3. The Fight

0.      By the Association du Secours National, first created during the First World War.

0.      As reported in the documentary film Illustre et Inconnu, by Jean-Pierre Devillers and Pierre Pochart (Ladybird Films, France 3).

0.      Ibid.

0.      Olivier Todd, Albert Camus: Une vie (Paris: Gallimard, 1996), p. 479.

0.      Gerhard Heller, Un Allemand à Paris (Paris: Le Seuil, 1981), p. 157.

0.      Ibid., p. 128.

0.      Ibid., pp. 202–6.

0.      Cronin, Samuel Beckett: The Last Modernist, p. 330.

0.      Heller, Un Allemand à Paris, p. 153.

0.    Le journal d’Hélène Berr was published in 2008 by Éditions Taillandier in Paris with a preface by Patrick Modiano, and in English as The Journal of Hélène Berr by MacLehose Press, 2009.

0.    The Jewish lesbian Surrealist muse whose face would forever be familiar to the world thanks to Man Ray’s 1937 picture of her with Nusch.

0.    Marcel Mouloudji, Le petit invité (Paris: Balland, 1989), p. 67.

0.    In Jean-Paul Sartre’s short essay “Paris sous l’occupation,” published in London in 1945 as “France Libre” and later edited together with other short essays in Situations III (Paris: Gallimard, 1949).

0.    Ibid.

0.    La Grande Chaumière has not changed and has not moved, being still located at 14 rue de la Grande Chaumière in the 6th arrondissement; www.grande-chaumiere.fr.

0.    Geneviève Laporte in Sunshine at Midnight (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975), translated by Douglas Cooper, p. 4.

0.    Jean Paulhan hopped on the métro and went straight to 17 rue Marbeau, in the 16th arrondissement, and laid low at Georges Batault’s, a Swiss anti-Semitic writer, a mutual friend of Docteur Le Savoureux who hid many résistants in his house at Châtenay-Malabris, the former home of Chateaubriand, which can be visited today. The homes of well-known collaborators and anti-Semites, who had despite everything remained friends, proved ideal places to hide from the Gestapo. Frédéric Badré, Paulhan, le juste (Paris: Grasset, 1996), p. 218.

0.    In an article penned by Jean-Paul Sartre, “La république du silence,” Les Lettres françaises, 1944.

0.    Today, 6 rue Georges Braque.

0.    Pierre Assouline in his biography of Henri Cartier-Bresson, Cartier-Bresson: L’oeil du siècle (Paris: Plon, 1999). However, Zen in the Art of Archery not having been published until 1948, Assouline might in fact be referring to a shorter essay on the same subject that Eugen Herrigel had published in October 1936, in a German magazine specializing in Japanese studies.

0.    Thomas, Témoin compromis, p. 153.

0.    Ibid.

0.    On February 1, 1944, many secret Resistance organizations merged into the Forces Françaises Intérieures for the sake of efficiency. In June 1944, the FFI represented two hundred thousand members; in October 1944, four hundred thousand. The FFI were key in helping the Allied forces in the D-Day operations and the liberation of Paris. After being disbanded by Charles de Gaulle, a third of the FFI members enrolled in the official French army to keep fighting with the Allied forces in the rest of Europe.

0.    Glass, Americans in Paris, p. 386.

0.    At 186 rue de Rivoli, opposite the Louvre, and 100 rue Réaumur, just one mile north.

0.    Liebling, The Road Back to Paris.

0.    Combat, August 21, 1944. “Qu’est-ce qu’une insurrection? C’est le peuple en armes. Qu’est-ce que le peuple? C’est ce qui dans une nation ne veut jamais s’agenouiller.”

0.    Robert Doisneau was given the area of Belleville to cover but he disobeyed orders and went straight to where the battles were the fiercest: around Notre Dame and the Latin Quarter. In Paris, libéré, photographié, exposé (Paris: Musée Carnavalet, 2014), p. 216.

0.    As the historian Ian Buruma argued in “The Argument That Saved Paris” in the New York Review of Books, October 15, 2014: “Refusing to let Paris burn would be a most effective way to cover up his more sordid past. By making it seem as if only his brave decision saved the city from total destruction, von Choltitz entered the history books as a kind of hero instead of a war criminal.”

0.    Ernest Hemingway, Hemingway on War (New York: Scribner, 2004).

0.    Glass, Americans in Paris, p. 400.

0.    Léon Werth, Déposition, journal 1940–1944 (Paris: Viviane Hamy, 1995).

0.    Yves Cazaux, Journal secret de la libération (Paris: Albin Michel, 1975).

0.    Sartre’s recollection, published in Combat on September 2, 1944.

0.    On coming across it, Charles de Gaulle commented, “A hell of a task.”

0.    Twenty-eight hundred civilians were killed between August 19 and August 25, 1944, during the liberation of Paris.

0.    Glass, Americans in Paris, p. 408.

0.    To which Hemingway is famously supposed to have replied: “Oh no, I have to liberate the cellar of the Ritz first.” Glass, Americans in Paris, p. 400.

0.    As recalled by Françoise Gilot, Life with Picasso (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), p. 61.

0.    As he recalled in Irwin Shaw and Ronald Searle, Paris! Paris! (Harcourt, 1976), p. 13.

0.    Ibid., p. 19.

0.    Ibid., p. 20.

0.    On the black market, bread cost 35 francs and butter 600 francs a kilogram, ten times their prewar prices.

0.    Anne-Marie Cazalis, Les mémoires d’une Anne (Paris: Stock, 1976), p. 33.

0.    Albert Camus, “La nuit de la vérité,” Combat, August 25, 1944.

0.    In its editorial published on September 4, 1944.

0.    Charles de Gaulle, Mémoires de guerre (1954–59; repr. Paris: Pocket, 2010).

0.    Thomas, Témoin compromis, p. 171.

0.    Assouline, Cartier-Bresson, p. 209.

0.    Brassaï, Conversation avec Picasso, p. 223.

0.    “Nous ne les reverrons plus. C’est fini, ils sont foutus.”