32. An Arab Kingdom

0.     Claude Martin, Histoire de l’Algérie Française, 1830–1962 (Paris: Editions des 4 Fils Aymon, 1963), p. 172.

0.     Auguste de Morny to Baron Jérôme David, ca. 1863, Martin, Ibid., p. 170.

0.     Carmona, Morny, p. 446.

0.     Anceau, op. cit., p. 408, cites “une crise cardiaque” in Aug. 1964.

0.     Martin, op cit, p. 22

0.     Cheickh = Shaykh, Si = Sayyid (title, for gentleman, sir, lord). I have kept the French phonetics to keep in line with all the official French citations, terminology, and map references.

0.     Martin, op. cit., pp. 176–177.

0.     On “The Arab Bureaux,” see Pierre Darmon, Un Siècle de Passions algériens, Une Histoire de l’Algérie Coloniale, 1830–1940 (Paris; Fayard, 1009), pp. 214 ff.

0.     Martin, op. cit., pp. 166–167.

0.   Martin, Ibid., pp. 176–177. Decree of July 7, 1864.

0.   “Race déchue,” a fallen race, or a people in decline—Louis Napoléon’s completely inaccurate description of the Algerians inserted in his June 1865 program sent to Gov. Gen MacMahon—Martin, op. cit., p. 178. Louis Napoléon to Marshal Pélissier, letter published in Le Moniteur Universel, 6 février 1863; Martin, op. cit., pp. 172–173; Anceau, op. cit., 415—Nov. 1862.

0.   Martin, op. cit., p. 179; Anceau, p. 415; Milza, p. 630: Darmon, pp. 210–211.

0.   Martin, pp. 178–180; Anceau, p. 415.

0.   Martin, pp. 178–180; Anceau, p. 416; MacMahon’s Mémoires, p. 305 ff. By 1929 Algeria’s commercial imports from France came to 4.5 billion francs, while the colony’s exports to France totaled nearly three billion francs. Martin, p. 167, n. 1. This compared with trade figures of 1851—exports from France to Algeria, 86 million, from Algeria to France, 20 million francs, Martin, p. 182.

0.   Sénatus-consulte, July 14, 1865, Martin, 180. Pélissier’s earlier objections to these new privileges, Martin, Ibid., p. 170.

0.   Milza, op. cit., p. 630.

0.   Milza, Ibid., pp. 630, 631. According to Martin, by 1872 the Algerian population had fallen to 2,125,000 largely as a result of the terrible drought, natural disasters, and wars. Martin states the Algerian population was 2,750,000 back in 1861. Martin, op. cit., pp. 182–183. If 300,000 deaths could be attributed to “natural causes,” this could indicate a genocide of another 325,000 committed by the French army over a ten-year period. In any event, by the time of the 1872 census, the Algerian population had shrunk by 625,000 people, or by nearly 23 percent over the past decade alone.

0.   Martin, Ibid., pp. 198 and 174.

0.   Martin, Ibid., p. 174; “Black Clouds”—Napoléon’s speech delivered at Lille, 27 Aug. 1867, Anceau, op. cit., p. 409.