7. A Third Way
1. Ariane Chebel d’Appollonia, Histoire politique des intellectuels en France 1944–1954 (Paris: Éditions Complexe, 1991), vol. 1, pp. 130–36.
2. Todd, Albert Camus, p. 530.
3. Flanner, Paris Journal, 1944–1955, p. 45.
4. Ibid., p. 52.
5. In the October 1945 elections, the Communist Party had garnered 27.1% of the votes while the Gaullists and the Socialists received 25.6% and 24.9%, respectively.
6. To salute Léger’s return home, Les Temps modernes asked Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, who now lived with his stepdaughter and her husband, the art critic Michel Leiris, at the Quai des Grands Augustins, to write a long piece about the birth of Cubism for the January 1946 issue.
7. Laurence Dorléac, Après la guerre (Paris: Gallimard, 2010), p. 29.
8. Ibid., p. 11.
9. Ibid., pp. 11–12.
10. Ibid., p. 31.
11. Ibid., p. 33.
12. Hilary Spurling, The Girl from the Fiction Department: A Portrait of Sonia Orwell (London: Hamish Hamilton, 2002), p. 73.
13. Philip Toynbee, “Lettre de Londres,” Les Temps modernes, no. 4, January 1946. “Nous n’avons pas une philosophie. Nous sommes moins sujets que vous aux élans, aux enthousiasmes intellectuels passionnés. Notre manque de fanatisme n’est en ce moment que le gage de notre apathie.”
14. Philip Toynbee, “Lettre de Londres,” Les Temps modernes, no. 8, May 1946.
15. Spurling, Girl from the Fiction Department, pp. 56–57.
16. Beauvoir, La force des choses, vol. 1, p. 147.
17. Ibid., p. 145.
18. Ibid., pp. 147–49.
19. Ibid., p. xx.
20. Iron Curtain speech given at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, on March 5, 1946.
21. Ibid.
22. Beauvoir, La force des choses, vol. 1, p. 149.
23. Calder was preparing the opening on October 25, 1946, of “Alexander Calder: Mobiles, Stabiles, Constellations” at Louis Carré’s gallery.
24. Jean-Paul Sartre, “Les Mobiles des Calder,” in Alexander Calder: Mobiles, Stabiles, Constellations, exhibition catalog (Paris: Galerie Louis Carré, 1946), pp. 9–19. English translation by Chris Turner, from Jean-Paul Sartre, The Aftermath of War (Calcutta, India: Seagull, 2008).
25. Ibid.
26. Les Temps modernes’ first double summer issue of 1946.
27. David Hare was the young American painter who had seduced André Breton’s second wife, Jacqueline, during their stay in New York.
28. As explained by Ed Pilkington in the Guardian, November 21, 2013, after the Scottsboro boys received posthumous pardons: “The nine black boys entered into an altercation with some white youths as they were on the freight train passing through Alabama, on the night of 25 March 1931. When the train stopped at Scottsboro a posse of local white men boarded the train and took the teenagers captive; they also found two white women on board, who said they had been raped … Wrongfully accused of raping two white girls, the nine came close to being lynched by an angry mob, were rushed to trial in front of an all-white jury, and ended up serving many years in jail, eight of them on death row.”
29. La putain respectueuse.
30. Rowley, Richard Wright, p. 349.
31. Ibid.
32. The Budapest uprising in 1956 killed his affection for Communism. Assouline, Cartier-Bresson, p. 379.
33. “J’ai le cœur tranquille et sec que je me sens devant les spectacles qui ne me touchent pas.” Todd, Albert Camus, p. 549.
34. “Le secret de toute conversation ici est de parler pour ne rien dire.” Ibid., p. 559.
35. Ibid., pp. 559–62.
36. Ibid., pp. 562–65.
37. Beauvoir, La force des choses, vol. 1, p. 111.
38. Scammell, Koestler, p. 287.
39. Beauvoir, La force des choses, vol. 1, p. 113.
40. “2 mai 1946. J’ai entendu au moins cent discussions sur le Zéro et l’infini. La critique la plus juste c’est celle qu’en faisait Giacometti.” Beauvoir, La force des choses, vol. 1, p. 115.
41. Ibid., p. 154.
42. Scammell, Koestler, p. 289.
43. Beauvoir, La force des choses, vol. 1, p. 154.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Time magazine, December 1945.
47. Beauvoir, La force des choses, vol. 1, p. 168.
48. Ibid., p. 160.
49. Ibid., p. 158.
50. Ibid., p. 159.