Further Reading

GENERAL

Pride of place among histories of the Hundred Years War must go to Jonathan Sumption’s magisterial multi-volume history The Hundred Years War I: Trial by Battle (London, 1990); Trial by Fire: The Hundred Years War II (London, 1999); Divided Houses: The Hundred Years War III (London, 2009); Cursed Kings: The Hundred Years War IV (London, 2015). These provide a narrative of unparalleled richness. Short histories of the war include E. Perroy, The Hundred Years War (London, 1951); P. Contamine, La Guerre de Cent Ans (Paris, 1972); Anne Curry, The Hundred Years War (Basingstoke, 1993); Christopher Allmand, The Hundred Years War: England and France at War c. 1300–c. 1450 (Cambridge, 1988). David Green, The Hundred Years War: A People’s History (London, 2014), provides a valuable discussion of a number of themes. A. H. Burne, The Crecy War (London, 1955) and The Agincourt War (London, 1956) are still useful. For general discussions of medieval warfare, see P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, trans. M. Jones (Oxford, 1984), and J. F. Verbruggen, The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages: From the Eighth Century to 1340 (Woodbridge,1997). Valerie Tourelle et al., Guerre et Société 1270–1480 (Neuilly, 2013), provides valuable summaries of a large number of themes.

There are many collections of essays which contain important papers. They include Anne Curry and Michael Hughes (eds), Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War (Woodbridge, 1994), and L. J. Andrew Villalon and D. J. Kagay (eds), The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus (Leiden, 2005); The Hundred Years War (Part II), Different Vistas (Leiden, 2008), and The Hundred Years War (Part III), Further Considerations (Leiden, 2013). P. Contamine, C. Giry-Deloison and M. H. Keen (eds), Guerre et societé en France et en Bourgogne XIVe–XV siècle (Villeneuve d’Ascq, 1991) contains valuable papers in both English and French.

This period is covered by two volumes in the New Oxford History of England: Michael Prestwich, Plantagenet England 1225–1360 (Oxford, 2005), and Gerald Harriss, Shaping the Nation: England 1360–1461 (Oxford, 2005). G. Small, Late Medieval France (Basingstoke, 2009), provides a brief general history.

The Yale series on English Monarchs contains the following, all highly relevant: W. M. Ormrod, Edward III (London, 2011); Nigel Saul, Richard II (London, 1997); Chris Given-Wilson, Henry IV (London, 2016); C. T. Allmand, Henry V (London, 1992); Bertram Wolffe, Henry VI (London, 2001). For the French monarchy, there are R. Cazelles, Société politique, nobles et couronne sous Jean le Bon et Charles V (Geneva and Paris, 1982), Françoise Autrand’s studies, Charles V le Sage (Paris, 1994) and Charles VI: La folie du Roy (Paris, 1986), and Malcolm Vale, Charles VII (London, 1974).

SOURCES

Rather than list all the sources used for this book, I list here solely some readily available in English translation. Many others are detailed in the endnotes. There are various translations of Froissart’s work; Froissart Chronicles, ed. and trans. G. Brereton (Harmondsworth, 1968), provides convenient extracts. Other chronicles available in English include The Chronicle of Jean de Venette, ed. R. A. Newhall (New York, 1953); Sir Thomas Gray Scalacronica, 1272–1363, ed. Andy King (Surtees Society, 2005); Knighton’s Chronicle 1337–1396, ed. G. H. Martin (Oxford, 1995); Gesta Henrici Quinti, ed. Frank Taylor and John S. Roskell (Oxford, 1975). There is also The Chivalric Biography of Boucicaut, Jean II le Meingre, ed. and trans. Craig Taylor and Jane H. M. Taylor (Woodbridge, 2016).

Collections of a range of sources include The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpretations, ed. Clifford J. Rogers (Woodbridge, 1999); The Battle of Crécy: A Casebook, ed. Michael Livingston and Kelly DeVries (Liverpool, 2015); The Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, ed. Richard Barber (London, 1979); The Battle of Agincourt: Sources and Interpretations, ed. Anne Curry (Woodbridge, 2000); Joan of Arc: La Pucelle, ed. Craig Taylor (Manchester, 2006); Society at War: The Experience of England and France during the Hundred Years War, ed. C. T. Allmand (Edinburgh, 1973).

CHAPTER 1: THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

Malcolm Vale, The Origins of the Hundred Years War (Oxford, 1990), concentrates on the issue of Gascony, while H. S. Lucas, The Low Countries and the Hundred Years’ War, 1326–1347 (Ann Arbor, MI,1929), examines a different region. For the failure of crusade plans, see C. J. Tyerman, ‘Philip VI and the Recovery of the Holy Land’, English Historical Review 100 (1985). Dana L. Sample, ‘Philip VI’s mortal enemy: Robert of Artois and the beginning of the Hundred Years War’, in L. J. A. Villalon and D. J. Kagay (eds), The Hundred Years War (Part II), Different Vistas (Leiden, 2008), pp. 261–84, looks at another element in the crisis. Craig Taylor discussed ‘Edward III and the Plantagenet Claim to the French Throne’, in J. S. Bothwell (ed.), The Age of Edward III (Woodbridge, 2001), pp. 155–69. For the Scottish dimension, see James Campbell, ‘England, Scotland and the Hundred Years War’, reprinted in Clifford Rogers (ed.), The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpretations, and for a recent discussion, see Michael Penman, David II, 1329–71 (East Linton, 2004).

CHAPTER 2: THE FIRST PHASE, 1337–45
CHAPTER 3: CRÉCY AND CALAIS

Edward III’s campaigns were the subject of Clifford J. Rogers’ War Cruel and Sharp (Woodbridge, 2000), in which he transformed discussion by arguing that English strategy was battle-seeking. Individual battles are examined in Kelly DeVries’ Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century (Woodbridge, 1996). For the Battle of Sluys, see G. Cushway, Edward III and the War at Sea: The English Navy, 1327–1377 (Woodbridge, 2011), and for the siege of Tournai, Kelly DeVries, ‘Contemporary Views of Edward III’s Failure at the Siege of Tournai, 1340’, Nottingham Medieval Studies 39 (1995), pp. 70–105. Lancaster’s campaigns in Gascony and elsewhere are detailed by Kenneth Fowler, The King’s Lieutenant: Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster (London, 1969). The Battle of Crécy has received much attention. Andrew Ayton and Philip Preston, The Battle of Crécy, 1346 (Woodbridge, 2005), is essential; a different interpretation was offered by Richard Barber in his Edward III and the Triumph of England (London, 2013), and by Livingston and DeVries in The Battle of Crécy: A Casebook. For the siege of Calais, see Craig Lambert, ‘Edward III’s siege of Calais: A reappraisal’, Journal of Medieval History 37 (2011), pp. 245–56, and for the difficulties the capture caused, see S. J. Burley, ‘The Victualling of Calais’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 31 (1958), pp. 49–57. David Rollason and Michael Prestwich (eds), The Battle of Neville’s Cross (Stamford, 1998), contains a number of studies relating to the battle.

For the financing of the war in England, see G. L. Harriss, King, Parliament and Public Finance to 1369 (Oxford, 1975), and the papers by E. B. Fryde, published in his Studies in Medieval Trade and Finance (London, 1983). For France, see John B. Henneman, Royal Taxation in Fourteenth Century France: The Development of War Financing 1322–1356 (Princeton, NJ, 1971). J. R. Maddicott, The English Peasantry and the Demands of the Crown, 1294–1341 (Past and Present Supplement 1, 1975) is essential for the burdens placed on England in the early stages of the war.

CHAPTER 4: POITIERS AND BRÉTIGNY

Richard Barber, Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine (Woodbridge, 1978), is a full biography of the prince. H. J. Hewitt provided a detailed study in The Black Prince’s Expedition of 1355–57 (Manchester, 1958), and for the culminating battle of the 1356 campaign, see David Green, The Battle of Poitiers 1356 (Stroud, 2002). The prisoners taken there are discussed by C. Given-Wilson and F. Bériac, ‘Edward III’s Prisoners of War: the Battle of Poitiers and its Context’, English Historical Review 116 (2001), pp. 802–33. English war aims were discussed by John Le Patourel in ‘Edward III and the kingdom of France’, reprinted in Rogers (ed.), The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpretations. For a recent analysis of the peace negotiations, see Clifford J. Rogers, ‘The Anglo-French Peace Negotiations of 1354–1360 revisited’, in J. S. Bothwell (ed.), The Age of Edward III (Woodbridge, 2001), pp. 193–213. The Jacquerie was studied by Siméon Luce, Histoire de la Jacquerie d’apres des document inédits (2nd edn, Paris, 1894), and far more recently by J. Firnhaber-Baker, ‘Soldiers, Villagers and Politics: Military Violence and the Jacquerie of 1358’, in G. Pépin, F. Lainé and F. Boutoulle (eds), Routiers et mercenaires pendant la guerre de Cent ans (Bordeaux, 2016), pp. 101–14. The transformation of French finances is discussed by J. B. Henneman, Royal Taxation in Fourteenth-Century France: The Captivity and Ransom of John II, 1356–1370 (Philadelphia, 1976).

CHAPTER 5: PEACE AND WAR, 1360–77
CHAPTER 6: NEW KINGS, 1377–99

For the routiers, see Kenneth Fowler, Medieval Mercenaries (Oxford, 2001). The Black Prince’s role in Gascony is studied by G. Pepin, ‘Towards a New Assessment of the Black Prince’s Principality of Aquitaine: a Study of the Last Years (1369–72), Nottingham Medieval Studies 50 (2006), pp. 59–114. A. Goodman, John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe (Harlow, 1992), is important for this period, as are J. W. Sherborne’s papers in his War, Politics and Culture in Fourteenth-Century England (London, 1994). J. J. N. Palmer, England, France and Christendom 1377–99 (London, 1972), remains somewhat controversial. For a French perspective there is J. B. Henneman, Olivier de Clisson and Political Society in France under Charles V and Charles VI (Philadelphia, 1996). R. Vernier, The Flower of Chivalry: Bertrand du Guesclin and the Hundred Years War (Woodbridge, 2003), provides an outline of the French hero’s career. For John Hawkwood, see William Caferro, John Hawkwood: An English Mercenary in Fourteenth-Century Italy (Baltimore, MD, 2006), and his articles in Villalon and Kagay (eds), The Hundred Years War. A more popular treatment is provided by Frances Stonor Saunders, Hawkwood, Diabolical Englishman (London, 2004). The classic study of the war in the Iberian peninsula is P. E. Russell, The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II (Oxford, 1955). The Otterburn campaign and its context is discussed in A. Goodman and A. Tuck (eds), War and Border Societies in the Middle Ages (London, 1992). There is a valuable comparative analysis of the financial position in England and France in David Grummitt and Jean-François Lassalmonie, ‘Royal Public Finance (c. 1290–1523)’, in Christopher Fletcher, Jean-Philippe Genet and John Watts (eds), Government and Political Life in England and France c. 1300–c. 1500 (Cambridge, 2015).

CHAPTER 10: AGINCOURT
CHAPTER 11: THE CONQUEST OF NORMANDY

Agincourt has attracted the attention of many historians. See above all, Anne Curry, Agincourt: A New History (Stroud, 2005). A more popular account was provided by Juliet Barker, Agincourt (London, 2005), and for different analyses, Clifford J. Rogers in ‘The Battle of Agincourt’, in Villalon and Kagan (eds), The Hundred Years War (Part III), and Michael K. Jones, Agincourt 1415 (Barnsley, 2005). The context for the killing of the prisoners is explained by Andy King, ‘“Then a great misfortune befell them”: the laws of war on surrender and the killing of prisoners on the battlefield in the Hundred Years War’, Journal of Medieval History 43 (2017), pp. 106–17. R. A. Newhall, The English Conquest of Normandy (New Haven, CT, 1924), provides the fullest account of Henry V’s subsequent campaigns, and C. T. Allmand, Lancastrian Normandy 1415–1450 (Oxford, 1983), discusses the English occupation. See also Juliet Barker, Conquest: The English Kingdom of France, 1417–1450 (London, 2009). Henry’s character is the subject of Malcolm Vale, Henry V: The Conscience of a King (London, 2016), and see also Craig Taylor, ‘Henry V, Flower of Chivalry’, in G. Dodd (ed.), Henry V, New Interpretations (Woodbridge, 2013). The royal ship-building programme is discussed by W. J. Carpenter Turner, ‘The Building of the Gracedieu, Valentine and Falconer at Southampton, 1416–1420’, The Mariner’s Mirror 40 (1954), pp. 55–72, and more recently by Ian Friel, Henry V’s Navy: The Sea Road to Agincourt and Conquest 1413–1422 (Stroud, 2015).

An interesting analysis of Verneuil is provided by M. K. Jones, ‘The Battle of Verneuil (17 August 1424): Towards a History of Courage’, War in History 9 (2002), pp. 375–411. The occupation of Paris is discussed by G. L. Thompson, Paris and its People under English Rule: The Anglo-Burgundian Regime 1420–1436 (Oxford, 1991). B. J. H. Rowe, ‘John Duke of Bedford and the Norman “Brigands”’, English Historical Review 47 (1932), pp. 545–67, discusses the breakdown of order in Normandy.

For the history of France in this period, in addition to Autrand on Charles VI, see B. Schnerb, Armagnacs et Bourguignons: La maudite guerre 1407–1435 (Paris, 2001), and for the Burgundian dimension, R. Vaughan, John the Fearless (Woodbridge, 1973).

CHAPTER 12: THE MAID AND THE ENGLISH COLLAPSE

There is much written about Joan of Arc, but little of it concentrates on her role in war. Kelly DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader (Stroud, 1999), is an exception. Helen Castor, Joan of Arc: A History (London, 2014), provides a more general study of the Maid, as does Larissa J. Taylor, The Virgin Warrior: The Life and Death of Joan of Arc (London, 2009). A. J. Pollard, John Talbot and the War in France 1427–1453 (2nd edn, Barnsley, 2005), is a classic study, while Juliet Barker, Conquest, also covers this later stage of the war. The reversal of alliances in 1435 was examined by J. G. Dickinson in The Congress of Arras 1435: A Study in Medieval Diplomacy (Oxford, 1955). Gerald Harriss’s biography of Cardinal Beaufort: A Study of Lancastrian Ascendancy and Decline (Oxford, 1988) is important for the financial background. M. H. Keen discussed ‘The End of the Hundred Years War: Lancastrian France and Lancastrian England’, in M. Jones and M. Vale (eds), England and her Neighbours 1066–1453: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais (London, 1989), and for the final debacle, see Craig Taylor, ‘Brittany and the French Crown: the Aftermath of the Attack on Fougères’, in J. R. Maddicott and D. M. Palliser (eds), The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell (London, 2000).

CHAPTER 7: ENGLISH FORCES IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY
CHAPTER 8: FRENCH FORCES IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY
CHAPTER 13: ARMIES IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY

The massive detailed study by P. Contamine, Guerre, état et societé à la fin du moyen âge (Paris, 1972), did much to transform understanding of late medieval armies. A summary account of English armies is provided by Michael Prestwich, Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience (London, 1996), and for a comparative study of English and French armies there is a valuable essay by Steven Gunn and Armand Jamme, ‘Kings, Nobles and Military Networks’, in Christopher Fletcher, Jean-Philippe Genet and John Watts (eds), Government and Political Life in England and France c. 1300–c. 1500 (Cambridge, 2015).

Pioneering work on English armies was done by A. E. Prince in his ‘The Strength of English Armies under Edward III’, English Historical Review 46 (1931), pp. 353–71. Andrew Ayton’s book, Knights and Warhorses: Military Service and the English Aristocracy under Edward III (Woodbridge, 1994), did much to reveal the potential of record evidence. Recently, Adrian R. Bell, Anne Curry, Andy King and David Simpkin conducted a major research project, which led to The Soldier in Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2013), covering the period from 1369 to 1453. This showed the value of computer analysis of muster rolls and other records. The same project yielded two volumes of essays: Adrian R. Bell and Anne Curry (eds), The Soldier Experience in the Fourteenth Century (Woodbridge, 2011) and Waging War in the Fourteenth Century, Journal of Medieval History 37, no. 3 (2011). Andrew Ayton and Philip Preston, The Battle of Crécy, 1346 (Woodbridge, 2005), contains important chapters on English and French armies by Ayton and Bertrand Schnerb. Anne Curry and Michael Hughes (eds), Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War (Woodbridge, 1994), includes chapters by Andrew Ayton, ‘English armies in the Fourteenth Century’, pp. 21–38, and by Anne Curry, ‘English Armies in the Fifteenth Century’, pp. 39–68. Curry also wrote on ‘The Organisation of Field Armies in Lancastrian Normandy’, in Matthew Strickland (ed.), Armies, Chivalry and Warfare in Medieval Britain and France (Stamford, 1998). Nicholas A. Gribit, Henry of Lancaster’s Expedition to Aquitaine, 1345–46 (Woodbridge, 2016), provides a useful analysis of one English army. Andrew Ayton, ‘The Military Careerist in Late Medieval England’, Journal of Medieval History 43 (2017), pp. 4–23, is particularly useful for the late fourteenth century. Part of David Grummitt’s The Calais Garrison: War and Military Service in England, 1436–1558 (Woodbridge, 2008) is relevant to the Hundred Years War. The Welsh contribution to English armies is examined in Adam Chapman, Welsh Soldiers in the Later Middle Ages 1282–1422 (Woodbridge, 2015). Chris Given-Wilson, The Royal Household and the King’s Affinity: Service, Politics and Finance in England 1360–1413 (London, 1986), is valuable for the king’s household knights. Jon Andoni Fernández de Larrea Rojas, El precio de la sangre: Ejércitos y sociedad en Navarra durante la Baja Edad Medie (1259–1450) (Madrid, 2013), provided a valuable comparison with his work on Navarrese forces, and for Brabant, see S. Boffa, Warfare in Medieval Brabant 1356–1406 (Woodbridge, 2004).

Recruitment, particularly the indenture system, was examined by A. E. Prince in ‘The indenture system under Edward III’, in J. G. Edwards, V. H. Galbraith and E. F. Jacob (eds), Historical Essays in Honour of James Tait (Manchester, 1933), pp. 283–97. Simon Walker, ‘Profit and Loss in the Hundred Years War: the Subcontracts of Sir John Struther, 1374’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 58 (1985), pp. 100–6, is valuable, as is A. Goodman, ‘Responses to Requests in Yorkshire for Military Service under Henry V’, Northern History 17 (1981), pp. 240–52. A detailed analysis of one early fifteenth-century retinue is provided by Gary Baker, ‘To Agincourt and beyond! The martial affinity of Edward of Langley, second duke of York (c.1373–1415)’, Journal of Medieval History 43 (2017), pp. 40–58. For the domestic background of the knightly class, see P. Coss, The Knight in Medieval England 1000–1400 (Woodbridge, 1993).

For the archers (and much more besides), see Matthew Strickland and Robert Hardy, The Great Warbow (Stroud, 2005). For the problem of identifying their social background, see Gary Baker, ‘Investigating the Socio-Economic Origins of English Archers in the Second Half of the Fourteenth Century’, Journal of Medieval Military History 12 (2014), pp. 174–216. For controversy over the effectiveness of the longbow, see Kelly DeVries, ‘Catapults Are Not Atomic Bombs: Towards a Redefinition of “Effectivenesss” in Premodern Military Technology’, War in History 4 (1997), pp. 460–4; Clifford J. Rogers, ‘The Efficacy of the English Longbow: A Reply to Kelly DeVries’, War in History 5 (1998), 233–42, and see also Clifford J. Rogers, ‘The development of the longbow in late medieval England and “technological determinism”’, Journal of Medieval History 37 (2011), pp. 321–41.

For mercenaries, see Kenneth Fowler, Medieval Mercenaries (Oxford, 2001), and the papers in G. Pépin, F. Lainé and F. Boutoulle (eds), Routiers et mercenaires pendant la guerre de Cent ans (Bordeaux, 2016). Scottish mercenaries are discussed by B. G. A. Ditcham, The Employment of Foreign Mercenary Troops in the French Armies, 1416–1470 (PhD thesis, Edinburgh University, 1978).

Armour is discussed by Thom Richardson, The Tower Armoury in the Fourteenth Century (Leeds, 2016), and also in his ‘Armour in England, 1327–99’, Journal of Medieval History 37 (2011), pp. 304–20, and his ‘Armour in Henry V’s Great Wardrobe’, Arms and Armour 12 (2015), pp. 22–9.

For the navy, see Graham Cushway, Edward III and the War at Sea (Woodbridge, 2011), and Craig L. Lambert, Shipping the Medieval Military: English Maritime Logistics in the Fourteenth Century (Woodbridge, 2011). See also Tony K. Moore, ‘The Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Fourteenth-Century Naval Campaign: Margate/Cadzand 1387’, in R. Gorski (ed.), Roles of the Sea in Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2012). For the French navy, C. de la Roncière, Historie de la marine Française (Paris, 1899–1932), remains useful, and see also Documents relatifs au clos des galées de Rouen et aux armées de mer du roi de France de 1293 à 1418, i and ii, ed. Anne Merlin-Chazelas (Paris, 1977–8).

There is a considerable literature on gunpowder artillery. For its impact on warfare, see Clifford J. Rogers, ‘The Military Revolutions of the Hundred Years’ War’, Journal of Military History 57 (1993), pp. 241–78, and Malcolm Vale, ‘New Techniques and Old Ideals: The Impact of Artillery on War and Chivalry at the End of the Hundred Years War’, in C. T. Allmand (ed.), War, Literature and Politics in the Late Middle Ages (Liverpool, 1976). Vale also discussed the topic in his War and Chivalry (London, 1981). There is much information about Burgundian guns. See Robert D. Smith and Kelly DeVries, The Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy 1363–1477 (Woodbridge, 2005); J. Garnier, L’artilllerie des ducs de Bourgogne d’après les documents conserves aux archives de la Côte d’Or (Paris, 1895); Monique Sommé, ‘L’armée Bourguignonne au siege de Calais de 1436’, in P. Contamine, C. Giry-Deloison and M. H. Keen (eds), Guerre et Société en France, en Angleterre, et en Bourgogne (Villeneuve d’Ascq, 1991), pp. 204–5. English artillery is discussed by T. F. Tout, ‘Firearms in England in the Fourteenth Century’, in The Collected Papers of Thomas Frederick Tout (Manchester, 1932–4), ii, pp. 233–75, and for the fifteenth century, see Dan Spencer, ‘“The Scourge of the Stones”, English Gunpowder Artillery at the Siege of Harfleur’, Journal of Medieval History 43 (2017), pp. 59–73, and his ‘The Provision of Artillery for the 1428 Expedition to France’, Journal of Medieval Military History 13 (2015), pp. 179–92, and see also David Grummitt, ‘The Defence of Calais and the Development of Gunpowder Artillery in England in the Late Fifteenth Century’, War in History 7 (2000), pp. 253–72.

CHAPTER 9: THE LOGISTICS OF WAR

H. J. Hewitt, The Organization of War under Edward III (Manchester, 1966), was a pioneering study of the logistics of war. Craig Lambert, Shipping the Medieval Military: English Maritime Logistics in the Fourteenth Century (Woodbridge, 2011), examines an important aspect of the way the English supplied their troops. Y. N. Harari, ‘Strategy and Supply in Fourteenth-Century Western European Invasion Campaigns’, Journal of Military History 64 (2000), pp. 297–333, challenged existing orthodoxies. For France, see M. Jusselin, ‘Comment la France se préparait à la guerre de Cent ans’, Bibliothèque de l’école des chartes 73 (1912), pp. 211–36.

CHAPTER 14: PROFIT AND LOSS

The economic effects of the war were debated by K. B. McFarlane, ‘War, the Economy and Social Change: England and the Hundred Years War’, Past & Present 22 (1962), pp. 3–13, and M. M. Postan, ‘The Costs of the Hundred Years War’, Past & Present 24 (1964), pp. 34–53. P. Contamine, ‘La Guerre de Cent Ans en France: un Approche Économique’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 47 (1974), pp. 125–49, provided a commentary from a French perspective. M. Jones, ‘War and Fourteenth-Century France’, in Anne Curry and Michael Hughes (eds), Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War (Woodbridge, 1994), provides a valuable survey. For a classic regional analysis, see R. Boutrouche, La Crise d’un société: Seigneurs et paysans du Bordelais pendant la Guerre de Cent Ans (Paris, 1947). Nicholas Wright, Knights and Peasants: The Hundred Years War in the French Countryside (Woodbridge, 1998), examined late fourteenth-century evidence. The impact of war on the most important English export is evident from T. H. Lloyd, The English Wool Trade in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1977), and for the wine trade there is M. K. James, ‘The Fluctuations of the Anglo-Gascon Wine Trade during the Fourteenth Century’, Economic History Review, n.s., 4 (1951), pp. 170–96. M. Kowaleski puts forward interesting arguments in ‘Warfare, Shipping and Crown Patronage: The Impact of the Hundred Years War on the Port Towns of Medieval England’, in Lawrin Armstrong, Ivana Elbl and Martin M. Elbl (eds), Money, Markets and Trade in Later Medieval Europe (Leiden, 2006), pp. 233–56.

For discussion of mint activity and its implications, see J. L. Bolton, Money in the Medieval English Economy: 973–1489 (Manchester, 2012), and H. A. Miskimin, Money, Prices and Foreign Exchange in Fourteenth-Century France (New Haven, CT, and London, 1963).

There is much information on the effects of war on individual fortunes. See for example K. B. McFarlane, ‘The Investment of Sir John Fastolf’s Profits of War’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 7 (1957), pp. 91–116, and Michael Jones, ‘The fortunes of war: the military career of John, second lord Bourchier (d.1400)’, Essex Archaeology and History 26 (1995), pp. 145–61. Henneman, Olivier de Clisson and Political Society, has much that is relevant.

CHAPTER 15: CHIVALRY AND WAR

Maurice Keen, Chivalry (London, 1984), is a classic study. More recent works include R. W. Kaeuper, Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe (Oxford, 1999), N. Saul, Chivalry in Medieval England (Cambridge, MA, 2011), and Craig Taylor, Chivalry and the Ideals of Knighthood in France during the Hundred Years War (Cambridge, 2013). The fifteenth century was examined by Malcolm Vale, War and Chivalry (London, 1981). Craig Taylor, ‘English Writings on Chivalry and Warfare during the Hundred Years War’, in P. Coss and C. Tyerman (eds), Soldiers, Nobles and Gentlemen (Woodbridge, 2009), pp. 64–84, looked at the literature of chivalry. The military orders were studied in detail by D’A. J. D. Boulton, The Knights of the Crown (Woodbridge, 1987); on the Garter in particular, see Richard Barber, Edward III and the Triumph of England (London, 2013). For the laws of war, see above all Maurice Keen, The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages (London, 1965). An important aspect was examined by Rémy Ambühl, Prisoners of War in the Hundred Years War: Ransom Culture in the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2013). For tournaments, see Juliet Barker, The Tournament in England 1100–1400 (Woodbridge, 1986), and for discussion of jousts and deeds of arms in the later fourteenth century there is Steven Muhlberger’s Deeds of Arms (Highland Village, TX, 2005). Crusading interests are the subject of T. Guard’s Chivalry, Kingship and Crusade: The English Experience in the Fourteenth Century (Woodbridge, 2013).

CONCLUSION

There is a large literature on the concept of the early modern military revolution, originally put forward by Michael Roberts. For a convenient introduction, see G. Parker, ‘The “Military Revolution,” 1560–1660 – a Myth?’, Journal of Modern History 48 (1976), pp. 195–214, and his The Military Revolution (London, 1988). Clifford Rogers looked at the medieval implications in ‘The Military Revolutions of the Hundred Years War’, Journal of Military History 57 (1993), pp. 241–78.