Index

• Action nets, 14, 15
• Ad blockers, 176–179
• Advertising, 51, 137, 152–156, 162, 166–172
• Age, 129–135, 139, 140
• Aggregating content, 91–99
• Akamai, 112
• Algorithmic profiling, 128–136
• AllMusic, 74
• Anderson, Chris, 155
• Apple Music, 64–66, 96, 149, 202
• Arbitrage, 162–166
• Artist biographies, 74, 75
• Association for Computing Machinery’s Committee on Professional Ethics, 188
• Audio file formats, 88, 89
• Audit tests, 187
• Auto industry, 86, 87
• Awal, 92, 93

• #backaspotify, 19–29
• Bandwidth, 32, 63
• Behavioral prediction model, 5
• Beta period, 43–45
• Big Three, 8, 32, 52–55
• Black boxes, 7
• Blavatnik, Len, 54
• Bogost, Ian, 12
• Breaching experiments, 8, 71
• Brokerage, 162–166
• Business model, 3

• Catalog size, 96–98
• CDBaby, 95
• Coca-Cola Company, 61, 160
• Company structure, 42
• Computational turn, 139
• Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), 187, 188
• Convertible debt, 66
• Copyright, 33, 40, 48, 57, 155
• Cultural heritage, 1
• Curatorial turn, 61, 62, 67, 117

• Data centers, 32
• Data collection, 4
• Data sharing, 82–88
• Data work, 160
• Digital music commodity, 157
• Digital revenue, 38, 39
• Digital sociology, 6
• Digital markets, 14
• Digital methods, 7
• “Discover Weekly,” 65, 84, 103
• Diversity, 198
• DST, 55
• Duthel, Heinz, 69, 70

• Echo Nest, 63–65, 82–84
• Economies of scale, 154
• Ek, Daniel
• advertising and, 152
• on catalog, 96
• company origins and, 6, 7, 31, 41
• company structure and, 42
• on Facebook, 85
• housing and, 22–24, 28
• at media event, 149
• on move away from genres, 64
• Obama and, 194
• ownership and, 32
• Pandora and, 57
• privacy and, 88
• public post from, 49–51
• recommendation function and, 60
• Zuckerberg and, 56
• Election Music (Duthel), 69–72
• Ethical issues, 188–191
• European launch, 45, 46
• Event delivery system, 81
• Eyeo, 178

• Facebook, 52–56, 60, 61, 84–86, 160
• Fantasy, 145–147
• Fiddler, 168, 169
• File-sharing networks, 33
• Financialization, 35, 161, 162, 166
• Financing rounds, 37, 52, 62, 65, 160, 161
• Fixed role markets, 158
• Free access
• advertising and, 152–156
• history of, 153–157
• Freemium, 156
• Frictionless sharing, 55, 56, 85, 86
• Fru Kost, 71–77

• Garfinkel, Harold, 8
• Gender, 126–131, 139–146
• General Data Protection Regulation, 5, 190, 191
• Genre, 73
• Ghostery, 168–170
• Global financial crisis, 46, 50
• Glynos, Jason, 145, 146
• Goldman Sachs, 61, 160
• Google Cloud Platform, 90, 108, 111
• Graphical user interface, evolution of, 165
• Great Recession, 50

• Happiness, 124–128, 136, 137
• Headquarters relocation debate, 22–24
• Historicization, 34
• History of company
• beta period, 43–45
• period A, 45–47
• period B, 49–51
• period C, 52–54
• period D, 54–56
• period E, 60–62
• period F, 62–64
• period G, 64–66
• Holding company, 42
• Housing crisis, 22–28
• Hype, 35, 36, 47, 54

• Image, 34
• In-degree networks, 25–27
• Infomediaries, 92
• Informed consent, 7, 8
• Infrastructure/infrastructuring, 32, 33, 63, 80, 81, 86, 88–91, 113, 161, 162
• Interaction design, 5
• Interface, 79, 115, 116
• International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), 38, 39
• Interventionism/interventionist methods, 8, 9
• Inventiveness, 9
• Investors, 37
• ITunes Store, 96

• Job listings, 193–203

• Latency, 89, 90
• “Lean back” experience, 57, 79
• Licensing, 32, 33, 46, 49
• Löfven, Stefan, 22, 27
• Lorentzon, Martin, 6, 22–24, 28, 32, 41, 42
• Lury, Celia, 9, 71

• Machine learning, 201, 202
• Markets
• definition and description of, 157–159
• scaling, 159–162
• Mediators, 15
• Menu-driven identifications, 130
• Merkel, Angela, 22
• Metadata, 73, 74, 83, 178, 179
• Montfort, Nick, 12
• Mood management, 122–127
• Multimediated computing experience, 80
• Multisided markets, 13, 14
• Music aggregators, 72–74, 91–97

• Napster, 52, 116
• Narrative accounts, 37
• Negative network externalities, 14
• Network protocol analysis tools (packet sniffers), 106, 107, 110

• Obama, Barack, 194, 195
• Ogg Vorbis, 88, 89, 111
• Open-source projects, 111, 112
• Outliers, 134, 135
• Ownership, 32

• Packet sniffers, 106, 107, 110
• Pandora Internet Radio, 57, 82, 96
• Parker, Sean, 52–55
• Peer-to-peer (P2P) technology and networks, 2, 3, 7, 42, 55, 63, 89, 90
• Periodization, 34, 35
• Piracy, 33, 45
• Pirate Bay, 33, 40–43, 48, 49, 185
• Platform studies, 81, 171, 172
• “Platformization,” 55, 84, 86
• Platforms, 10–15, 159
• Playback devices, 32
• Playlists, 116–120
• Politically focused playlists, 127
• “Politics of standards,” 3
• “Politics of time,” 34
• Privacy, 53, 56, 87, 88, 188
• Pro rata revenue share approach, 155, 156, 166
• Profiling, 190, 191
• Programmatic advertising, 152, 164–172
• Promiscuous mode, 107
• Public version launch, 45

• Radio loop experiment, 99–103
• Recommendation function
• advertising and, 137
• algorithmic profiling and, 128–136
• experiment involving, 139–145
• introduction of, 60, 61
• overview of, 115, 116
• playlists and, 116–120
• targeted lists and, 121–127
• Record label experiments, 71–78, 97
• Record Union, 77
• Reinfeldt, Gustaf, 24, 25
• “Release Radar,” 66, 103
• Remuneration for artists, 38
• Research, challenges involving, 181–191
• Royalties, 75, 76, 95, 155, 166
• Running feature, 64, 121

• Sandvig, Christian, 187
• Scale, 159–166
• Seed Scientific, 65
• Service development, 55
• Silence of Scholarly Life, The (Ethnologist), 78
• Social media, 55
• Social music discovery, 60
• Software
• challenges of studying, 36
• cultural implications of, 80–81
• Songblocker, 173–180
• Songza, 57–61, 66
• SoundCloud, 96
• SoundExchange, 57
• Source code, 36
• Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction (SIGCHI), 188
• SpotiBot experiment, 75–77
• Sterne, Jonathan, 35
• “Streaming Heritage: Following Files in Digital Music Distribution,” 1
• Streams, tracking, 105–113
• Subscription model, 50, 51
• Supply-side platforms (SSPs), 169, 170
• Swift, Taylor, 64, 75
• Symmetric fieldwork, 8

• Taste profiles, 129, 130, 136, 137
• Tax avoidance, 42
• Technology Crossover Ventures (TCV), 62, 63, 160, 161
• Technopolitical context, 40, 41
• Telia, 51
• TeliaSonera, 65
• Terms and Conditions of Use, 181, 182
• Third-party playlist services, 5
• Three, 51
• TiVo, 74, 75
• TradeDoubler, 41
• TrIPE, 111
• TuneCore, 94, 95
• Tunigo, 61–66, 122
• Twitter, 19–21, 24–27, 61, 86
• Two-sided market model, 154–156

• Uber, 10, 11
• Unicorns, 19–21
• United States launch, 54–56
• User rights, 181, 182
• User statistics, 38
• User-created playlists, 120

• Valuation and profitability, 37–40, 62, 63
• Venture capital, 32, 50, 62
• Voddler, 48, 49

• Wade Morris, Jeremy, 35, 79–80, 92, 157
• Wakeford, Nina, 9, 71
• Warner Music, 50–54
• Web 2.0, 12, 40, 45, 73
• WiMP, 183
• Wireshark, 106–110

• Zuckerberg, Mark, 55, 85