Sarah Maria Mousley
INTRODUCTION
Sarah Maria Mousley was the third child of eight born to Titus and Ann McMenemy Mousley in Newcastle County, Delaware. In her middle name the “i” is pronounced as the word “eye” and accented. The surname is pronounced with the “Mous” sounded like the “Mos” in Moses. They were descendants of the founders of the Delaware colony, the Swedes and Finns, who settled there in 1638 and over the years following. She was a mature young woman of 29 years when the family made the 1857 crossing to Utah. They traveled by train to Iowa City and by wagon train from there to Salt Lake City. Sarah had broken off an engagement to a young man in the east because he would not convert to Mormonism. One brother, Lewis, had already migrated to Utah in 1856, and, according to the diary as they neared the end of their journey, they learned that he was living “on Weber river forty miles from the valley.”
The year 1857 was a time of troubles for Latter-Day Saints both in the eastern states and in Utah. It was a time when much anti-Mormon sentiment was being whipped up in the newspapers. American nativism reacted to the coming of great numbers of Mormons from Europe. During the presidential election year, 1856, the “Mormon Question” was on the front burner. The Republicans declared in their platform that they were opposed to the “twin relics of barbarism,” slavery and polygamy.
President James Buchanan decided that a show of force was necessary, and a military expedition was ordered from Fort Leavenworth to Utah. They got away in mid-July. There followed what has been called the “Utah War,” characterized more by bluster than by actual fighting.
The remarkable thing is that Sarah Maria Mousley showed little knowledge or concern about these events. Her concerns were for the most part with her family and with her traveling companions. Their journey paralleled the route taken by the military units, but they seem not to have made contact.
Sarah did tell of meeting handcart travelers whom they accompanied at times during the long journey. This was the second year of that remarkable exodus of westering Mormons.
During the long trip they often stopped at the newly-established way stations set up by the Church to give aid to the overlanders. This was a new feature of western travel.
Sarah Maria and her younger sister, Ann Amanda Mousley (age 21 years), were united in plural marriages on the same day, July 18, 1858, to a dynamic Mormon leader Angus Munn Cannon, an Englishman from Liverpool. There is a family tradition that Cannon was planning only to marry Amanda, but that Brigham Young would only give permission for the wedding if Angus would marry Sarah Maria, who would thus become the first and legal wife. Sarah bore six and Amanda ten children over the years that followed. Later there were added two more plural wives. Altogether Angus was the father of 27 sons and daughters.
It was on January 20, 1885, that Angus Munn Cannon, President of the Salt Lake Stake of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints was arrested and placed under bond on charge of unlawful cohabitation. He was arraigned on February 11 in the Third District Court and pled not guilty. The trial took place in April, and on May 9th he was sentenced to six months imprisonment and a $300 fine. He was placed in the Utah Penitentiary. Over the next months his and other cases were carried to the United States Supreme Court. It was a test case. He declared that he would associate with all of his family or none. He was released from prison on December 14, 1885.
The Salt Lake Tribune, with a quaint sense of humor, immediately announced his release with a play of words on his name, “Anguish Can Again.” Whatever it might have meant to some, it was certainly an “anguish” situation for Sarah Maria and others in a large family.
We are grateful to the Utah State Historical Society for making the Sarah Maria Mousley Cannon diary available to us. We are also grateful to Mrs. Robert G. Snow of Salt Lake City for encouragement in the publication project. Mrs. Snow is a descendant of Angus and Sarah Maria Cannon. She was the one who carefully made the typescript from the original hand-written version of the diary, which has since been lost. She told the editor that she tried to copy the diary exactly as written, often using a magnifying glass to be sure of her observations.
SOURCES
Principal sources for the above introduction are as follows:
Leonard J. Arrington and Davis Bitton, The Mormon Experience (New York, 1979), especially Chapter 9, “The Kingdom and the Nation,” pp. 161–84.
LeRoy R. Hafen and Ann W. Hafen, Handcarts to Zion (Glendale, CA, 1960).
Descendants of Sarah Maria Mousley Cannon, especially Mrs. Robert G. Snow, Salt Lake City, and Barnard S. Silver, Moses Lake, Washington.
MOUSLEY FAMILY MEMBERS WHO MIGRATED TO UTAH:
“Grandma” was Elizabeth Caythers McMenemy, Ann Mousley’s mother.
Titus Mousley (May 3, 1790 - Aug. 5, 1865) was born in Wilmington, Delaware and died in Salt Lake City. He was Sarah Maria Mousley’s father. He was listed as a farmer in the 1860 Federal Census of Utah. The census also indicates that he was evidently a successful farmer; for his real estate is valued at $3000 and his personal property at $1400.
Ann McMenemy Mousley (Feb. 11, 1799 - June 2, 1882) was born in Cecilton, Maryland, and died in Salt Lake City. She was the wife of Titus and mother of the following children:
Margaret Jane Mousley (Aug. 12, 1819 - May 30, 1880), had become the wife of Joseph Foreman (b. 1818), who became a farmer in the Salt Lake City area. The 1860 census lists six children, including Margaret, who was two years old, born in “Nebraska.” This was the baby who’s birth is referred to in Sarah Maria’s diary on July 14, 1857, with the words, “just after our encampment for the night we were called to receive a little stranger in our midst who if fortunate would yet call me Aunt.”
George Washington Mousley (Aug. 9, 1825 - Dec. 8, 1867) was listed as the “Principal S.L. Academy” in the 1860 census. His wife was Eliza W. and there were three children.
Sarah Maria Mousley (July 21, 1828 - Mar. 12, 1911, b. Centreville, Delaware), was the writer of the diary.
Lewis Henry Mousley (Feb. 9, 1833 - June 23, 1913, b. Centreville, Delaware), had already gone to Utah with Philemon C. Merrill’s company. He married Mary A. Crossgrove on March 3, 1858. He lived a long life and was ordained a bishop and in 1900 a patriarch. He served a term in the Utah penitentiary for unlawful cohabitation and paid a fine of $300. Andrew Jensen, Latter-Day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, II (Salt Lake City, 1914), pp. 107–08.
Martha Ellen Mousley (Sept. 24, 1830 –July 26, 1898, b. Wilmington, Delaware), became the wife of James Ashburton Crossgrove in 1861 in Salt Lake City. There they lived until 1872 when they moved to the vicinity of Draper, a few miles south of the city. He became well-known as a fruit grower. She is called “Nellie” in the diary. Ibid., p. 300.
Ann Amanda Mousley (June 10, 1836 - Mar. 19, 1905, b. Centreville, Delaware), along with Sarah Maria became plural wives of Angus Munn Cannon on July 18, 1858, in Salt Lake City. Ibid., I, pp. 292–95. She is referred to in the diary as “Amanda.”
Wilhelmina Logan Mousley (Oct. 11, 1840 - Jan. 16, 1918, b. Centreville, Delaware), married David Henry Cannon, a printer, in 1859. He left immediately on a mission to England. He became an active Mormon leader in St. George Utah. She is referred to as “Willie” in the diary. Davis Bitton, Guide to Mormon Diaries & Autobiographies (Provo, Utah, 1977), pp. 56–57.
Thomas E. Mousley, b. Jan. 21, 1825, was a cousin of the younger Mousleys. His parents were Reuben and S.H. Mousley. It was his wife who gave birth to a baby on September 4th while on the journey.
Ellatheria Dupont Peria (Mar. 22, 1835 - June 12, 1918) was a native of Brick hill, Md, and a cousin of the Mousley young people. Her mother was Margaret McHenry, a sister of Ann McMenemy Mousley, their mother. Sarah Maria says in her diary that sometime in May Ellatheria was married to William Davis Robinson (Aug. 19, 1836-Sept. 10, 1901), who had just been baptized a Mormon on Mar. 13, 1857. The wedding took place on May 26, 1857, according to Fourth Generation Records of the church, in Iowa City. He had been born in Chester, Pa. The latter years of their lives were spent in American Fork, Utah. They had five children,. Jensen, op. cit., III, p. 501.
PERSONS NAMED IN THE DIARY:
John Andrews was a 33 year-old Irish weaver who came over with his wife, Elizabeth, and four children from the British Isles. On Sunday, June 21, their little boy fell out of the wagon, and a wheel passed over his body. We know he recovered for he is listed in the 1860 census as a 10 year-old, born in Scotland.
Miner Grant Atwood was stationed at Deer Creek [modern Glenrock, Wyoming], to aid immigrants. He later became a missionary to South Africa. Davis Bitton, op. cit., p. 15.
“Mrs. Bowman” is so-far unidentified.
“Br. Cuningham” is unidentified.
David Buel Dille, which the diary spells “Dilly,” was on his way home to Utah from a British Mission, 1853–1857. He was with the handcart migration of that year. LeRoy R. and Ann W. Hafen, Handcarts 1856–1860 (Glendale, CA, 1960), p. 153. According to the 1860 census the Dilles were living on a farm near Brigham, Cache Co.
Joseph Foreman is listed with the Mousley family members, as the husband of Margaret Jane.
Martin George is so-far unidentified.
George Ginge (spelled in the diary “Gingy”) is listed as a single man in the 1860 census of Utah. He was a 45-year-old miner, born in England, and living in Virginia City, Carson Co. (present-day Nevada).
Sallie Hare is so-far unidentified.
James Henry Hart, b. June 21, 1825, in England, was a single man. He later married Sabina Seheib in 1861 in Salt Lake City. He was a lawyer. They settled ultimately in Bear Lake, Idaho, where he became a newspaper editor, a legislator, and a judge. Information from Third Generation Records of the Church.
Jacob Hoffheins was captain of the wagon train, which was remembered as the Hoffheins Company. Sarah writes the name “Hawfines.”
Huffaker is so-far not identified.
“Br. Jones” is too common a name to identify.
There were two brothers, Seth and Robert Langton, who with their families went to Cache County and settled near Brigham. Hubert Howe Bancroft, Utah (San Francisco, 1889), p. 597.
Matthew McCune and wife, Sarah Elizabeth Caroline, had an amazing story to tell. He had been serving in the British army in India, and they learned about Mormonism from two young men, Benjamin Riches and George Barber. The upshot was that they accepted the new faith and were on their way with the Delaware Company in 1857. They settled first in Moroni, Sanpete Co. McCune went on several missions, one to Burma, and others to England. They made their permanent home in Nephi, Joab Co. Probably the boy mentioned as “Harry” in the diary was their 17 year-old son, Henry, so-named in the 1860 census. Andrew Jensen, op. cit., III, p. 161.
William Davis Robinson and his wife, Ellatheria, are identified in the family list.
Captain Jesse Bigley Martin led the very first wagon train that season, arriving in Salt Lake City on Sept. 12. He was returning from a British mission. Hafen, op. cit., p. 157.
There were too many Millers for identification.
James P. Park was the President of the Sixth Handcart Co., made up of 154 handcarts. They arrived in Salt Lake City on Sept. 12. Hafen, op. cit., p. 153.
Too many Sharps dot the pages of early Mormon history.
Patriarch John Lyman Smith (1828–1898), was ordained to that post on Oct. 8, 1848. Hosea Stout wrote in his diary for that date, “Conference met. The authorities passed the usual ordeal. Father John Smith appointed Patriarch of the whole Church …” Stout, op. cit., p. 332. He was a cousin of founder Joseph Smith. Bitton, op. cit., p. 324; Robert B. Day, They Made Mormon History (S.L.C., 1968), pp. 19–20.
Erastus Snow was an important Mormon leader, who was returning to Utah in 1857 after an extended stay in the east. Bitton, op. cit., p. 332, comments on Snow’s “Autobiography,” which is in typescript in the Historical Department of the Church in Salt Lake City.
George J. Taylor was the 22 year-old son of John Taylor.
John Taylor was an important pioneer Mormon leader, future third President of the Church. He was returning to Utah after several years in New York publishing a newspaper called The Mormon. Jensen, op. cit., I, pp. 14–19.
Thomas Sirls Terry was returning from a two-year mission to the eastern states. He had crossed the plains in 1847 to Utah with the pioneer group. Bitton, op. cit., p. 356.
William Wilkes and his wife, Elizabeth, and their three children were among the English immigrants of 1857. They settled near Brigham, Utah, in Cache Co., according to the 1860 census. He is listed as a “laborer” with $250 in real and $20 in personal property.
Phineas Young was a brother of Brigham Young. He had migrated to Utah in 1847 with the pioneer group. He was a “printer, saddler, and mail carrier.” He was returning from a mission to England. Stout, op. cit., p. 210, fn. 5 by editor Juanita Brooks.
SARAH MARIA MOUSLEY’S DIARY
Left home or rather my former home1 on the day of May for Utah. landed in Philadelphia the afternoon of the same day & started for Baltimore through Wilmington as President Taylor had made arraingements for our going by that line of railway on Friday the and on the following Tuesday landed in Iowa City, Iowa, stoped at the Irving house kept by Mr. Stanton for near three weeks at which time our goods having all come to hand we started for the camp of the saints with the view of starting across the plains and making the camp our home untill such times as we would start being very much detained on account of a remarkable late spring, cattle not coming etc, I never knew or appreciated the merits of mormonism as since in the wisdom of Gods providence I have been thrown so continually amidst the enemies of truth and consequently I am not priviledged to withdraw from their society. joyful were my feeling although many privations in view when the time rolled on to again mingle with the people whose aim was to do the will of God and obey his commands. the day on which we reached the camp our spirits were enlivened by the presence of President Erastus Snow whose smiling countenance was recognise by all those who had formerly listened to the words of truth that ever fell from his tonge he remained with us at camp untill Wednesday the May and on Tuesday Pa bought from him a farm of one hundred acres situate in the immediate vicinity of Salt Lake City price three thousand Dollars and the afternoon of the same day President Snow solemnised the marriage ceremony of Wm Robinson and Cousin Ellatheria D. Peria2 The following Saturday Washington [Mousley] drove his carriage into the city with a hope of meeting President John Taylor, which he did, as his son George was undisposed from having ruptured a blood vessel the previous day President Taylor remained with us untill Wednesday organising our company which consisted of ninteen ox wagon’s and two carriages the company was organized as follows Captain Hawfines [Jacob Hoffheins] as Captain of the company, Martin George as Captain of the first ten and G.W. Mousley as Captain of the second or Delaware ten Joseph Foreman as Chaplain Br Mccuein [McCune] Captain of the guard and Titus Mousley Captain of the herdman and on the following Saturday afternoon we made a start for Florence3 with very wild cattle inexperienced drivers etc. our journey consisted of five miles. the following day which was Sunday in the afternoon we started again the cattle were something better than the first day. the next morning Monday took an early start but did not travel far on account of inexperienced cattle and drivers Tuesday morning started again after a very pleasant nights rest in the camp [“ground” crossed out] there was a man the owner of the ground came and priviledged us to take fuel as much as we needed and desired some of the priesthood to administer to a brother whose name I think is Fisher and whom was sick
Wednesday Morning May [June] 10 started precisely at the appointed hour which was seven O clock Captain Mousleys ten leading traveled well camped at twelve o clock the last ten had not all come in — we waited over two hours for those behind and Washington started accompanied by Br George J Taylor in search of them found them fast in the mud broken an axil and consequently the company was obliged to camp for the remainder of the day whilst they put in a new axil for Br Gingy [Ginge]
Thursday [June] 11. started about half past eight detained by the broken wagon of yesterday passed through the most beautiful country some handsome houses were to be seen and evidence of good taste passed through a handsome villiage called Brooklyn [Iowa] at which place Pa’s carriage stoped we entered a store and were soon asked where are you travelling Pa told them Utah they said you had better stay and assist in building our villiage to which Pa replied no indeed he did not sell his former home to allow his means to benefit the gentiles he intended to do all he could for the interests of mormonism encamped about two miles from the villiage above named.
Friday 12 Started at half past six in the morning not very clear but a prospect of rain cleared away and proved a splendid day stoped for dinner as usual the company travelled better than usual they seem to be improving in experience encamped on the open plain there was water near but no fuel we all seemed lost on that account but the goodness of God provided for our want and as an old gentleman was passing with a wagon load of wood he called to the children to come to him and he then gave them wood sufficient for cooking supper and breakfast which kindness will never be forgotten by me numbers came to see us and ask questions with a request to stay for our evening’s meeting accordingly Jos Foreman spoke to them for a considerable time had good attention from sensible person’s.
Saturday 13. started early and travelled within one or two miles of a handsome town called Newton [Iowa] encamped near the banks of a handsome stream just in sight of camp of a Kansas emigrents who had kept either just before or behind us
Sunday [June] 14. left the camp a quarter of eight and passed through the handsome town spoken of yesterday encamped on the banks of a stream about Six miles from the town at six had preaching by Jos Foreman Chaplain, to quite a congregation who seemed to have suffectient interest in the gospel to hear. very good behaviour retired at nine oclock. to rest
Mondays Started at six Oclock travelled ten miles at noon encamped on the banks of mud creek where we found a splendid spring started again after dinner and travelled ten miles encamped on the banks of a beautiful stream had a violent thunder storm rained violently could make no fire on account of the wet
Tuesday [June] 16 started about seven had a very wet day yet occasional sunshine miserable roads got along well considering the disadvantages of the rain. We reached fort Des Moines about six oclock encamped near the city in the rain had a great number of visiters among whom was an acquaintance whose name is William Day from Delaware we were very glad to meet him as he is a nice man when he was told a Mormon camp was passing through the city he followed to search for us, he came to Des Moines about six weeks ago, after wishing us a pleasant and prosperous journey and congratulations exchanged we separated,
Wed 17 this morning we found our cattle were over half strayed away diligent search was made and at dinner we were ready to start having the good fortune to find every one of the lost cattle although so many were missing travelled about eight miles through the worst roads we had been called to pass encamped on the banks of a pretty stream had a supper and meeting as usual retired early,
Thursday 18 Started at six and passed through the handsomest country I ever behild paria’s [prairies] decked with varied flowers, and in the midst of a wide spreading pararie we observed a beautiful grove we thought it had been trained by a skillful hand to suit the taste of the possessor instead of being in the wild domein of nature my heart exclaimed how beautiful how wonderful thou art sweet earth. Oh how my heart rejoices in pursuing the pleasant path of duty encamped on the edge of North Coon Creek had a pleasant night S
Friday 19 Started at six and crossed the Creek by ford a splendid ford the water clear and not to deep. crossed Middle Coon and travelled about twenty miles had good luck and all things passed off well
Saturday 20 Started at six and travelled well stopped to dinner started again and made good time having travelled twenty miles at three oclock encamped on the open pararie had early supper and just about sunset we beheld four Missionarys from the vally their names were [blank space] supper was prepared for the weary travellers as they had crossed the plains to Florence by hand carts our meetings were joyful and yet sorrowful for seperating they to labour among the gentiles, how rejoyced were their hearts when on raising a hill they beheld the Mormon Camp at its foot, retired to rest at nine.
Sundy 21. Started at seven travelled well although a child of Br Andrews fell out of the wagon and the first wheel passed over his body his name is Nephi Andrews aged about seven years travelled the distance of about twenty miles pleasant day all enjoyed ourselfs well passing through a beautiful country
Monday 22. Started at the appointed time travelled well being cool the cattle were lively and got along first rate passed through the town of Lewistown [Lewis, Iowa] quite a pretty place and rapidly improving the people crowded round to hire some of our folks offering good wages if they would stay some were almost ready to stay travelled about twenty miles and encamped out of town,
Tuesdy 23 Started at six and travelled quite well not so fast as usual rather warmer for the cattle passed over some great hills and pleasant vales beautiful flowers to improve the appearance of the prospect of diversifing and beautifing the surrounding object travelled about seventeen miles and encamped near the river called Little Jordon had quite a shower to cool the air and the evening passed maraculously away as there was no gentile to infringe upon our right which was a treat to us as we have almost become tired answering questions people have no business to ask after a pleasant meeting retired at ten to rest.
Wednesdy 24. Started at six and travelled well although very warm halted for dinner the cattle were almost overcome on account of the great heat camped for the night near a beautiful stream
Thursday 25 Again started at six cooler than yesterday more pleasant for travelling encamped for dinner on the Missourie bottom near the spot where the Mormon soldiers were drafted in forty six. viewed the spot where a few short years ago in compliance with the contrys call men left their weeping families to fight for the contry that had exiled them from its protection on account of the religion of heaven. encamped for the night in Bluff city a beautiful town of considerable magnitude were visited by a number of gentiles and three gentlemen of our acquaintance two from West Chester and one from New London they were very much surprised to see us there and yet happy to meet an acquaintance they were to polite to ridicule Mormonism and yet did not fail to request Pa to stay and then with his influence to improve their city to this he replied oh! no! staid to meeting retired in good season to rest
Fridy 26 Started at six and travelled over some of the steepest mountains I ever could have thought it possible to pass met Br John Taylor who came from Florence to meet the camp and whose happy smile illumed our way and whose presence is ever a joy and comfort those who are honoured with his society encamped on the bank of the mighty Missourie but feared it to late to ferry our wagons across the river were obliged to cross the river for water for culinary purposes Pa and Washingtons family staid in Florence as they had entered the city expecting he would likewise do so
Sat 27 at six began to ferry the wagons across the river and encamped on the top of the hill where there were two others camps one of them is expected to travel with us came on a heavy rain which made it somewhat unpleasant visited Br Langton and took dinner returned in the carriage to the camp remained in the wagon untill the rain was over after supper Willie & I accompanied President Taylor in a walk to the highest summit around where we viewed the camp’s and the city of Florence with many other objects of beauty and interest retired at ten to rest
Sunday [June] 28. beautiful clear yet warm passed the day in camp busey. after ten the girls Nellie Amanda & Willie rode with Br Taylor to visit the graveyard of the saints near the city of Florence it contained about six hundred graves, after meeting retired to rest
Mon 29. Were very busy washing ironing cooking etc clear and warm just as we were about to retire we were soluted by a splendid seranade from the citizens the music was splendid the evening beautiful and everything delightful, President Taylor P [handwriting not clear] Young and three [unclear] other bretheren took supper with us
Tuesdy 30. Finished washing and ironing were busy preparing to start on the morrow. Pa and Ma visited Omaha city found it really beautiful retired to rest after survice
Wednesdy July 1st we bade adieu to civilization and started across the plains in company with some of the St Louis saints found some of the teams who had started before broken down having upset and broken some of the running gears of the wagon were somewhat detained on account of inexperienced cattle from those teams that were added to our number retired to rest early not being well President Taylor his son George Br Miller and his boy took supper with us
Thursdy 2 Bade adieu to President Taylor and those associated with him as they were going with mules and consequently much faster travelling would be done by them we seperated preying mutually for each others safty and prosperity not only untill we meet in the peaceful home of the saints but through life travelled well considering we had two new teams of St Louis saints in our company whose cattle as well as drivers were inexperienced overtook a wagon belonging to Br Cuningham overset broken guide the men went to work unloaded and mended set up loaded and started travelled such a distance as to make us now twenty-seven miles from Council bluff city started in good time travelled well reached Elk horn about six oclock ferryed our teams across one at a time in about two hours. the current is deep swift and not very pleasant to ferry encamped for the night.
Fridy 3 started about seven or eight and travelled about thirteen miles to the Platt river passed the liberty pole4 a flourishing village right in an Indian country a flag was blowing and as we passed they cheered us I suppose on account of the American flag which floats at the head of our train encamped beside the Platt had to use the water from the river generally but we sent our carriage back to the village to get water which was very good overtook the St Louis company who were to travel with us through the indian country our company now consists of thirty nine wagons first rate people having been added to our number
Sat 4 rested from travelling washed ironed & baked attended two meetings and a musical entertainment consisting of dancing singing etc prayer by President Hart benediction by Jos Foreman retired to rest at eleven and represided ourself by sleep
Sundy 5 arose about five prepared for a start morning service half past seven started at eight travelled all day pleasant fine cool day encamped for the night after meeting retired to rest
Mondy 6 started at seven and travelled about fifteen miles encamped early which gave the sisters a chance to bake and cook which by the bye is quite necessary for comfort and convenience travelled slower than usual
Tuesday 7 started at half past six travelled well we have seen no Indians for the past four or five days an incident connected with the indians I will here relate as they have been very friendly with us we returned the compliment in the same manner they called at our table for refreshment and accordingly I was making lemonade which I offered to one who had watched the process of preparing and whom I had handed a chair he seated himself with great dignity and took in his hand the cup I offered but would not touch the drink untill I would drink with him I began to drink from another cup but he handed his to me as much as to say drink from this I took it drank and returned it he drank and said good squaw with many gestures of satisfaction he drank exclaiming good good encamped on the Loup fork a splendid place a good spring of water and everything very very nice except the muscutoes which were very troublesome
Wed 8 Started at half past six travelled well but just as we were about to encamp for dinner Br. Langtons team were overset by a woman passing in front of his cattle and frighting them his family were in but not hurt only badly frightned, after dinner started again and travelled well encamped near Beaver settlement5 having travelled twenty good miles met with Br Sharp formerly of our branch in Delaware retired at ten to rest
Thu 9 At half past eight began to ford the Loup Fork river which was very wide and in some parts swift others quicksandy got across very well although some of the Sisters who forded the river on foot were almost overcome by fatigue through the swift current encamped on the western side of the river for the remainder of the day and night. retired to rest after meeting
Friday 10 Started again on our journey travelled untill about eleven oclock when a thunder storm came up stoped for dinner and untill the storm should be over a difficulty here occurred between the two companies when after a while a reconciliation took place although a difficulty arose between Br Taylor teamster and the Captain I never witnessed such a struggle which ended by the Captain tore the mans cloths out of the wagon and left him on the plains alone the last the camp seen of him he was kneeling in prayer we travelled the distance [blank space] miles and encamped late at night without wood or other conveniences
Saturday 11 Early this morning a committee of Elders came from Genoa or Beaver settlement accompanied by the man whom was left on the plains yesterday a council was called the captain forced to acknowledge the great wrong he had done promised to do better in future and lead the people with more of gentleness remained in camp all day
Sundy 12 Started at about seven passed through some very pretty contry and some places where there was not one particule of grass as it had been burned off with the parari fire encamped for dinner and here visited or went to see the corps of an aged Sister who had been subject to desease of heart and died from fright by her husband being kicked by one of his oxen the kick did not injure the man but she witnessed the scene and died from fright exclaiming my husband will be hurt she leaves no family except the husband her age was sixty three traveled the distance of sixteen miles and encamped for the night as there was a violent thunderstorm coming and indeed of all the storms I ever witnessed I think this the most distressing however we were forewarned by sufficient time to get supper which had become quite a consideration to the traveller.
Monday 13 Discovered on search a great number of our cattle were missing as also a pair of horses that belonged to Br Huffaker of the St Louis company search was made and the missing cattle and horses were found the sister whose remains have been deposited beneath the parari sod leaves two children in England to morn her loss remained in camp all day on account of having a great distance to travel ere we come to water had a splendid meeting this evening retired early
Tues 14 Arose a few minutes past three started five minutes of six having a heavy rain and no water in view short of twenty two miles encamped for dinner had good grass for the cattle started again and travelled on untill we came to Parari [Prairie] Creek6 rode in the carriage this afternoon as Ma was not very well and wished to ride where she could lay down just after our encampment for the night we were called to recieve a little stranger in our midst who if fortunate would yet call me Aunt. Gertie M.H. Forman’s child, a girl, very fine. Mother and daughter doing well retired early to rest after service
Wed [July] 15 Started off about half past six and travelled untill we came to a ford to cross the creek had good luck in crossing and encamped at dinner time near water for cattle encamped for the night on Pararia Creek
Thurs 16 Started early and crossed Pararia Creek and encamped for dinner near a place of water for cattle and crossed Wood river on an old bridge and encamped near the shore of the same a splendid place to camp good water and wood retired to rest for the night. threaten a violent storm from the thunder and lightning but the rain passed over and a cool wind refreshed us splendid to sleep
Frid 17 Started at half past six travelled well encamped for dinner where there was no water either for man or beast at four or five oclock we drove to a river I think the Platt and watered the cattle they were almost famished with druth after which we drove four miles to the Elm Creek and encamped for the night a splendid camp ground retired for the night
Sat 18 Started at six oclock and travelled to a fine watering place encamped for dinner warm but more pleasant air than yesterday.
Sunday 19 Started and travelled a short distance from the old road on account of hearing of the misfortunes of Capt Martins company as they had a very bad stampeed on account of Buffalo being so numerous the cattle became frighted as they were hitched too ready to start in the morning they broke two wagons to pieces and lost fifteen head of cattle we met three wagon’s returning to Genoa to wait another season each wagon had only one yoke of cattle and their load was mostly gone sorrow filled my heart as I gazed on the wreck of misfortune. Surely the lord our God had been good to us in thus preserving us from danger and misfortune encamped on a small stream for the remainder of the day washed and had a splendid bath as Sunset the lady’s enjoyed it very much.
Mon 20 Started and travelled the distance of twenty three miles on account of water and then encamped after dark without grass wood or water
Tuesday [July] 21 Started at four oclock and travelled about four or five miles encamped for breakfast near the Platt river where the stampeed of Br Martins company took place visited the place of destruction and death as two persons were killed a man sixty four and a child four years of age travelled well the rest of the day encamped for the night near the river
Wed 22 Started about seven oclock late on account of looking for an ox belonging to Br Snow and which had been strayed dined on Buffalo for the first time encamped near the river for dinner remained the rest part of the day in camp on account of some of the hunters having shott a Buffaloe about five miles distant accordingly a wagon was unloaded and they started for the prise returned about seven oclock when the meat was divided and all parties satisfied with the superabundance of fresh meat retired late having been ironing and baking
Thursday 23 Started at six and travelled well the day being cooler than usual encamped near the cool spring which is really beautiful and so refreshing to the thirsty traveller the water boils up from a bed of sand so as to afford drink plenty for the cattle surely our God is good for his mercy to us in our unworthyness in causing a fountain to burst forth as it were on the sandy desert I feel to say Lord we will praise the[e] whilst life and thought and being last or immortality endures, retired to rest at ten all well
Fridy 24 Arose at half past three breakfast before the God of day had shed his resplendant ray’s over the calm face of the morning started at six and encamped near the Platt river having passed the beautifulest scenery my eye’s ever rested upon the bluffs on each side the wild flowers beautiful to behold the air redolent with odor the calm still waters of beautiful lakes all, all serving alike to awake an adoration to the God whose word we have left the happy scenes of childhood years to repair to the mountains with the saints of light
Sat 25 Started about half past five cool day splendid for travelling travelled the distance of twenty-two miles some parts of which was very sandy road encamped in good time having forded several streams retired early in good health
Sundy 26 Arose early. pleasant morning cloudy and threatens rain travelled the distance of about two and a half miles over sand hills the most terrible I ever beheld encamped on the banks of the Platt river for dinner this morning had news from Br J. Taylor’s he having passed these sand hills on the thirteenth of this month.
Mondy [July] 27 Started early and travelled well our cattle very quiet to all appearance but in the afternoon of this day I was called to witness the most terrific of all scenes a stampeed on the plain the cattle started all most all together and Oh my father my heart sickens as I recall the scene and my soul is grievd in memory of the painful occurrence I beheld men thrown woman leaping from their wagons children screaming as team after team ran on in wild confusion dashing headlong on the wild parari without pouer to impeed their progress in the wild scene of apparent death God gave me presence of mind sufficient to remain in my wagon which I did and alone except the unseen guardian who in God’s wisdon did not leave me alone but shielded me from the shafts of the destroyer I set or remained unhurt and beheld the cattle stoped and their affright calmed in answer to my fervant prayer after the wagon in which I had been riding was stoped and my driver who had been knocked down and allmost knocked senceless had overtaken me I alighted from the wagon only to witness the most terriffic of all scenes my sisters loved and dear all jumped from the wagon and Nellie and Willie were badly injured in their fright they jumped from the wagon and weather some of the cattle had steped in our dear Willie face and on the side near her heart and streaming with blood and crying for help while near her was Harry7 fainting in view of beholding Willie thus suffering a little further and Amanda was endeaveraning to restore Nellie who had in falling hurt her back and being in poor health was illy able to endure the injury recieved. Amanda who also jumped had hurt her knee and shoulder but fortunately the carriage had remained behind and the horses knew nothing of the fright and yet in all my heart exclaimed Lord we will praise thee for thy goodness thou has shielded us from death thou hast taught us a bitter lesson on the power of satin and his designs to overthrow thy saints thou hast stood by in the hour of triel and thy arm has protected us in a maraculous manner and now Oh Father we pray thee through thy son to accept the heartfelt gratitude of all and enable us to serve thee faithfully in time and eternity! encamped for the night but just as we were about to retire our cattle stampeded again; in gratitude to Captain Terry I must say his kindness will ever claim a memory and through the ceaseless ages of vast eternity will in reverence as a ministring angel to those endeared and suffering ones of my Fathers house his skill in attending his faith and power in God and many acts of kindness by day and night shall ever claim my faith and prayer’s and should opportunity ever offer me to turn from him a bitter cup in life my vow is now to do so and may God preserve him in the truth in health strength and the pleasant preformance of every duty untill we shall all regain the presence of our Father from whose presence we are now exiled that we if faithful pay dwell with him eturnally.
Tuesday 28 Arose not very well from excitement and anxiety remained all day in camp were visited by Indians noble and true they deeply sympathised with us in our bereavement or distress of the sisters and some of them remained around the bed where Nellie and Willie and watched all night one wept and said he loved the pale faces of those by whom he was surrounded and would prey to the good Spirit for their recovey the girls better and the men sixteen in number went in persuit of the cattle lost
Wed 29 the girls seem better today remained in camp and were visited by a tribe of young Indian children Oh how I love their society and although so ignorant of their language I love to behold them the tribe is the Siou
Thursday 30 the girls seem better but still not able to move unless lifted no news of the cattle untill night when a part of the men returned for provision as some of the men had run out of eating material the lost cattle numbered forty of which number Pa lost three retired at eleven to rest.
Fridy 31 It was deemed wisdom to remove from where we were now encamped and accordingly the cattle were divided and we moved the distance of two miles one of the men returned from the persuit of cattle his horse overcome and fell in the river from exhastion and fatiegue after horse feed the horse was brought to camp
Sat August 1 Started again for a move the men returned without the cattle a dead loss but fortunately we were still able to move and rejoicing that our circumstances were as comfortable as we were the hand cart company passed us yesterday and a train of ox teams united with them under the charge of Brs Parks [Park] and Dilly [Dille] all much better in health and rejoicing travelled the distance of fourteen miles mostly through the sands very deep and hard for the weakened teams all rejoiced when we were through encamped after dusk and prepared supper by the light of the moon retired about ten
Sundy 2 Started at six travelled well and encamped on the banks of the Platt for dinner the girls get along well riding in the carriage and seem much better our camping place for dinner was Ash hollow a splendid and romantic place encamped for the night near the Platt and here witnessed an awful thunderstorm all much better the girls are now getting able to help themselfs to walk Captain Terry is as usual their attendant
Mon 3 Started at eight on account of rain early this morning had splendid scene and travelled about twenty-one miles encamped on Croll creek8 a beautiful ground splendid water another violent thunder storm getting along well
Tues 4 Started at half past five for the purpose of getting ahead of a train of wagons and hand cart companys who it was reported had small pox overtook them at dinner and passed by all in usual health and spirits and although some of the teams were overcome from heat and a long drive yet all seemed well in spirit with few exceptions encamped for the night near the Platt
Wed [August] 5 Started at an early hour and travelled well although very warm and some of our teams went back to assist those who were weakended by the loss of cattle I know not the exact distance of travel but came in sight of chimney Rock and indeed passed some of the most spendid edifices apparently my eye ever beheld. Oh how I wish mine were a painters pencil or poets pen I would portray if possible the beauty of the scenes through which we have been called to pass
Thursday 6 Started quite early and had a splendid day for travelling cool a little cloudy came opposite Chimney Rock at dinner time stopped for dinner passed saleratus springs very singular in appearance travelled the distance of twenty one miles and encamped near the Platt very pleasant day the girls all better a splendid camp ground
Fridy 7 Made 13 miles to spring creek for noon and 2 miles more P.M. camped on the Platt river
Sat 8 Storm [handwriting obscure] heavy thunder and lightning in the night cool and fine in the morning halted and bought oxen of a trader at 11 oclock A.M. encamped on Platt river
Sund 9 Travelled 16 miles heavy sand lost 1 large ox for Mrs. Bowman
Mod 10 Camped at noon opposite Laramie one man left behind to suffer on plains by Capt McCuen owing to dissatisfaction by driving made 4 miles camped on the Platt wood and water pasture scarce
Tued 11 Passed a mountainous road no water no grass travelled 14 or 15 miles great [handwriting obscure] time some weak teams to get along found water scarcely any grass late to camp some did not get up untill next morning
Wed 12 went 6 miles and camped to feed on mountain grass wood and water plenty
Thurs[August] 13 Laid over to feed the cattle norsheer [obscure] some of them
Fridy 14 Seperated from the St Louis company this morning on account of scarcity of grass travelled well over sand and some heavy hills encamped on a beautiful stream for dinner called [blank] a very clear and cold spring a splendid place to camp wood plenty shade also which is indeed a treat crossed a river at which place it would have been hard to have encamped for the night as we could find no water although the grass was very good Captain Hawfines sick
Saturdy 15 were detained on account of an ox of Br Taylors having been left as it was lame and could not travel fast two of Pa’s men went back to bring him along a nice cool morning all well the girls better the Captain also overtook the St Louis company when they encamped for the remainder of the day Br Terry visited us at dinner time we were pleased to see him well started at four oclock and travelled a short distance through a hail storm cool and very pleasant encamped for the night near a beautiful spring but before the company were all in camp the water came rolling past from a water spout that had bursted occasioning a bad smell and spoiling our nice spring water
Sund [August] 16 Started early and travelled without water for the cattle distance about three and a half miles the other company close behind us encamped about three oclock for the day the company passing us three miles Br Terry came back in the evening and remained with us all night the camp was mostly well
Mond 17 Arose early at three oclock started before six travelled about eleven miles of mountainous land and struck the river at two oclock for dinner remained till three started again encamped for the night near the river having found a splendid spot of grass and a nice spring of good water the St Louis company encamped near all well about 8 miles SM.
Tuesday 18 Arose about three oclock and started half past five travelled about ten or twelve miles this morning stoped for dinner at half past one near the Platt some splendid grass short but good grass improves now very cold mornings and evenings Br Hart and Br Huffaker came past searching for a camp ground St Louis company all well I feel like wishing the journey over as tis so cool for Grandma Pa and some more who are not able to endure the cold
Wed [August] 19 Arose in good season but to our disadvantage found about twenty head of our cattle gone search being made the cattle found and started again having a great mountain to assend and heavy sandy roads met Br Jones and Br Atwood from this new settlement that is now being formed on the Deer Creek9 these men were very much surprised to see us this side of the river the road is so much better on the other side of the river we regret being on this side as the roads are awful scarcely passable with our weakened teams an express arrived from the valley for those in the settlement as well as the camps to hasten home Oh how I wish for the wings of the morning to fly away to the saints of light
Thurs 20 Started again to travell through the sand and high hills encamped for dinner a splendid place grass good Pa’s carriage went on to the bridge [Reshaw’s Bridge] and stoped for some business such as shoeing his horses and so on all will come to the bridge in the afternoon encamped for the night after passing through very heavy sand and high mountains
Friday 21 Arose early and started about half past six travelled slowly on account of hills and sand an express from the valley to hasten home which was good news to all the Captain found two oxen one proved a dead one the other a nice young steer they were on the opposite shore and at evening we encamped near the Texas company of Saints10 on their way home to the valley there were only about eight or ten wagons and over 1000 head of cattle as they were taking a great many with them
Sat [August] 22 Arose in good season but did not get started untill eight Oclock as six of our cattle had strayed amoungst the Texas herd the Captain lost one yoke of his that belonged to the church he started in search of them Br Wilkes accompanyed him but the cattle were found in the herd we started on as there was a drive of perhaps twenty miles before us on account of Saleratus water near thirty head of dead cattle on the road since yesterday on all belonging to emigrants who had gone before us on our journey fortunately for us we came to some beautiful springs now known as Willow Springs The trees have decayed and the stumps alone remained to mark this spot the ground around is full of lumps or mounds and will be easily recognised on that account the cattle were driven over a mile to avoid bad water the springs are splendid but not sufficient to water the cattle passed some beautiful mountains red in appearance the distance not over 13 miles
Sundy 23 Started about seven o clock on account of herding our cattle with the Texas company came to prospect hill really a beautiful spot we beheld the Sweet water mountains in the distance rainy at noon we came to a nice spring of water stoped whilst the rain should continue encamped for the night all well
Mondy 24 Bought some new cattle one yoke for Pa had some trouble to get them seperated from the herd as they had been purchased of the Texas company did not start until almost noon came in sight of Devils gate and encamped for the night on the Sweet water at the foot of Independance Rock.
Teu 25 Arose early had breakfast soon and all necessary arrangements made for visiting Independance Rock mounted the towering summit and viewed the surrounding objects but feel my pen or thoughts inadequate to the task of portraying a true picture of the awful grandue and beauty of these scenes encamped about three miles this side of Devils Gate stoped at the station near the Gate and had the horses shod did not travell over seven or eight miles today some very slow teams met some kind hearted saints at the Gate
Wed [August] 26 Arose early had a very great storm of wind blew down the large tent and caused us some disadvantages started about seven and encamped almost dark making only about twelve miles to-day
Thursday 27 This morning we concluded to seperate as there were some teams or person’s who would not keep up so Pa and Br Washington concluded to take their wagons and Br Lankton also accompaning us the Captain seemed well satisfied but I do not believe he was moved along well passed the Texas company and get along well for as Br Taylor said we could divide into tens whenever we should deem it wisdom we all feel as though we should get along better since the seperation at dinner time Br Lankton seemed dissatisfied and concluded to wait for the wagons we left in the morning had a splendid camp ground grass wood and splendid water being near the ford No 4 of Sweet Water in the evening Will Robinson, Harry and I accompanied Sallie Hare [handwriting obscure] to the other camp for the purpose of obtaining Sallies clothes as she was going with us and her cloths were in Mrs Bowmans wagon we got her trunk and returned in peace to our camp they had a bad sandy camp ground all well distance 17 miles
Fridy 28 Started at six and travelled well about twenty-one miles as we encamped two young men rode into our camp and took of the saddles from their horses & remained with us all the night had a nice ground and good time get along much better since we seperated and have good times
Sat 29 Did not start as soon as usual about seven and as those two young men were about to leave us Pa invited them to see us when we get home he also enquired their names when to our surprise we had been entertaining our Patriarch John Smith we travelled about two miles and came to the sweet water where there was an abundance of most beautiful fish we took a net of Br Washingtons stopped the train and began fishing caught fish sufficient for three hearty meals for the entire camp as we were about done we beheld Br John Smith and his comrade coming to us they assisted netting in the fish observed how to salt them so they would keep we were stoped about one and a half hour and made 20 miles about three or four was the most dreadful rocky road I had passed so trying on the wagons came to camp just a few moments after sunset a splendid ground wood and water and all things well
Sundy 30 Arose early and started in good season drove to the station encamped for dinner started again and stoped in good season on a branch of the Sweet Water had a splendid camp ground all well
Mondy 31 Did not start untill about eight oclock a company of Indians came to our camp and seemed rather inclined to steal encamped after going 14 miles for dinner when six boy’s from the vally came to our camp and staid with us all night plenty of game get along well peace prevails which is a great consideration.
Tues Sep 1 Started in good season and left our brethren whose society had been so aggreable to us they to fulfill their mission we to reach our home in the moutains of Israel travelled twenty one miles and encamped on little Sandy a splendid ground grass sufficient for our cattle not being so numerous as before the separation
Wed 2 Arose all well travelled fast as the weather is now cool and pleasant for travelling we heard Br Lewis was on Weber river11 forty miles from the valley passed the government train the first one en rout to Utah numbering about twenty six wagons all well and get along well under the special care of our Father in Heaven my heart rejoices in prospect of so speedy a meeting with those from whose lips flow the words of life encamped on big Sandy for the night grass rather poor
Thur 3 Started half past six and came to grass about ten oclock turned out to graze and rest the cattle stoped between two & 3 hours started again and travelled untill night encamped without water on account of going by direction on a finger heard the river was quite a distance off
Fridy 4 arose and prepared for starting this morning Mrs. Thomas Mousley had a little daughter added to her household quite well and able to travell travelled about eight miles and came to Green River a beautiful place and fery five boats on this ferry here we encamped for the purpose of resting the cattle etc
Sat 5 Remained in camp washing etc untill afternoon then forded the wagons over encamped for the night this ferry seems to have been a business place good grass and plenty of water
Sun 6 This morning a beautiful chance for a prosperous journey and may God our Father speed us home in peace and prosperity Started but found we had taken the California road and was consequently obliged to retrace our steps this we found out through the kindness of a Mountaineer who directed us aright
Mon [September] 7 Traded off some of our cattle by giving considerable money and now started to retrace our steps and get on the right road again travelled to Green river ford where we had crossed and some few miles below
Tues 8 Arose early and travelled well within about ten or twelve miles from the ford where we should have been
Wed 9 Started and nooned at the Station and travelled quite a distance encamped without water for the night
Thurs 10 Arose early and went to a trading post and procured potatoes cheese and fresh beef passed Blacks ford Hams fork and Black ford again
Frid 11 Passed small creek no water 11 miles Black’s ford third time 2 miles and encamped 3 miles on a stream all well
Sat 12 Travelled 12 miles to Fort Bridger met St Louis com[pany] all well and pleased to see us Capt Hawfines com he started as soon as he heard we were coming met many saints and remained in camp all night
Sun 13 This morning were detained by getting oxen shod Capt Hawfines only travelled about one mile and then waited for four wagons of his company whom he had left because they could not find some of their cattle which however they found and were ready to start with him again President Hart’s company started about ten Oclock we started between eleven & twelve travelled well all well and get along well passed cold springs on the right of the road 6 miles a creek and spring 2 miles 5 miles to Muddy fork and encamped on little Muddy one mile further
Mon [September] 14 passed copperas spring 3 miles assended a high ridge the summit of which was altitude 7,315 feet leanthy descent and narrow pass travelled well and nooned but were overtaken by the St Louis and Capt Hawfines company who had not attempted to noon encamped two miles east of Bear river all company’s together Capt Terry spent the evening with us
Tues 15 arose and started at seven Oclock and kept out the way of the St Louis and Capt Hawfines passed the Cache cave12 two miles and Camped making 18 or 20 miles
Wed [September] 16 Had a very heavy rain last night cloudy morning and started down Echo Canyon some dreadful places to pass
1Wilmington, Delaware.
2See under Ellatheria Dupont Peria in list of family members above.
3Florence, Nebraska, was a new town first surveryed in 1853. It was incorporated by the legislature of the new territory in March 1855. It became an important gathering point for emigrating Mormons. It is now at the northern edge of Omaha. Lilian L. Fitzpatrick, Nebraska Place Names (Lincoln, 1967), p. 56.
4Liberty Pole was a Mormon way station near present Fremont, Dodge Co. It would be given the second name a year later and incorporated by an act of the legislature on Nov. 2, 1858. Fitzpatrick, op. cit., p. 54. See also Merrill J. Mattes, The Great Plane River Road, Neb. State Hist. Soc Pub., XXV (Lincoln, 1969), p. 130.
5This was Genoa, a Mormon way station set up to give aid to their immigrants from the east. It had been established on May 11, 1857, by settlers from Florence. On July 1 it was reported to have “97 men, 25 women, 40 children, 42 yoke of oxen, 20 cows, 6 horses, 20 hogs, two dozen chickens, 2 cats and dogs aplenty.“ LeRoy R. and Ann W. Hafen, Handcarts to Zion, 1856–1860 (Glendale, C A, 1960), pp. 151–52.
6This was a favorite Mormon camping place. A year before in the official journal of the First Handcart Company it was reported on July 31st that at Prairie Creek there was “ No wood, but plenty of buffalo chips.” The next day the handcarts crossed the creek twice with great difficulty. The carts “had to be carried overby the bethren.” Hafen, op. cit., p. 205. The camp was just east of Wood River.
7We have not been able to identify “ Harry,” who is mentioned several times is this diary. He could have been the 17-year-old son of Matthew and Sarah Elizabeth Caroline McCune, who are listed among the persons named in the diary (see list above).
8This could be another name to add to the list of those given for modern Pumpk in Creek, which flows around the south base of Court House Rock. Mattes says “ it is plagued by a variety of names which contine to haunt modern writers and map-makers.” Mattes, op. cit p. 341–42.
9Deer Creek was another Mormon way station to give aid to the immigrants from the east. It is the site of present Glenroik, Wyoming. Hafen, op. cit., p. 151.
10There is a note in the journal to the effect that this company was captained by Homer Duncan who was returning from a mission in Texas. Davis Bitton says that there is a 57 page “History of the Life of Homer Duncan,” in the Historical Department of the Church in Salt Lake City. See Bitton, Guide, p. 93.
11Lewis Mousley was her brother who had traveled overland to Utah the year before, 1856. See list of family members above, p. 160.
12This cave was often a favorite stopping place for immigrants ever since Orson Pratt had visited it in July 1847. It is near the head of Echo Canyon, 9 miles from the Wyoming border. Pratt had written in his journal, “The opening resembles very much the doors attached to an out-door cellar, being about 8 feet high and 12 or 14 feet wide.” This landmark was later used by western outlaws to hide their loot. It had been named by trappers who cached their supplies and furs there. Utah, a Guide to the State (Salt Lake City, 1945). p. 355.