27. Return of a Carbonaro: Italy, 1859

  1.     Eugénie quote, “our cause,” in Jerrold, op. cit., vol. IV, p. 198.

  2.     Prince Albert, 1858 (?), in Jerrold, Ibid., vol. IV, pp. 194–195.

  3.     Jerrold, Ibid., vol. IV, p. 198.

  4.     In March of 1860, Parma, Tuscany, Modena, and the Romagna voted to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. On March 17, 1861, Law No. 4671 was passed, creating the Kingdom of Italy, with Turin as its first capital, until 1865, when it shifted to Florence, 1865–1871, and finally to Rome in 1871.

  5.     Jerrold, vol. IV, p. 183. Cowley to Malmesbury, Jan. 12, 1859.

  6.     Jerrold, Ibid., vol. IV, pp. 194–195.

  7.     “Ça ne va pas,” Lajos Kossuth, 1802–1894, quoted in Jerrold, Ibid., vol. IV, p. 192, n. 2, quoting from Kossuth’s Memoirs.

  8.     Jerrold, Ibid., vol. IV, pp. 180, 194. Victoria to Louis Napoléon, Dec. 1858.

  9.     Jerrold, Ibid., vol. IV, p. 181; Milza, op. cit., pp. 417–418; Anceau, op. cit., pp. 302–305.

  10.   Anceau, op. cit., p. 305.

  11.   Jerrold’s translation of this address, op. cit., vol. IV, pp. 183–186.

  12.   Milza, op. cit., pp. 418–419; Girard, op. cit., pp. 284 ff.

  13.   Eventually the French would field an army of 172,000 men. Girard, op. cit., pp. 284–286; Anceau, op. cit., pp. 306–307; Jerrold, op. cit., vol. IV, pp. 194–195, and 198 for Eugénie’s declaration.

  14.   Jerrold, op. cit., vol. IV, pp. 199–200.

  15.   Anceau, op. cit., p. 309.

  16.   Girard, op. cit., pp. 286–287. This was just the beginning of a most complex burgeoning crisis, allegedly because of the hostility of England, Prussia, and Austria to the cession of Nice and Savoy to France in 1859. Jerrold, op. cit., vol. IV, pp. 255–271.

  17.   Anceau, op. cit., pp. 310, 382.

  18.   Anceau, Ibid., pp. 3882 ff.

  19.   In order to obtain Venice, Italy joined forces with Prussia on April 8, 1866, and on the twentieth of June [1866] Italy declared war on Austria, resulting in an Italian victory. In the resultant Treaty of Vienna of October 12, 1866, Austrians at long last ceded Venice to the new Italian state. Modern Italy was now complete. In 1871 its capital was transferred permanently from Florence to Rome where the Quirinal Palace became the official residence of the kings of Italy.