| ACTFL |
American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages |
| ADHD |
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder |
| AE |
American English |
| AMTB |
Attitude/Motivation Test Battery |
| AoA |
age of arrival |
| ASL |
American Sign Language |
| AV |
auditory-visual |
| CA |
Contrastive Analysis |
| CALL |
computer-assisted language learning |
| CANAL-F |
Cognitive Ability for Novelty in Acquisition of Language—Foreign |
| CATSS |
Computer Adaptive Test of Size and Strength |
| CCSARP |
Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project |
| CHL |
Chinese as a heritage language |
| CLS |
complementary learning systems |
| CMC |
computer-mediated communication |
| CPH |
Critical Period Hypothesis |
| CS |
conditioned stimulus |
| CV |
consonant-vowel |
| ΔP |
Delta P |
| DCTs |
discourse completion tasks |
| DLAB |
Defense Language Aptitude Battery |
| EAP |
English for Academic Purposes |
| EFL |
English as a Foreign Language |
| ESL |
English as a second language |
| ELAN |
early left anterior negativity |
| ERPs |
event-related potentials |
| ESF |
European Science Foundation |
| ESP |
English for Specific Purposes |
| EWM |
executive working memory |
| FDH |
fundamental difference hypothesis |
| FLES |
foreign language in the elementary school |
| fMRI |
functional magnetic resonance imaging |
| FonF |
Focus on Form |
| FonFs |
Focus on Forms |
| FSI/ILR |
Foreign Service Institute/Interagency Language Round Table |
| GJTs |
Grammaticality Judgment Tests |
| GM |
grammatical metaphor |
| HLA |
Heritage Language Acquisition |
| HLLs |
heritage language learners |
| IDI |
Intercultural Development Inventory |
| ILs |
interlanguages |
| IMRD |
Introduction-Method-Results-Discussion |
| L1 |
first language |
| L2 |
second language |
| LANs |
left-to-bilateral anterior negativities |
| LANs |
local area networks |
| LCP |
Language Contact Profile |
| LeaP |
Learning Prosody in a Foreign Language |
| LFG |
Lexical-functional Grammar |
| LMT |
Lexical Mapping Theory |
| LOR |
length of residence |
| MCS |
memory for contingent speech |
| MEG |
magnetoencephalography |
| MLAT |
Modern Language Aptitude Test |
| MM |
Multidimensional Model |
| MTM |
multiple-trace memory |
| NHLRC |
National Heritage Language Resource Center |
| NLP |
natural language processing |
| NS |
native speaker |
| NS-NNS |
native speaker-non-native speaker |
| OM |
Ontogeny Model |
| OPI |
Oral Proficiency Interview |
| OT |
optimality theory |
| PDH |
Proceduralization Deficit Hypothesis |
| PET |
Positron Emission Tomography |
| PLAB |
Pimsleur's Language Aptitude Battery |
| PLD |
primary linguistic data |
| P&P |
principles and parameters |
| PSTM |
phonological short-term memory |
| PT |
Processability Theory |
| PWM |
phonological working memory |
| RST |
reading span task |
| SA |
study abroad |
| SES |
socio-economic status |
| SFL |
systemic-functional linguistics |
| SILC |
Strategic Inventory for Learning Culture |
| SILL |
Strategic Inventory for Language Learning |
| SLA |
second language acquisition |
| SLM |
Speech Learning Model |
| SOPI |
Simulated Oral Proficiency Interview |
| TBLT |
Task-based Language Teaching |
| TMS |
transcranial magnetic stimulation |
| TOEFL |
Test of English as a Second Language |
| TOEIC |
Test of English for International Communication |
| UCM |
Unified Competition Model |
| UG |
Universal Grammar |
| US |
unconditioned stimulus |
| VACs |
verb-argument constructions |
| VOT |
voice onset time |
| ZISA |
Zweitspracherwerb Italienischer und Spanischer Arbeiter |
| ZPD |
Zone of Proximal Development |