, NAA.
52 Letter, Smith to Under Secretary, Colonial Office, December 1944; letter, Wordie to Hayward, 18 January 1945; letter, Smith to Secretary, South African Antarctic Research Committee, February 1945, A3317/22/1945, NAA.
1 Letters, Southern to Truman, 9 July 1945 and Fahy to Southern, 19 July 1945, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Scientific Works, General’ File, NARA.
2 Letters, May to U.S. Antarctic Service, 12 February 1946 and Tyrell to May, 20 February 1946, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #1, ‘Administrative, Scientific Works, General’ File, NARA.
3 Rose, Explorer, pp. 420–421, 426–427.
4 Rose, Explorer, pp. 426–428; ‘Report of Operation Highjump: U.S. Navy Antarctic Development Project 1947’, RG 126/9/13/12, ‘Antarctica, Accounts, Reports, Operation, High-Jump’ File, NARA; Richard Byrd, ‘Our Navy Explores Antarctica’, National Geographic Magazine, vol. XCII, no. 4, October 1947.
5 Rose, Explorer, pp. 428–429.
6 New Zealand Herald, Auckland, 14 November 1946; Herald, Melbourne, 7 December 1946; ‘Report of Operation Highjump: U.S. Navy Antarctic Development Project 1947’, RG 126/9/13/12, ‘Antarctica, Accounts, Reports, Operation, High-Jump’ File, NARA.
7 Dominion, Wellington, 9 December 1946.
8 Truth, Auckland, 18 December 1946; New Zealand Herald, Auckland, 10 December 1946; see also, Daily Times, Otago, 26 December 1946.
9 Dominion, Wellington, 7 December 1946; Southern Cross, Wellington, 10 December 1946; Gisborne Herald, Gisborne, 14 April 1947.
10 Letters, Marsden to Faulkner, 11 November 1946, and Marsden to Taylor, 16 November 1946, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ.
11 Minutes of an Informal Meeting, 17 January 1947, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ.
12 Cable, Beasley to External Affairs, 1 November 1946, A5954/2311/1, NAA.
13 Herald, Melbourne, 16 November 1946.
14 David Day, Chifley, HarperCollins, Sydney, 2001, p. 433.
15 Memo, Cumpston to Dunk, 3 December 1946, A6348/A21/1, NAA.
16 Memorandum, Dunk to External Affairs Officer, 20 June 1947, A1068/A47/26/20; memo, Hay to Cumpston, 18 November 1947, A6348/A21/1, NAA.
17 ‘Notes on the Australian Antarctic Territory’, memo by Department of External Affairs, 21 November 1946, A5954/2311/1; and ‘Australian Antarctic Territory: Inter-Departmental Meeting to discuss future Exploration and Exploitation of Resources’, 2 December 1946, A2908/W26 Part 1, NAA.
18 Letter, Mawson to Campbell, 4 November 1948, Davis Papers, AAD.
19 ‘Australian Antarctic Territory: Inter-Departmental Meeting to discuss future Exploration and Exploitation of Resources’, 2 December 1946, A2908/W26 Part 1; minute of Defence Committee Meeting, 13 December 1946, A5954/2311/1, NAA; Age, Melbourne, 20 December 1946.
20 ‘H.M.A.S. Wyatt Earp (Ex-H.M.A.S. Wongala)’, Paper by Naval Archives, 16 May 1962, Davis Papers, AAD.
21 Statement by Chifley, 16 January 1947, A5954/2311/1, NAA.
22 Herald, Melbourne, 17 January 1947.
23 Cable, Parry to Naval Intelligence Office, Wellington, 15 November 1946, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ.
24 Cable, Dominions Secretary to NZ External Affairs Minister, 14 December 1946, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ; Howkins, Frozen Empires, p. 99.
25 ‘Statement by Foreign Office Legal Adviser on the necessity of physical occupation as a means of securing sovereignty in the Polar Regions’, c. 31 October 1946, A5954/2311/1, NAA; See also letter (copy), Foreign Office to Admiralty, 7 October 1946, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ.
26 ONI Review, February 1947, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ.
27 Note, Day to Secretary of External Affairs, 28 October 1946, M 1/1209/25/2029, ANZ.
28 Letter, Cumpston to Australian Embassy, Washington, 10 June 1947, A3300/541A, NAA.
29 Memo, Cumpston to Australian Chancery, Washington, 25 April 1947, A3300/541A, NAA; Weekly Notes, 15 April 1947, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ, Wellington.
30 Letter, Cumpston to Australian Embassy, Washington, 10 June 1947, A3300/541A, NAA.
31 Weekly Notes, 8 April 1947, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ; letter, Cumpston to Australian Embassy, Washington, 30 April 1947, A3300/541A, NAA.
32 Weekly Notes, 22 July 1947, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ.
33 ‘Proposed Expedition to Antarctica’, prospectus by Ronne, 4 July 1945, RU 192, Box 581/179983, SIA.
34 Letters, Bowman to Wright, 21 July 1945, Ronne to Wright, 11 August 1945, Wright to Bowman, 21 August 1945 and Bowman to Wright, 25 August 1945, Cabot to Wright, 30 August 1945, and Wright to Cabot, 4 September 1945, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – Correspondence’ folder, AGS.
35 Letter, Wright to Forrestal, 19 October 1945, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – Correspondence’ folder, AGS.
36 Letter, Ronne to Wright, 26 November 1945, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – Correspondence’ folder, AGS; memo by Wetmore, 29 November 1945, RU 192, Box 581/179983, SIA.
37 Letters, Ronne to Wright, 7 January 1945 and c. 1 June 1946, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – Correspondence’ folder, AGS; letter, Fisher to Wetmore, 23 January 1946, RU 192, Box 581/179983, SIA.
38 Letter, Ronne to Gould, 22 April 1946, Stefansson MSS, Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 8, DCL; letters, Ronne to Eisenhart 1 June 1946, and Ronne to Wright, 6 and 12 June 1946, and Byrd to Chairman of the House Naval Affairs Committee, undated, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – Correspondence’ folder, AGS; memorandum by Wetmore, 3 July 1946; letters, Eklund to Wetmore, 3 September 1946, and Wetmore to Day, 13 September 1946, RU 192, Box 581/179983, SIA.
39 Letter, Wright to Redmond, 20 September 1946, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – Correspondence’ folder, AGS.
40 Letter, British Ambassador to Acting Secretary of State, 24 September 1946, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 3, ‘Antarctica, Administrative, General’ File, NARA.
41 Memoranda by R. E. James, 7 October 1946, RG 126/9/13/2, Part #2, and 7 October 1946, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 3, ‘Antarctica, Administrative, General’ File, NARA.
42 Memorandum of Conversation by Ronhovde, 10 October 1946, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947–1948’ folder; letter, Everson to Wailes, 17 December 1946, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 3, ‘Antarctica, Administrative, General’ File, NARA; New York Times, 23 December 1946.
43 Finn Ronne, Antarctic Conquest, Putnam, New York, 1949, pp. 31, 34–35.
44 Letter, Ronne to Wright, 10 November 1946, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – Correspondence’ folder, AGS; letter, Gould to Ronne, 18 November 1946, Stefansson MSS, Laurence McKinley Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 8, DCL.
45 Letter, Ronne to Wetmore, 10 January 1947, RU 192, Box 581/179983, SIA.
46 Letter, Ronne to Wright, 2 March 1947, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – dinner and meeting of welcome’ folder, AGS.
47 Washington Post, Washington, 5 March 1947.
48 Letter, Mclean to Schmitt, 19 January 1947, RU 192, Box 581/179983, SIA.
49 Memorandum, Gerberich to Hall, Wells, Trueblood and Briggs, 25 September 1946, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947–1948’ folder, NARA.
50 Memorandum, Secretary of State to Postmaster General, 19 January 1953; letter, Ronhovde to Raymond, 6 February 1953, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Ronne, Comdr. Finn – Proposed Antarctic Expedition’ folder, NARA.
51 Memo, Acting Secretary of State to Secretary of the Interior, 21 March 1947, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 3, ‘Antarctica, Administrative, General’ File, NARA; cablegram, Bowers to Secretary of State, 2 April 1947, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947–1948’ folder, NARA; Star, Washington, 19 March 1947; Ronne, Antarctic Conquest, p. 61.
52 ‘History and Current Status of Claims in Antarctica’, Secret report by Office of Intelligence Research, 24 November 1947, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Antarctica: The Fischer Study’ folder, NARA; ‘Revised Political Instructions to the Leader of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, January 1947’, A2908/W26 Part 1, NAA.
53 Weekly Notes, 18 February 1947, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ.
54 ‘History and Current Status of Claims in Antarctica’, Secret report by Office of Intelligence Research, 24 November 1947, p. 44, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Antarctica: The Fischer Study’ folder, NARA.
55 Star-Sun, Christchurch, 3 June 1947.
56 ‘Report of Operation Highjump: U.S. Navy Antarctic Development Project 1947’, p. 6, RG 126/9/13/12, ‘Antarctica, Accounts, Reports, Operation, High-Jump’ File, NARA.
57 Dominion, Wellington, 13 February 1947.
58 Evening Post, Wellington, 4 March 1947.
59 Dominion, Wellington, 11 March 1947.
60 Dominion and Evening Post, both Wellington, 14 March 1947; see also, ‘Summary of Discussions between Admiral Byrd and the New Zealand Authorities’, 13 March 1947, Davis Papers, 1944–47 folder, AAD; For a biography of Peter Fraser, see Michael Bassett and Michael King, Tomorrow comes the song: A life of Peter Fraser, Penguin, Auckland, 2000.
61 Minutes, Antarctic Technical Sub-Committee, 18 March 1947, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ.
62 Evening Post, Wellington, 10 February 1947; ‘Summary of Discussions between Admiral Byrd and the New Zealand Authorities’, 13 March 1947, Davis Papers, 1944–47 folder, AAD.
63 New Zealand Herald, Auckland, 12 April 1947.
64 Southern Cross, Wellington, 16 April 1947.
65 Memo, Shanahan to Chiefs of Staff, 31 August 1948; ‘Strategic Importance of Antarctica’, memo by Chiefs of Staff Committee, 23 September 1948, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ.
66 ‘Papers on Proposed Antarctic Expedition: The Potential Value to New Zealand of Whaling and Allied Activities of the Antarctic’, by Sherland, 17 February 1947, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ.
67 ‘Paper on Proposed Antarctic Expedition’, by sub-committee of the Antarctic Committee, c. March 1947, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ.
68 ‘Strategic Importance of Antarctica’, memo by Chiefs of Staff Committee, 23 September 1948, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ.
69 Letters, Australian High Commissioner to Addison, 2 January and 18 February 1947; telegram, Australian High Commission to External Affairs, 28 January 1947, A2908/W26 Part 1, NAA.
70 Cable, Burton to Shedden, 27 March 1947, A5954/2311/1, NAA.
71 Dominion, Wellington, 28 February 1947; Herald, Melbourne, 11 March 1947.
72 Letters, Davis to Cotton, 19 March 1947, Burton to Davis, 6 April 1947, Carne to Davis, 19 April 1947 and Davis to Carne, 22 April 1947, Davis Papers, 1944–47 folder, AAD.
73 Letter, Mawson to his wife, 25 April 1947, PRG 523/3/6/7, Mawson Papers, SLSA.
74 Executive Planning Committee Minutes, 5 May 1947, Davis Papers, 1944–47 folder, AAD.
75 Letters, Davis to Campbell, 14 July 1947, and Campbell to Davis, 15 July 1947; Committee of Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition Minutes, 23 July 1947, Davis Papers, 1944–47 folder; and ‘Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition 1947, Operation Orders and Instructions’, Department of External Affairs, c. August 1947, AAD.
76 Cabinet memo by Chifley, c. October 1947; cable, Burton to Shedden, 27 March 1947; memo, Shedden to Dedman, 26 May 1947; cables, Australian High Commissioner to Evatt, 24 December 1947, and South African Prime Minister to Evatt, 6 January 1948, A5954/2311/1, NAA.
77 Memo, Burton to Cumpston, 25 September 1947, A6348/A21/1, NAA.
78 Daily Telegraph, Sydney, 15 November 1947; Argus and Age, both Melbourne, 5 January 1948.
79 Cabinet memorandum no. 1275E, by Chifley, c. October 1947, A5954/2311/1; and ‘Declaration to be made by Leader of Expedition to Heard Island at Formal ceremony on Arrival’ c. October 1947, A6348/A21/1, NAA.
80 Age, Melbourne, 5 January 1948.
81 ‘H.M.A.S. Wyatt Earp (Ex-H.M.A.S. Wongala)’, Paper by Naval Archives, 16 May 1962, Davis Papers, AAD.
82 Captain W. F. Cook, ‘H.M.A.S. “Wyatt Earp”, Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition 1947–1948’, Naval Historical Review, December 1978.
83 Message, Ronne to Secretary of State, 2 June 1947, Department of State, Office of the Geographer, Records relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #2, ‘Antarctic Expedition – Finn Ronne Proposal’ folder, NARA.
84 Memo, Black to Committee on Geographical Exploration, 17 July 1947; memo for the Record by Simpson, 2 September 1947; memo by Davis, 5 September 1947, and other documents in Department of State, Office of the Geographer, Records relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #2, ‘Antarctic Expedition – Finn Ronne Proposal’ folder, NARA.
85 Memo, Cruzen to Executive Director, Joint Research and Development Board (Committee on Geographical Exploration), 25 August 1947, and other documents in Department of State, Office of the Geographer, Records relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #2, ‘Antarctic Expedition – Finn Ronne Proposal’ folder, NARA.
86 Memo, Piggot to Executive Director, Com. on Geographical Exploration, 26 July 1947, Department of State, Office of the Geographer, Records relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #2, ‘Antarctic Expedition – Finn Ronne Proposal’ folder, NARA.
87 ‘Territorial Claims in Antarctica’, Secret map of Antarctica by the Map Branch, CIA, October 1947, and issued by Department of State, 4 August 1948, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Map “Territorial Claims in Antarctica”’ folder, NARA.
88 ‘History and Current Status of Claims in Antarctica’, Secret report by Office of Intelligence Research, 24 November 1947, pp. 8–9, 31–35, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Antarctica: The Fischer Study’ folder, NARA.
1 Program of event to welcome members of the Ronne Expedition, 16 April 1948, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – dinner and meeting of welcome’ folder, AGS.
2 ‘Palmer Land – Disputed Area of the Antarctic’, memorandum by Ronne, undated, c. 1948, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – dinner and meeting of welcome’ folder, AGS; Ronne, Antarctic Conquest, p. 288.
3 Letter, Ronne to Wright, 14 March 1948, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – dinner and meeting of welcome’ folder, AGS.
4 Letter, Gould to Wright, 20 April 1948, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – dinner and meeting of welcome’ folder; program for Ronne Reception, 16 April 1948, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic expedition – publication of results’ Folder, AGS; Finn Ronne, ‘Antarctica – One Continent’, Explorers Journal, Summer-Autumn, 1948.
5 ‘Palmer Land – Disputed Area of the Antarctic’, memorandum by Ronne, undated, c. 1948, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – dinner and meeting of welcome’ folder, AGS.
6 Program for Ronne Reception, 16 April 1948, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic expedition – publication of results’ Folder; letter, Gould to Wright, 20 April 1948, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – dinner and meeting of welcome’ folder, AGS; Invitation, 15 April 1948; invitation to Dr Alexander Wetmore, 16 April 1948, RU 192, Box 581/179983, SIA; letter, Ronne to Gould, 29 April 1948, Stefansson MSS, Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 8, DCL.
7 Memo, Briesemeister to Wright, 25 April 1948; letter, Wright to Boardman, 29 April 1948, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – dinner and meeting of welcome’ folder, AGS; Finn Ronne, ‘Antarctica – One Continent’, Explorers Journal, Summer-Autumn, 1948; Ronne, Antarctic Conquest, p. xx.
8 Memo, Briesemeister to Wright, 25 April 1948, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – dinner and meeting of welcome’ folder, AGS, New York.
9 Letter, Gould to Wright, 20 April 1948, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – dinner and meeting of welcome’ folder, AGS.
10 Letter, Eisenhart to Wright, 21 September 1948, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic expedition – publication of results’ Folder, AGS.
11 Letter, Ronne to Wright, 14 October 1948, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic expedition – publication of results’ Folder, AGS; letter, Ronne to Gould, 11 June 1950, Stefansson MSS, Laurence McKinley Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 9, DCL; Richard Byrd, ‘Our Navy Explores Antarctica’, National Geographic Magazine, October 1947.
12 Letter, Ronne to Wright, 14 October 1948, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic expedition – publication of results’ Folder, AGS.
13 Letter, Ronne to Gould, 11 June 1950, Stefansson MSS, Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 9, DCL.
14 Byrd, ‘Our Navy Explores Antarctica’, National Geographic Magazine, p. 434.
15 Letter, Byrd to Wright, 14 April 1948, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – dinner and meeting of welcome’ folder, AGS.
16 Letter, Byrd to Wright, 14 April 1948, ‘Expeditions: Ronne Antarctic Expedition – dinner and meeting of welcome’ folder, AGS; letter, Ronne to Gould, 2 November 1948, Stefansson MSS, Laurence McKinley Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 8, DCL.
17 Memo, Boggs to Hulley and Green, 31 August 1948, enclosing proposal by Ronne, 26 August 1948, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947–1948’ folder, NARA.
18 Letter, Department of State to Krug, 8 June 1948, RG 126/9/13/2, Part 3, ‘Antarctica, Administrative, General’ File, NARA.
19 Letter, Ronne to Marshall, 16 December 1948, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947–1948’ folder, NARA.
20 Rose, Explorer, pp. 431–433.
21 ‘Antarctic Research: Elements of a Coordinated Program’, report by the National Academy of Sciences, 2 May 1949, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #6, ‘Antarctic Research: Elements of a Coordinated Program’ folder, NARA.
22 Letter, Ronne to Gould, 12 April 1949, Stefansson MSS, Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 9, DCL.
23 Letter, Case to Gould, 18 July 1949, Stefansson MSS, Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 9, DCL; Ray Josephs, ‘Beyond the World’s Last Frontier’, Argosy, April 1949.
24 Memorandum of Conversation, Boggs and Tison, 22 August 1949, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947–1948’ folder, NARA.
25 Letter, Boggs to Ronne, 25 August 1949, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947–1948’ folder, NARA; ‘Antarctic Research: Elements of a Coordinated Program’, report by the National Academy of Sciences, 2 May 1949, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #6, ‘Antarctic Research: Elements of a Coordinated Program’ folder, NARA.
26 Memorandum of Conversation, Ronne and Green, 19 October 1949, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947–1948’ folder, NARA.
27 Finn Ronne, ‘Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition 1946–1948’, Geographical Review, vol. 38, no. 3, July 1948; Finn Ronne, ‘Antarctic Mapping and Aerial Photography’, Scientific Monthly, vol. LXXI, no. 5, November 1950.
28 Cables, Commonwealth Relations Secretary to Evatt, 28 December 1947, and Cumpston to Department of External Affairs, 16 February 1948, A5954/2311/1, NAA.
29 Argus, Melbourne, 7 and 21 February 1948; Age and Herald, Melbourne, 21 February 1948; Dominion, Wellington, 4 January 1949; cables, Commonwealth Relations Secretary to Department of External Affairs, 16 and 25 February 1948, and Australian High Commissioner to Department of External Affairs, 26 February 1948, A5954/2311/1, NAA.
30 Cable, Cumpston to Department of External Affairs, 9 March 1948, A5954/2311/1, NAA.
31 Cable, Commonwealth Relations Secretary to Department of External Affairs, 9 March 1948, A5954/2311/1, NAA.
32 Note by Bennett, 30 December 1946, CO 537/2459, NA.
33 Letter, Tennant to Cunningham, 5 May 1948, ADM 1/21126, NA.
34 Memorandum, Shanahan to Naval Secretary, 25 August 1948, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ.
35 Cables, Addison to Evatt, 17 February and 6 March 1948, and Australian Embassy to External Affairs, 2 March 1948, A5954/2311/1, NAA.
36 Times, London, 19 January 1949.
37 Cable, South African Government to Addison, 9 March 1948, A5954/2311/1, NAA.
38 Cable, Fraser to Addison, 11 March 1948, A5954/2311/1, NAA.
39 Cables, Fraser to Addison, 5 and 11 March 1948, A5954/2311/1, NAA.
40 Dominion, Wellington, 11 February 1948.
41 Cable, Evatt to Addison, 11 March 1948, A5954/2311/1, NAA.
42 Cables, Addison to Australian Government, 17 March and 24 July 1948, A5954/2311/1, NAA.
43 Cable, Department of External Affairs to Addison, 30 July 1948, A5954/2311/1, NAA.
44 Argus, Melbourne, 4 August 1948; telegram, Secretary of State, Commonwealth Relations, to Minister of External Affairs, 26 November 1948, N 2/15/08/37/3, ANZ.
45 Memorandum, Noel-Baker to New Zealand Government, 5 January 1949, N 1/202/8/37/3, ANZ.
46 Memo, McIntosh to Naval Secretary, 25 March 1949, and other documents in N 1/202/8/37/3, ANZ.
47 Diary by Stuart Campbell, 8–22 February 1948, MS9458, Box 48, Law Papers, NLA; Cook, ‘H.M.A.S. “Wyatt Earp”, Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition 1947–1948’, Naval Historical Review.
48 Diary by Stuart Campbell, 10–13 March 1948, MS9458, Box 48, Law Papers, NLA; Kathleen Ralston, ‘The Wyatt Earp’s Voyages of Reconnaissance of the Australian Antarctic Territory, 1947–48’, Journal of Australian Studies, March 1995.
49 Herald, Melbourne, 30 August 1948.
50 Letter, Davis to Mawson, 22 June 1948, Davis Papers, AAD.
51 Minutes, Planning Committee, Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition, 18 May 1948, Davis Papers, AAD.
52 ‘Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition 1949–50, Operation Orders and Instructions’, Department of External Affairs, AAD; Minutes, Antarctic Committee, 28 September 1948, Davis Papers, AAD.
53 Herald, Melbourne, 1 December 1948.
54 Minutes, Antarctic Committee, 28 September 1948, Davis Papers, AAD.
55 Cabinet Agendum No. 1275F, by Dr Evatt, c. March 1948, A1068/A47/26/23, NAA; Agenda for Meeting of Planning Committee, Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition, 18 May 1948, Davis Papers, AAD.
56 Letters, Campbell to Burton, 5 July 1948, Campbell to Mawson, 13 October 1948, Law to Colin [unclear], 27 October 1948, and Mawson to Campbell, 4 November 1948, MS 9458/1/193, Law Papers, NLA.
57 Memo, Burton to Campbell, 8 December 1948, MS 9458/1/193, Law Papers, NLA.
58 Letter, Burton to Law, 14 December 1948, teleprinter message, Campbell to Burton, 15 December 1948 and memorandum, Campbell to Burton, 16 December 1948, MS 9458/1/193, Law Papers, NLA.
59 Law would continue to argue without success for such an institute and museum. See memo, Law to Secretary, Department of External Affairs, 11 July 1949, MS 9458/1/193, Law Papers, NLA.
60 ‘Lecture – Royal Empire Society – 7th July 1949’, ‘Speech to Luncheon “Carry On Club”’, 21 September 1949; ‘Legacy Club Luncheon’, talk by Law, c. 1949, MS 9458/4/3, Law Papers, NLA.
61 Age, Melbourne, 1 April 1949; Newspaper cutting, 10 December 1948, Davis Papers, AAD.
62 ‘Australian Interests in the Antarctic’, memorandum for Spender, 25 January 1950, A1838/1495/4 Part 1, NAA; minutes of Meeting, 18 May 1950, MS 9458/1/193; resolution by the Australian Antarctic Executive Committee, undated, c. 1950, MS 9458/1/200, Law Papers, NLA.
63 ‘Antarctica’, undated and unsigned memorandum, c. 1950, A1838/1495/4 Part 1, NAA.
64 ‘Russian Place-Names in the Antarctic Given by Thaddeus Bellingshausen’, Agenda paper APC(50)9, Antarctic Place-Names Committee, 1950, P1469/0/127/2 Part 1, NAA.
65 Memorandum, Costello to Secretary of External Affairs, 7 October 1949, N 1/202/8/37/3, ANZ.
66 Minute, S. W. to Kevin, 17 June 1950; letter, Coodes to Secretary, External Affairs, 27 June 1950, A1838/1495/4 Part 1, NAA.
67 Resolution by the Australian Antarctic Executive Committee, c. 1950, MS 9458/1/200, Law Papers, NLA.
68 Letters, Mawson to Law, 30 August 1950, and Davis to Law, 18 September 1950, Davis Papers, AAD.
69 Letter, Edwards to Mighell, 19 August 1946; telegrams, Dominions Office to Australian and New Zealand Governments, 21 August 1946, New Zealand Government to Dominions Office, 22 August 1946, Australian Government to Dominions Office, 27 August 1946; memo, McCarthy to Strahan, 25 September 1946; dispatch, Dunk to External Affairs Officer, 6 November 1946, A2908/W26 Part 1, NAA; Newsweek, New York, 9 September 1946.
70 Nippon Times, Tokyo, 27 June 1947; New Zealand Herald, Auckland, 4 November 1947; Newspaper cutting, c. 1950, A1838/479/3/4/1 Part 6, NAA.
71 Memo, Salisbury to Menzies, 16 January 1952, A1838/479/3/4/1 Part 6, NAA.
72 ‘Japanese Antarctic Claims’, memo, Mallaby to Stirling, 8 August 1947, and other documents in CO 537/2470, NA.
73 ‘Report on Antarctic Whaling Expeditions’, Edwards to Mighell, 6 December 1946; letter, Dunbabin to Bonney, 8 January 1947, A2908/W26 Part 1, NAA; Tonnessen and Johnsen, The History of Modern Whaling, Chaps. 27–29.
74 Tonnessen and Johnsen, The History of Modern Whaling, pp. 749, 753.
1 Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney, 4 February 1952; Age, Melbourne, 5 February 1952; Vivian Fuchs, Of Ice and Men: The Story of the British Antarctic Survey 1943–73, Anthony Nelson, Oswestry, 1982, pp. 164–166.
2 Fuchs, Of Ice and Men, pp. 164–166.
3 New York Times, 7, 20 and 21 February 1953; Times, London, 13 and 21 February 1953.
4 New York Times, 22, 24 and 27 February 1953, 11 December 1953 and 6 March 1954; Times, London, 23 and 24 February 1953, 26 March 1953, 18 February 1954 and 5 and 8 March 1954.
5 Draft Cabinet Paper, c. July 1954, CO 1024/132, NA.
6 Memo, Cranborne to Curtin, 8 August 1944, A989/1944/45/10; ‘Territorial Claims in the Antarctic’, report by Research Department, Foreign Office, 1 May 1945, A4311/365/8, NAA.
7 Minutes of Antarctic Place-Names Committee, 5 October 1950, P1469/0/127/2 Part 1, NAA.
8 Minutes of Antarctic Place-Names Committee, 5 October 1950, P1469/0/127/2 Part 1, NAA.
9 Minutes of Antarctic Place-Names Committee, 5 October 1950 and 2 November 1950, P1469/0/127/2 Part 1, NAA.
10 ‘Progress Report on the work on Place-Names in the Antarctic’, by Roberts, 12 March 1953, P1469/0/127/2 Part 2, NAA.
11 Note, Morris to Martin, 28 July 1953, ‘Plans for a Trans-Antarctic Journey’, by V. E. Fuchs, undated; extract from Notes of a Meeting of the Polar Committee held at the Commonwealth Relations Office, 24 March 1953, CO 1024/60, NA; Vivian Fuchs, A Time to Speak: An autobiography, Anthony Nelson, Oswestry, 1990, pp. 218–222.
12 Memo, Newell to Admiralty Board, 11 May 1954, ADM 1/26146, NA; memorandum, Corner to Secretary of External Affairs, 16 September 1953, N 1/202/8/37/3, ANZ; see documents in CO 1024/60, NA.
13 Minute, Attorney-General to Menzies, 15 August 1955, A4940/C1438, NAA.
14 Memo, Wilson to Secretary, Admiralty 19 January 1955, ADM 1/26146, NA.
15 Minute, Attorney-General to Menzies, 15 August 1955; cabinet minute, 16 August 1955, A4940/C1438, NAA.
16 ‘Text of Communique Issued on Renewal of Tripartite Naval Declarations on Antarctica, 26th November, 1953’, N 1/512/16/31/8, ANZ.
17 Notes, Morris to Martin, 16 July 1954, and Salisbury to Alexander, 20 August 1954, CO 1024/132, NA.
18 Letters, Thomas to Eden, 16 November 1954, Eden to Thomas, 23 November 1954, Thomas to Macmillan, 1 December 1954, Macmillan to Thomas, 7 December 1954, and Thomas to Eden, 23 December 1954, ADM 1/25577, NA.
19 Letters, Eden to Thomas, 23 November 1954, Macmillan to Eden, 23 December 1954, Lennox-Boyd to Thomas, 12 January 1955; cable, Arthur to Colonial Secretary, 30 September 1954, ADM 1/25577, NA.
20 Unsigned minute, 21 January 1955, and ‘Antarctica C(55)56’, draft cabinet paper, c. February 1955, ADM 1/25577, NA.
21 ‘Antarctica’, memorandum by Eden, draft cabinet paper, c. February 1955, ADM 1/25577, NA.
22 Minute by Naime, 26 August 1955 and secret message, Admiralty to Commander in Chief, America and West Indies, 6 September 1955, ADM 1/26148, NA; memo, Vile to Arthur, 24 October 1955; extract from C.O.S.(55) 83rd Meeting, 11/10/55, CO 1024/133, NA.
23 Memo, Boggs to Matthews, 24 February 1953; memorandum of conversation, Ronne, Boggs, Ronhovde and Hilliker, 25 February 1953, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Ronne, Comdr. Finn – Proposed Antarctic Expedition’ folder, NARA.
24 ‘Department’s Proposed Preliminary Position on Proposed Antarctic Expedition’, memo by Hilliker, 3 April 1953, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Ronne, Comdr. Finn – Proposed Antarctic Expedition’ folder, NARA.
25 Letter, Ronne to Gould, 10 May 1954, Stefansson MSS, Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 9, DCL.
26 Letter drafted by Hilliker for reply by Eisenhower to Case, 5 January 1954, and ‘S.3381: A Bill to authorize the President to provide assistance to an expedition to the Antarctic in furtherance of the interests of the United States’, 29 April 1954, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, Records Relating to Antarctica and Antarctic Exploration, 1930–1955, Box #3, ‘Ronne, Comdr. Finn – Proposed Antarctic Expedition’ folder, NARA.
27 Statement of Captain Finn Ronne before the Armed Services Committee of the United States Senate, c. May 1954, Stefansson MSS, Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 9, DCL.
28 Letter, Ronne to Gould, 3 May 1954, and other documents, in Stefansson MSS, Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 9, DCL.
29 Letter, Ronne to Gould, 10 May 1954, Stefansson MSS, Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 9, DCL.
30 Memorandum, Barbour to Murphy, 14 June 1954, in United States Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, Volume 1, Part 2, General: Economic and Political Matters, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 1741–1742.
31 Draft Statement of Policy Proposed by the National Security council, 28 June 1954, in United States Department of State, Volume 1, Part 2, General: Economic and Political Matters, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, pp. 1744–1756.
32 Memorandum of discussion at the 206th Meeting of the National Security Council on Thursday, July 15, 1954, in United States Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, Volume 1, Part 2, General: Economic and Political Matters, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 1744–1756.
33 Statement by Case, 5 August 1954, Stefansson MSS, Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 9, DCL.
34 Letter, Ronne to Gould, 5 August 1954, Stefansson MSS, Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 9, DCL; letter, Byrd to Harold Byrd, 6 July 1954, Byrd Papers, RG 56.1, Box, 1, Folder 31, BPRC; Rose, Explorer, pp. 440–442.
35 Letters, Black to Case, 10 July 1954, and Ronne to Gould, 13 July 1954, Stefansson MSS, Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 9, DCL.
36 Letter, Gould to Dufek, 19 October 1954, Stefansson MSS, Laurence McKinley Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 4, DCL.
37 New York Times, 16 January and 16 February 1955.
38 Cable, Acting Secretary of State to US Embassy, Argentina, 22 October 1954, in United States Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, pp. 1764–1765.
39 ‘Joint Resolution: Declaring the right of sovereignty of the United States over certain areas of the Antarctic Continent, and for other purposes’, by Tollefson, 5 January 1955, Box II: 19, Folder 6, Palmer-Loper Families papers, LoC.
40 Letters, Ronne to Gould, 25 December 1954, 1 February 1955 and 30 March 1955, Stefansson MSS, Gould Papers, Box 1, Folder 9, DCL.
41 Transcript of interview with Phillip Law, TRC 351, NLA.
42 ‘Naming Antarctic Features’, article by Law, undated, MS 9458/1/155, Law Papers, NLA.
43 Minutes, Australian Committee on Antarctic Names, 21 October 1952, P1469/0/127/2 Part 3, NAA.
44 ‘The Problem of Place Names in Antarctica’, paper by Law, 22 August 1956, MS 9458/6/11; ‘Naming Antarctic Features’, article by Law, undated, MS 9458/1/155, Law Papers, NLA.
45 Letter, Law to Secretary, External Affairs, 31 August 1951; cabinet agendum by Casey, 6 October 1951, B1387/22/1996/1069 Part 1, NAA.
46 Letter, Law to Liotard, 8 October 1951, and other documents in B1387/22/1996/1069 Part 1, NAA.
47 Teleprinter message, Holland to Law, 8 January 1952; note of telephone conversation between Law and Taylor, 30 January 1952, and other documents in B1387/22/1996/1069 Part 1, NAA.
48 Letter, Law to Davis, 11 February 1953, Davis Papers, AAD; letters, Casey to Law, 30 July 1953, Law to Casey, 31 July and 4 August 1953; note, Casey to Waller, 24 August 1953; Executive Planning Committee Paper 53(1): Draft Cabinet Submission, c. November 1953, A10299/A8, NAA.
49 Age, Melbourne, 21 March 1953; Herald, Melbourne, 28 March 1953.
50 Sunday Herald, Sydney, 30 November 1952.
51 Herald, Melbourne, 28 March 1953.
52 Age, Melbourne, 5 January 1954; ‘Australian Expedition Leaves for Antarctica’, by Hungerford, Australian News and Information Bureau, c. January 1954, N 1/512/16/31/8, ANZ.
53 Transcript of interview with Phillip Law, TRC 351, NLA.
54 Memos, Waller to Law, 26 May 1954, Law to Secretary, External Affairs, 23 September 1954; note, Law to Casey, 22 October 1954; press release, c. November 1955; note for Public Relations File, 13 December 1955, B1387/22/1996/1089, NAA.
55 Letters, Law to Director, News and Information Bureau, 4 August 1955, P1469/0/134/1 Part 1, Law to Secretary, External Affairs, 3 September 1954; notes, Law to Waller, 15 October 1954 and 28 September 1955, B1387/22/1996/1097, NAA.
56 Letter, Law to Hawes, 28 November 1955, and other documents in B1387/1996/1090, NAA.
57 Memo, Law to Holland, 23 December 1955, P1469/0/134/1 Part 1, NAA.
58 Letter, Casey to Campbell, 8 May 1956; note, Casey to Law, 16 July 1956, P1469/0/134/1 Part 2, NAA.
59 Draft memo, [unclear] to Law, 16 December 1955, P1469/0/134/1 Part 2, NAA.
60 ‘Public Relations and the Antarctic Division’, memo by Law to Secretary, External Affairs, 10 May 1956, P1469/0/134/1 Part 2, NAA.
61 Memo, White to Minister for Scientific and Industrial Research, 15 July 1953, CAB 409/1/1, Part 1, ANZ.
62 Memo, Shanahan to Secretary, DSIR, 5 October 1953, and Hicks, 21 October 1953, N 1/202/8/37/3, ANZ.
63 Letter, Fuchs to Odell, 19 October 1954, MS 2003/101/7, J. H. Rose Papers, AWMM.
64 Minutes of the First Meeting of the Auckland Committee for the Discussion of Antarctic Matters, 2 December 1954, MS 966/1, AWMM; letter, Packard to Odell, 10 December 1954, MS 2003/101/7, J. H. Rose Papers, AWMM.
65 Letter, Odell to Rose, 17 December 1954; submission by Deputation of the New Zealand Antarctic Society and its Supporters to the Hon. The Minister of External Affairs, 14 January 1955, MS 2003/101/7, J. H. Rose Papers, AWMM; New York Times, 10 January 1955; minutes of the First Meeting of the Auckland Branch of the New Zealand Antarctic Society, 22 February 1955, MS 966/1, Auckland Committee for Discussion of the Antarctic Papers, AWMM.
66 Memorandum, McIntosh to Macdonald, 11 January 1955, CAB 409/1/1, Part 1, ANZ.
67 Memo, Shanahan to Macdonald, 19 January 1955; cable, Macdonald to Holland, 19 January 1955, CAB 409/1/1, Part 1, ANZ; letter, Rose to Falla, 4 March 1955, MS 2003/101/7, J. H. Rose Papers, AWMM; Herald, Melbourne, 10 March 1955; Auckland Star, Auckland, 12 March 1955; letter, Odell to Rose, 23 March 1955, MS 2003/101/7, J. H. Rose Papers, AWMM.
68 Memo, Shanahan to Macdonald, 16 March 1955; cabinet memo by Macdonald, 1 April 1955, CAB 409/1/1, Part 1, ANZ.
69 Memo, Shanahan to Macdonald, 5 April 1955; cabinet memo by Algie, 15 April 1955, CAB 409/1/1, Part 1, ANZ.
70 Letter, Hillary to Helm, 13 July 1955, MS 162/13/44, CM.
71 Background paper (restricted), Ross Sea Committee, c. June 1955, MS 162/3/10, CM.
72 Cabinet memo by Algie and Macdonald, 5 August 1955, CAB 409/1/1, Part 1, ANZ.
73 Cabinet memo by Holyoake, 20 April 1956; ‘Antarctica – Joint United States/New Zealand Base at Cape Adare’, cabinet memo by Algie and Macdonald, 27 April 1956, CAB 409/1/1, Part 1, ANZ.
74 ‘Operation Deepfreeze II – Facilities in New Zealand’, cabinet memo by Macdonald, 19 July 1956, CAB 409/1/1, Part 1, ANZ.
75 Memoranda, Laking to McFarlane, 18 October 1956, and Laking to Algie, 30 May 1956, AMF/W3118/4/1955/2876/3, ANZ; memoranda by McFarlane, 16 February and 19 July 1955, McFarlane to Postmaster-General, 21 November 1955; letters, Helm to McFarlane, 21 June 1955, and McFarlane to Smith, 1 December 1955, AAMF/W3118/3/1955/2876/1, ANZ; New Zealand Herald, Auckland, 24 November 1956; New York Times, 10 February 1957.
76 Tønnessen and Johnsen, The History of Modern Whaling, p. 749.